中考英语知识点总结归纳
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这是一份中考英语知识点总结归纳,共17页。学案主要包含了名词的单数和复数,可数名词“量”的表示方法,不可数名词“量”的表示方法,常见名词修饰语,专有名词,名词所有格,时间的表示方法,持续时间表达等内容,欢迎下载使用。
中考英语重要常考知识点归纳 一、名词的单数和复数二、常见既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的词三、可数名词“量”的表示方法四、不可数名词“量”的表示方法五、常见名词修饰语:六、专有名词七、名词所有格八、时间的表示方法九、持续时间表达:十、编号的表示方法十一、数量词的用法十二、序数词的构成形式十三、基数词的构成形式十四、副词的排列顺序 十五、常见介词用法错误及正确用法总结
一、名词的单数、复数 1.可数名词“数”的表示方法有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2) 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。
(6) 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers, women teachers。
有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。
(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。
2.不可数名词的“数”的表示方法
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它包括抽象名词和物质名词。如: health, advice, milk, water, English, money,news, weather, homework, furniture, air, information, progress, rice, traffic, luck, paper, trouble.
【注意】:当water意为“海水, 江水”,paper意为“报纸,试卷” 时可有复数形式。
如:waters海水,江水 two papers两张试卷 二、常见既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的词:
三、可数名词“量”的表示方法 A.可数名词前可以用a/an等来修饰,表示“一、每一、任一”。
a book一本书
an apple一个苹果
B.可数名词前可以用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:
one book一本书
two books两本书
(注意:当数字大于1时,可数名词需要使用复数形式。)
C.用some一些,any任何,a few一点,many许多,a lot of许多,lots of许多等词
如:lots of pencils很多铅笔
D.可数名词前还可使用量词去量化数量。如:
a box of books一箱书
two boxes of books两箱书
a basket of apples一箱苹果不可数名词“量”的表示方法
A. 用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
B. 用数量+量词+of 单复数在量词上变化
a piece of paper一张纸,a bottle of water一瓶水,a cup of tea一杯茶
three bags of rice三袋米,four pieces of paper四张纸
C. 不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, much等来修饰。
Save some milk for me. 给我留点牛奶。
He gives me a lot of help. 他给我许多帮助 四、不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。 五、常见名词修饰语:
A.只修饰不可数名词
little很少,几乎没有 a little有一点儿 much很多
a good/great deal of很多 a bit of有一点儿a large amount of大量的
B.既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词
some一些 a lot of很多 lots of很多
plenty of充足的 enough足够的 most大多数的
hardly any几乎没有 all全部的 the rest of剩下的 六、专有名词
专有名词是表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构等专有名称的词汇。 1.专有名词的第一个字母要大写,专有名词前一般不用冠词 如Sunday星期天 New York纽约 England 英国2.但由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用冠词如: the West Lake西湖 the Great Wall 长城 七、名词所有格
名词所有格, 用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。
A. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s',
例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes
B. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's,如:Children's Day
C. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's,
例如:a twenty minutes' walk,ten miles' journey,
a boat's length,two pounds' weight
D. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,
例如:a map of China,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers
E. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my father's。 八、时间的表示方法
1) 顺读法
6:25 six twenty-five 9:48 nine forty-eight
2) 逆读法
①分钟数≦30用past(超过) 7:23 twenty-three past seven
②分钟数﹥30用to(还差) 8:50 ten to nine
3) 半小时与一刻钟: half, quarter
2:30 half past two 6:45 a quarter to seven
九、持续时间表达
1.几个半的表达:基数词+名词+and a half = 基数词+and a half+名词复数
one hour and a half = one and a half hours
2. 年、月、日、世纪、年代的表示方法
1) 年某月:
2015年12月 December 2015
2) 某月某日:
12月10日 December 10 = December the tenth = the tenth of December
3) 某年某月某日:
2015年12月10日 December 10, 2015
4) 世纪、年代:
19世纪 in the nineteenth century
80年代 in the eighties
20世纪70年代 in the 1970s (1970’s) 十、编号的表示方法
1) 用No. +基数词
如:1号:No. 1;6路公共汽车:No.6 bus
2) 用the+序数词+名词
如:the fifth lesson 第五课;the First World War 第一次世界大战
3) 用名词(首字母大写)+基数词(若用英语拼写,首字母要大写)
如:第一课: Lesson One;四班 Class Four
电话号码4013586:Tel. No. 4013586 十一、数量词的用法 表示长、宽、高、面积等,用基数词+单位词(meter, foot, inch, kilogram 等)+形容词(long, wide, high 等)表示。
例如:two meters long 两米长
three feet high 三英尺高
four inches wide 四英寸高
表示时间、距离时,用含有数词的名词所有格形式作定语。
例如:Five minutes’ walk 步行 5 分钟(的距离)
It’s an hour’s ride from my home to the university. 从我家到大学是乘车一小时的路程。 十二、序数词的构成形式 1.英语序数词的第一至第三有各自独特的形式。
第一 first (1st) 第二 second (2nd)
第三 third (3rd)
2.序数词中的第四至第十九都是在基数词后加-th,但要特别注意第五、第八、第九和第十二的拼法。
第四 fourth 第五 fifth 第六 sixth
第七 seventh 第八 eighth 第九 ninth
第十 tenth 第十一 eleventh
第十二 twelfth 第十三 thirteenth
第十四 fourteenth 第十五 fifteenth
第十六 sixteenth 第十七 seventeenth
第十八 eighteenth 第十九 nineteenth
3.第二十至第九十的十的倍数都是在基数词后将词尾的-y改为i,再加-eth构成的。
第二十 twentieth 第三十 thirtieth
第四十 fortieth 第五十 fiftieth
第六十 sixtieth 第七十 seventieth
第八十 eightieth 第九十 ninetieth
4.十位以上的基数词变成序数词时,把个位数变成序数词即可,十位数不变。第一百、第一千、第一百万都是在基数词后面直接加-th构成的。
第二十一 twenty-first 第五十九 fifty-ninth
第一百零一 (one) hundred and first
第一百万 (one) millionth
5.序数词的缩写形式是由阿拉伯数字加上序数词的最后两个子母构成的。
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 31st 82nd 十三、基数词的构成形式1.基数词1-12无规律可循,都是独立的单词。
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
2.从13-19,其中大多数是在基数词后加-teen,但应特别注意13,15和18的拼法。
13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen
17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen
3.从20-90的整十位数词均是在基数词加-ty,但要特别注意20,30,40,50,80的拼法。另外,表示“几十几”的基数词是由十位数词和个位数词合成,十位数和个位数之间需用连字符号“-”。
20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty
60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety
21 twenty-one 32 thirty-two
4.同汉语一样,英语“百”位数以上的单位是“千”,但“千”位数以上的单位是“百万”。英语中没有“万”这个词,是用“十千”来表示,而“十万”在英语中用“百千”来表示。
hundred 百 thousand 千
ten thousand 万 one/a hundred thousand 十万
million 百万 one/a billion 十亿
5.101-999等基数词的构成方法是:1-9的数字+hunderd+and+末两位数(或一位数)
125 one hundred and twenty-five
908 nine hundred and eight
6.1000以上的数,先把数字分段,倒数每三位前点一个逗号,倒数第一个逗号前的数为千位,读作thousand,倒数第二个逗号前的数为百万位,读作million,依此类推。
3,000 three thousand
7,325 seven thousand, three hundred and twenty-five
十四、副词的排列顺序
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
例如:
I don\'t know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。 十五、常见介词用法错误及正确用法总结
[误] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.
[正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.
[析] at用于具体时刻之前,如:sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night.
[误] Don’t sleep at daytime
[正] Don’t sleep in daytime.
[析] in 要用于较长的一段时间之内,如:in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。
[误] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.
[正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.
[析] in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如:on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th
[误] He became a writter at his twenties
[正] He became a writter in his twenties
[析]这句话应译为:他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示,而在具体岁数时用at来表示。
[误] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.
[正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.
[析] 在具体年岁前用at, 如:at the age of 12, at your age,等等。
[误] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.
[正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.
[析] 具体某一天要用介词on, 又如:on New Year‘s Day
[误] I’m looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.
[正] I’m looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.
[析]在节日的当天用on,而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间,一般要有两周或更长的时间。
[误] I haven’t see you during the summer holidays.
[正] I haven’t seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.
[析] during表示在某一段时间之内,所以一般不与完成时搭配,如:I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间,可以用于完成时,如:I haven‘t see you for a long time. 而through 用来表示时间时则为“整整,全部的时间”。如:It rained through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间,一般要与完成时连用。
[误] At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.
[正] On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.
[析] On 加动名词表示“一……就”。本句的译文应是:我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如:on hearing… 一听见, on arrival 一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)
[误] In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.
[正] At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.
[析] at the beginning与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分,均不指时间范围,而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end=at last是指“最终,终于”之意。
[误] Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.
[正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.
[析] by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点,其意思为“不迟于某一时刻将工作做完”,所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态,如:I‘ll be there by five o’clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻,但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词,而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式,如:I won‘t finish this work till(until) next weekend.
[误] He came to London before last weekend.
[正] He had come to London before last weekend.
[正] He came to London two weeks ago.
[析] before 一般要与完成时连用,而ago则与一般过去时连用。
[误] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.
[正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.
[析] since用来表达主句动作的开始时间,所以其引出的从句中应为过去时,而不能用完成时态
[误] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.
[正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.
[析]中文经常讲两小时之后来取,两天内会修好,而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after.其原因有二,①after 多用于过去时,如:I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围,如:after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时,一定要用介词in.
[误] Three days after he died.
[正] After three days he died.
[正] Three days later he died.
[析] after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后,但它们所处的位置不同,after 在时间词前,而later在时间词后。
[误] She hid herself after the tree.
[正] She hid herself behind the tree.
[析] after多用来表达某动作之后,所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词,如:I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。
[误] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.
[正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.
[析] 树上长出的果实,树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.
[误] Shanghai is on the east of China.
[正] Shanghai is in the east of China.
[析] 在表达地理位置时有3个介词:in, on, to. in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤;to则表示不相接。如:Japan is to the east of China.
[误] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.
[正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.
[析] at用来表达较小的地方,而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village.
[误] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.
[正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.
[析] 在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法:at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page.
[误] There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.
[正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.
[析] 在屋内的角落应用in,而墙的外角用at,如:There is a tree at the corner of the street.
[误] This weekend I’ll stay in Uncle Wang’s.
[正] This weekend I’ll stay at Uncle Wang’s.
[析] 要注意英文的特殊表达法,如:at a tailor’s shop (裁缝店)=at a tailor’s, at the doctor’s (去看病) at the bookseller’s (在书店) at uncle Wang’s (在王叔叔家)[误] Do you know there is some good news on today’s newspaper?
[正] Do you know there is some good news in today’s newspaper?
[析] 在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上,或某一页上则要用on.
[误] The school will begin on September 1st.
[正] School will begin on September 1st.
[析]这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程,即开学之意。要注意,有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词,如:at table (吃饭), When I came to Tom’s home, they were at table. 还有: at desk (学习),at work (工作) at school (上学), in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意,如:at the school 即在学校工作或办事,in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。
[误] In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.
[正] On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.
[析]译文为:在去车站的路上我买了份报纸,为的是消磨时光“在……的路上”应用on one‘s way…。而 in the way 有挡道之意,如:Please move the chair it is in the way.
[误] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.
[正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.
[正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.
[析] in是表达一个静止状态,在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语,而into则是动态介词,与break连用时要加介词宾语。
[误] I’ll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.
[正] I’ll leave Beijing for Shanghai.
[正] I’ll leave for Shanghai.
[析] leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配,不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有:start for 动身前往某处,set out for, sail for.
[误] I’m sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.
[正] I’m sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.
[析] get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车,而get out为下车,但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词,所以其后不能接名词,我们可以讲We’d better get in. 或We’d better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车:get on/off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into/out of (a car, taxi…)
[误] Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.
[正] Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.
[析] over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时,即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.
[误] There is an old stone bridge above the river.
[正] There is an old stone bridge over the river.
[析] over还有一意为“跨越,横跨”。
[误] The Dead Sea is under the sea level.
[正] The Dead Sea is below the sea level.
[析]在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词,over与under也是反意词。
[误] There is a big tree in the front of the house.
[正] There is a big tree in front of the house.
[析] in front of 是在物体外部的前面,而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面,如:The driver sits in the front of the bus.[误] It took them two days to walk across the forest.
[正] It took them two days to walk through the forest.
[析] across 作为介词有两个主要意思:① 横过,如:I want to walk across the street.② 对面,如:There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如:The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.
[误] The sun sets toward the west.
[正] The sun sets in the west.
[析] towards也可用作toward,它主要表达朝向某方向运动,但不一定到达,如:He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时,其前面要用in.要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词,如:I went south. 也可用作名词,如:I went to the south.也可用作形容词,如:I went to the south part of China.
[误] Do you have no other clothes except those?
[正] Do you have no other clothes besides those?
[析] beside 是“在……旁边”,如:The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是“除……之外,不仅……而且……,除了……以外还有……”,如:I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分,如:I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物,如:The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。
[误] Can I write the exam paper with ink?
[正] Can I write the exam paper with a pen?
[正] Can I write the exam paper in ink?
[析] with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具,而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in.
[误] I’m earlier today. I came here by his car.
[正] I’m earlier today. I came here in his car.
[析]在交通工具前加介词by,但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词,否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi
[误] A lot of French wines are made of grape.
[正] A lot of French wines are made from grape.
[析] made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化,而发生了某种变化则要用from,如:The desk was made of hard wood.
[误] This is a good dictionary in English grammar.
[正] This is a good dictionary on English grammar.
[析]关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词,其中on表示某专业用书,about则为某方面的普通读物,如:This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。
[误] Do you have the key of the door.
[正] Do you have the key to the door.
[析] key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千万不要用of.[误] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.
[正] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.
[析] have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。
[误] I didn’t do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.
[正] I didn’t do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.
[析] be angry with其后接人,而be angry at其后接事。如:He was angry at what she said.
[误] He was good for skating.
[正] He was good at skating.
[析] be good at 为“擅长某事”,而be good for somebody为对某人很好。
[误] It was good to you to help my little boy.
[正] It was good of you to help my little boy.
[析] 这句话应译为:你真太好了,帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如:Her mother is good to everyone.
[误] My parents were very pleased at me.
[正] My parents were very pleased with me.
[正] My parents were very pleased at my studying.
[析] be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something.
[误] He is agree with me.
[正] He agrees with me.
[误] He againsts me.
[正] He is against me.
[析]同意agree为动词,而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。
[误] I haven’t heard letters from him.
[正] I haven’t heard from him.
[析] hear from 即为:从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。
[误] Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?
[正] Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?
[析] 作为“拜访”讲call at其后接地点,如:May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。
[误] Do you know the girl on white?
[正] Do you know the girl in white?
[析] in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有:in bed(睡觉),in hospital(住院),in a hurry(匆匆忙忙),in danger(危险中),in joy (高兴),in good health(身体好),in love(恋爱),in trouble(困境),与之相反的是out of ,如:out of trouble (摆脱困境),out of date(过时了), out of order(出故障)
[误] He looked at me at surprise.
[正] He looked at me in surprise.
[析] surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首,To one’s surprise, 如:To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at, 如:I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.
[误] She didn’t come to school because of she was ill.
[正] She didn’t come to school because she was ill.
[析] because of 后接名词,如:The game was put off because of the rain.
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