高中英语高考3 第三讲　词性转换(构词法)

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这是一份高中英语高考3 第三讲　词性转换(构词法)，共12页。

第三讲　词性转换(构词法)

【典题试做】　
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly(poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20，000－25，000 polar bears worldwide.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief(believe) that populations are increasing.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Her years of hard work have finally(final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)We are so proud of her.It’s wonderful(wonder)．
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They also shared with us many traditional(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely(huge) popular with tourists.
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ) Running is cheap, easy and it’s always energetic(energy)．
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is actually(actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
9．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total global(globe) fertilizer consumption.
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
11．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.
12．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most successful(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.

1．给出其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词；
2．考查形容词和副词之间的词性转换。　

【典题试做】　
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)To everyone’s surprising, the ball went into the net. surprising→surprise
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one. ordinarily→ordinary
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved. happily→happy
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ) Immediate, I raised my hand. Immediate→Immediately

1．名词与其他词性的误用；
2．形容词与副词之间的误用。　

动词、形容词转化为名词
1．动词转化为名词
后缀
例词
ion/tion/
sion/ation
expect→expectation　　期望
correct→correction 改正
attract→attraction 吸引
discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论
特殊：explain→explanation 解释
admit→admission 接纳；准许入学
compete→competition 比赛，竞争
pronounce→pronunciation 发音
describe→description 描写
decide→decision　　　　决定
celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会
conclude→conclusion 结论
invite→invitation 邀请
graduate→graduation 毕业
er/or
read→reader　　　　　　读者
drive→driver 司机；驾驶员
announce→announcer 广播员
conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员
ment
punish→punishment　　惩罚
achieve→achievement 功绩；成就
treat→treatment 对待；治疗
equip→equipment 装备；设备
govern→government 政府
特殊：argue→argument 辩论；论据
ance/ence
appear→appearance　　　出现；外貌
perform→performance 表演；节目
exist→existence 存在；生存
prefer→preference 偏爱
refer→reference 参考；查阅
特殊：guide→guidance 指引；指导
ing
begin→beginning　　　　开始
ure/ture
fail→failure　　　　　　失败；倒闭
press→pressure 压力
depart→departure 离开；出发
mix→mixture 混合；混合物
特殊：expose→exposure 暴露
y
recover→recovery　　　恢复；痊愈
discover→discovery 发现
其他
choose→choice　　　　　选择
vary→variety 多样化；种类
tend→tendency 趋向；趋势
2.形容词转化为名词
后缀
例词
age
short→shortage　　　　　不足；短缺
cy
accurate→accuracy　　　　准确性
private→privacy 隐私；私密
efficient→efficiency 效率；功效
fluent→fluency 流利；流畅
dom
free→freedom　　　　　　自由；自主　
特殊：wise→wisdom 明智；智慧　
bored→boredom 厌烦
ence/ance
different→difference　　　差异
silent→silence 沉默
patient→patience 耐心
absent→absence 缺席
present→presence 出席
confident→confidence 信心
convenient→convenience 便利
important→importance 重要
ness
weak→weakness　　　　　虚弱；弱点
kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意
th
warm→warmth　　　　　温暖；热情　
特殊：strong→strength 力气；强项
deep→depth 深度
long→length 长度
wide→width 宽度
y/ty/ity
honest→honesty　　　　诚实
difficult→difficulty 困难
safe→safety 安全
cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴　
特殊：responsible→responsibility 责任
disable→disability 无能；伤残

名词、动词转化为形容词
后缀
例词
able
accept→acceptable　　　　可接受的
comfort→comfortable 舒适的
fashion→fashionable 时髦的
suit→suitable 合适的
reason→reasonable 有道理的
al
music→musical　　　　　音乐的
origin→original 最初的
person→personal 个人的；私人的
center→central 中央的；中心的
nature→natural 自然的；天生的
续　表
后缀
例词
ful
doubt→doubtful　　　　　怀疑的
forget→forgetful 健忘的
harm→harmful 有害的
hope→hopeful 有希望的
peace→peaceful 和平的
ed
scare→scared　　　　　　感到恐惧的
confuse→confused 感到困惑的
underline→underlined 加下划线的
ing
surprise→surprising　　　令人惊异的
convince→convincing 令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的
ible
access→accessible　　　　容易取得的
horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的
terror→terrible 可怕的
ive
act→active　　　　　　　积极的；活跃的
effect→effective 有效的；生效的
attract→attractive 有吸引力的
impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的
ous
continue→continuous　　　不断的；持续的
anxiety→anxious 忧虑的
caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的
curiosity→curious 好奇的
humor→humorous 幽默的
some
tire→tiresome　　　　　　令人厌倦的
trouble→troublesome 麻烦的
y
taste→tasty　　　　　　　美味的；可口的
health→healthy 健康的
wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的

ern
east→eastern　　　　　　东方的；向东的
west→western 西方的；向西的
ish
child→childish　　　　　孩子气的
fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的
self→selfish 自私的
■名师点津
ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”，通常修饰人；ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰事或物。

形容词转化为副词的规律
类别
例词
直接加ly
clear→clearly　清楚地
great→greatly 很，大大地
以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加ly
happy→happily高兴地
heavy→heavily 沉重地
词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加y
terrible→terribly可怕地；极度地
gentle→gently 轻轻地
词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加ly
true→truly　　真实地
词尾为ll的形容词，直接加y
full→fully　　　充分地；完全地
dull→dully 迟钝地
词尾为ic的形容词，加ally
basic→basically　主要地；基本上
scientific→scientifically合乎科学地
■名师点津
注意以下形容词变副词的拼写：whole→wholly完全地；shy→shyly害羞地；dry→dryly/drily干燥地。

厘清两种情况，突破词性转换
一、从句法功能上看，厘清“修饰与被修饰”
1．名词在句中作宾语，放在冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词之后。
[例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ____________(educate)．
[分析]　education　前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。
[例2]　(全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the ____________(develop) of chopsticks.
[分析]　development　根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需用名词。
2．形容词在句中作定语，常放在名词之前。
[例3]　(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.____________________
[分析]　suddenly→sudden　此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。
3．形容词在句中作表语，常放在be, get, become, remain等系动词后。
[例4]　(全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.____________________
[分析]　freely→free　此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them摆脱他们。
4．形容词在句中作宾语补足语，之前常有使役动词、感官动词或介词with加名词或代词。
[例5]　As I walked, I looked up, trying to realize what made this day so ____________(beauty)．
[分析]　beautiful　使役动词make之后跟复合宾语，用形容词作宾语补足语。
5．副词在句中修饰动词。
[例6]　(全国卷Ⅰ)The title will be __________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
[分析]　officially　此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我，分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰谓语动词be given。
6．副词在句中修饰形容词或其他副词。
[例7]　(全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.____________________
[分析]　terrible→terribly　此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。
7．副词用在句首，修饰整个句子，表示状态、原因等。
[例8]　(广东卷)____________(lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
[分析]　Luckily　此处为副词用于句首，表示状态。
8．要特别注意有使役用法的动词的分词形式用作形容词时的区别。如amazed常修饰人的内心感受，表示“吃惊的”；amazing常修饰事物，表示“令人吃惊的”。
[例9]　(全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ____________(disappoint)．
[分析]　disappointed　空处和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。
二、从“词性”变化上看，厘清“词形”的变化特点
词形变化是重点，注意特殊的变化：以e结尾的形容词变副词，切记true需把e去掉加ly；以ble，ple结尾的形容词都是去e加y。另外需注意形副同形词。
[例10]　 (全国卷Ⅰ)Instead，he hopes that his business will grow steady.____________________
[分析]　steady→steadily　谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。
[例11]　(全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ____________(regular)．
[分析]　regularly　此处需要用副词修饰谓语动词短语take short breaks。
[例12]　(陕西卷)My uncles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.____________________
[分析]　immediate→immediately　此处修饰jumped up，故用副词形式。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·张家口、沧州一模)Known as Golden Pebble Beach, Jinshitan is famous for its beautiful natural(nature) scenery.
2．(2020·云南高中统一检测)The ticket prices for China highspeed trains are reasonable and, on most routes, the frequency of departure is very high, so people can buy tickets conveniently(convenient)．
3．(2020·呼伦贝尔一模)If we are satisfied(satisfy) with only a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language.
4．(2020·张家口、沧州一模)Over the years, Dalian’s Jinpu New District has successfully(success) held a number of special tourism festivals with its rich culture and tourism resources.
5．(2020·湖北八市联考)All the infrastructure for 100 indoor and outdoor gardens at the exhibition will be finished completely(complete) at the end of March.
6．(2020·陕西渭南中学质检)Surprisingly(surprise), Sally was not driven out like the former teachers; instead, she won respect from the students.
7．(2020·浙江建德期末)She said the last vicemonitor, Joey, had been very rude and unkind(kind) to her.
8．(2020·浙江杭高分校模拟)Exploration(s)(explore) of the Moon did continue after the astronauts left, but by robots instead of people.
9．(2020·北京东城二模)However, for the majority western(west) people, university means freedom from home.
10．(2020·德州夏津一中月考)“We are now thinking about development, allowing the paintings to be more creative(create)，” he said.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2020·贵阳一中月考)Just recently, a local woman Sarah Darling accidental dropped her engagement ring into his cup while she was giving him some change. accidental→accidentally
2．(2020·云南高中统一检测)We felt happily to have done our part for the environment.happily→happy
3．(2020·绵阳诊断)At this very moment, my parents came back and were quite surprised to see all the rooms tidily and floors shining. tidily→tidy
4．(2020·郑州一中阶段检测)During the day, you can walk or sit on a boat to enjoy the natural scenery along the stream.The scene at night is attractively as well.attractively→attractive
5．(2020·广东五校协作体联考)In addition, the Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenience, regardless of time and space. convenience→convenient
6．I will be fully occupied in preparing for an importance lecture coming the day after tomorrow. importance→important
7．Taking an active part in various voluntary activities can also be of great beneficial. beneficial→benefit
8．Passing through several streets, we saw no one but only rubbish here and there.An hour later, I still couldn’t bear to keep my eyes widely open. widely→wide
9．However, my favourite subject is music, especially classical music which often makes my heart peacefully.peacefully→peaceful
10．I knew it was going to be hard to find another job in the competition working market.competition→competitive

Ⅰ.语法填空
(2020·山西百日冲刺考试)
The Truth About Whisky
Whisky is probably 1.the most famous product of Scotland.Whisky making provides work 2.for several thousand people in the Scottish Highlands and islands.Whisky is Scotland’s biggest goods 3.sold(sell) to every corner of the world.
The qualities of whisky come from the water which 4.is__used(use) to make it the rich “peaty”(多泥炭的) water of Scotland.When whisky is first made, it is 5.actually(actual) clear, not brown in colour.The colour comes from the wooden 6.containers(container) in which the whisky is stored for several years to allow it 7.to__mature(mature) from a little added sugar.
For many years, whisky has been one of the most popular drinks all over the world, and Scotland 8.has__produced(produce) more and more of it so far.But whisky sales have not increased as fast, so there are now large reserves of whisky in Scotland, especially the better and 9.more(much) expensive whisky.So a lot of the whisky sold today was made several years ago when people thought that whisky would get more and more popular.That is 10.why,__today, a lot of whisky in the shops is marked with “Ten years old”， or even “Fifteen years old”．
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2020·蚌埠质检)My school life in the Britain is significantly different.The school day is nearly 5.5 hours short than that in China.Students there are friendly and focus their studies.With his help, I have adapted to the life soon and make lots of new friends.I feel so luckily to be able to participate in class discussion, that I’ve learnt a lot about local culture.I enjoy the respect for the teachers and the country.Besides, I have learnt many skill about completing my projects.My experience is amazed and enjoyable because of my wonderful host family, my friends or the teachers.
答案：
My school life in Britain is significantly different.The school day is nearly 5.5 hours than that in China.Students there are friendly and focus their studies.With help, I have adapted to the life soon and lots of new friends.I feel so to be able to participate in class discussion, I’ve learnt a lot about local culture.I enjoy the respect for the teachers and the country.Besides, I have learnt many about completing my projects.My experience is and enjoyable because of my wonderful host family, my friends the teachers.