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牛津译林版英语八年级下册Unit 1 知识点梳理
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牛津译林版 八下 Unit 1 知识点梳理 Past and present 过去和现在past:n. “过去”。 in the past “在过去”作形容词,“以前的;过去的”。 in the past few years “在过去的几年里”做介词,“经过,通过”。half past ten “十点半”present:n. “目前,现在”。 at present “此刻,现在”= now作名词,“礼物”= gift作形容词,“现在的,目前的;出席的在场的”。动词,“赠送,提出”。 It was in the bowl an hour ago. 一个小时前它还在碗里。ago:“以前”。一般过去时的标志词。 I’ve just eaten it. 我刚才把它吃了。just:adv. “刚刚,刚才”,多用于完成时态,置于行为动词与助动词之间。做副词,“正好,恰好;仅仅,只是”。just now:“刚才”,常用于一般过去时。 Why? 为什么?why引导特殊疑问句来询问原因,通常用because引导的句子来回答。 You’ve changed, Eddie. 埃迪,你变了。change:vi. “变化”。 change into “变成”。作及物动词,“交换;改变;换乘”。change...into... “把……变成……”作名词,“改变,变化”;“零钱”。 You used to share food with me! 你过去常常与我分享食物!used to:“曾经,过去常常”。 used to do sth. “过去常常做某事”。肯定形式:主语 + used to + 动词原形.否定形式:主语 + didn’t use to/usedn’t to + 动词原形.一般疑问句:Did + 主语 + use to + 动词原形 + 其他?注意:used to可以用在there be 句型中,表示“过去经常有”。辨析:used to do/be used to doing/be used to doused to do sth:过去常常做某事be used to doing sth.:习惯于做某事be used to do sth:被用来做某事share:vt. “分享,共用”。 share...with sb. “与某人分享/共用……” You used to be so kind to me. 你过去对我那么好。kind:adj. “友好的,亲切的”。 be kind to sb. “对某人友好”= be nice/friendly to sb.作名词,“种类”。 I used to go to school by bike. 我过去骑自行车去上学。by bike:介词短语,“骑自行车”。 = on my bike交通方式的表达:(1)by + 表示交通工具的名词:by sea/water/ship “乘船”;by air/plane “乘飞机”;by underground “乘地铁”;by train “乘火车”;by bus “乘公共汽车”。(2)in/on + 冠词/形容词性物主代词 + 表示交通工具的名词: in the/one’s car “乘小汽车”;on a plane “乘飞机”。(3)take + a/the + 表示交通工具的名词: take a bus “乘公共汽车”。(4)on foot “步行”。 Well, there always too many people on the bus. 嗯,那时在公共汽车上总是有太多人。too many:“太多”。辨析:too many/too much/much tootoo many:“太多的”,后接可数名词复数。too much:“太多的”,后接不可数名词。much too:“太……”,后接形容词或副词。 ...and it took a long time to wait for the next one. ……而且等下一班公共汽车要用很长时间。It takes/too (sb.) some time to do sth. “做某事花费(某人)多长时间”。辨析:one/itone:指代上文提及的同类事物中的一个。复数:ones。it:指代上文提到的同一个事物。复数:they。 I’ve lived here since I was born. 我自出生以来就一直住在这里。since:连词,“自……以来”,引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时。since then “从那时起”。since作介词,意为“自……以来”,后接表示过去的时间点,主句用现在完成时:(1)since + 过去某个时间点(具体的年、月、日期、时刻等)。(2)since + 一段时间 + ago。(3)It is/has been + 一段时间 + since + 表示一般过去时的句子。区别:for + 一段时间。 Have you ever moved house? 你曾搬过家吗?ever:adv. “曾经”,用于现在完成时,一般用于一般疑问句和否定句,位于助动词后、实义动词前。ever用于疑问句时,答语如果表示否定,通常用never回答。 I first lived in the northern part of town with my parents. 我最初和我的父母一起住在城镇的北部。northern:adj. “北方的”。 in the northern part of “在……的北部”。north n. “北方;北部”。方位介词in/on/to:表示两地的包含关系,用in;表示两地接壤,用on;表示两地有距离间隔,用to。 When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then. 当我1965年结婚时,我和我妻子搬到了两个街区以外,此后我们一直住在这里。married:adj. “结了婚的;已婚的”。get married:“结婚”,强调动作,不能延续。 get married to sb. “与某人结婚”。be married:“结婚”,强调状态,可与表示一段时间的状语连用。 be married to sb. “和……结婚”marry vt. “嫁;娶;同……结婚”。 marry sb. to sb. “把某人嫁给某人;使某人娶某人”。 Has the town changed a lot over the years? 近几年间这个城镇变化大吗?over:prep. “在……期间”= during = throughout作介词,“在……上边;覆盖”。作介词,“遍及”= in every part of。作介词,“超过,多于”= more than。 Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park. 现在政府已经把城镇中心的一部分改建成了一个新公园。turn...into... “把……变成……”turn into “变成,变为,抓变成……”turn:系动词,“变得”;名词,“轮流,依次”。 take turns “轮流” Was pollution a problem then? 那时污染是一个问题吗?pollution:不可数名词. “污染”。 make pollution “产生/制造污染”。water pollution “水污染”; noise pollution “噪音污染”; air pollution “空气污染”pollute vt. “污染”polluted adj. “受污染的”problem:n. “问题;难题”。辨析:problem/questionproblem:着重指难以解决的“问题”。 solve the problem question:指提出并有待回答的“问题”。 ask/answer the question They often put the waste into the river. 他们经常把废物排入河中。put...into... “把……放进……”。put相关短语:put on “穿上,戴上”;“上演”put out “扑灭”put up “举起”;“张贴”;“搭建”put off “推迟”put down “放下”;“记下”put away “放好,收好”waste:不可数名词,“废料,废品”。作不可数名词,“浪费”。 a waste of...作形容词,“无用的,废弃的”。作动词,“浪费”。 waste money “浪费钱”。 Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation. 后来政府意识到了这个问题并采取措施改善了情况。realize:vt. “意识到”;“实现,使成为现实”。take action:“采取行动”。 take action to do sth. “采取行动做某事”。improve:vt. “改进,改善”。improve in sth. “在某方面好转”。improvement n.“提高,改进” Now the river is much cleaner. 现在这条河干净多了。much cleaner:“干净得多”。修饰比较级的词:much;a little/a bit;even well, in some ways it is. 嗯,在某种程度上是这样的。in some ways:“在某些方面”in many ways “从很多方面来说”in a way “在某种程度上”in the way “挡路”on the/one’s way to... “在去……的路上”by the way “顺便说一下”in no way “绝不”lose one’s way “迷路”in one’s way “挡路” It’s really nice to have a beautiful modern town. 拥有一座美丽的现代化城镇的确很好。It is + adj. (+ for sb.) + to do sth. “做某事(对某人来说)是……的”如果形容词是描述人的性格、品质的形容词,则应用of。 However, most of my friends have moved away. 然而我的大多数老朋友都搬走了。however:adv. “然而”。辨析:problem/questionhowever:副词,“然而”,可位于句首、句中、句末,常用逗号隔开。but:连词,“但是”,位于分句的句首,后面一般不用逗号。move away:“搬走” It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before. 对于我们来说再像以前那样经常互相见面是不可能了。impossible:adj. “不可能的”。否定前缀:un-,in-,im-,ir-,dis-等。as often as:“与……一样经常” Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time. 现在我时不时会觉得优点而孤独。a bit:“有点儿”= a little辨析:a little/a bit(1)修饰形容词、副词原级或比较级时,意义相同,意为“有点儿”。(2)a little修饰不可数名词,a bit + of 修饰不可数名词。lonely:adj. “孤独的,寂寞的”;“荒凉的”。可作定语,也可作表语。alone:adj. /adv. “独自的(地),单独的(地)”= by oneselffrom time to time:“不时地,偶尔” = sometimes = at times Anyway, it’s good to see the amazing changes in the town. 不管怎样,看到城镇这些令人惊叹的变化,还是不错的。amazing:adj.“惊人的,令人吃惊的”。可作表语,也可作定语,通常说明物。amazed:adj. “惊奇的”。通常说明人。 be amazed at/by... “对……大为惊讶”。 not happy because of being alone 因为独自一人而不高兴because of:“因为”,后接名词、代词或动名词(短语)。because 连词,后接从句。 Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town. 在阳光城发生了令人惊叹的变化。take place:“发生”(经过安排才发生)= happen(偶然发生) 。两者都没有被动语态。“举行”= holdtake sb.’s place = take place of sb. “代替某人” Tell me more about your interview with Mr Chen, Millie. 米莉,告诉我更多关于你对陈先生的采访。interview:n. “会见,采访”。 have an interview with sb.“采访某人”。作动词,“访问”。 interview sb. about sth. “就某事采访某人”。 Has he lived in Sunshine town all his life? 他一生都住在阳光城吗?all his life “一生”life相关短语:lose one’s life “丧生”; live a + adj. + life “过着……的生活” What was the town like in the past? 过去这个城镇是什么样子?What’s sb./sth/ like? “某人是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”What does sb./sth. look like? “某人长什么样?/某物是个什么样子?” Luckily, the government took action to improve the situation later. 幸运的是,后来政府采取措施改善了情况。luckily:adv. “幸运地”。反义:unluckilylucky adj. “幸运的”luck 不可数名词,“运气” I have already read this book many times. 这本书我已经读过许多遍了。already:adv. “已经”,用于现在完成时。time:可数名词. “次,回”;不可数名词,“时间”。一次:once;两次:twice;三次及以上:基数词 + times。 They have finished their homework already. 他们已经完成了家庭作业。finish:vt. “结束,完成”。 finish doing sth. “完成做某事”。 John has never visited China. 约翰从未到访过中国。never:adv. “从未;绝不;从不”。位于实义动词前,be动词、助动词或情态动词后。 Mr Li has repaired over ten bicycles since Monday. 自星期一以来李先生已经修理了10多辆自行车。over:prep. “多于,超过”= more than。作介词,“在……上方”;“从一边到另一边”;“越过”;“遍及”;“在……期间”。 My parents haven’t come back yet. 我父母还没有回来。yet:adv. “还,仍”。用于否定句和疑问句,一般用于句尾。现在完成时中,already用于肯定句。 Have you seen any films recently, Sandy? 桑迪,你最近看过电影吗?recently:adv. “最近,近来”。用于现在完成时,一般不用于一般现在时。recent adj. “最近的” Oh, I think I have heard about the film. 哦,我想我听说过这部电影。hear about:“听说”= hear ofhear from “收到……的来信”,后接人 = receive a letter from sb. Do you plan to see it again? 你打算再看一遍吗?plan:vt. “计划”。 plan to do sth. “计划做某事”。过去式:planned 过去分词:planned 现在分词:planning作名词,“计划”。 make a plan for sth. “为了某事而计划”;make a plan to do sth. “计划去做某事”。 Yes, I’d like to. 是的,我想去。would like:“想要”= want。would like sth. “想要某物”would like to do sth. “想要做某事”would like sb. to do sth. “想要某人做某事” Transport 交通工具transport:不可数名词,“交通车辆,运输工具”。 Today I borrowed a book about Starlight Town’s past and present. 今天,我借了一本关于星光城的过去和现在的书。borrow:vt. “借,借入”。 borrow sth. from... “从……借来某物”lend “借出,借给”。 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. “借给某人某物”keep “借”(延续性动词)。 keep sth. for... “借某物多长时间” I hope I can visit it again. 我希望我能再次参观这座城镇。hope:vt. “希望”。 hope to do sth. “希望做某事”; hope + that从句 “希望……”。I hope so./I hope not “但愿如此。/但愿不会。” She’s just returned from the USA. 她刚从美国回来。return:vi. “返回”,不可与back连用(= come/go back)。return from... “从……回来”; return to sp. “回到某地”。vt. “归还”。 return sth. to sb. “把某物还给某人”。 When did you last see each other? 你们上次见面是在什么时候?last:adv. “最近,上一次”。 at last “最后,终于”作形容词,“刚过去的;最后的”。作名词,“最后来的人或发生的事”。作动词,“持续,延续”。 She went abroad with her parents. 她与父母一起出国了。abroad:adv. “在国外,到国外”,前面不加介词。 at home and abroad “国内外”; go abroad “出国”。 So how do you keep in touch with each other? 那你们是如何保持联系的呢?keep in touch with sb. “和某人保持联系”get/be in touch with sb. = stay in touch with sb. “与……保持联系”反义:be out of touch “失去联系” We mainly communicate by email. 我们主要通过电子邮件交流。communicate:vi. “交流,交际”。 communicate with sb. “与某人交流”。communication n. “交流”。 have communication with sb. “与某人交流”。 The Internet makes communication much easier. 互联网使交流更方便了。make sth./sb. + adj. “使某物/某人……” Many changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家乡已经发生了许多变化。take place:“发生”(非偶然性);“举行”happen:“发生”(偶然性事件)。 happen to sb./sth. “(不好的事情)发生在某人/物身上”注意:表示“发生”时均无被动语态。 The new shopping mall is a good place to have fun. 这家新的购物中心是一个玩乐的好地方。have fun:“玩得高兴”。 have fun (in) doing sth. “在做某始终享受乐趣”。= have a good/great/wonderful time = enjoy oneself A river runs through the centre of town. 一条河流穿过城镇中心。through:prep. “穿过,贯穿”。辨析:through/acrossthrough:着重从空间的内部穿过。across:着重指从物体表面的一边到另一边。 go across the road “横穿马路” It is not easy to get used to the changes of life quickly. 很快适应生活的变化不容易。get used to:“习惯于,适应于”。 get/be used to doing sth. “习惯于做某事”。 Now I go to school by bus on my own. 现在我肚子乘公共汽车去上学。on one’s own:“独自;独立”= by oneself = alone。own作形容词,“自己的”。作动词,“拥有”。作名词,of one’s own “某人自己的”。owner n. “主人”。 I have to spend more time on my homework. 我不得不花费比以前更多的时间来做作业。spend:vt. “花费”。Sb. spend(s) some time/money on sth. “某人在某物上花费时间/金钱。”Sb. spend(s) some time/money doing sth. “某人花费时间/金钱做某事。” large open spaces 很大的空地open:adj. “开阔的”。作动词,“开,打开”。作形容词,“开放的,营业的”。 There was rubbish everywhere. 到处都是垃圾。everywhere:adv.“到处”= here and theresomewhere “在某个地方”; anywhere “在任何地方”; nowhere “无处”。 Many families even have their own cars. 许多家庭甚至拥有自己的汽车。own:“自己的”。one’s own + n. “某人自己的”owner:n. “主人”。 the owner of... “……的主人”of one’s own “某人自己的”on one’s own “独自” Now people are enjoying a comfortable life. 现在人们正享受舒适的生活。enjoy:vt. “享受,喜欢”。 enjoy doing sth. “喜欢做某事”。enjoy oneself “玩得高兴”= have a good time Moreover, mobile phones make communication easier now. 此外,现在手机使交流更容易了。moreover:adv. “而且,此外”。
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