第七章介词（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

这是一份第七章介词（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳，共11页。学案主要包含了介词的定义，介词的分类，介词的用法，常见介词归类，常用介词的用法举例等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第七章 介 词
思维导图


知识梳理
一、介词的定义
介词又叫前置词,一般放在名词的前面.介词是一种虚词,一般不重读,不能在句子中独立充当一个成分,它只是表示它后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句与其他句子成分的关系.
二、介词的分类
按照词的构成,英语的介词可分为简单介词、合成介词、双重介词、短语介词等.
(一)简单介词
即由一个词构成的介词.如about, above, across, after, against, among, at, before, behind, below, beside, besides, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, past, round, till, to, with等.
(二)合成介词
即由两个简单介词组合而成的介词.如inside, into, onto, out of, outside, upon, throughout, within, without等.
(三)双重介词
双重介词指两个介词连着使用,使表达的意思更确切、更明了.如:up to, from behind, from inside, from among, at about等.
(四)短语介词
由一个或两个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类组合成一个短语,作用相当于一个介词,这类短语介词的末尾总是一个简单介词.如:as far as, as early as等.
三、介词的用法
介词不能单独作为句子成分.它必须用在名词或代词之前组成介词短语,修饰动词、名词或代词,表示时间、地点、空间和其他关系.介词后面的名词、代词或其他成分作介词的宾语.介词与它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语才能在句子中充当某一成分.介词短语在句中主要用作:
(一)作主语
From Hangzhou to Shanghai is three hours by train.从杭州到上海坐火车要三小时.
(二)作宾语的介词
A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.一个漂亮女孩从帘子后面出现了.
(三)作表语
I'm in need of your help.我需要你的帮助.
(四)作定语
I have lost the key to the door of my room.我把房间的钥匙丢了.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难的朋友才是真朋友.
(五)作宾语补足语
I found him in a hurry.我发现他匆匆忙忙的.
(六)作状语
Lessons begin at eight.八点开始上课.
On the top of the hill we can see how beautiful Beijing is.在山顶上,我们看到了好美的北京城.
四、常见介词归类
(一)表示时间的介词及介词短语
in, at, on, before, after, till, since, for, from...to, until, by, in the middle of, at the beginning of, at the end of, at half past five, at night, in a week, in the morning, in class, at sunrise, in spring/summer/autumn/winter, on Sunday, on Saturday afternoon, on a winter evening, for a long time, for two months, after school, since liberation, before lunch, at the time of, at the age of
(二)表示地点的介词及介词短语
in. at, into, to, on, beside, before, behind, above, under, outside, inside, up, from, far from, near, across, off, down, among, past, between, out of, around, in the front of, in the middle of, at the back of, at the foot of, at home, at the gate, at the table, in the sky. on the ground, in a tree, in the south, in the sun, in the bed, on one's way home, by the side of
(三)其他各类介词
表除去,如besides, but, except等.
表比较,如as, like, above, over等.
表反对,如against, with等.
表原因、目的,如for, from, with等.
表结果,如to, with, without等.
表手段、方式,如by, in, with等.
表所属,如of, with等.
表条件,如on, considering, without等.
表让步,如despite ,in spite of等.
表对于,如at, for, over, to, with等.
表关于,如about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to等.
表根据,如on, according to等.
表其他,如for(赞成),without(没有)等.
(四)介词短语有无冠词的意义区别
at table在进餐,在桌旁吃饭
at the table 在桌旁,在桌子边(＝beside the table)
at desk 在读书或做作业
at the desk 在课桌旁(边)
at school 在校上学／求学
at the school 在学校
in front of the bus 在公共汽车的前面(不在车上)
in the front of the bus 在公共汽车的前部(在车上)
at sea 在航海中
at the sea 在海边
by day 白天
by the day按日,论日
behind time 误期
behind the time 落后于时代
in class在上课,在课内
in the class在这个班
in bed卧床,在睡觉
in the bed 在床上
in red穿着红色的衣裳
in the red 负债,亏损
in hospital 住院(指病人)
in the hospital(因事)在医院
in office 在办公,执政
in the office 在办公室里
in secret 秘密,私下
in the secret 参与秘密,参与阴谋
in place of 代替,而不是
in the place of在······地方
in case of 万一,如果
in the case of 就······来说,至于
of age 成年人
of an age 同龄人
out of office 离岗
our of the office 离开办公室
out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 完全不可能,办不到
come out of hospital(病好)出院
come out of the hospital(因事)从医院出来
come out of prison(刑满)释放
come out of the prison(因事)从牢房出来
go to school 上学
go to the school(因事)去学校
go to college 上大学(求学)
go to the/a college 去一所学院(办事、上班)
go to bed 上床睡觉
go to the bed 去床边
go to hospital 去住院
go to the hospital(因事)去医院
Go to sea 当海员
go to the sea 去海滨
go to court 起诉
go to the court(因事)去法庭
go to church 去做礼拜
go to the church(因事)去教堂
keep house 管理家务
keep the house 守在家里
take place发生
take the place 代替
有些介词短语有无冠词,意义区别不大
at(the)most至多
at(the)first起初、首先
all (the)day 整天
catch(a)cold 感冒
in(the) future 将来
in(the)memory of 纪念······
go to(the)office上班,去办公室
go to (the)market 赶集,去市场
on(a)holiday 在假期
(the)day before yesterday 前天
(the)most of 大多数
with(a)smiling face 面带笑容
五、常用介词的用法举例
(一)at, in, on 表示时间的用法辨析
1.at的用法
at表示具体的时间点,时刻,常用于表示钟点及某些词组中.
at dawn 在黎明时候
at the moment此刻;目前
at noon在中午
at night 在夜间
at midnight在午夜
at six o'clock 在6点钟
2.in的用法
(1)用于表示世纪、年、月、季节、在上午／下午／晚上／白天等.
in 1996 在1996
in March在三月
in spring 在春季
in the morning在早晨
批注:但在某年某月某日的上午／下午／晚上则用on.如:on the morning of June lst
(2)在阳光下、在灯下、在树荫下、穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in.
Don't read in dim light.切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书.
in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女
(3)in+一段时间,意为“在······时间以后”,用于一般将来时.例:
They will come back in 10 days.他们将10天以后回来.
批注:after+时间段,用于一般过去时.如:He came back after two days.他两天后回来的.
3.on的用法
(1)用于星期、日期(包括该天的各部分).
on Sunday 在星期天
on Saturday morning 在星期六早晨
(2)指具体的某天.
on a cold afternoon在一个寒冷的下午
on the first day 在第一天
on the night of October lst在10月1日晚上

批注:在today, tomorrow, yesterday等之前不用介词.this, that, last, next与时间名词连用作状语时,不用介词.
(3)用于公共假日前.
on Teachers' Day在教师节
on Children's Day在儿童节
注意:at, on都可用来表示节假日,但at侧重指“休假的时节”,而不是指具体的哪一天;on侧重指具体的时日,与它连用的短语中多含“Day”.
at New Year 在新年期间
on New Year's Day在元旦那天
(二)for, since, from表示时间的区别
1.“for+一段时间”意为“已经多长时间了”,强调某动作或状态持续了多长时间,可与过去、现在、将来等多种时态连用,谓语动词只能用延续性动词
I have had this book for a long time.我持有这本书很长时间了.
2.since意为“自从,自······以后”,指从某一时间一直延续至今,后接过去时间点,通常与现在完成时连用
The factory has been there since 1989.那家工厂自1989年就在那里了.
批注:since还可以用作连词,用来引导一般过去时的时间状语从句.如:
Great changes have taken place since he left.自从他离开以后,这里发生了巨大的变化.
3.from表示开始的时间,意为“从······”,from...to...“从······到······”,谓语可用过去、现在或将来时态
Students go to school from Monday to Friday.学生们周一至周五上学.
(三)by, until/till, after, before表示时间的区别
1.介词before表示“在······之前”,后面一般接时间点
He won't come back before five.他不会在五点前回来.
2.介词by表示“到······时为止,不迟于······”常用于将来时和完成时中
The work will be finished by Friday.工作将于星期五前完成.
How many English words had you learned by last term?你上学期学了多少英语单词?
批注:如果by后跟的是过去的时间点,则与过去完成时连用.
3.after意为“在······后”.后跟时间段时表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,常用于过去时;后跟时间点时,表示将来的某个时间之后
Mary got back from the library after two hours.玛丽两个小时以后从图书馆回来了.
She will arrive in China after 9:00.她将在9点以后到达中国.
4.till/until表示“到······为止,直到······之时,直至”,在肯定句中要用延续性动词
You'd better stay in bed till tomorrow.你最好在床上待到明天.
He will wait for you until/till you come back.他将一直等到你回来.
在否定句中,not...until...意为“直到······才······”,谓语动词用短暂性动词.
I didn't go to bed until eleven last night.昨天晚上直到11点钟我才睡觉.
批注:否定句中until可换成before.
(四)in, at, on表示地点和方位的区别
1.in表示地点,意为“在······内”,用于内部
He put his hands in his pockets.他把手放进口袋.
2.on意为“在······上面”,用于表面接触,指在一个平面上
There was a carpet on the floor.地板上铺着一块地毯.
3.at表示“在某地”时,at后接小地方,in后接大地方
When did you arrive at the station?你什么时候到车站?
He was born in Beijing.他出生在北京.
批注:at还有“在······旁边”之意.如:at the table在桌子旁边

(五)in, on, to表示地点和方位的区别的用法辨析
介词
用法
例句
in
表示“在某范围内”,两者为包含关系.

China is in the east of Asia.
中国在亚洲东部.
on
表示“毗邻,接壤”,两者为并列关系.

Guangdong is on the east of Guangxi.
广东在广西东边.
to
表示“在某范围外”,两者为并列关系.

Japan is to the east of China.
日本在中国东边(隔海相望).
(六)above, over, under, below的用法辨析
介词
用法
例句
under
在······正下方,与over相对

My new bike is under the tree.
我的新自行车在树下.
over
在······正上方,表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系
There is a bridge over the river.
河上有座桥.
below
在······的下面;低于,与above相对

Please don't write below this line.请不要在这条线下写.
above
“高于······”,与物体表面不接触,表示相
对高度,不一定是在正上方
There is a clock above his bed.
他的床上有个钟表.
批注:表示“温度在······度以上”用above,表示“温度在······度以下”用below.
(七)across, through, past
1.across穿过,横过,即“从一头到另一头,从一边到另一边”,强调从表面穿过
She went across the street to go shopping.她穿过马路去购物.
2.through“穿过,纵穿”,表示从某一物体空间内通过
The sunlight was coming in through the window.阳光透过窗户照了进来.
3.past“经过”,表示从某人／某物的旁边经过
I walked past the Bank of China yesterday.昨天我路过中国银行.
批注:

(八)among, between
among表示“在三者或三者以上之间”;between表示“在两者之间”,常用词组: between...and...
Our teacher is sitting among the classmates.我们的老师正坐在同学们中间.
I will be back between five and six.我将在5点到6点之间回来.

(九)in front of, in the front of的用法辨析
in front of表示“在······之前(范围外)”;in the front of表示“在······的前部(范围内)”
There's a young lady in front of the bus.公共汽车的前面站着一位年轻女士.(在车外)
There's a young lady in the front of the bus.公共汽车的前部站着一位年轻女士.(在车内)
批注:in front of的反义词是behind.

(十)by, in, on表交通方式
用by时,交通工具前不用任何限定词;用on或in时,交通工具前要用限定词.
Tom goes to school by bike.汤姆骑自行车去上学.
Mr. Green goes to work by car.格林先生开车去上班.
批注:by bike=on a bike by car=in a car
(十一)by, in, with表示手段或工具
1.with表示“用······”一般指有形的工具／手段／人体器官
I often draw pictures with a pencil.我经常用铅笔作画.
2.in表示使用某种语言或使用某种材料,语言、材料前不加冠词
Can you say it in English?你能用英语说吗?
3.by表示用某种方式或手段,在名词前不加冠词,若后接动词,需将动词变为动名词形式
This handbag is made by hand.这个包是手工做的.
He studies English by listening and reading.他通过听和读来学英语.

好题精练
一、用适当的介词填空
1.All the students went home________ school.
2.We mustn't only think________ ourselves.
3.He thinks much________ himself but little________ others. How can you have him________ your monitor?
4. ________ the end of the road you'll find the bookstore.
5.My sister was born________ July 25,1975.
6.There was no hospital in this town________ that time.
7.English is widely used________ travellers and business people all over the world.
8.The little boy is afraid________ nothing.
9.Don't read________ the sun. It's bad________ your eyes.
10.Swimming is the best sport________ summer.
11.My grandmother began to live a happy life________ 1949.
12.Mary looks________ her mother.
13.My mother isn't________ home. So I have to look________ my little sister.
14.It's a fine day________ a walk.
15.When you get________ Shanghai, please write________ me.
16. ________ 7:00________ the morning we met at the school gate.
17. ________ the foot of the hill, we had a party and played games.
18.I often go shopping________ my mother________ Sunday.
19.That's very kind________ you to help me with my English.
20.Listen!Who is knocking________ the door?
21.He prefers singing________ dancing.
22.He left________ paying his bill.
23.1'm sorry________ being late on Monday.
24.Are you ready________ your breakfast?
25.I am interested________ your idea.
26.I was afraid________ making him angry.
27.They were tired________ waiting.
28.I haven't heard________ my sister________ a long time.
29.Please tell us________ your life in China.
30.They go to school every day________ Saturday and Sunday.
答案：
1.after 2.of 3.of,of,as 4.At 5.on
6.at 7.by 8.of 9.in,for 10.in
11.after 12.like 13.at,after 14.for 15.to,to
16.At,in 17.At 18.with,on 19.of 20.at
21.to 22.without 23.for 24.for 25.in
26.of 27.of 28.from,for 29.about 30.except
二、补全对话
1.A dog is________________ (在树下)
2.Don't read________________ (在阳光下)
3.Are there any cows________________(在房屋后面)?
4.Are there any cows________________ (在房屋前面)?
5.He waited for you at home________________(直到12点为止)．
6.One day two young men were going________________(穿过森林).
7.They went on working________________(直到11点钟)．
8.There are many trees________________(沿街).
9.I'll be back________________(4点钟之后)．
10. ________________(在暑假期间),he had a good time.
答案：
1.under the tree
2.in the sun
3.behind the house
4.in front of the house
5.till/until twelve o'clock
6.through the forest
7.till/until eleven o'clock
8.along the street
9.after four o'clock
10.During the summer holidays
三、选择填空
1.The children like to swim________ summer.
A. on
B. in
C. at
D. to
2.There was a big smile________ her face.
A. on
B. over
C. in
D. under
3.Taiwan is________ the southeast of China.
A. in
B. to
C. on
D. at
4.I remember Susan left________ a very cold morning of January.
A .in
B. on
C. at
D. from
5.We usually have sports________ school.
A .behind
B after
C. on
D. over
6.What do you usually have________ breakfast?
A. of
B. for
C. by
D. at
7.Wei Fang always goes to bed________ half past ten in the evening.
A. at
B. in
C. on
D. to
8.I usually have breakfast________ 7:00 every morning.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. to
9.The mother with her little son was at my home________ that snowy night.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. for
10John lives________ the fifteenth floor.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. of
11. ________ the age of twelve, Edison began selling newspapers on a train.
A. On
B. At
C. In
D. To
12.It is not good to laugh________ people when they are________ trouble.
A. at; in
B. over; in
C. with; on
D. of; in
13.They looked at each other________ surprise.
A. with
B. in
C. on
D. to
15.What row are you________?
A. at
B. on
C. in
D. to
16.He put his hand________ her mouth to stop her screaming.
A. on
B. in
C. above
D. over
17.Autumn comes________ summer.
A. before
B. after
C. in front of
D. behind
18.Last Friday Li Ping borrowed some books________ the school library.
A. from
B. for
C. of
D. to
19.We have not heard from him________ February.
A. for
B. in
C. on
D. since
20.What stopped you________ coming?
A. for
B. of
C. from
D. to
21.We'll take part________ the English party this evening.
A. in
B. of
C. on
D. to
22.The little boy was waiting________ his parents at the gate.
A. of
B. for
C .to
D. at
23.There are lot of flowers and grass________ the building.
A. in front
B. at back
C. in front of
D. in the front
24.I am________ duty this week.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. for
25.It's going to rain. You'd better take the raincoat________ you.
A. at
B .to
C. by
D. with
答案：
1-5BAABB 6-10BABCC 11-15BABCC
16-20DBADC 21-25 ABCCD