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北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Lesson 1 How Closely Connected Are We?公开课课件ppt
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这是一份北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Lesson 1 How Closely Connected Are We?公开课课件ppt，文件包含UNIT7WRITINGWORKSHOPREADINGCLUB2课件PPTpptx、Unit7PeriodⅤWritingWorkshop–ReadingClub2同步练习含答案docx等2份课件配套教学资源，其中PPT共26页， 欢迎下载使用。
HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE?
ACTIVATE AND SHAREHw many cntacts d yu have n scial media? Hw many peple d yu regularly cmmunicate with?
ACTIVATE AND SHARERead the first tw paragraphs f the article n the thery“Six Degrees f Separatin”. What des it mean and wh invented this thery?
It states that any persn n Earth can be cnnected t any ther persnthrugh a chain f n mre than five ther peple. The thery was firstintrduced by Hungarian authr Frigyes Karinthy，in the early 20thcentury.
Read the rest f the article. Find ut abut the develpment f the “Six Degrees f Separatin” thery. Take ntes in the table belw. Then talk abut hw the thery develped based n yur ntes.
Stanley Milgram
He chse a randm samplef peple in the middle fAmerica and asked them tsend packages t a strangerin the state f Massachusetts.
It nly tk between five and seven peple t get the parcels delivered.
Tw cllege students in theUnited States
They invented a game. Theidea f the game was t link any actr t Kevin Bacn，a famus American actr and musician，thrugh n mre than six links.
They game was being playedin universities acrss theUnited States.
Clumbia University
The“Clumbia Small-wrld Prject”：Clumbia University tried t recreate Milgram’s experiment n the Internet. The experiment invlved 24，163 email chains with 18 target peple in 13 different cuntries.
The results cnfirmed that the average number f links in the chain was six.
University f Milan
The experiment analysed the relatinship between 721 millin scial media users.
92% were cnnected by nly fur stages.
Grup Wrk Read the article again. Take turns t explain the “Six Degrees f Separatin” thery. Use the diagram t help yu.
Grup Wrk Think and share. 1 Why did Milgram and Clumbia University bth label their experiments “Small-wrld”? 2 Why d yu think peple study hw peple are cnnected?
Because they believed that any persn n Earth culd be cnnected t any ther persn thrugh a chain f n mre than five ther peple. In this sense the wrld is small.
Prbably peple want t study the structures f human sciety，the rules f human scial activities，and hw peple are cnnected with each ther.
Cmplete the sentences with the crrect frm f the wrds.
randm scilgist netwrk publish package chain
1 In 1967，a called Stanley Milgram did an experiment t find ut hw many degrees f separatin there were between strangers in different parts f America.2 All f the in Milgram’s experiment were delivered t the right peple after passing thrugh the hands f between five and seven peple.3 The results f Milgram’s experiment in the magazine Psychlgy Tday.
were published
4 The results f the “Clumbia Small-wrld Prject” cnfirmed that the average number f links in the was six.5 Peple ding experiments int “Six Degrees f Separatin” usually chse a sample f peple t take part t make the results mre reliable.6 Recently，creating and grwing yur scial has becme mre imprtant than ever befre due t the grwth f scial media.
Language pints
教材原句 “Six Degrees f Separatin” refers t the thery that...“六度分隔”理论说的是…… 1 refer t （1）指的是，提及，谈到搭配：refer 称……为…… When he referred t the gallery，I knew it was the ne at the end f this street. 当他提到画廊的时候，我知道就是在这条街的尽头的那家。［词汇复现］ They agreed never t refer t the matter again. 他们同意永远不再提这件事了。 He likes t be referred t as “Dctr Khee”. 他喜欢别人叫他“基博士”。 （2）查阅，参考 He made the speech withut referring t his ntes. 他脱稿发表了演讲。（3）涉及，关于The figures refer t ur sales in Eurpe. 这些数字涉及我们在欧洲的销售额。【归纳拓展】 refer t/turn t/cnsult the dictinary 查词典 lk the dictinary 在词典中查阅……
写出 refer t 在句中的含义 （1） I was nt referring t her when I said s. （2） Nw that the by has been punished，please dn’t refer t that matter again. （3） The teacher asked us nt t refer t ur bks r dictinaries when we were in the exam. 一句多译 不要老是查词典，你要学会猜测生词在文章中的含义。（4） Dn’t always ；yu shuld learn t guess the meaning f the new wrds in the passage. （5） Dn’t always ；yu shuld learn t guess the meaning f the new wrds in the passage. （6） Dn’t always ；yu shuld learn t guess the meaning f them in the passage.
refer t the dictinary/turn t the dictinary
cnsult the dictinary
lk up the new wrds in the dictinary
教材原句 ideas influenced many f ur early impressins f scial netwrks.……许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。2 impressin n. 印象，感想；印记搭配： get/have a gd/bad impressin f 对……的印象好/不好leave/make a（n） n sb 给某人留下……的印象I’m uncertain whether yu have a very different impressin f him. 我不确定你是否对他的印象大不相同。The way he dealt with the cnflict with his clleague left a deep impressin n me. 他处理与同事冲突的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。［词汇复现］ There are impressins f shes in the mud. 泥地里留下了鞋印。 【归纳拓展】 impress v. 使留下深刻印象； 使意识到（重要性或严肃性等） impress sb with sth 某事物给某人留下深刻印象impress sth n sb 使某人意识到某事的重要性 be impressed with/by 对……印象深刻We were impressed with yur psitive attitude. 你乐观的态度给我们留下了深刻的印象。 He impressed n us the need fr immediate actin. 他让我们认识到立刻采取行动的必要性。【词语积累】 impressive adj. 令人赞叹的，令人敬佩的Mst f the wrks displayed in the gallery are impressive. I like the ne hanging in the middle f the wall in particular. 这家画廊里展示的大部分作品都令人赞叹，我尤其喜欢挂在墙中间的那一幅。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空 （1） The splendid scenery left a deep impressin us. （2） Father impressed me the value f hard wrk. （3） The histrical architecture f Lndn attracts visitrs frm all ver the wrld，and leaves a deep （impress）n them. （4）［词汇复现］The mst （impress） memry f my high schl life is the cnstant encuragement frm my English teacher. 完成句子（5） As a candidate，yu must （给……留下好印象）everyne yu meet if yu want t win the electin. （6） We （对……印象深刻） the enjyable experience in the cuntryside.
impressin
leave/ make a gd impressin n
were impressed with/by
教材原句 He chse a randm sample f peple in the middle f America... 他在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本…… 3 randm adj. 随机的，随意的；胡乱的n. 随意搭配： a randm sample/selectin 随机抽样/选择the randm killing f inncent peple 对无辜者的随意杀戮 a randm rder 随机排列…… at randm 胡乱地；随便地；任意地 randm 随意选择…… He went int a grcery and picked sme snacks frm the shelf at randm. 他走进一家食品杂货店，从架子上随便挑了些零食。［词汇复现］ 【词语积累】 randmly adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的地，胡乱地；未加计划地My phne seems t switch itself ff randmly. 我的手机好像随时自动关机。
完成句子（1） The infrmatin is prcessed （按随机顺序）. 单句语法填空（2） The winning numbers are （randm）selected by the cmputer. （3） The lucky fans will be picked randm rather than chsen befrehand t perfrm with the singer during the party. （4） There is n dubt that it is better t read a few bks carefully than t read many________ randm.
in a randm rder
教材原句 released，the results were published in the bimnthly magazine Psychlgy Tday. ……结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。4 release vt. 发表，发布；释放；放开，松开；宣泄；解雇n. 发表， 发布；释放；排放；解脱The prisner has served his sentence and will be released tmrrw. 那名犯人已服刑期满，明天将获释。10，000 ballns were released at the ceremny. 典礼上放飞了一万个气球。The club is releasing sme f its lder players. 那家俱乐部正在解聘一些老队员。
单句语法填空（1） After he （release）frm prisn， he was determined t devte mst f his time t his wrk and family. （2） She burst int tears， （release） all her pent-up emtins. 完成句子（3） He refused （放开她的胳膊）.
was released
t release her arms
教材原句 Fr example，the Oscar-winning film Babel is based n the cncept f “Six Degrees f Separatin”. 例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。5 be based n 基于，以……为根据；在……基础上Peple cmplain that decisins t apprve r deny a permit are ften randm rather than based n fixed criteria. 人们抱怨，批准或拒绝许可的决定往往是随机的，而不是根据固定的标准。［词汇复现］ In my diary，I set dwn a series f things that was based n facts. 在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。【归纳拓展】 使……以……为基础/ 根据 at the base f... 在……底部One shuld always base his pinins n facts. 一个人应该始终以事实为依据发表自己的观点。
单句语法填空（1） The research grup prduced tw reprts （base）n the survey，but neither cntained any useful suggestins. （2） （base）n a true stry，the film attracts many peple，whether they are ld r yung. （3） （base）an imprtant decisin mre n emtin than n reasn，yu will regret it sner r later. 完成句子（4） The new film （以……为根据） a true incident. （5） The reprt （以数据为根据） frm six cuntries.
is based n the data
重点句式 教材原句 “Six Degrees f Separatin” refers t the thery that any persn n Earth can be cnnected t any ther persn thrugh a chain f n mre than ve ther peple.“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人的联结与其他任何一个人联系起来。【句式分析】that引导同位语从句，解释说明the thery的具体内容。 1 同位语从句在复合句中，充当同位语成分的从句称为同位语从句。由that 或wh- 类连接词引导，常放在 dubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hpe， prblem，infrmatin，impressin，thught 等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体内容。He left the first impressin t us that he was nt nly handsme but als reliable. 他给我们的第一印象是他不仅英俊而且可靠。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空 （1） The manager put frward a suggestin we shuld have an assistant. There was t much wrk t d. （2） There’s a traditin in ur ffice when it’s smebdy’s birthday，they bring in a cake fr us all t share. （3） I have n idea the cell phne isn’t wrking，s culd yu fix it fr me? （4） The hpe they expressed is that they wuld g t visit that cuntry again. （5）［2020·北京卷］But all f tday’s excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact we will be able t build these systems.
教材原句 The peple sending the packages nly knew the name，jb and general lcatin f the stranger. 这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。【句式分析】现在分词短语 sending... 作后置定语，修饰 the peple， 相当于定语从句（wh sent...）。被修饰词The peple 与send 之间是主动关系。2 现在分词（短语）作定语现在分词（短语）作定语时，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间存在主动关系，表示主动。The child standing ver there is my brther. 站在那边的那个孩子是 我的弟弟。（The child 与stand 之间是主动关系） The girl wrking in the bakery is a graduate wh chse the independent emplyment. 在面包店工作的那个女孩是一个选择独立就业的毕业生。［词汇复现］（The girl 与wrk 之间是主动关系） 【学法点拨】 过去分词（短语）作定语：过去分词（短语）作定语，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间是被动关系，表示被动或完成。Yu cannt accept an pinin ffered t yu unless it is based n facts. 你不能接受别人给你的意见，除非它是建立在事实基础上的。（an pinin 与ffer 之间是被动关系） His first bk published last mnth is based n a true stry. 他上个月出版的第一本书是根据一个真实故事改编的。（His first bk 与publish 之间是被动关系）
单句语法填空（1） D yu want t see the dctr （wrk）n the case reprt in the ffice? （2） D yu knw the by （stand）at the dr? （3） They lived in a huse （face）the suth. （4） The windw （break）yesterday was repaired this mrning. （5）［词汇复现］The hamburgers （sell） in this chain are nt t my taste. （6） The news （release）last night raised a heated discussin amng the yung wrkers. （7） Peple tday tend t chse vegetables （ grw） withut using any chemicals.
教材原句 Amazingly，it nly tk between five and seven peple t get the parcels delivered，and nce released，the results were published in the bimnthly magazine Psychlgy Tday. 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5 至7 个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。【句式分析】it nly tk between five and seven peple t get the parcels delivered 为it takes... t d sth 结构；nce released 为状语从句的省略。3 It takes... t d sth. 花费……做某事。It tk him abut thirty minutes t have his parcel delivered in the pst ffice. 他花了大约30 分钟才在邮局把包裹寄了。［词汇复现］ 【学法点拨】 该句型中it 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。【归纳拓展】 sb spends sme time/mney n sth 某人在某事物上花一些时间/ 钱sb spends sme time/mney ding sth 某人花一些时间/ 金钱做某事sb pays sme mney fr sth 某人花一些钱买某物 sth csts sb sme mney 某物花某人一些钱I hate t spend a lng perid f time playing cmputer games. 我讨厌花长时间玩电脑游戏。He paid $50 fr the dessert in the bakery fr his girlfriend. 他花了50 美元在面包店给他的女朋友买甜点。The skirt cst her $100. 这条裙子花了她 100 美元。
选词填空（take/spend/pay/cst） （1） The girl ften mney n bks which she likes very much. Last Sunday it __________ her 10 minutes t g t the bkstre t buy her favurite bk. When she was ging t fr the bk， the salesman tld her it nly half the price because f the brken cver. 单句语法填空（2） Accrding t a recent U.S. survey，children spent up t 25 hurs a week （watch）TV. （3）［词汇复现］It nly tk him a few minutes （slve）the disagreement between him and his clleague. （4） Hw much did yu pay the beautiful skirt? （5） tk the little by nearly half an hur t take the ty apart.
教材原句 It was this research that inspired the phrase“Six Degrees f Separatin”. 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。【句式分析】本句是一个强调句，强调句子的主语this research。 4 强调句型（ 1）基本结构是“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 其他 .”；若强调的 是人，也可以用wh 替换that； （2）强调句的一般疑问句式是“Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that+ 其他？”； （ 3）强调句的特殊疑问句式是“疑问词 + is/was it + that + 其他？”； 若该结构用于宾语从句，则要用陈述语序。It was in the gallery that he came acrss ne f his ld friends. 他是在画廊里遇到了他的一位老朋友。［词汇复现］（强调状语） Was it because f the disagreement between him and his partner that they delayed the prject? 是不是因为他和他的合伙人意见不合，他们才推迟了这个项目？［词汇复现］（强调状语，一般疑问句式） What is it that he is ding in the suburb?他正在郊区做什么？［词汇 复现］（强调宾语，特殊疑问句式） 【学法点拨】 判断句子是不是强调句型的方法：去掉it is/was 与that/wh，剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。
单句语法填空（1）［ 词汇复现］It was when he wrked in the canteen in the cllege he taught himself English. （2）［词汇复现］It is my English teacher in senir schl is always giving me encuragement. （3）［词汇复现］ was in the grcery that he picked up a wallet cntaining a large sum f mney. 用强调句型改写［词汇复现］He came acrss his client when he hung ut in the suburb yesterday. （4） he came acrss when he hung ut in the suburb yesterday.（强调宾语） （5） he came acrss his client.（强调时间状语）
It was his client that/ wh
It was when he hung ut in the suburb yesterday that
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE：PASSIVE FORMS IN THE PAST
1 The cncept was first talked abut as lng ag as in the 1920s.2 In the 1950s，an attempt was made by tw scientists t prve the thery mathematically.3 Once the parcel had been received by this persn，he/she wuld send the parcel nt a cntact f theirs until the parcel culd be persnally delivered t the crrect persn.4 Its name was used as the title f a play and then a film.5 Sn the game was being played in universities acrss the United States.
Read the sentences. Underline the passive frms. What tense is used in each sentence?
______________________was talked abut（past simple）
___________was made（past simple）
____________________ _________ __________had been received（past perfect），culd be delivered（past simple）
_________was used（past simple）
__________________was being played（past cntinuus）
Read the descriptin f a “Six Degrees f Separatin” experiment. Use the crrect frm f the verbs in brackets t cmplete the passage.
We 1 （give） the task f finding ut whether the “Six Degrees f Separatin” thery wrked at ur schl. We 2 （tell）abut the “Small-wrld” experiment in the United States，where packages 3 （send）frm ne persn t anther with the aim f getting it t a stranger in the end. While the idea behind this experiment 4____________________ （discuss）in ur grup，it 5 （suggest）t us by ur teacher that we try smething similar. S we did. We culdn’t send parcels，but we culd send letters. Ten vlunteers 6_________ （chse）t take part and they 7 （ask）t write a letter f intrductin t anther persn in the schl that they didn’t knw and then t chse smene wh they thught 8________ （cnnect）t that persn t give it t. After all the letters 9 （exchange）several times，seven ut f the ten target peple did receive their letters with chains f five r six peple in each case! We think this means that ur experiment was a success and it supprts the thery.
were given
had been sent
was being discussed
was suggested
were asked
was cnnected
were exchanged
Search nline and find details abut the “small-wrld prblem”，“Clumbia Small-wrld Prject” r ther experiments related t the thery. Write a shrt reprt n yur findings.
Grup Wrk Discuss and decide what experiment yu can carry ut t find ut hw many degrees f separatin there are between peple wh dn’t knw each ther. Cnsider：
Activity 10
·hw many peple will participate in the experiment?·what will the participants d?·hw will yu find ut the results f the experiment?
单元语法 过去时的被动语态1 被动语态的概念语态是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是谓语动作的执行者时，为主动语态；当主语是谓语动作的承受者时，为被动语态。2 被动语态的构成（ 1）被动语态由“助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成，时态通 过助动词be 表现出来。Many trees were planted n the hill yesterday. 昨天山上种了许多树。 （1） 现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are + being + 及物动词的过去分词A new teaching building is being built in ur schl. 我们学校正在建一栋新的教学楼。（2） 含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Yur hmewrk must be handed in nw. 你的家庭作业必须现在上交。
（ 2）过去时包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成 时，其被动语态分述如下： （1） 一般过去时：was/were + 及物动词的过去分词Quite a few masterpieces painted by the famus painter were displayed in the gallery last week. 这位著名画家画的许多杰作上周在美术馆里展出了。［词汇复现］ （2） 过去进行时：was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词A new factry was being built in ur city at that time. 那时我们城市正在建一座新工厂。（3） 过去将来时：a. wuld/shuld + be + 及物动词的过去分词 b. was/were + ging t be + 及物动词的过去分词They tld us that the cnflict wuld be settled sn and the plan wuld be carried ut as planned. 他们告诉我们，冲突将很快得到解决，计划将按计划执行。［词汇复现］ He thught that yur watch was ging t be mended after an hur. 他以为你的表一小时后就会被修。（4） 过去完成时：had + been + 及物动词的过去分词He said that sme new factries had been built in the city. 他说在这座城市里已经建了一些新工厂。
【误区警示】 （1）“ get + 及物动词的过去分词”表被动。指主语遭遇变化或不好 的事件。He gt caught in the rain last night. 他昨晚被雨淋了。 （2） 动词带有双宾语时，可把其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，变为被动句主语的通常是间接宾语。His mther gave him a present fr his birthday. 他妈妈送给他一件生日礼物。→ He was given a present by his mther fr his birthday.（也可改为A present was given t him by his mther fr his birthday.） （3） 当“动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语”结构变为被动结构时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。The manager fund a ck smking in the canteen and fired him n the spt. 经理发现一个厨师在食堂抽烟，当场解雇了他。= A ck was fund smking in the canteen by the manager and was fired n the spt. 一个厨师被经理发现在食堂抽烟，当场被解雇了。［词汇复现］ （4） 在使役动词have，make，let 以及感官动词see，watch，ntice， hear，feel，bserve 等后用不定式作宾语补足语时，t 通常省略，但变为被动结构时，要加t。Smene saw a stranger walk int the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进那栋大楼。→ A stranger was seen t walk int the building （by smene）. （5） 有些由“动词+ 介词/ 副词”构成的动词词组，也可用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开，其中的介词或副词不能省略。My sister was taken care f by Grandma when my parents went ut t wrk. 我父母出去工作时，我妹妹由奶奶照顾。（6）“It + be + 及物动词的过去分词+ that 从句/t d sth.”是固定句型。Since it is believed that strng smells can affect the senses，vlunteers are required nt t eat r drink fr eight hurs befre the experiment. 因为人们相信强烈的气味会影响感官，所以志愿者们被要求在实验前八小时内不能进食或饮水。
【误区警示】 （1）“ get + 及物动词的过去分词”表被动。指主语遭遇变化或不好 的事件。He gt caught in the rain last night. 他昨晚被雨淋了。 （2） 动词带有双宾语时，可把其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，变为被动句主语的通常是间接宾语。His mther gave him a present fr his birthday. 他妈妈送给他一件生日礼物。→ He was given a present by his mther fr his birthday.（也可改为A present was given t him by his mther fr his birthday.） （3） 当“动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语”结构变为被动结构时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。The manager fund a ck smking in the canteen and fired him n the spt. 经理发现一个厨师在食堂抽烟，当场解雇了他。= A ck was fund smking in the canteen by the manager and was fired n the spt. 一个厨师被经理发现在食堂抽烟，当场被解雇了。
（4） 在使役动词have，make，let 以及感官动词see，watch，ntice， hear，feel，bserve 等后用不定式作宾语补足语时，t 通常省略，但变为被动结构时，要加t。Smene saw a stranger walk int the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进那栋大楼。→ A stranger was seen t walk int the building （by smene）. （5） 有些由“动词+ 介词/ 副词”构成的动词词组，也可用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开，其中的介词或副词不能省略。My sister was taken care f by Grandma when my parents went ut t wrk. 我父母出去工作时，我妹妹由奶奶照顾。（6）“It + be + 及物动词的过去分词+ that 从句/t d sth.”是固定句型。Since it is believed that strng smells can affect the senses，vlunteers are required nt t eat r drink fr eight hurs befre the experiment. 因为人们相信强烈的气味会影响感官，所以志愿者们被要求在实验前八小时内不能进食或饮水。
完成句子（1） The bk （已经 借出去了）when I gt t the library. （2） He （被嘲笑）by all peple arund him. （3） ［词汇复现］Tw paintings displayed in the gallery （被卖出） yesterday. （4）［词汇复现］Several factries （在郊区被建造）befre a schl was set up.
had been lent
把主动语态改为被动语态（１）My father gave me a new bk n my birthday. → I n my birthday（by my father）. → A new bk n my birthday（by my father）. （２）My father bught me a new cmputer yesterday. → I yesterday（by my father）. → A new cmputer yesterday（by my father）.
was given a new bk
was laughed at
were sld ut
had been built in the suburb
was given t me
was bught a new cmputer
was bught fr me
单句语法填空（1） Diana culdn’t mve int her new huse as it （decrate）. （2） The teacher said that we （give） anther chance sme time the next mnth if we failed in the exam. （3） They said great changes （take） place in my village and sme factries__________ （set）up since 2015. （4） She （praise）fr her fine wrk in the Yuth League. （5）［词汇复现］He tld me that a new stadium （ build） and it _____________ （ finish） the next year. （6） After they （seat），the father fund a friend and went ut t greet him. （7） ［词汇复现］Many beautiful cherry trees （plant）utside the grcery last year and they are bming nw. （8） By the time he gt t the schl，the first perid （finish）. （9）［词汇复现］The news （release） last Friday and drew a lt f attentin. （10）The media reprted mre than 1，000 peple （kill）in the earthquake.
was being decrated
wuld be given
had been set
was praised
was being built
wuld be finished
were seated
were planted
had been finished
was released
had been killed
HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE?
ACTIVATE AND SHAREHw many cntacts d yu have n scial media? Hw many peple d yu regularly cmmunicate with?
ACTIVATE AND SHARERead the first tw paragraphs f the article n the thery“Six Degrees f Separatin”. What des it mean and wh invented this thery?
It states that any persn n Earth can be cnnected t any ther persnthrugh a chain f n mre than five ther peple. The thery was firstintrduced by Hungarian authr Frigyes Karinthy，in the early 20thcentury.
Read the rest f the article. Find ut abut the develpment f the “Six Degrees f Separatin” thery. Take ntes in the table belw. Then talk abut hw the thery develped based n yur ntes.
Stanley Milgram
He chse a randm samplef peple in the middle fAmerica and asked them tsend packages t a strangerin the state f Massachusetts.
It nly tk between five and seven peple t get the parcels delivered.
Tw cllege students in theUnited States
They invented a game. Theidea f the game was t link any actr t Kevin Bacn，a famus American actr and musician，thrugh n mre than six links.
They game was being playedin universities acrss theUnited States.
Clumbia University
The“Clumbia Small-wrld Prject”：Clumbia University tried t recreate Milgram’s experiment n the Internet. The experiment invlved 24，163 email chains with 18 target peple in 13 different cuntries.
The results cnfirmed that the average number f links in the chain was six.
University f Milan
The experiment analysed the relatinship between 721 millin scial media users.
92% were cnnected by nly fur stages.
Grup Wrk Read the article again. Take turns t explain the “Six Degrees f Separatin” thery. Use the diagram t help yu.
Grup Wrk Think and share. 1 Why did Milgram and Clumbia University bth label their experiments “Small-wrld”? 2 Why d yu think peple study hw peple are cnnected?
Because they believed that any persn n Earth culd be cnnected t any ther persn thrugh a chain f n mre than five ther peple. In this sense the wrld is small.
Prbably peple want t study the structures f human sciety，the rules f human scial activities，and hw peple are cnnected with each ther.
Cmplete the sentences with the crrect frm f the wrds.
randm scilgist netwrk publish package chain
1 In 1967，a called Stanley Milgram did an experiment t find ut hw many degrees f separatin there were between strangers in different parts f America.2 All f the in Milgram’s experiment were delivered t the right peple after passing thrugh the hands f between five and seven peple.3 The results f Milgram’s experiment in the magazine Psychlgy Tday.
were published
4 The results f the “Clumbia Small-wrld Prject” cnfirmed that the average number f links in the was six.5 Peple ding experiments int “Six Degrees f Separatin” usually chse a sample f peple t take part t make the results mre reliable.6 Recently，creating and grwing yur scial has becme mre imprtant than ever befre due t the grwth f scial media.
Language pints
教材原句 “Six Degrees f Separatin” refers t the thery that...“六度分隔”理论说的是…… 1 refer t （1）指的是，提及，谈到搭配：refer 称……为…… When he referred t the gallery，I knew it was the ne at the end f this street. 当他提到画廊的时候，我知道就是在这条街的尽头的那家。［词汇复现］ They agreed never t refer t the matter again. 他们同意永远不再提这件事了。 He likes t be referred t as “Dctr Khee”. 他喜欢别人叫他“基博士”。 （2）查阅，参考 He made the speech withut referring t his ntes. 他脱稿发表了演讲。（3）涉及，关于The figures refer t ur sales in Eurpe. 这些数字涉及我们在欧洲的销售额。【归纳拓展】 refer t/turn t/cnsult the dictinary 查词典 lk the dictinary 在词典中查阅……
写出 refer t 在句中的含义 （1） I was nt referring t her when I said s. （2） Nw that the by has been punished，please dn’t refer t that matter again. （3） The teacher asked us nt t refer t ur bks r dictinaries when we were in the exam. 一句多译 不要老是查词典，你要学会猜测生词在文章中的含义。（4） Dn’t always ；yu shuld learn t guess the meaning f the new wrds in the passage. （5） Dn’t always ；yu shuld learn t guess the meaning f the new wrds in the passage. （6） Dn’t always ；yu shuld learn t guess the meaning f them in the passage.
refer t the dictinary/turn t the dictinary
cnsult the dictinary
lk up the new wrds in the dictinary
教材原句 ideas influenced many f ur early impressins f scial netwrks.……许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。2 impressin n. 印象，感想；印记搭配： get/have a gd/bad impressin f 对……的印象好/不好leave/make a（n） n sb 给某人留下……的印象I’m uncertain whether yu have a very different impressin f him. 我不确定你是否对他的印象大不相同。The way he dealt with the cnflict with his clleague left a deep impressin n me. 他处理与同事冲突的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。［词汇复现］ There are impressins f shes in the mud. 泥地里留下了鞋印。 【归纳拓展】 impress v. 使留下深刻印象； 使意识到（重要性或严肃性等） impress sb with sth 某事物给某人留下深刻印象impress sth n sb 使某人意识到某事的重要性 be impressed with/by 对……印象深刻We were impressed with yur psitive attitude. 你乐观的态度给我们留下了深刻的印象。 He impressed n us the need fr immediate actin. 他让我们认识到立刻采取行动的必要性。【词语积累】 impressive adj. 令人赞叹的，令人敬佩的Mst f the wrks displayed in the gallery are impressive. I like the ne hanging in the middle f the wall in particular. 这家画廊里展示的大部分作品都令人赞叹，我尤其喜欢挂在墙中间的那一幅。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空 （1） The splendid scenery left a deep impressin us. （2） Father impressed me the value f hard wrk. （3） The histrical architecture f Lndn attracts visitrs frm all ver the wrld，and leaves a deep （impress）n them. （4）［词汇复现］The mst （impress） memry f my high schl life is the cnstant encuragement frm my English teacher. 完成句子（5） As a candidate，yu must （给……留下好印象）everyne yu meet if yu want t win the electin. （6） We （对……印象深刻） the enjyable experience in the cuntryside.
impressin
leave/ make a gd impressin n
were impressed with/by
教材原句 He chse a randm sample f peple in the middle f America... 他在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本…… 3 randm adj. 随机的，随意的；胡乱的n. 随意搭配： a randm sample/selectin 随机抽样/选择the randm killing f inncent peple 对无辜者的随意杀戮 a randm rder 随机排列…… at randm 胡乱地；随便地；任意地 randm 随意选择…… He went int a grcery and picked sme snacks frm the shelf at randm. 他走进一家食品杂货店，从架子上随便挑了些零食。［词汇复现］ 【词语积累】 randmly adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的地，胡乱地；未加计划地My phne seems t switch itself ff randmly. 我的手机好像随时自动关机。
完成句子（1） The infrmatin is prcessed （按随机顺序）. 单句语法填空（2） The winning numbers are （randm）selected by the cmputer. （3） The lucky fans will be picked randm rather than chsen befrehand t perfrm with the singer during the party. （4） There is n dubt that it is better t read a few bks carefully than t read many________ randm.
in a randm rder
教材原句 released，the results were published in the bimnthly magazine Psychlgy Tday. ……结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。4 release vt. 发表，发布；释放；放开，松开；宣泄；解雇n. 发表， 发布；释放；排放；解脱The prisner has served his sentence and will be released tmrrw. 那名犯人已服刑期满，明天将获释。10，000 ballns were released at the ceremny. 典礼上放飞了一万个气球。The club is releasing sme f its lder players. 那家俱乐部正在解聘一些老队员。
单句语法填空（1） After he （release）frm prisn， he was determined t devte mst f his time t his wrk and family. （2） She burst int tears， （release） all her pent-up emtins. 完成句子（3） He refused （放开她的胳膊）.
was released
t release her arms
教材原句 Fr example，the Oscar-winning film Babel is based n the cncept f “Six Degrees f Separatin”. 例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。5 be based n 基于，以……为根据；在……基础上Peple cmplain that decisins t apprve r deny a permit are ften randm rather than based n fixed criteria. 人们抱怨，批准或拒绝许可的决定往往是随机的，而不是根据固定的标准。［词汇复现］ In my diary，I set dwn a series f things that was based n facts. 在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。【归纳拓展】 使……以……为基础/ 根据 at the base f... 在……底部One shuld always base his pinins n facts. 一个人应该始终以事实为依据发表自己的观点。
单句语法填空（1） The research grup prduced tw reprts （base）n the survey，but neither cntained any useful suggestins. （2） （base）n a true stry，the film attracts many peple，whether they are ld r yung. （3） （base）an imprtant decisin mre n emtin than n reasn，yu will regret it sner r later. 完成句子（4） The new film （以……为根据） a true incident. （5） The reprt （以数据为根据） frm six cuntries.
is based n the data
重点句式 教材原句 “Six Degrees f Separatin” refers t the thery that any persn n Earth can be cnnected t any ther persn thrugh a chain f n mre than ve ther peple.“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人的联结与其他任何一个人联系起来。【句式分析】that引导同位语从句，解释说明the thery的具体内容。 1 同位语从句在复合句中，充当同位语成分的从句称为同位语从句。由that 或wh- 类连接词引导，常放在 dubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hpe， prblem，infrmatin，impressin，thught 等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体内容。He left the first impressin t us that he was nt nly handsme but als reliable. 他给我们的第一印象是他不仅英俊而且可靠。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空 （1） The manager put frward a suggestin we shuld have an assistant. There was t much wrk t d. （2） There’s a traditin in ur ffice when it’s smebdy’s birthday，they bring in a cake fr us all t share. （3） I have n idea the cell phne isn’t wrking，s culd yu fix it fr me? （4） The hpe they expressed is that they wuld g t visit that cuntry again. （5）［2020·北京卷］But all f tday’s excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact we will be able t build these systems.
教材原句 The peple sending the packages nly knew the name，jb and general lcatin f the stranger. 这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。【句式分析】现在分词短语 sending... 作后置定语，修饰 the peple， 相当于定语从句（wh sent...）。被修饰词The peple 与send 之间是主动关系。2 现在分词（短语）作定语现在分词（短语）作定语时，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间存在主动关系，表示主动。The child standing ver there is my brther. 站在那边的那个孩子是 我的弟弟。（The child 与stand 之间是主动关系） The girl wrking in the bakery is a graduate wh chse the independent emplyment. 在面包店工作的那个女孩是一个选择独立就业的毕业生。［词汇复现］（The girl 与wrk 之间是主动关系） 【学法点拨】 过去分词（短语）作定语：过去分词（短语）作定语，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间是被动关系，表示被动或完成。Yu cannt accept an pinin ffered t yu unless it is based n facts. 你不能接受别人给你的意见，除非它是建立在事实基础上的。（an pinin 与ffer 之间是被动关系） His first bk published last mnth is based n a true stry. 他上个月出版的第一本书是根据一个真实故事改编的。（His first bk 与publish 之间是被动关系）
单句语法填空（1） D yu want t see the dctr （wrk）n the case reprt in the ffice? （2） D yu knw the by （stand）at the dr? （3） They lived in a huse （face）the suth. （4） The windw （break）yesterday was repaired this mrning. （5）［词汇复现］The hamburgers （sell） in this chain are nt t my taste. （6） The news （release）last night raised a heated discussin amng the yung wrkers. （7） Peple tday tend t chse vegetables （ grw） withut using any chemicals.
教材原句 Amazingly，it nly tk between five and seven peple t get the parcels delivered，and nce released，the results were published in the bimnthly magazine Psychlgy Tday. 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5 至7 个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。【句式分析】it nly tk between five and seven peple t get the parcels delivered 为it takes... t d sth 结构；nce released 为状语从句的省略。3 It takes... t d sth. 花费……做某事。It tk him abut thirty minutes t have his parcel delivered in the pst ffice. 他花了大约30 分钟才在邮局把包裹寄了。［词汇复现］ 【学法点拨】 该句型中it 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。【归纳拓展】 sb spends sme time/mney n sth 某人在某事物上花一些时间/ 钱sb spends sme time/mney ding sth 某人花一些时间/ 金钱做某事sb pays sme mney fr sth 某人花一些钱买某物 sth csts sb sme mney 某物花某人一些钱I hate t spend a lng perid f time playing cmputer games. 我讨厌花长时间玩电脑游戏。He paid $50 fr the dessert in the bakery fr his girlfriend. 他花了50 美元在面包店给他的女朋友买甜点。The skirt cst her $100. 这条裙子花了她 100 美元。
选词填空（take/spend/pay/cst） （1） The girl ften mney n bks which she likes very much. Last Sunday it __________ her 10 minutes t g t the bkstre t buy her favurite bk. When she was ging t fr the bk， the salesman tld her it nly half the price because f the brken cver. 单句语法填空（2） Accrding t a recent U.S. survey，children spent up t 25 hurs a week （watch）TV. （3）［词汇复现］It nly tk him a few minutes （slve）the disagreement between him and his clleague. （4） Hw much did yu pay the beautiful skirt? （5） tk the little by nearly half an hur t take the ty apart.
教材原句 It was this research that inspired the phrase“Six Degrees f Separatin”. 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。【句式分析】本句是一个强调句，强调句子的主语this research。 4 强调句型（ 1）基本结构是“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 其他 .”；若强调的 是人，也可以用wh 替换that； （2）强调句的一般疑问句式是“Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that+ 其他？”； （ 3）强调句的特殊疑问句式是“疑问词 + is/was it + that + 其他？”； 若该结构用于宾语从句，则要用陈述语序。It was in the gallery that he came acrss ne f his ld friends. 他是在画廊里遇到了他的一位老朋友。［词汇复现］（强调状语） Was it because f the disagreement between him and his partner that they delayed the prject? 是不是因为他和他的合伙人意见不合，他们才推迟了这个项目？［词汇复现］（强调状语，一般疑问句式） What is it that he is ding in the suburb?他正在郊区做什么？［词汇 复现］（强调宾语，特殊疑问句式） 【学法点拨】 判断句子是不是强调句型的方法：去掉it is/was 与that/wh，剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。
单句语法填空（1）［ 词汇复现］It was when he wrked in the canteen in the cllege he taught himself English. （2）［词汇复现］It is my English teacher in senir schl is always giving me encuragement. （3）［词汇复现］ was in the grcery that he picked up a wallet cntaining a large sum f mney. 用强调句型改写［词汇复现］He came acrss his client when he hung ut in the suburb yesterday. （4） he came acrss when he hung ut in the suburb yesterday.（强调宾语） （5） he came acrss his client.（强调时间状语）
It was his client that/ wh
It was when he hung ut in the suburb yesterday that
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE：PASSIVE FORMS IN THE PAST
1 The cncept was first talked abut as lng ag as in the 1920s.2 In the 1950s，an attempt was made by tw scientists t prve the thery mathematically.3 Once the parcel had been received by this persn，he/she wuld send the parcel nt a cntact f theirs until the parcel culd be persnally delivered t the crrect persn.4 Its name was used as the title f a play and then a film.5 Sn the game was being played in universities acrss the United States.
Read the sentences. Underline the passive frms. What tense is used in each sentence?
______________________was talked abut（past simple）
___________was made（past simple）
____________________ _________ __________had been received（past perfect），culd be delivered（past simple）
_________was used（past simple）
__________________was being played（past cntinuus）
Read the descriptin f a “Six Degrees f Separatin” experiment. Use the crrect frm f the verbs in brackets t cmplete the passage.
We 1 （give） the task f finding ut whether the “Six Degrees f Separatin” thery wrked at ur schl. We 2 （tell）abut the “Small-wrld” experiment in the United States，where packages 3 （send）frm ne persn t anther with the aim f getting it t a stranger in the end. While the idea behind this experiment 4____________________ （discuss）in ur grup，it 5 （suggest）t us by ur teacher that we try smething similar. S we did. We culdn’t send parcels，but we culd send letters. Ten vlunteers 6_________ （chse）t take part and they 7 （ask）t write a letter f intrductin t anther persn in the schl that they didn’t knw and then t chse smene wh they thught 8________ （cnnect）t that persn t give it t. After all the letters 9 （exchange）several times，seven ut f the ten target peple did receive their letters with chains f five r six peple in each case! We think this means that ur experiment was a success and it supprts the thery.
were given
had been sent
was being discussed
was suggested
were asked
was cnnected
were exchanged
Search nline and find details abut the “small-wrld prblem”，“Clumbia Small-wrld Prject” r ther experiments related t the thery. Write a shrt reprt n yur findings.
Grup Wrk Discuss and decide what experiment yu can carry ut t find ut hw many degrees f separatin there are between peple wh dn’t knw each ther. Cnsider：
Activity 10
·hw many peple will participate in the experiment?·what will the participants d?·hw will yu find ut the results f the experiment?
单元语法 过去时的被动语态1 被动语态的概念语态是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是谓语动作的执行者时，为主动语态；当主语是谓语动作的承受者时，为被动语态。2 被动语态的构成（ 1）被动语态由“助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成，时态通 过助动词be 表现出来。Many trees were planted n the hill yesterday. 昨天山上种了许多树。 （1） 现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are + being + 及物动词的过去分词A new teaching building is being built in ur schl. 我们学校正在建一栋新的教学楼。（2） 含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Yur hmewrk must be handed in nw. 你的家庭作业必须现在上交。
（ 2）过去时包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成 时，其被动语态分述如下： （1） 一般过去时：was/were + 及物动词的过去分词Quite a few masterpieces painted by the famus painter were displayed in the gallery last week. 这位著名画家画的许多杰作上周在美术馆里展出了。［词汇复现］ （2） 过去进行时：was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词A new factry was being built in ur city at that time. 那时我们城市正在建一座新工厂。（3） 过去将来时：a. wuld/shuld + be + 及物动词的过去分词 b. was/were + ging t be + 及物动词的过去分词They tld us that the cnflict wuld be settled sn and the plan wuld be carried ut as planned. 他们告诉我们，冲突将很快得到解决，计划将按计划执行。［词汇复现］ He thught that yur watch was ging t be mended after an hur. 他以为你的表一小时后就会被修。（4） 过去完成时：had + been + 及物动词的过去分词He said that sme new factries had been built in the city. 他说在这座城市里已经建了一些新工厂。
【误区警示】 （1）“ get + 及物动词的过去分词”表被动。指主语遭遇变化或不好 的事件。He gt caught in the rain last night. 他昨晚被雨淋了。 （2） 动词带有双宾语时，可把其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，变为被动句主语的通常是间接宾语。His mther gave him a present fr his birthday. 他妈妈送给他一件生日礼物。→ He was given a present by his mther fr his birthday.（也可改为A present was given t him by his mther fr his birthday.） （3） 当“动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语”结构变为被动结构时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。The manager fund a ck smking in the canteen and fired him n the spt. 经理发现一个厨师在食堂抽烟，当场解雇了他。= A ck was fund smking in the canteen by the manager and was fired n the spt. 一个厨师被经理发现在食堂抽烟，当场被解雇了。［词汇复现］ （4） 在使役动词have，make，let 以及感官动词see，watch，ntice， hear，feel，bserve 等后用不定式作宾语补足语时，t 通常省略，但变为被动结构时，要加t。Smene saw a stranger walk int the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进那栋大楼。→ A stranger was seen t walk int the building （by smene）. （5） 有些由“动词+ 介词/ 副词”构成的动词词组，也可用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开，其中的介词或副词不能省略。My sister was taken care f by Grandma when my parents went ut t wrk. 我父母出去工作时，我妹妹由奶奶照顾。（6）“It + be + 及物动词的过去分词+ that 从句/t d sth.”是固定句型。Since it is believed that strng smells can affect the senses，vlunteers are required nt t eat r drink fr eight hurs befre the experiment. 因为人们相信强烈的气味会影响感官，所以志愿者们被要求在实验前八小时内不能进食或饮水。
【误区警示】 （1）“ get + 及物动词的过去分词”表被动。指主语遭遇变化或不好 的事件。He gt caught in the rain last night. 他昨晚被雨淋了。 （2） 动词带有双宾语时，可把其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，变为被动句主语的通常是间接宾语。His mther gave him a present fr his birthday. 他妈妈送给他一件生日礼物。→ He was given a present by his mther fr his birthday.（也可改为A present was given t him by his mther fr his birthday.） （3） 当“动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语”结构变为被动结构时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。The manager fund a ck smking in the canteen and fired him n the spt. 经理发现一个厨师在食堂抽烟，当场解雇了他。= A ck was fund smking in the canteen by the manager and was fired n the spt. 一个厨师被经理发现在食堂抽烟，当场被解雇了。
（4） 在使役动词have，make，let 以及感官动词see，watch，ntice， hear，feel，bserve 等后用不定式作宾语补足语时，t 通常省略，但变为被动结构时，要加t。Smene saw a stranger walk int the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进那栋大楼。→ A stranger was seen t walk int the building （by smene）. （5） 有些由“动词+ 介词/ 副词”构成的动词词组，也可用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开，其中的介词或副词不能省略。My sister was taken care f by Grandma when my parents went ut t wrk. 我父母出去工作时，我妹妹由奶奶照顾。（6）“It + be + 及物动词的过去分词+ that 从句/t d sth.”是固定句型。Since it is believed that strng smells can affect the senses，vlunteers are required nt t eat r drink fr eight hurs befre the experiment. 因为人们相信强烈的气味会影响感官，所以志愿者们被要求在实验前八小时内不能进食或饮水。
完成句子（1） The bk （已经 借出去了）when I gt t the library. （2） He （被嘲笑）by all peple arund him. （3） ［词汇复现］Tw paintings displayed in the gallery （被卖出） yesterday. （4）［词汇复现］Several factries （在郊区被建造）befre a schl was set up.
had been lent
把主动语态改为被动语态（１）My father gave me a new bk n my birthday. → I n my birthday（by my father）. → A new bk n my birthday（by my father）. （２）My father bught me a new cmputer yesterday. → I yesterday（by my father）. → A new cmputer yesterday（by my father）.
was given a new bk
was laughed at
were sld ut
had been built in the suburb
was given t me
was bught a new cmputer
was bught fr me
单句语法填空（1） Diana culdn’t mve int her new huse as it （decrate）. （2） The teacher said that we （give） anther chance sme time the next mnth if we failed in the exam. （3） They said great changes （take） place in my village and sme factries__________ （set）up since 2015. （4） She （praise）fr her fine wrk in the Yuth League. （5）［词汇复现］He tld me that a new stadium （ build） and it _____________ （ finish） the next year. （6） After they （seat），the father fund a friend and went ut t greet him. （7） ［词汇复现］Many beautiful cherry trees （plant）utside the grcery last year and they are bming nw. （8） By the time he gt t the schl，the first perid （finish）. （9）［词汇复现］The news （release） last Friday and drew a lt f attentin. （10）The media reprted mre than 1，000 peple （kill）in the earthquake.
was being decrated
wuld be given
had been set
was praised
was being built
wuld be finished
were seated
were planted
had been finished
was released
had been killed
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