第13讲 unit13 We're trying to save the earth. 提升版 教案

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第五讲 Unit 13 We are trying to save the earth. 提升版

单元目标总览：
重点单词
litter   v. 乱扔 n. 垃圾；废弃物    bottom  n. 底部；最下部   
fisherman   n. 渔民；钓鱼的人   coal  n. 煤；煤块  
public  adj. 公众的；公共的 n. 民众；百姓 ugly  adj. 丑陋的；难看的   
advantage  ,   n. 优点；有利条件    cost   v. 花费n. 花费；价钱  
wooden  adj. 木制的；木头的   plastic  adj. 塑料的n. 塑料；塑胶
make a difference 有关系，作用，影响     shark   n. 鲨鱼  
fin  n（.鱼）鳍    cut off  割掉；砍掉      
method   n. 方法；措施    cruel  adj. 残酷的；残忍的   
harmful   adj. 有害的     chain  n. 链子；链条   
ecosystemn. 生态系统    low adj（.数量等）减少的；低的；矮的 
industry   n. 工业；行业   law  n. 法律；法规  
reusable   adj.可重复使用的；可再次使用的  afford  v. 承担得起（后果）；买得transportation n. 运输业；交通运输   recycle   v. 回收利用；再利用   
napkin   n. 餐巾；餐巾纸    upside down 颠倒；倒转
gate  n. 大门    bottle  n. 瓶；瓶子   
president   n. 负责人;主席；总统  inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物）metal  n. 金属     creativity   n. 创造力；独创性
常用短语
1. at the bottom of the river 在河床底部 2. be full of the rubbish 充满了垃圾
3. throw litter into the river 把垃圾扔入河中
4. play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净
5. land pollution 土地污染 6. fill the air with black smoke 使空气中充满了黑烟
7. cut down air pollution 减少空气污染 8. make a difference 产生影响
9. take action 采取行动 10. turn off 关掉
11. pay for 付费 12. add up 累加
13. use public transportation 使用公共交通 14. recycle books and paper 回收书和废纸
15. use paper napkins 使用纸巾 16. turn off the shower 关掉喷头
17. ride in cars 开车出行
重点句型
1.We’re trying to save the earth. 我们在努力拯救地球。
2. The rive used to be so clean. 这河流过去是如此的清澈。
3. The air is badly polluted. 空气被严重污染。
4. The method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment.
这种方法不仅残酷，而且对环境也有害。
5. And the gate in front of her house is made of rocks and old glass bottles.
她房子的前门是由岩石和旧玻璃瓶子制成的。
6. Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity.
不仅艺术品能给人们带来快乐，而且冰冷坚硬的钢铁在艺术创作下也恢复了生命。
核心语法
现在进行时；used to be；现在完成时；被动语态；情态动词

Section A 考点知识梳理
1. noise pollution噪音污染
（1） noise此处作为名词，意为噪音。make noises或make a noise意为制造噪音。
◆If you make noises at night,my dog will bark.如果你在晚上发出吵闹声，我的狗会叫。
（2） pollution不可数名词，“污染，污染物”，其动词形式是pollute。
◆The river has been polluted by wastewater from the factory.这条河流已经收到工厂废水的污染。
2. The air has become really polluted around here. 这儿的空气已经被污染了。
辨析：turn, get 与become
①become多指身份、职位等的变化，它强调变化的过程已经完成，后面可接名词或形容词。
◆He becomes a teacher. 他成了一名老师。
② get多用于口语，表示一种变化过程，强调的是“渐渐变得”，后常接形容词的比较级形式。
◆In winter the days get shorter. 冬季白天变得较短。
③ turn指在颜色和性质等方面与以前的完全不同，强调变化的结果。

◆Leaves turned brown in the mountains. 山里的树叶已变成了棕色。
3. To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 为了减少空气污染，我们应该乘坐公共汽车或者地铁，而不是开车。
cut down 意为“减少”；是“动词+副词”结构的短语，所带的宾语为名词时，宾语可位于down的前面或后面；为代词时，只能位于down前面。
◆You’d better cut the article down to about 2,000 words. 你最好能把这篇文章压到两千字左右。
拓展
cut down 还可表示“砍倒”的意思。
They cut down the big tree. 他们砍倒了这棵大树。
cut off
切断；切除
cut into
把……切成……
cut up
切碎
cut in
插队
4、It’s good for health and it doesn’t cost anything! 它对身体有好处并且不会花费任何东西。
辨析：spend, cost, take, pay
花费
主语
表示的内容
spend
人
宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等。
cost
物或事
后接life, money, health, time等，侧重于“花费”的代价。
take
事或人
它说明事情完成“花费了……”。
pay
人
意思是“支付”，作为及物动词，宾语可以是“人”、“钱”
pay for
人
宾语为“物”、“事”，for表示支付的原因
5. The method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment. 这种方法不仅残酷，而且对环境也有害。
harmful 形容词，意为“有害的”。常构成短语be harmful to “对……有害的”。
◆Staying up often is harmful to your health. 经常熬夜对你的健康有害。
拓展
harm 名词，意为“害处”。常用构成短语do harm to “对……有害”，相当于be harmful to.
◆Too much smoking does harm to his health. = Too much smoking is harmful to his health. 吸烟过多对他的健康有害。
6、 Have you ever taken part in an environmental project? 你曾经参加过环境保护活动吗？
辨析：join, join in 和take part in


join
加入组织，团体，党派等，有作为其中的一个成员的含义。
后面也可以加表示人的名词，表示和某人一起参加某活动。
join in
加入一种具体活动。

take part in
指参加会议或群众性活动等，着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。
◆Will you join us in the discussion? 你参加我们的讨论吗？ 
◆She joined the Young Pioneers. 她加入了少先队。 
◆Why didn't you join in the talk last night? 昨晚你为什么没参加座谈？
◆Did you take part in the sports meet? 你参加运动会了吗？
7、We can’t afford to wait any longer to take action! 我们不能再等了，要采取行动了。
① afford是动词，意为“买得起,担负得起”，通常与can, could, be able to连用,多用于否定句中。
◆They couldn’t afford $50 for a ticket. 他们拿不出50美元买一张票。
② afford后面常跟带to的动词不定式。
◆We can’t afford to go abroad this summer. 今年夏天我们没有足够的钱出国。

SectionB 考点知识梳理

1. And the gate in front of her house is made of rocks and old glass bottles. 她房子的前门是由岩石和旧玻璃瓶子制成的。
【辨析】be made + 介词
be made of
“某物由……制造而成”（从制成品中可以看出原材料）
be made from
“某物由……制造而成”（从制成品中一般看不出或难以分辨出原材料）。
be made in
“某物由某地制造”
be made by
“某物由某个人或集体制造而成”，其中介词by用来强调动作的执行者。
 be made into
某种原料制成某物
be made up of
某物由……组成或构成
2. Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity. 不仅艺术品能给人们带来快乐，而且冰冷坚硬的钢铁在艺术创作下也恢复了生命。
“not only … but also …”是一个并列连词词组，其意思基本等于“both … and …”。
使用not only … but also … 时须注意的几点：
①not only与but also后面所连接的词的词性必须对等：
◆They completed the project not only punctually but also perfectly. 他们不仅准时完成工程，而且完成得很出色。
②not only只能连用，而but also既可连用，也可分开用：
◆Television is not only boring, but it also wastes a lot of time. 电视不仅乏味，而且还浪费许多时间。
③谓语动词的数应与but also后主语的数保持一致：
Not only you but also Mr. Zhang teaches in this college. 不仅你，张老师也在此学院教书。
④ not only放在句首，后接句子时要用倒装结构：
◆Not only had the poor man been fined, but also he had been sent to prison. 这个可怜的人不仅被罚款，而且还被送进了监狱。
3. Which parts need to be improved? 哪些部分需要被改善？
辨析：need to be done; need doing与need to do
① need doing=need to be done 需要被…现在分词doing表被动“需要被做”，相当于need to be done。
My watch needs repairing. =My watch needs to be repaired.我的表需要修了。
②need后加不定式，证明need为实义动词，而非情态动词，这时need有人称和数的变化。
◆He needs to get up early. 他需要早起。
4. What or who is causing these problems? 什么或谁将会导致这些问题？
cause用作动词，当“引起，造成，使得”讲。一般指引起或造成不好的结果。
cause sb. sth.= cause sth. to sb.(后接间接宾语+直接宾语)为固定用法。 
◆He caused his parents much trouble.= He caused much trouble to his parents. 他给父母带来很多烦恼。

单元语法重点：
本单元复习现在进行时、used to句型、被动语态、现在完成时和情态动词。
现在进行时
（1）含义：表示正在发生或进行的动作。
（2）基本结构：
主语 + be + 现在分词（be 的形式随主语的变化而变化）
（3）基本用法：
①表示现在正在进行的动作。特征：常常与now或具体的时间连用，有时句中会有感官动词来提示，或通过上下文来暗示。
②表示现阶段一直进行的动作。这类动词常常是延续性动词。常于at present, this week, these days等连用。
③表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。
现在完成时
（1）含义：表示过去发生的动作对现在还有影响。
（2）基本结构：主语 + have / has + 过去分词
（3）基本用法：
①表示过去发生的动作，但强调对现在产生影响。特征：不能与表示具体的时间状语连用。
②表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在，还可能继续下去。常常与since, for, in the past + 时间名词，in the last +时间名词等时间状语连用，而且谓语动词要求是延续性动词。
③表示一种“经历或体验”，即可以表示经历过也可以是从来都没有经历过。
被动语态
初中阶段我们学习了七种被动结构，归纳如下：
（1）一般现在时是被动语态：am / is / are + 过去分词
（2）现在完成时的被动式： have / has + been + 过去分词
（3）现在进行时的被动式：am/ is/ are + being + 过去分词
（4）一般过去时的被动式：was / were + 过去分词
（5）过去进行时的被动式：was / were + being + 过去分词
（6）过去完成时的被动式：had + been + 过去分词
（7）一般将来时的被动式：will / be going to be+ 过去分词
（8）含有情态动词的被动式：情态动词+be +动词的过去分词。

情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，如认为“可能”、“应当”、“必要”等。情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能单独作谓语，也没有人称和数的变化。后面一般跟动词原形。
used to 结构
used to意为“过去常常做某事”，指的是过去的习惯性动作，目的在于与现在形成对照。used to是个情态动词，其中的to是不定式符号，后面跟动词原形。在美式英语中。它的疑问式是：Did ＋主语＋use to do sth．？否定式是：主语＋didn't use．．。在英式英语中，它的疑问式应当是：Used ＋主语＋to sth．？否定式应当是used not to或use（d）n't to。
◆He used to stay up late. 他过去常熬到很晚。
I. 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. The old man used _____ (be) a teacher.
2. We should ____ (clean) the room every day.
3. Look! Tom ____ (sleep) in his room.
4. Lots of trees ____ (plant) on the hill every year.
5. He _____ (live) here for 20 years.
II. 单项选择。
1. He promised to pick me up at the school gate. However, he _____ yet.
A. didn’t arrive B. doesn’t arrive
C. isn’t arriving D. hasn’t arrived
2. Ba Jin, one of the greatest writers in China, ___ as “People’s Writer”.
 A. is regarded   B. has regarded   
C. is regarding   D. regards
3. —Where is Tom?
—He ______ in his room.
A. is reading B. reads
C. read D. was reading
4. —May I go out now, Dad?
— No. You _____ let your mother know first.
A. can B. may C. need D. must
5. Her son _______ Coke, but now he ________ milk.
A. used to drink ; is used to drinking
B. used to drinking ; drinks
C. is used to drinking ; used to drink
D. is used to drink ; is drinking
I. 1.to be 2. clean 3. is sleeping 4. are planted 5. has lived
II. 1. D“他还没有出现”表示从过去某个时间开始持续到现在状态，应当用现在完成时。
2. A 句子的主语Ba Jin是动作的承受者，应当用被动语态。
3. A 指“他(说话时) 正在房间里看书”。
4. D must 意为“必须”；句意：你必须先让你妈知道。
5. A used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”；be used to doing sth. 意为“习惯于做某事”；句意：她的儿子过去常喝可乐，但是他出在习惯喝牛奶了。

知识能力提升

一、单项选择(15分)
1．(1分)I am afraid we can not ____ to take a taxi. Let s go by underground instead.
     A.refuse      B.afford      C.forget      D.fall
2．(1分)____ its youth toward better development, Chinese government has set a careful plan.
     A.Lead      B.To leading      C.Leading      D.To lead
3．(1分)The notice on the board tells us that ____ smoking ____ spitting is allowed in the waiting room.
     A.either; or      B.not only; but also
     C.neither; nor      D.both; and
4．(1分)In our school library there ____ a number of books on science, and in these years the number of them ____ growing larger and larger.
     A.are; is      B.is; are      C.have; are      D.has; is
5．(1分)—How does Jack usually go to work?
—He ____ drive a car, but now he ____ there to lose weight.
     A.used to; is used to walk
     B.was used to; is used to walking
     C.was used to; is used to walk
     D.used to; is used to walking
6．(1分)A new supermarket ____ in our town in the last few years.
     A.built      B.will be build      C.was built      D.has been built
7．(1分)In the coming three years, our country will ____ emergency food aid for Developing countries along the Belt and Road.
     A.afford      B.offer      C.provide      D.support
8．(1分)—Wow, your sweater is very beautiful! How much is it?
—Thank you. It ____ me 30 dollars.
     A.spend      B.paid      C.cost      D.take
9．(1分)—I hear ____ you ____ your father likes watching talk shows.
—Right. We think they are interesting.
     A.both; and      B.either; or
     C.not only; but also      D.neither; nor
10．(1分)—What a terrible rainstorm it was last night!
—Yes, many old trees and houses ____.
     A.pull down      B.were pulling down
     C.were pulled down      D.pulled down
11．(1分)The trip from my school to Nan-tong ____ about an hour by shuttle bus.
     A.spends      B.costs      C.pays      D.takes
12．(1分)—We can save energy by riding Mobike.
—____, people should get used to recycling the waste.
     A.Moreover      B.However      C.Otherwise      D.Anyway
13．(1分)We must take action ____ waste water from running into rivers.
     A.keep      B.kept      C.to keep      D.keeping
14．(1分)—The scarf is beautiful. How much did it ____?
—I ____ ¥98 on it.
     A.cost; spent      B.pay; cost      C.spend; paid      D.cost; paid
15．(1分)The factory used to ____ waste into the river. Now they have realized the ____ of pollution.
     A.putting; danger      B.put; danger
     C.putting; dangerous      D.put; dangerous

二、完形填空(10分)
16．(10分)     March 22nd is World Water Day. It started in 1993. It not only makes us think about the importance of water, but also calls on (号召) us to   1   and protect water. Today, we're facing terrible water problems. Among them, wastewater problem is especially   2  . And the subject of World Water Day in 2017 is "wastewater".
     What is wastewater? It is used water. Usually, wastewater comes from homes,   3  , hospitals and so on. It is produced by different kinds of activities, including washing the machines, taking showers and using the kitchen. The rain also   4   wastewater when it is running down the street during a storm. No matter where it comes from, this kind of water is sure to have   5   harmful in it.
       6   must we treat (处理) wastewater? Wastewater has a big influence on our life. It causes both illness for us and pollution for the environment. We must care for our environment and our own   7  .
     How can we treat wastewater? Different kinds of wastewater need different ways of treatment. Wastewater   8   homes can be reused. Then there will be   9   wastewater. Also, factory wastewater has to be cleaned   10   it goes back to nature.
      (1)A.drink B.save C.carry D.watch
      (2)A.easy B.popular C.small D.serious
      (3)A.factories B.lakes C.rivers D.seas
      (4)A.gets back B.hands in C.changes into D.picks up
      (5)A.nothing B.something C.nobody D.somebody
      (6)A.What B.Who C.Why D.How
      (7)A.work B.interest C.health D.business
      (8)A.on B.for C.with D.from
      (9)A.less B.more C.better D.worse
      (10)A.and B.whether C.after D.before

三、任务型阅读(5分)
17．(5分)     One fresh sunny day, while I was swimming in the water, I felt something special going through my gills (鳃). It was a different kind of water. I also found many of my friends became sick. Some of them were dying. I began to worry because I didn't want to get sick or die. (A) I also considered what I should do to save my friends. So I decided to do some research for my underwater life.
     My research started. At first, I noticed there were many bottles, plastic bags and other kinds of rubbish in the water. Then I went on... I got closer and noticed a man pouring something polluted into the water. It flowed everywhere. Other people saw him do this and they followed him. (B) I found that it ____ ____ (闻起来奇怪). Then I tasted it. It made me feel terrible. I hated it! I really wanted to tell them that it was killing us! But I couldn't.
     I think it is so stupid of people to do bad things to the earth that they are living on! I can't understand why they are doing these. People should care about the environment. If they do that, we will not have anything to worry about. I suggest they take my advice. If so, (C) 我相信每一个人将过上幸福的生活。
(1)任务一：请写出(A)处句子的同义句。
I also considered                             save my friends.
(2)任务二：请在(B)处横线上根据汉语提示填入恰当的词。
I found that it                   (闻起来奇怪).
(3)任务三：请将(C)处划线句子翻译成英语。
_________________________________________________________________
(4)任务四：请简略回答下列问题。
What does "I" refer to (指代) in the passage?
____________________________________________________________________
(5)任务四：请简略回答下列问题。
What should people do according to the passage? (答案不超过五个单词)
____________________________________________________________________

四、七选五(5分)
18．(5分)     About two months ago, President Xi Jinping visited the Yangtze River. He said that the most important thing is protecting, cleaning the environment along the major waterway.   1   That means to recover its beautiful views and convenient traffic. As the third longest river in the world,   2   With the development of the economy (经济) and the population,   3   and the waste being put back into the river has been increasing.   4   It isn't good news for fish or wildlife that live in or along the river, either. Many people have already known the importance of protecting the Yangtze River,   5   The Green River organization, for example, educates people on the importance of protecting this great river. It also watches the river and stops the hunting of animals. Maybe we students should also play a part in protecting the beautiful river.
     A.Yangtze River has attracted much attention both in China and abroad.
     B.and organizations and projects have been set up to deal with the problem.
     C.He also said that the government would try its best to develop it into a golden belt.
     D.The pollution in Yangtze River is getting worse and worse.
     E.the amount of water taken from the river is rising.
     F.No matter what you do, remember the idea of environmental protection.
     G.This is not good news for the people who rely (依靠) on the Yangtze River for water.

五、填空题(5分)
19．(5分)按照括号中的要求完成句子，每个空格填一个单词。
(1)I used to be afraid of having a test. (改为一般疑问句)
       you        to be afraid of having a test?
(2)Sandy will be a senior high school student in four months. (对画线部分提问)
              will Sandy be a senior high school student?
(3)"Why do you allow the boy to wear a hat in class?" I asked the man. (改写句子, 句意不变)
I asked the man        he       the boy to wear a hat in class.
(4)I failed to meet Miss Green on time because the road was too crowded. (改写句子, 句意不变)
I        meeting Miss Green on time because of the heavy       .
(5)These stories reminded us of those old days. (改写句子, 句意不变)
Those old days               back after we read these stories.

六、翻译(5分)
20．(5分)1. —Where is your sister, Bob?
    —She (在做家庭作业).  (do)
2. —Do you miss your brother?
    —Yes, very much. I (未收到他的来信) for 3 months. (hear)
3. —Why does everyone like that boy?
    —Because he (总是乐于助人).  (ready)
4. —Do you like the song Little Apple?
    —Yes, I do. It's (我听过的最受欢迎的歌曲之一). (popular)
5. —Did you (考虑过如何避免伤到自己) in P.E. class?
    —Yes. We discussed it in our class meeting.   (avoid)
6. —Why don't you get nervous before the exams?
    —Because we (常被教导别把分数看得太重).  (educate)
7. —Can you tell me (游客是否应被阻止踩踏草地) in the park?
    —Yes, I think they should.  (prevent)

七、书面表达(15分)
21．(15分)       2017年济南市入选全国文明城市。为巩固文明城市创建成果，共建美好济南，济南市团委正在开展“学雷锋、讲文明、树新风”的活动，作为一名中学生，我们平时应该从以下几个方面来规范自己的言行举止。请根据下列提示，写一篇短文。
倡导低碳
骑自行车或步行上学，注意节约……
保护环境
爱护花草，不乱扔垃圾……
礼貌待人
常说“谢谢”、“ 对不起”、“ 请”等礼貌语言……
帮助他人
助人为乐，积极参加志愿者活动……
要求：
1. 词数100个左右。
2. 所写短文必须包括以上内容，自由发挥的内容必须围绕主题。
3. 文中不得出现真实的人名、校名、地名等相关信息。
     In order to build a civilized city, we students are supposed to behave well in our daily life. ...
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


知识能力提升答案
一、单项选择
1． 【答案】B
【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：恐怕我们坐不起出租车。我们坐地铁去吧。
refuse 拒绝；afford 承担得起；forget 拒绝；fall 掉下来。根据语境可知选B。
2． 【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了引领青年走向更好的发展，中国政府制定了周密的计划。
分析句子结构可知 lead its youth toward better development 是 Chinese government has set a careful plan 的目的，用不定式短语表目的。故选D。
3． 【答案】C
【解析】考查连词辨析。句意：黑板上的通知告诉我们，在等候室既不允许吸烟也不允许吐痰。
either...or 或者……或者……；not only...but also 不但……而且……；neither...nor 既不……也不……；both...and 两只都。根据句意可知选C。
4． 【答案】A
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：我们学校图书馆有许多有关科学的书籍，并且这些年它们的数量越来越大。
a number of… 许多的……，修饰可数名词复数，作主语看作复数，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of… ……的数量，作主语看作单数，谓语动词用单数形式。故选A。
5． 【答案】D
【解析】考查动词短语的用法。答语句意：他过去常常开车，但是现在他为了减肥习惯步行去那儿。
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事；be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事，所以选择D。

6． 【答案】D
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：最近几年，我们镇上新开了一家超级市场。
主语与动词之间是被动的关系，首先排除A；in the last/past+一段时间：用于现在完成时态中，故此句是现在完成时态的被动语态，故选D。
7． 【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：在接下来的三年中，我国将通过一带一路给发展中国家提供紧急食物援助。
afford 负担得起；offer 提供；provide 提供；support 支持。给某人提供某物：provide sth. for sb./offer sth to sb. 结合句意，可知选C。
8． 【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：——哇，你的毛衣很漂亮！多少钱？——谢谢，花了我30美元。
spend 花费，结构 sb. spend time/money doing sth. 某人花费时间/金钱做某事；take 花费，结构 it takes sb. time/money to do sth. 花费某人时间/金钱做某事；pay 支付，其主语是人，与介词 for 搭配；cost 花费，sth. cost sb. time/money 某物花费某人时间/金钱。故选C。
9． 【答案】C
【解析】考查连词。句意：——我听说不仅你喜欢看脱口秀，你的父亲也喜欢看。——对的。我们都认为那类节目很有意思。
both...and... 连接两个主语，谓语动词用复数；either...or... 要么……要么……；not only...but also... 不仅……而且……，连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数和后面的主语保持一致；neither...nor... 既不……也不……；根据句意结构可知选C。
10． 【答案】C
【解析】考查过去时被动语态。句意：——昨天晚上多么可怕的暴风雨啊！——是的，许多老树和房子都被推倒了。
pull down 推倒，空格前面的 trees and houses 是动词 pull down 的受动者，空格处应用被动语态；根据题干中的时间状语 last night 可知空格处应用过去时被动语态。故选C。
11． 【答案】D
【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：乘坐往返大巴从我学校到南通需要花费1个小时。
spend 花费，主语通常是人；cost 花费（成本），主语通常是物，常用句型为 sth. cost (sb.) time/money，但这里的时间不能是具体的时间长度，只能是抽象的时间，如 some time，much time 等；pay 支付，主语通常是人；take 花费，通常指花费时间，物做主语。故选D。
12． 【答案】A
【解析】考查副词辨析。句意：——我们可以骑摩托车来节省能源。——此外，人们应该习惯于回收废物。
Moreover 此外，同时；However 然而；Otherwise 否则，另外；Anyway 无论如何，至少。节省能源和人们回收废物是一致的，都是环保。故选A。
13． 【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们必须采取行动来防止污水流入河流。
keep…from 阻止；take action to do sth. 采取行动来做某事，这里的动词不定式短语作目的状语。故选C。
14． 【答案】A
【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：——这条围巾很漂亮，花了多少钱？——我花了98元。
cost 花费，通常是物品作主语；spend 花费，通常是人作主语，用于 sb. spend money on sth. 结构中；pay 花费，人作主语，用于 sb. pay money for sth. 结构中。根据题干设置可知选A。
15． 【答案】B
【解析】考查固定搭配及名词的基本用法。句意：工厂过去常把废物丢进河里，现在他们已经意识到了污染的危险。
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事，是固定搭配；根据第二空前的 the 和后面的 of 可知空格处应用名词。故选B。

二、完形填空
16． 【答案】 (1)B (2)D (3)A (4)C (5)B
(6)C (7)C (8)D (9)A (10)D

【解析】本文介绍污水的产生及对人的危害和处理，号召人们节约用水。考查学生对文章的整体综合理解能力和上下文逻辑推理的能力。
1. B 考查动词。根据大意介绍知道是节约和保护水资源，故选B。
2. D 考查形容词。从后一句污水是2017年的主题，因此知道是最严重的问题，故选D。
3. A 考查名词。从 homes，hospitals 知道是产生污水之地，因此是A，其它均不能。
4. C 考查动词短语，根据 also 知道是与前面相同的是下雨也产生污水，故选C。A 回来、收回；B 上交；D 拾起、支付、（开车）带人，均不合文意。
5. B 考查代词。污水是对人有伤害的，排除A和C，it是指污水，它里面应该是物质而不是人，故选B。
6. C 考查疑问词。根据后面的回答，均是原因，即为什么必须进行浅水处理？故选C。该句有主语和宾语，排除A和B。
7. C 考查名词。既然污水对人体与环境有危害，那么我们就应该关心环境与身体健康，故选C，其它均不合文意。
8. D 考查介词。家中的污水进行再次使用，故选D，这可以根据第3空前知道答案。
9. A 考查形容词级。根据第8题，再次使用当然应该是减少了污水，故选A。
10. D 考查连词。工厂在排放污水前应该进行处理清洁，以减少对环境的污染，故选D。

三、任务型阅读
17． 【答案】(1)what        to        do        to
(2)smelt/smelled        strange
(3)I believe (that) everyone/ everybody/ every person will live/ lead/ have a happy life.
(4)A fish. /"I" refers to a fish (in the passage).
(5)People should protect the environment./ Care about/ Protect/ Take care of the environment.
【解析】短文以一条鱼的语气和角度，讲述了人们对河流的污染，这已经对水里的生物造成了危险，提醒人们应注意保护环境。
1. 原句的意思是：我也考虑我应该做些什么来就我的朋友们。在这句话中 considered 后面跟了what 引导的宾语从句；to save my friends 是目的状语。为表达相同的意思，我们还可以用 what 后跟动词不定式，这种形式是疑问句+动词不定式，可以在句中作宾语，故填 what to do；最后一个空还是表示目的的动词不定式符号 to。
2. smell闻起来，是一个系动词，后面跟形容词作表语。这篇短文记叙的是过去的事情，使用了一般过去时态，故这里用过去式 smelled 或 smelt；strange 奇怪的，在句中作表语。
3. 这是一个主从复合句，主句是 I believe 我相信……，后面跟 that 引导的宾语从句，引导词 that 可以省略；从句中主语是everyone，每个人，也可以用everybody或者every person；根据句意从句中应用一般将来时态，will+动词原形；lead/live/have a …life 过……的生活，life 前用形容词 happy 修饰，表示幸福的生活。故译为 I believe (that) everyone/everybody/every person will lead/live/have a happy life.
4. 根据短文的开头 One fresh sunny day, while I was swimming in the water, I felt something special going through my gills (鳃). 可知这里说“I”在水里游泳的时候，感觉到特别的东西穿过了“我的鳃”，我们知道鱼是有鳃的，所以这篇文章里的“I”是一条鱼。故答 A fish.
5. 根据短文的最后 People should care about the environment 可知短文中“I”建议人们应该关心环境，但我们不能用这句话来回答，因为题目要求不超过五个单词，可以简化一下，可填 Care about the environment 或者 Take care of the environment 或者 People should protect the environment.

四、七选五
18． 【答案】 (1)C (2)A (3)E (4)G (5)B
【解析】本文简述了长江污染治理的重要性以及现阶段采取的一些措施。
1. 句意：他还说政府会尽力把它发展成黄金地带。根据下文 That means to recover its beautiful views and convenient traffic.（这意味着要恢复其美丽的景色和方便的交通）可知 that 指的就是要大力发展这里。故选C。
2. 句意：长江在国内外都备受关注。 根据上文：As the third longest river in the world（作为世界第三长河）可知此处应是说长江备受关注。故选A。
3. 句意：从这条江取水的量正在增加。随着经济和人口的发展，取水量肯定是在增加，同时排回长江的污水也在增加。故选E。
4. 句意：对于那些依赖长江供水的人来说，这不是一个好消息。根据上文 ...the waste being put back into the river has been increasing.（排入长江的污水一直在增加）可知此处应是：对于那些依赖长江水资源的人来说没有好处。故选G。
5. 句意：已经成立了组织和工程组来处理这个问题。根据上文 Many people have already known the importance of protecting the Yangtze River（许多人已经意识到保护长江的重要性）可知会有专人来处理这件事。故选B。

五、填空题
19． 【答案】(1)Did        use
(2)How        soon
(3)why        allowed
(4)missed        traffic
(5)were        brought
【解析】1. 句意：我过去害怕考试。used to do sth. 过去常常做某事，句子可以视作一般过去时，变一般疑问句时，要借助 did，后跟动词原形，故填 Did，use。
2. 句意：桑迪在四个月后成为一名高中生。画线部分 in four months 表示“4个月以后”，是表示将来的时间状语，对其提问用 How soon。
3. 句意：“你为什么允许这个男孩在课堂上戴帽子？”我问那人。此句要转变成 why 引导的宾语从句，宾语从句用陈述句的语序，受主句一般过去时态的影响，此句要用过去时态的某一种形式，此处从句也要用一般过去时，故填 why，allowed。
4. 句意：我没能及时见到格林小姐，因为路上太挤了。fail to do=miss doing sth. 错过做某事；the road was too crowded 道路拥挤，也就是 heavy traffic。注意上下句的时态要一致，故填 missed，traffic。
5. 句意：这些故事使我们想起了过去的日子。bring back 回忆，回顾，回想起（往事）；Those old days 作主语，与 bring back 之间是被动的关系，故此句是一般过去时态的被动语态，故填 were brought。

六、翻译
20． 【答案】1. is doing (her) homework (now)
2. haven't ( have not) heard from him (yet)
3. is always ready to help others (other people)
4.  one of the most popular songs (that) I've (ever) heard (listened to )
5. consider how(you would avoid) to avoid hurting(injuring) yourself (yourselves)
6. are often educated not to take marks (grades/ scores) too seriously
7. if (whether) (the) visitors(travelers, tourists) should be prevented(from) walking(stepping) on the grass / if (whether) they should prevent visitors(from) walking(stepping) on the grass
【解析】详见答案。

七、书面表达
21． 【答案】     In order to build a civilized city, we students are supposed to behave well in our daily life.
     First, we should choose to live a low-carbon life. We'd better go to school by bike or on foot. When we are shopping. we can use baskets or cloth bags instead of plastic bags. We should also pay attention to saving. We must say NO to waste. We shouldn't buy anything we don't need.
     Second, it's our duty to protect the environment. We mustn't throw litter or rubbish about and we should take care of trees and flowers.
     Third, it's necessary for us to show good manners to others/ be polite to others. We need to say polite words such as "Thank You. I'm sorry and Please" as often as possible.
     Finally, we should devote ourselves to helping others. We should learn from Lei Feng and be willing to help others. It's important for us to take part in voluntary work.
     We should try our best to make our city more and more beautiful!
【解析】详见答案。