第一章名词（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

这是一份第一章名词（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳，共10页。学案主要包含了名词的定义，名词的分类，名词的数，名词的格，名词的句法功能等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第一章 名词思维导图   知识梳理一、名词的定义名词是人、事物、动物、地方、现象、品质或动作的名称,可以是具体的东西,也可以是抽象的概念.Tom 汤姆book书apple 苹果ship轮船classroom 教室sugar 糖milk 牛奶Beijing 北京二、名词的分类名词分为普通名词、专有名词和复合名词.(一)普通名词普通名词是一类人、物、某种物质或抽象概念的通称.普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词.1.个体名词指单个人或事物,能与不定冠词连用并且能够计数.house 房子doctor 医生photo 照片bike 自行车book 书desk 桌子pen 钢笔 2.集体名词指一群人或一类事物的总称.group组class 班级people 人民family 家庭3.物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质,通常不能与不定冠词连用,本身不能计数.rice米饭air 空气water水cotton棉花sugar糖4.抽象名词指动作、状态、性质、感情等抽象概念.work 工作heat 热beauty 美丽youth 青春time 时间love 爱peace和平power权力poverty贫穷 length 长度(二)专有名词1.某个人、事物、地点、团体机构或国家等特有的名称的词叫专有名词China 中国America 美国Beijing北京Lu Xun 鲁迅专有名词第一个字母必须大写,但当专有名词以词组的形式表示时,专有名词中的虚词(即冠词、介词、连词)的第一个字母不大写.the Great Wall 长城the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国the Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂2.表示星期、月份或节日的专有名词Saturday星期六January一月the Spring Festival春节(三)复合名词复合名词是指由两个或两个以上的词构成的意义相对稳定的名词.复合名词主要有以下几种构成形式:复合名词例词名词＋名词bookshop 书店                    newspaper报纸名词＋动词haircut理发                       sunrise日出名词＋v.-inghandwriting书法                   horse riding骑马v.-ing+名词washing machine 洗衣机             reading room阅读室动词＋名词bathroom 浴室                     postcard明信片形容词＋名词blackboard 黑板                    supermarket超市副词＋动词outlook 观点                       income 收入三、名词的数(一)可数名词和不可数名词普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词.1.可数名词凡是前面可以加不定冠词a(an)或其他相应代词(one, each, another, every)并能用于复数形式的为可数名词.a book一本书four books 四本书a student 一个学生five students 五个学生a happy family 一个幸福的家庭many families 许多家庭2.不可数名词不能加a(an)或其他相应代词,也不能用于复数形式的为不可数名词.不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词.点拨(1)有些抽象名词是可数名词.如:success成功success成功的人或事beauty美丽beauty美人或美丽的事物(2)要表示不可数名词的数量,必须在它的前面加表示数量的短语.如:a bottle of ink一瓶墨水a cup of tea一杯茶three bags of rice 三袋米two pieces of paper 两张纸 (二)可数名词单数和复数表示一个人或物的名词用单数,表示两个及以上的人或物用复数形式.名词复数的构成和读音如下:1.一般在词尾加-ss在元音或浊辅音后面读/z/,在清辅音后面读/s/,在/t/后与/t/一起读/ts/,在/d/后与/d/一起读/dz/.cup(s)杯子girl(s)女孩hand(s)手hat(s)帽子day(s)日子2.以s,sh,ch,x结尾的词在词尾加-es,读/Iz/class(es)班级bus(es)公共汽车box(es)盒子watch(es)手表3.名词以“元音字母+y”结尾时,加-s,读作/z/;以“辅音字母＋y”结尾时,变y为i,再加-es,读/iz/boy-boys 男孩army-armies 军队story-stories 故事factory-factories工厂baby-babies婴儿 4.以-o结尾的名词(1)以“元音字母＋o”结尾的名词,一般在词尾加-s,读/z/.kilo-kilos公里.千米bamboo-bamboos竹子piano-pianos 钢琴photo-photos照片zoo-zoos 动物园radio-radios 收音机(2)以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的名词,多数情况下在词尾加-es,读/z/.tomato-tomatoes 西红柿hero-heroes 英雄Negro-Negroes 黑人potato-potatoes土豆5.以-f,-fe结尾时,一般先把-f,-fe变为v,再加-es,读/vz/leaf-leaves 树叶thief-thieves 小偷knife-knives 小刀个别只加-s,读/s/.如: roof-roofs屋顶(三)不规则复数形式的构成不规则复数形式,大体有以下几种情况:1.通过内部元音变化构成复数man-men男人woman-women女人foot-feet 脚goose-geese鹅tooth-teeth 牙齿mouse-mice老鼠2.有些名词的单复数形式相同sheep-sheep 绵羊deer-deer鹿Chinese-Chinese 中国人Japanese-Japanese 日本人3.词尾加-en/-ren构成复数child-children孩子ox-oxen 公牛4.合成名词,只将其主体词变为复数形式girl student-girl students 女学生new-comer-new-comers 新来的人pencil-box-pencil-boxes铅笔盒passer-by-passers-by过路人son-in-law-sons-in-law 女婿 点拨由man和woman构成的合成名词,全都变成复数.man doctor-men doctors 男医生                      woman teacher-women teachers 女教师5.有些学科名词是以s结尾,但通常都作单数名词看待maths 数学politics 政治physics 物理学6.姓氏是专有名词,姓氏后面加-s,前面加the,表示“一家”the Blacks 布莱克一家the Whites 怀特一家 the Smiths 史密斯一家7.一些集体名词以单数形式出现,但表示复数意义,做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式There were lots of people at the party.聚会上有许多人.8.有些表示两个或多个部分组成一个整体的名词只以复数形式出现.这类名词不能被具体的数字修饰,其前也不能直接加不定冠词,但可以用a pair of, two pairs of, many等修饰trousers 裤子a pair of trousers 一条裤子shoes 鞋two pairs of shoes 两双鞋9.集体名词根据上下文语境不同表示意义不同,集体名词视为一个整体时,表单数意义;若强调该集体中的各个成员,则表示复数意义class班级team组(员)family家庭;家人public公众audience观众group组(员)10.意义不同,复数形式不同的名词fish表示“鱼”的条数时,单复数同形;表示“鱼肉”时,为不可数名词,无复数形式;表示“鱼”的种类时,复数形式为fishes.He keeps five fishes in the fishbowl.他在鱼缸里养了五种鱼.people表示“人,人们”时是集体名词;表示“民族”时,复数形式为peoples.The magazine becomes a cultural medium of intercourse between the two peoples.该杂志成为两民族间文化交流的媒介.work表示“工作”时,为不可数名词;表示“著作,作品”时,复数形式为works.You can find many works by Lu Xun in that bookstore.在那家书店你可以找到许多鲁迅的作品.四、名词的格(一)名词格的分类在英语中,名词有三个格:主格、宾格和所有格.名词的主格和宾格无形式变化,只是在句中的位置不同,作主语即是主格,作宾语即是宾格,名词中表示所属关系的形式叫做名词所有格.分为-＇s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种.(二)名词所有格的构成和用法1.表示有生命东西的名词所有格,单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加“'s”,以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加“'”Enc's home 埃里克的家my son's watch 我的儿子的表the car's tail 那只猫的尾巴his parents' room 他父母亲的房间students' textbooks 学生的课本the children's room 孩子的房间the women's dress 妇女的衣服men's work 男人的工作2.复合名词或名词短语,在最后一个词的词尾加“'s”my sister-in-law's father 我嫂子的父亲her son-in-law's photo她女婿的照片the head of the state's visit 国家首脑的访问” 's”的3.以-s结尾的专有名词一般只加“'”,但也有加“'s”Engels' praise 恩格斯的赞扬Charles's job查尔斯的工作4.如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一名词后面加's;如果不是共有的,则两个名词之后都要加'sJane and Helen's room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有)Bill's and Tom's radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)5.国家、城市等地方名词虽然是无生命名词,但其所有格形式也可用“'s”Guilin's hills 桂林的山the school's history 校史6.表示时间、距离的名词所有格,在单数名词后面加“'s”,在复数名词后面加“'”an hour's ride 一小时的路程three weeks' holiday 三周的假日China's future 中国的将来today's newspaper 今天的报纸点拨's所有格的省略(1)有时所有格＇s所修饰名词表示shop, home, office等常常省略.the tailor's(shop)裁缝店       the barber's(shop)理发店      at the Li's(home)在李家(2)被修饰的名词已在上文出现或紧接着在下文出现,这时名词可以省略,以避免重复.This is not my book, but Comrade Wang's.这不是我的书,是王同志的.This dictionary is Tom's.这本词典是汤姆的.7.表示无生命体的名词所有格,一般用“of+名词”结构,表示所有关系the window of the room 房间的窗户the work-shops of the plant 工厂的车间the cover of the book 书的封面点拨of所有格的几种使用形式(1)of后的名词较长或该名词带有较长的后置定语时.the story of Dr. Norman Bethune 白求恩的故事the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin 马、恩、列、斯著作the support of the people of the whole world 全世界人民的支持(2)of后为“the+形容词或分词”表示一类人时.the livelihood of the poor穷人的生活the struggle of the exploited 被剥削者的斗争(3)of表示同位关系时.the city of Beijing 北京市8.双重所有格当冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如:a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those)等词与所有格名词同时修饰一个名词时,要用双重所有格“of词组＋所有格”的形式来表示所有关系.a friend of my father's=one of my father's friends 我父亲的一个朋友a picture of his uncle's 他叔叔的一张照片three cousins of his 他的三个堂兄弟some inventions of Edison's爱迪生的一些发明that novel of her sister's她妹妹的那本小说these poems of Li Bai's李白的这些诗those notebooks of the students'学生们的那些笔记本五、名词的句法功能名词在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、状语、定语等.(一)作主语Mother isn't at home.妈妈不在家.Her father has been in the army for 30 years.她父亲已在部队服役30年了.(二)作宾语或介词宾语I'm drawing a picture.我正在画画.She'll speak at the meeting.她将在会上发言.(三)作宾语补足语We consider him a clever boy.我们认为他是个聪明的孩子.We make the boy our monitor.我们让那男孩当我们班长.(四)作表语Barry's brother is a doctor.巴里的兄弟是医生.The computer is a wonderful machine.电脑是一种很奇妙的机器.(五)作同位语Mr. Wang, our English teacher, is very knowledgeable.我们的英语老师王先生非常有学问.Tom's father, a successful lawyer, went to Europe yesterday.汤姆的父亲,一位事业成功的律师,昨天到欧洲去了.(六)作状语The telephone rang a second time.电话铃第二次响了.The book costs 21 dollars.这本书值21美金.(七)作定语They bought a colour TV.他们买了台彩电.This is Xiao Chen's desk.这是小陈的课桌.点拨名词用作形容词(作定语)baby clothes 婴儿服                                 boy friend 男朋友chocolate cake 巧克力蛋糕                           apple pie 苹果馅饼orange juice 橘子汁                                 time table 时刻表 好题精练一、写出下列名词的复数形式1.orange2.class3.text4.monkey5.piano6.child7.shelf8.bridge9.enemy10.tree11.leaf12.foot13.Japanese14.radio15.fox16.army17.wish18.self19.woman20.sheep答案：1.oranges   2.classes   3.texts   4.monkeys   5.pianos6.children   7.shelves   8.bridges   9.enemies   10.trees11.leaves   12.feet   13.Japanese   14.radios   15.foxes16.armies   17.wishes   18.selves   19.women   20.sheep二、将下列句子变成复数句1.The woman cook is a model worker.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.It's a big fly, isn't it?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.The taxi is yellow.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.A dog is an animal.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.It's an interesting story.____________________________________________________________________________________________6.I have a new dictionary.____________________________________________________________________________________________7.You have to pay a tax.____________________________________________________________________________________________8.I believe this deer is sleeping.____________________________________________________________________________________________9.My uncle is a German.____________________________________________________________________________________________10.Cat eats fish.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案：1.The women cooks are model workers.2.They're big flies, aren't they?3.The taxis are yellow.4.Dogs are animals.5.They are interesting stories.6.We have some new dictionaries.7.You have to pay taxes.8.I believe these deer are sleeping.9.My uncles are Germans.10.Cats eat fish.三、将下列词组译成英语1.我们的学校2.周末3.少年宫4.儿童节5.一瓶墨水6.三袋大米7.一张纸8.他们的书包9.我们学校的领导10.小王和小李合住的寝室答案：1.our school2.the end of the week3.the Children's Palace4.Children's Day 5.a bottle of ink6.three bags of rice7.a piece of paper8.their bags9.the leaders of our school10.Xiao Wang and Xiao Li's bedroom四、选择填空1.You should do more________ . Don't always sit at the desk busy doing your________.A. exercise; exerciseB. exercises; exercisesC. exercises; exerciseD. exercise; exercises2.There________ on the wall. They are very beautiful.A. are photosB. are photosC. is a photoD. is photos3.This kind of car________ made in Shanghai.A. isB. areC. wereD. has4.The________ of the cottage were covered with________A. roofs; leafsB. roofs; leavesC. rooves; leafsD. rooves; leaves5.Something was wrong with________ car, but luckily they knew how to fix it.A. Jim's and Tom'sB. Jim and Tom'sC. Jim's and TomD. Jim and Tom6.There are four________ and two________ in the group.A. Japanese: GermenB. Japaneses: GermenC. Japanese: GermanD. Japanese: Germans7.That's________ photo.A. a actress'sB. an actress'sC. a actress'D. an actress'8.The boys have got________ already.A. two breadB. two breadsC. two pieces of breadD. two piece of bread9.The old man wanted________.A. seven boxes of matchesB. seven boxes of matchsC. seven boxes of matchD. seven boxs of matches10.There________ some________ in the woods.A. is; deerB. are; deersC. is; deersD. are; deer11.An ant has two________ in its body.A. stomachesB. stomachsC. stomackesD. stomacks12.The whole box of matches________ wet. We can't light any one.A. isB. areC. wasD. were13.We should clean________ twice a day.A. our toothB. our toothsC. teethD. our teeth14.The________ meeting room is near the reading room.A. teacherB. teacher'sC. teachers'D. teachers答案：1-5DBABB    6-10DDCAD    11-14BADC