中考英语一轮复习【讲通练透】考点02 名词

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中考英语总复习方法指导中考英语考点一遍过为了帮助考生更好的冲刺中考英语，从命题趋势、易错警示、方法技巧、跟踪训练、真题再现等几个方面帮孩子更准、更快、更有效的复习。中考总复习一般分为三轮：1、第一轮复习为基础知识的单元、章节复习。通过第一轮的复习，使学生系统掌握基础知识、基本技能和方法，形成明晰的知识网络和稳定的知识框架。我们从双基入手，紧扣中考知识点来组织单元过关。2、第二轮复习打破章节界限实行大单元、小综合、专题式复习。第二轮复习绝不是第一轮复习的压缩文档，而是一个知识点综合、巩固、完善、提高的过程。复习的主要任务及目标是：完成各部分知识的条 理，归纳，糅合，使各部分知识成为一个有机的整体，力求实现基础知识重点化，重点知识网络化，网络知识题型化，题型设计生活化。3、第三轮复习是知识、能力深化巩固的阶段。复习资料的组织以中考题及模拟题为主，回扣教材，查缺补漏，进行强化训练。同时，要教给学生一些必备的应试技巧和方法，使学生有足够的自信从容地面对中考。  【讲通练透】考点02   名词命题趋势：名词属于十大词类中的一种，主要包括普通名词和专有名词两种。纵观近几年中考对于名词的考查，主要以选择题和填空题为主，考查内容以词义理解、名词所有格及词形转换居多。在备考2020年中考时，注意掌握名词变复数的变化规则，掌握不可数名词向可数名词转化的规律，名词所有格的用法，名词的句法功能等，并做到灵活运用，以便提高综合运用能力。中考考查重点：一、名词词义辨析；二、名词的数； 三、名词所有格。考向一：名词的分类分类说明例句普通名词可数名词个体名词表示人或事物的个体名称city城市，panda熊猫，chair椅子，hospital医院，nurse护士集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称public公众，people人们，class班级，family家庭，police警察不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称rice大米，snow雪，steel钢铁，cotton棉花，corn玉米，air空气抽象名词表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词courage勇气，determination决心，satisfaction满意，happiness幸福，success成功，love热爱专有名词表示人名、地名、国名London伦敦，Tom汤姆，the Great Wall长城，Asia亚洲表示书名、电影名、各种标语Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》表示机构、组织、团体UNESCO联合国教科文组织Beijing University北京大学表示月份、星期、节日Monday星期一，National day国庆节 【知识拓展】集体名词的分类1. 本身是复数，如，cattle牛群，people人们，police警察。2. 本身单复数均可表示，如audience观众，class班级，club俱乐部，committee委员会，company公司，crew船员，enemy敌人，family家庭，government政府，group组，team队（当这一类词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其表示的具体含义，如果作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果指的是具体成员，则谓语动词用复数形式）►The family is the basic unit of society. 家庭是构成社会的基本单位。►My family are going on a trip this summer. 我们全家今年夏天要外出旅游。（2021·浙江温州市·中考真题）Mike, a 7-year-old boy, has a great talent for ______. He can draw nice pictures though he has never learned it.A．art B．sport C．music D．science考向二：名词的句法功能序号功能例句1作主语Newspapers are useful. 报纸有用。2作宾语Have you received my letter? 你收到我的信了吗？（作动词的宾语）The books are on the desk. 书在桌子上。（作介词的宾语）3作表语Time is money. 时间就是金钱。4作补足语We made him manager of the company. 我们选他当公司的经理。This kind of flower is called carnation. 这种花叫康乃馨。（作主语）5作同位语You students go first. 你们学生先走。6作状语We’ll meet next Sunday. 我们下周日见。7作定语I am an English teacher. 我是一位英语老师。【易错警示】1. 名词作定语一般用其单数形式。a paper bag纸袋，a shoe shop鞋店，a football fan球迷 2. 有些常以复数形式出现的名词作定语时用复数形式。a clothes shop服装店，a glasses store眼镜店，a goods train货运列车3. 数词加名词构成的形容词（中间有连字符）作定语时，名词常使用单数形式。a five-year-old boy 一个三岁的男孩，a 500-metre-long rope 一条五百米的绳子所有格作定语和名词直接作定语的区别：名词所有格作定语时，表示的是所有关系，即归谁所有。Tom’s books 汤姆的书（汤姆和书之间是所属关系，即书是汤姆的）。而名词直接作定语时，与被修饰的名词之间没有所属关系，如：shoe shop鞋店（鞋与商店之间没有所属关系）。再如woman driver女司机，the women’s driver 这些女士的司机；girl friend女朋友，the girl’s friend这个女孩的朋友。（2021·重庆中考真题）There are many ______ teachers in this primary school.A．woman B．woman’s C．women D．women’s考向三：名词的数可数名词有单、复数形式。  （一）名词复数形式的规则变化1. 一般在名词的结尾加-s，在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后后读/z/。exercise→exercises      desk→desks2. 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加-es，读/Iz/。                                           watch→watches      box→boxes3. 以＂辅音字母+y＂结尾的词，把y变i，再加-es。         factory→factories     lady→ladies4. 以f 或fe结尾的词，一般把f 或fe 改为v，加-es。wolf→wolves      knife→knives5. 以o结尾的可数名词，有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s。                         potato→potatoes      piano→pianos【易错警示】1. 注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。American→Americans 美国人  Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人 Canadian→Canadians 加拿大人German→Germans 德国人                            Greek→Greeks 希腊人                                                        Indian→Indians 印度人Russian→Russians 俄罗斯人2. 有些名词表面为复数形式，实为单数。math数学，news新闻，physics物理，politics政治，the United Nations 联合国，the United States美国【知识拓展】1. 以o结尾的名词，需加-es的名词有：negro（黑人），hero（英雄），tomato（西红柿），potato（土豆）。可结合顺口溜来记忆这些单词，即＂黑人英雄  西红柿和土豆＂。2. 以f或fe结尾的名词，须把f或fe变为v，再加-es的名词有：calf（小牛，牛犊），half（一半），knife（小刀），leaf（叶子），life（生活，生命），loaf（长面包），self（自己），shelf（架子），thief（小偷），wife（妻子），wolf（狼）。可结合顺口溜来记忆，即＂妻已架刀命牛郎（狼），半夜（叶）偷包要提防＂（单词顺序为wife，self，shelf，knife，life，calf，wolf，half，leaf，thief，loaf）3. 以ch结尾的名词：ch发音为/k/的名词，其复数形式直接在词尾加-s，如：stomach→stomachs胃（二）名词复数的不规则变化1. 单复数同形Chinese→Chinese      sheep→sheep    Japanese→Japanese2. 改变元音字母man→men        woman→women     foot→feet    tooth→teeth       policewoman→policewomen3. 只有复数形式的名词trousers     scissors    pants    glasses   shoes4. 其他变化mouse→mice   child→children【易错警示】1. fish表示鱼的种类时，复数形式为fishes，而fish表示鱼的条数时，复数形式仍为fish。如：different fishes不同种类的鱼   five fish五条鱼2. works意为＂工厂＂时，单复数形式一样，而work意为＂著作，作品＂时，复数形式是works。如：a chemical works 一座化工厂   three chemical works 三座化工厂a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品  three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品（三）不可数名词一般情况下，专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式，但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义，从而也表现出可数与不可数性。1. 常见的不可数名词不能用具体的数字来表示。cotton棉花，food食物，hair头发，health健康，ice冰，wind风2. 可转化为可数名词的物资名称（1）有些物质名词在表达个体概念时，是可数名词。rain雨→a rain一场雨，wind风→a wind一阵风，beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒，paper纸→a paper一份论文（2）有些物质名词的复数形式表示特殊含义。Water水→waters海域，wood木头→woods森林，custom习惯→customs海关3. 可转化为可数名词的抽象名词抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时，被视为可数名词，可与不定冠词连用，也可有复数形式，表示＂某种人或事＂。disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事，experience经验→an experience 一次经历，success成功→a success成功的人或事4. 可转化为可数名词的专有名词有的专有名词也可以用作可数名词，可以由不定冠词修饰，也可有复数形式。►A Mr Black is waiting for you. 一个叫布莱克的先生在等你。（2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题）My uncle works in a hospital, and he is a ______.A．doctors B．nurses C．doctor考向四： 名词所有格名词所有格通常是用来表示一个名词和另一个名词之间的所属关系。（一）构成类别构成方法举例单数名词在词尾直接加’sJim’s room 吉姆的房间词尾已有-s的复数名词在词尾只加’Students’ rooms 学生们的房间词尾不带-s的复数名词在词尾直接加’sChildren’s Day 儿童节表示两者或两者以上共有的所属关系在最后一个词的词尾加’sJane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间（指两个人共用一个房间）表示两者或两者以上各自的所属关系在每个词的词尾加’sJane’s and Mary’s rooms 简和玛丽各自的房间（指分别所有）表示某人的家、店铺、办公室等在词尾加’s，省略其后名词at my uncle’s 在我叔叔家（2）of 所有格无生命的名词的所属关系一般要用介词of短语来构成。如a map of China，at the end of this term。但表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词直接在词尾加-’s或-’。 five minutes’ walk（3）双重所有格表示所属物的名词前有冠词（a/an），数词（one，two...），不定代词（some，all，any...），物主代词（my，your...），指示代词（this，that...时，常用＂of +’s所有格＂形式，即双重所有格来表示所属关系。a photo of my sister’s 我妹妹的一张照片   this book of my classmate’s 我同学的这本书1．—The science fiction film The Wandering Earth was a great________.—Yes. Many people were shocked by it.A．invention B．beauty C．decision D．success2．The key isn’t ________. It belongs to ________.A．her; Tom’s B．hers; Tom C．her; Tom3．—Mary, I heard that you moved last month. What’s your new ________?—I live at 205 Helping Street now. Come and have a coffee if you are free.A．plan B．job C．hobby D．address4．We can use “please” to make a ________friendly. For example, when we ask for help, we can say “Could you please help me...?”A．request B．decision C．change D．point5．—Are the visitors all from ________? — No, there are only 5 ________ in the group.A．Germany; Germen B．Germany; Germans C．German; Germans D．German; Germany6．I feel ________ necessary to accept his advice because it’s of great ________ to me.A．it’s, important B．that, importance C．this, important D．it, importance7．There are lots of ________ that students have to follow at school.A．rules B．skills C．problems D．exercises8．—What about having a picnic tomorrow morning?—Well, it’s a piece of good ________.A．advice B．suggestion C．idea D．way9．A person’s name is Robert Thomas Brown. When we meet him for the first time we call him ________. When we are friends we call him ________.A．Robert; Mr. Brown B．Mr. Brown; RobertC．Mr. Robert; Brown D．Mr. Thomas; Robert10．It’s only _______ walk from here.A． ten-minute B． ten minute C．ten minutes D． ten minute’s1．（2021·辽宁中考真题）______ can make people happy and want to make greater progress.A．Fear B．Praise C．Doubt D．Regret2．（2021·湖北鄂州市·中考真题）—What’s your favorite ______, John?—History. It is very interesting.A．food B．vegetable C．animal D．subject3．（2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题）—I think ______ is very important in life.—I agree. A good friend can help to bring out the best in us.A．beauty B．fame C．wealth D．friendship4．（2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题）—Thank you for the ______ you gave me.—I’m glad they’re helpful.A．suggestions B．advice C．news D．information5．（2021·广西玉林市·中考真题）—Sam, you forgot to send me your photos last night.—Sorry, my _______ didn’t work. I couldn’t get online.A．radio B．MP3 C．computer D．music player6．（2021·黑龙江大庆市·中考真题）—Can I help you?—Please give me ______ about the trains to Daqing.A．a few informations B．a little informations C．a little information D．a few information7．（2021·四川广元市·中考真题）Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ______.A．man teachers B．men teachers C．woman teachers D．women teacher8．（2021·广西桂林市·中考真题）I’d like to drink some ______.A．bananas B．water C．chicken9．（2021·辽宁营口市·中考真题）Holding the ______, I managed to fix the new kind of machine.A．introductions B．inventions C．invitations D．instructions10．（2021·广西中考真题）— What’s your favourite sport?— I like ______ .A．maths B．spring C．tennis D．milk11．（2021·广西贵港市·中考真题）—Would you like something to drink, Judy?—Yes. Some ______ is OK.A．bread B．ice-cream C．salad D．milk12．（2021·山东滨州市·中考真题）On February 25, President Xi Jinping announced that China has made a “complete ______” in its fight against poverty（贫困）.A．victory B．progress C．difference D．improvement13．（2021·江苏宿迁市·中考真题）Mr. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second ______.A．family B．house C．village D．hometown14．（2021·四川凉山彝族自治州·中考真题）—What is the ______ of your beautiful English handwriting?—Practice makes perfect!A．secret B．influence C．choice D．purpose15．（2021·湖北襄阳市·中考真题）—How do you improve your English ______?—I often talk with the persons whose mother language is English.A．population B．transportation C．pronunciation D．suggestion1.（2021·河北邢台·二模）Everyone can be a useful person and make a _____ to our country.A．instruction B．information C．contribution D．introduction2．（2021·山东·青岛市崂山区教育教学研究室二模）—In China, we put lucky money in red envelopes because red means good luck. —That’s interesting! I want to know more about Chinese ________.A．notices B．articles C．traditions D．instructions3．（2021·四川凉山·一模）— __________ French book is this?—It must belong to ________. She’s the only one that is studying French.A．Who’s; Li Ying B．Who’s; Li Ying's C．Whose; Li Ying D．Whose; Li Ying’s4．（2021·吉林长春·二模）It’s about twenty ________ bus ride from my home to school.A．minute B．minutes C．minutes’ D．minute’s5．（2021·浙江·温州市第二中学一模）The journey to Egypt is a great ________ for me to enjoy the magic places I have known from books and pictures.A．advantage B．success C．challenge D．chance6．（2021·河北玉田·一模）This skirt feels soft. It’s made of ________.A．glass B．paper C．silver D．cotton7．（2021·山东·郓城县教学研究室一模）—It’s his new book, but I think it is more interesting than his other books. —I agree with you. His latest book meets his highest ________.A．choice B．standard C．method D．wealth8．（2021·贵州铜仁·一模）—We can get all kinds of ________ on the Internet and share it with others.—Yes. But some of it is not true.A．information B．informations C．suggestion D．advices9．（2021·湖南桃江·一模）The computer on the desk is _______. The brothers share it.A．Bob’s and Tom B．Bob’s and Tom’s C．Bob and Tom’s10．（2021·江苏溧阳·一模）Recently, he seemed to lose the ________ of his life and has given up many chances.A．sense B．course C．direction D．purpose11．（2021·山东·东营市垦利区教学研究室二模）—Samon always reads for half an hour before bedtime every day.—That’s a good ________. Reading makes a full man.A．habit B．dream C．sleep D．wish12．（2021·浙江瓯海·一模）—I have never made a pizza before, so it is just an ________. —But it tastes really good! I would like to have another piece.A．experiment B．invention C．exhibition D．operation13．（2021·云南镇雄·一模）When Trans-Asian High Speed Railway goes into service, it will make a big ________ to people’s life in Yunnan. It will take a shorter time for us to go to Southeast Asia than before.A．choice B．surprise C．effort D．difference14．（2021·山东·模拟预测）Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng are the ________ of our nation.A．proud B．pride C．proudly D．price15．（2021·浙江龙湾·一模）—Have you been to Harry’s ____________ yet ?—Yes. I couldn’t help singing and dancing along with him.A．report B．concert C．class D．speech16．（2021·西藏·日喀则市教育局教育科学研究所二模）There are more than 100 ________ in our school.A．woman teacher B．man teacher C．women teachers D．men teacher17．（2021·黑龙江·模拟预测）—What’s in the fridge, Tom?—Many ________, but little ________.A．watermelon; juice B．pancakes; yogurtC．milk; bananas D．oranges; vegetables18．（2021·山东·模拟预测）This fruit store is so large and clean, but its ________ is so terrible.A．screen B．service C．information D．prize19．（2021·山东滨城·二模）Don't be afraid to ask for some ________ about ordering the meal.A．suggestion B．method C．opinion D．advice20．（2021·江西·模拟预测）—Jenny, here're some ________. Are they yours?—No, mine ________ in my schoolbag.A．photo, is B．photos, are C．photoes, are D．photoes, is