北京高考英语阅读理解专项训练

这是一份北京高考英语阅读理解专项训练，共39页。
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What are pillows really stuffed with? Not physically, but symbolically? The question occurred to me with the photos in the news and social media from the 50 cities around the world that staged public celebrations for International Pillow Fight Day. Armed with nothing more than bring-our-own sacrificial cushions, strangers struck heavily each other in playful feather from Amsterdam to Atlanta, Warsaw to Washington DC．But why? Is there anything more to this delightful celebration?
As a cultural sign, the pillow is deceptively soft. Since at least the 16th Century, the humble pillow has been given unexpected meanings. The Chinese playwright Tang Xianzu tells a famous story about a wise man who meets a depressed young scholar at an inn and offers him a magic pillow filled with the most vivid dreams of a seemingly more fulfilling life. When the young man awakens to discover that his happy 50-year dream has in fact come and gone in the short space of an afternoon’s nap, our impression of the pillow’s power shifts from wonder to terror.
Subsequent writers have likewise seized upon the pillow. When the 19th-Century English novelist Charlotte Bronte poetically observed “a ruffled (不平的) mind makes a restless pillow”, she didn’t just change the expected order of the adjectives and nouns, but instead she made unclear the boundaries between mind and matter — the thing resting and the thing rested upon.
It’s a trick perhaps Bronte learned from the Renaissance philosopher Montaigne, who once insisted that “ignorance is the softest pillow on which a man can rest his head”. On Montaigne’s thinking, intelligence and happiness confront each other forever in a pillow fight that only one can win.
With the words of Tang. Bronte, and Montaigne, we can perhaps more easily measure the attraction of the global pillow fight. Like a ritual of release, the annual international pillow fight amounts to a kind of cleansing, a brushing off of daily worries: an emptying of the world’s collective mind. Rather than a launch-pad for weightless rest, the pillow is a symbol of heavy thought: an anchor that drags the world’s soul down — one that must be lightened.
1．The example of Tang Xianzu is used to illustrate that ________.
A．pillows give people satisfactory dreams
B．dreams are always wonderful while the real world is cruel
C．people’s impression of pillows changes from wonder to terror
D．pillows symbolically convey the meaning in contrast to their soft appearance
2．From the passage, we can learn that Charlotte Bronte ________.
A．wrote poems about pillows
B．regarded pillows as reflections of our minds
C．shared the same viewpoint as Tang Xianzu on pillows
D．was likely to have been influenced by the thoughts of the Renaissance
3．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 “ignorance is the softest pillow on which a man can rest his head” most probably means ________.
A．pillows give us comfort
B．pillows make people more intelligent
C．people with too many thoughts have less inner peace
D．people can easily fall asleep when they know nothing
4．According to the author, why is Pillow Fight Day so popular around the world?
A．Because it is a ritual release.
B．Because it makes life delightful.
C．Because it comforts restless minds.
D．Because it contains a profound meaning of life.

Virtual reality is quickly becoming the new technological frontier. Tech companies everywhere seem to be racing to get their foot in the VR door. However, Virtual reality has a set of challenges and hurdles that it must overcome in order to work well. Michael Abrash, a writer and programmer, listed a number of these in a speech from 2014; they include things like low latency, high refresh rate, high resolution, a wide field of view and rock solid tracking, among others. Even if you don’t quite understand the technical aspects of those terms, it should be noted that VR is heavily dependent on being very fast, very accurate and very good-looking. If it isn’t, the viewer will feel motion sick or disconnected from the world that VR is trying to create.
Now that we can actually build VR headsets that begin to meet these requirements, we are seeing a rising interest in VR. As it rises, so does the interest in creating new media to be experienced in using virtual reality. Journalism is a medium built on relevance. Journalists should always be finding new ways to tell stories and deliver content. It is a goldmine for storytelling. What better ways to tell a story to someone than to put them right in the center of it?
Some journalists and publications are already utilizing VR. Vice creative director Spike Jonze, in a collaboration with director and visual artist Chris Milk, put viewers at the scene of the Millions March protest in New York in December, 2014. The University of Southern California created “Project Syria,” which allows viewers to experience the bombing of a crowded neighborhood and visit a refugee camp in the titular, war-torn country. These are just a few examples of a growing number of projects that are out there.
Virtual reality is a powerful tool for journalists. The consumer isn’t just reading or watching something play out; they’re experiencing it. The immersive nature of VR allows for people to connect with the subject matter on a much deeper level than just reading about it. The experience is emotional, speaking more to our instinct than our intellect. The possibilities for storytelling here are legion, and any storyteller wanting to do something more interesting than their peers should surely be considering the sheer power of VR.
The question of virtual reality, though, is not how powerful it is. That is immediately apparent. The question of VR is one of viability and availability. Telling stories must be easy to do, and access to those stories must be readily available. This is the biggest challenge that VR faces. If the tools to tell a story with VR aren’t easy to pick up and learn, VR will fail. If VR technology isn’t both top-of-the-line and affordable, VR will fail.
Accessibility was one concern for Thomas Hallaq, assistant professor of journalism and mass communications, who said that current VR technology is pretty exclusive right now. Despite that, he said he doesn’t think the exclusivity of this technology will be a problem in the long run.
“I think it’s very promising,” Hallaq said. “We’re seeing more technology become accessible, and more people having access to that technology. Just look at smartphones.” If the technology is widely available and companies like Oculus, Samsung, HTC and Valve can overcome the inherent hurdles, VR will succeed in being a desirable means of storytelling. Like radio, TV and the Internet before it, virtual reality will change the way we tell stories.
5．Why is VR considered a powerful tool for journalism?
A．Because it is an exclusively new tool.
B．Because it is very powerful and popular.
C．Because people can experience the story in person.
D．Because it is very fast, accurate and good-looking.
6．According to the passage, what is the biggest challenge VR is facing?
A．How powerful and interesting it can be. B．Whether people will have easy access to it.
C．Whether qualified VR headsets can be built. D．What new ways people will find to deliver content.
7．What’s the author’s attitude towards the future of VR technology?
A．optimistic B．neutral C．pessimistic D．concerned
8．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A．The Wide Popularity of Virtual Reality B．The Future Development of Virtual Reality
C．Challenges and Hurdles of Virtual Reality D．Virtual Reality is the Future of Storytelling

It seems rather obvious that facial characteristics are determined by our genes. But until recently geneticists(遗传学家) had very little understanding of which parts of our DNA were linked to our facial appearance.
An international team of researchers identified more than 130 chromosomal(染色体的) regions associated with specific aspects of facial shape. This is a critical first step toward understanding how genetics impact our faces, Live Science noted.
Researchers scanned the DNA of more than 8,000 people and analyzed dozens of shape measurements from their 3D facial images to look at the statistical relationships between about 7 million genetic markers—known locations in the genetic code where humans vary—and the facial features.
“When we find a statistical relation between a facial feature and one or more genetic markers, it points us to a very precise region of DNA on a chromosome. The genes located around that region then become our prime candidates for facial features like nose or lip shape,” Seth Weinberg, co-author of the study, wrote on Live Science.
Researchers discovered some interesting patterns after looking at the implicated(牵涉其中) genes at these DNA regions. Your nose is the part that is most influenced by your genes. Areas like the cheeks, which are highly influenced by lifestyle factors like diet, showed the fewest genetic associations.
There is also a high degree of overlap(重合) between the genes involved in facial and limb development. This provides an important clue as to why many genetic syndromes(综合症) are characterized by both hand and facial malformations(畸形). Some genes involved in facial shape may be involved in cancer, too. It explains why people treated for pediatric(小儿科的) cancer show some distinctive facial features.
So, can someone take your DNA and construct an accurate image of your face? It’s unlikely. The 130-plus genetic regions that were identified explain less than 10 percent of the variation in facial shape. But even if we understood all of the genes impacting facial appearance, prediction would still be a big challenge. That’s because facial features are affected by other factors as well, such as age, diet, climate and sun exposure.
Still, the knowledge of patients’ genetic information can be an invaluable tool in creating personalized treatment plans in fields like orthodontics(畸齿矫正学) or reconstructive surgery. For example, if someday doctors can use genetics to predict when a child’s jaw will hit its growth peak, it will help them decide the best time to intervene.
9．What’s the main purpose of the research?
A．To explain why humans vary based on statistics.
B．To identify the factors impacting facial appearance.
C．To discover the link between genes and facial features.
D．To study the relationship between facial features and genetic markers.
10．What can we learn from the study?
A．The nose is most influenced by genes.
B．Facial malformations affect limb development.
C．The cheeks are most closely associated with age.
D．Facial shape and cancer are impacted by exactly the same genes.
11．How could the research benefit people?
A．It could improve orthodontic treatments.
B．It could be useful for changing facial shapes.
C．It could help recreate one’s jaw at an early age.
D．It could help predict facial appearance with ease.

What are you watching?
I love CBS’s Everybody Loves Raymond. The characters are so real and the drama, though humorous, deals with serious questions of self-worth and how it plays out in family relationships. I especially love the parents and the older brother, Robert. Even when they’re awful, you have to love them!
——Jennifer Quinn
Too Cute airs on Animal Planet. You’ll find yourself smiling and laughing at the funny stories of puppies and kittens(小狗和小猫) as they grow. Their interactions with other animals are fun, too. You’ve been warned!
——Neena Lurvey
I am currently watching the Netflix series Ozark, which stars Jason Bateman and is now in its second season. The crime drama is set at Lake of the Ozarks in Missouri. Although the area in Georgia where the show is filmed looks nothing like the hugely popular Missouri tourist area the series portrays(描绘), it’s one of the best crime dramas available.
——W.S.Blevins
Solaris is one of my favorite movies to watch and rewatch. It is a sci-fi film based on a book by Stanislaw Lem and stars George Clooney. The film is set almost entirely on a space station orbiting the planet Solaris. Clooney’s character struggles to work out and understand why mysterious things are happening to the people near Solaris. The film mainly consists of questions, both spoken and implied, none of which are really answered. The endings are many and are what the individual viewer wants them to be.
——Karen Neff
12．Which of the following deals with family relationships?
A．Ozark. B．Solaris.
C．Everybody Loves Raymond. D．Too Cute.
13．Who is watching a crime drama?
A．Karen Neff. B．W.S. Blevins. C．Neena Lurvey. D．Jennifer Quinn.
14．What do we know about Solaris?
A．It is an open-ended movie. B．It is based on a true story.
C．It focuses on people living on Solaris. D．It answers many questions about space exploration.


Chinese Dual Language Immersion Program (CDLIP)
What is Dual Language Immersion?
Dual language immersion provides academic instruction in two languages. The Pasadena Unified School District currently offers a Chinese-English immersion program.
Why Choose the CDLIP?
Learning a second language awakens curiosity and respect for other nations and their cultures. Chinese is not only a rich language with a long literary tradition, but it has also emerged as an influential worldwide language. Our CDLIP promotes cross- cultural sensitivity, so that students can learn about the globalized world. For native Chinese speakers, our program ensures full development and mastery of English language arts while helping them become more fluent in their mother tongue.
Our Classrooms
The CDLIP serves primary school students, from kindergarten through second grade. Grades 3, 4 and 5 will be added in September of 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. The program is currently located at Luther Burbank Primary School. On any given day, you might find a classroom full of kindergarteners counting and sorting coins, first graders singing “The More We Get Together”, or second graders describing physics experiments-all in Chinese!
How Does the Program Work?
CDLIP classrooms combine native and non-native speakers so that all students may succeed in both Chinese and English. We apply a Two-Way 90:10 Model. In kindergarten, 90% of the day’s instruction is in Chinese and 10% is devoted to improving English oral language and the ability to read and write. As children progress through grade levels, the percentage of English instruction gradually increases, finally achieving a 50:50 split by fifth grade.
To Register Your Child
Language learning is a long-term process, so parents are asked to register their children for the full six years.
● Register online at www.pusd.us/oe between June 13 and 23.
● The program is free, supported by the Pasadena Unified School District.
● For kindergarten, no knowledge of Chinese is necessary. (Some knowledge of Chinese is expected for students entering grades 1-3.)
● Applications will be accepted after the deadline if spaces are still available.
● If you would like assistance completing your application, please contact Ms. Netty Li at Burbank Primary School (626) 396-5760 or visit PUSD Welcome Center.
15．After attending the CDLIP, students will be able to ________.
A．master Chinese arts B．understand world history
C．hand down traditional literature D．develop cross-cultural awareness
16．What can you find in CDLIP classes?
A．Kindergarteners spending more time practicing reading.
B．Students learning through songs and activities.
C．Higher-grade students using mostly Chinese.
D．Students focusing on science vocabulary.
17．What can we learn about the registration?
A．Parents need to pay the program fee.
B．Students must be registered every year.
C．Spaces are usually available after the deadline.
D．PUSD Welcome Center offers help with registration.

To many people, honey bees symbolize wealth, sustainability and environmentalism. But as a honey bee researcher, I have to tell you that only the first item on that list is defensible. Although they are important for agriculture, honey bees, which are usually imported from outside the local area, also disturb natural ecosystems by competing with native bees.
For several years the media has told us that bee populations are under threat. In response to this media campaign to “save the bees”, raising honey bees has become a popular hobby. But as a species, honey bees are least in need of saving. Much media attention is given to honey bees at the expense of native bees, and this has led many citizens - myself once included-to mistakenly believe they are doing a good thing for the environment by raising honey bees. Unfortunately, they are probably doing more harm than good.
“Beekeeping is for people; it’s not a conservation practice,” says Shelly Smith, an environmental science professor. “People mistakenly think keeping honey bees also helps the native bees, which are at risk of extinction. That’s wrong.”
Smith and her research team recently surveyed one thousand local people in Canada and found that they had a surprisingly poor understanding of bee types and their roles in promoting flower growth. Most people’s attention is on saving honey bees when, from a conservationist’s point of view, native bees are the ones in more need of support.
“To make matters worse, beekeeping companies and various non-science-based projects have financially benefited from the decline of native bee populations,” Smith explains. “These companies pretend they are interested in saving bees but their actions are actually damaging the native bee populations.”
The introduction of honey bees increases competition with native bee populations for food, putting even more pressure on the wild species that are already in decline. Honey bees are extremely efficient food gatherers and take over almost all local flower resources, thus leading to damaging competition — that is, where one species uses up a resource, not leaving enough to go around.
18．Which statement does the writer argue for?
A．Honey bees endanger native bees.
B．Honey bees are a symbol of wealth.
C．Honey bees are important for agriculture.
D．Honey bees can defend natural ecosystems.
19．What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A．Beekeeping is a still-popular traditional hobby.
B．The media is responsible for misleading the public.
C．Citizens’ attempts to protect the environment are effective.
D．The media campaign has failed to promote honey bee businesses.
20．How does the writer develop the last paragraph?
A．By listing examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By analyzing survey data.
D．By explaining cause and effect.


Fossil by fossil, the story of the birds becomes clearer. It is now well established that modern birds are actually a group of dinosaurs, which survived a crash between the earth and a small planet 66m years ago. This impact wiped out the rest of the dinosaur world, along with a lot of other creatures.
Recently a paper, published in Nature, has released the details of a fossil, which those studying it believe provides our earliest view of what modern birds were like during the initial stages of their evolutional history. The fossil in question is called Asteriornis maastrichtensis. As its name suggests, the rock containing it was dug from deposits(沉积层)found near Maastricht. These deposits are between 66.8m and 66.7m years old.
This particular rock interested palaeontologists(古生物学家)because it included visible leg bones that looked as though they belonged to a bird. Such ancient fossils are rare, so instead of chancing their arms by using physical or chemical methods to explore the rock for more remains,Daniel Field of Cambridge University and his colleagues employed a CT scan, a process more familiar to most people as a medical-scanning technique. The result, an image of the animal’s skull with false colours added to clarify which bits are which, can be seen in the picture.
Asteriornis maastrichtensis does indeed turn out to be a member of the modern birds. Specifically, it is part of the Galloanserae, which includes both land fowl(家禽),such as chickens and its relatives, and modern waterfowl, like ducks and the like. The skull of Asteriornis maastrichtensis exhibits features of both groups, so it most probably predates the division between them. And its discovery in Europe opens up the debate about whether modern birds originated in the southern part of the earth, as has been proposed.
As to what it looked like when alive, the animal’s left upper leg, its best-preserved bone besides those of its skull, suggests Asteriornis maastrichtensis was a long-legged creature that marched around. This, and evidence that the rock it was preserved in was originally part of a fossil shoreline,has led to reconstructions of modern waterfowl.
Asteriornis maastrichtensis shows that a single fossil can help to nail down previously uncertain dates. The age of the fossil, in fact, suggests that those previous estimates, based on so-called molecular clocks(分子钟),might have overestimated how early the modern birds arose.Based on the discovery of Asteriornis maastrichtensis, the smart money is now on the modern birds as a group being only a little older than the dinosaur-killing impact itself.
21．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．The details of the fossil are still in doubt.
B．The deposits were named after the fossil.
C．The crash caused the extinction of dinosaurs.
D．The fossil is seen as the oldest modern bird skull.
22．What can be inferred about Asteriornis maastrichtensis from the passage?
A．It attracts palaeontologists as a rare ancient species.
B．It can present the whole picture of modern waterfowl.
C．It allows researchers to confirm where modern birds emerged.
D．It may be the common ancestor of modern chickens and ducks.
23．According to the passage, the author may agree that_______.
A．fossils promote the accuracy of historical dates
B．it’s not wise to dig the deposits for more remains
C．we can’t trust fossils more than molecular clocks
D．more investment should be made to study fossils

Most kids spent their summer holidays playing video-games, watching TV and sleeping in.Parents can follow the steps below, and your kids can break their summertime tech habits and adapt to a school-friendly schedule in two weeks.
Shift bedtime
There’s nothing more important to kicking off the school year successfully than getting sufficient sleep. Two weeks before school begins, schedule bedtime back by about 20 minutes a night to stop kids staying up late or sleeping in. Instead of a long, fun bathtime, switch to a quick shower. Keep all digital devices out of their bedrooms and buy them alarm clocks.
Set screen goals
Having intentional goals for screen use can help kids change their tech habits. You might decide to make screen time a reward rather than a right. Set limits on digital activities such as no videogames until they complete homework. Don’t jump to no apps but consider using apps that control the length of time kids can use a device. Establish zones in your house where electronics simply are not allowed. Besides, get your kids involved in activities that don’t need a screen.
Make a schedule
A summer spent without routine can make jumping back into the structure of school difficult for kids. Setting a schedule for the last two weeks of summer can work. Ms. Rawson, founder of the Screen Time Clinic, suggests creating blocks of time that mirror those of the school day,arranging 30 to 50 minutes for an activity, depending on the kid’s age, along with a set lunchtime. Kids should have a say in deciding how to fill the day’s time blocks. The activities can involve anything but screens.
24．Before the new school year begins, kids can shift bedtime by .
A．taking a long bath B．sleeping in a lot
C．using phones as alarm clocks D．moving to bed earlier
25．According to the passage, what should parents do to adjust kids’ screen time?
A．Manage homework time with apps.
B．Forbid them from using electronics.
C．Reserve areas for screen-free activities.
D．Remove apps from their digital devices.
26．A school-friendly schedule should
A．reflect individual needs of kids
B．copy the exact school timetables
C．start from the beginning of holidays
D．combine study with digital entertainment

It is our mission to help busy but curious home cooks make the best purchase decisions. Now compile our informative lists below.
Kitchn
If you’re dedicated to learning the ins and outs of cooking and want a full program, Kitchn Cooking School offers an online course that includes 20 lessons over 20 days for only $30 each class.
Each day, a new topic is covered, starting with knife skills and ending with how to plan, cook and throw a dinner party. Most importantly, the instructors value the joy in cooking. The tone of Kitchn is light, playful, and fun, but still professional and very informative.
Udemy
With over 183,000 online courses available, Udemy offers a variety of cooking courses taught by instructors around the country.
Many videos come with bonus material that includes suggestions on kitchen tools and equipment. Udemy offers great deals with large sales on classes, as well as a selection of free content. Courses come with full, lifetime access when purchased and a 30-day, money-back guarantee. Prices generally range from $10 to $30.
Rouxbe
Widely recognized as the leading online cooking school among industry professionals, Rouxbe offers a wide array of individual lessons, plus their professional certificate programs.
Membership costs around $15 per month or $99 per year, but Rouxbe often offers discounts on their annual membership, as well as a 30–day free trial. So, if you’ve been struggling to come up with recipes to cook at home, Rouxbe is a fantastic resource that provides simple, quality professional guidance.
NYT
NYT is recognized for its food section and offers a large selection of instructional cooking videos online for all skill levels.
For those with specific dietary preferences, you can easily find what you’re looking for by selecting categories like dairy–free, low-carb, high fiber and more. Membership fee is around $5 per month or $40 annually for unlimited access. And, not to worry: You can cancel at any time.
27．Which one is most likely to attract vegetarians?
A．Kitchn. B．Udemy. C．Rouxbe. D．NYT.
28．What can we know from the passage?
A．Kitchn is recognized for its professional and informative style.
B．Udemy offers rich cooking courses by worldwide instructors.
C．Rouxbe is highly thought of by industry professionals.
D．NYT targets people with specific dietary preferences.
29．What do the four schools have in common?
A．They offer online courses. B．They allow special discounts.
C．They provide extra materials. D．They engage famous instructors.
30．What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To compare the cooking methods. B．To recommend cooking schools.
C．To promote home cooking skills. D．To introduce cooking courses.

During the final scenes of the movie, Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, we experience the full range of emotions. We hold our breath as the fire surrounds Frodo; we cheer when Gandalf saves him. So what’s going on? There must be a special kind of movie magic that makes us care about what we know isn’t real. As it happens, there is a special kind of magic, but it’s not in the movie. It’s in the minds of people who watch it. Dr. Norman Holland, professor of the University of Florida, believes this magic is particularly potent when we watch movies on the big screen.
”The first thing that happens,“ he argues, ”is that you give up control. The movie is in control.”In normal life our brains are like tractor beams(牵引光束),busy taking in any information that seems important or interesting. This is called the attentional system. But as the characters come alive on screen, we stop sensing our body. Psychologists call this kind of mental state “flow”: when our attention is completely absorbed in one activity and there isn’t any juice left in our attentional system to take in any more information. We are effortlessly swept along in the currents of the ride. This is why we love the movies: it’s like going on a roller coaster(过山车) for the brain.
But there’s another kind of magic at work here too; in a movie theater, as we give up control,our sense of reality changes. Deep down we know that what we’re seeing is make-believe, but because we’re not going to act upon it, because it doesn’t have a direct physical bearing upon us,we don’t test if it is real. It’s like that part of our brain goes on a temporary vacation. Something else is happening in the brain to make this possible too. The mind has different abilities, and each one has a distinct place in the brain. Our knowledge that we’re only watching a movie happens in the front part of our brain.But emotions come from the limbie system(边缘系统),in the back of the brain. Even though our front brain knows that a movie isn’t real, the back brain never gets them essage.
Sadly, the intensity of the emotions that movies produce in us may be decreasing. At home,or on our smart phones, movies are wonderfully convenient. But watching in this way limits their magic because we’re in control; we have the power to stop the film or fast forward bits we don’t like. “If you’re not giving up control to the movie,“ Holland says, ”you’re getting a thinned-out movie experience.“ More control might be more convenient, but it won’t mean more magic.Surely, we deserve better than that, and Frodo does too.
31．What does the underlined word ”potent“ in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Complicated. B．Effective. C．Subjective. D．Temporary.
32．Why does the author mention a roller coaster?
A．To illustrate the excitement that a movie can provide.
B．To explain the filmmaking techniques used by directors.
C．To demonstrate the working state of the attentional system.
D．To describe psychological methods involved in seeing a movie.
33．What can we learn from this passage?
A．Distinct parts of our brain are interactive.
B．The limbic system can help us sense the reality.
C．Going to theaters creates better viewing experience.
D．Movies on phones can take us to the state of flow easily.
34．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．Your Brain on Movies
B．Emotions out of Control
C．The Rise of Movie Theatres
D．Different Choices of Moviegoers

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35．What do we know about 1234 PENS?
A．It has its name printed on each pen.
B．It has a history of over 40 years.
C．It has built up a large pen market.
D．It charges a low price for extra service.
36．What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 3?
A．The different types of the products.
B．The high quality of the products.
C．The trade shows of 1234 PENS.
D．The quick service of 1234 PENS.
37．The main purpose of the passage is to __________.
A．introduce the different services of 1234 PENS
B．explain the process of making logo pens
C．persuade people to order the products
D．show people how to choose different pens

Flu is killing us. The usual response to the annual flu is not enough to fight against the risks we currently face, let alone prepare us for an even deadlier widespread flu that most experts agree will come in the future. Yes, we have an annual vaccine , and everyone qualified should get it without question. The reality, however, is that less than half Americans get the flu vaccines. And the flu vaccines we have are only 60% effective in the best years and 10% effective in the worst years. We urgently need a much more effective flu vaccine.
In the U.S. alone, seasonal flu can cause up to 36 million infections, three-quarters of a million hospitalizations and 56,000 deaths. We are not investing the resources needed to protect ourselves, our loved ones and our communities.
Why not? We haven’t been hit by a truly destructive widespread disease in a long time. So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and destaff the services we need to protect us.
The risk of continued foot dragging is huge. In a severe widespread disease, the U.S. health care system could be defeated in just weeks. Millions of people would be infected by the virus, and would die in the weeks and months following the initial outbreak.
The cost of preventing epidemics   is roughly a tenth of what it costs to cope with them when they hit. In 2012, a call was issued for an annual billion-dollar U.S. commitment to the development of a universal flu vaccine. Six years later, the search for a universal vaccine remains seriously underfunded.
The simple reason lies in our collective satisfaction. As soon as headlines about the flu are gone, hospitals are emptied of flu patients, and school and workplace absence rates decline, we go back to business as usual.
Leading scientists and public health officials have the capability to keep us much safer from flu. They need your quick and decisive support to succeed. Your action today may be a matter of life and death for you and your loved ones.
38．The problem of the current flu vaccines is that _______.
A．they are not available every year
B．most Americans are not allowed to get them
C．not everyone is qualified for them
D．many people still catch flu after getting them
39．What does the author mean by “continued foot dragging” in Paragraph 4?
A．Hospitals cannot meet the needs of patients during flu outbreaks.
B．Individuals aren’t alert enough to the underinvestment in flu prevention
C．The leaders continue to drag the feet of the patients infected with flu.
D．Flu will certainly become a severe widespread disease in the near future.
40．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Science is currently not so developed as to keep us safer from flu.
B．The death rate from flu is much higher than that from other diseases.
C．The general public is partially to blame for the neglect of flu prevention.
D．Developing a universal flu vaccine will cost more than dealing with flu.

About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn’t think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband’s birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
“Let’s make a cake for Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance.
The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had.
Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.
41．Why did the author’s husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A．Pudding was his favorite dessert. B．The author made good puddings.
C．The birthday cake was ruined. D．They couldn’t afford a birthday cake.
42．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A．To develop the theme. B．To define a concept.
C．To prove a theory. D．To provide the background.
43．The underlined part “leaving behind the layer” in Paragraph 8 can be understood as .
A．giving up an opportunity B．looking for a new job
C．getting rid of a bad habit D．letting go of the past
44．What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships.
B．We should move on no matter what happens.
C．It’s not the end of the world if we break things.
D．Past experiences should be treasured.

The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that offends our sense of justice. A business may maximize the amount of money it makes by damaging the environment and hurting people. When government regulation is effective, and the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and the public doesn’t care.
It is easy to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and they are under obligation to maximize profits for shareholders by legal means.
Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable.
The public can do that by accusing businesses of harming them. The public may also make their opinion felt by choosing to buy sustainably harvested products; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.
In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease, transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a fast-food company made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers dropped, the meat industry followed immediately. The public’s task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure.
Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced.
My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish. I believe that changes in public attitudes are essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices.
45．The main idea of Paragraph 3 is that environmental damage__________.
A．is the result of ignorance of the public
B．requires political action if it is to be stopped
C．can be prevented by the action of ordinary people
D．can only be stopped by educating business leaders
46．In Paragraph 4, the writer describes ways in which the public can__________.
A．reduce their own individual impact on the environment
B．learn more about the impact of business on the environment
C．raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters
D．influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments
47．What pressure was given by big business in the case of the disease mentioned in Paragraph 5?
A．Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains.
B．Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses.
C．A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.
D．A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce regulations.
48．What would be the best heading for this passage?
A．Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses?
B．How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit?
C．What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses?
D．Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause to the environment?

Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old disorders, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously unmanageable conditions may now be treated and lives may be saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs”, and that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to obey. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.
49．What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?
A．The reduction of public expenditure. B．Quick economic returns.
C．The budget for a research project. D．Support from the voters.
50．What does the underlined word “hostile” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．doubtful B．encouraging C．serious D．unfriendly
51．According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because____.
A．some of them do not assure of the safety of their products
B．sometimes they hide the source of their research funding
C．their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong
D．they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned
52．Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?
A．Scientists may find it difficult to seek research funds.
B．Scientists themselves may doubt the virtue of intellectual honesty.
C．People may suffer if they dismiss all the pronouncements of experts.
D．People may discredit the government for being cheated by the politicians.



















参考答案：
1．D
2．B
3．D
4．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了国际枕头大战的意义和它受欢迎的原因。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“As a cultural sign, the pillow is deceptively soft. Since at least the 16th Century, the humble pillow has been given unexpected meanings. The Chinese playwright Tang Xianzu tells a famous story about a wise man who meets a depressed young scholar at an inn and offers him a magic pillow filled with the most vivid dreams of a seemingly more fulfilling life. When the young man awakens to discover that his happy 50-year dream has in fact come and gone in the short space of an afternoon’s nap, our impression of the pillow’s power shifts from wonder to terror.(作为一种文化标志，枕头看起来很柔软。至少从16世纪开始，不起眼的枕头就被赋予了意想不到的意义。中国剧作家汤显祖讲了一个著名的故事：一位智者在客栈里遇到一位抑郁的年轻书生，并送给他一个神奇的枕头，枕头里装满了看似更加充实的生活的最生动的梦想。当这个年轻人醒来，发现他50年的幸福梦想实际上在一个下午的小睡中来了又去时，我们对枕头力量的印象从惊讶变成了恐惧)”可知，以汤显祖的例子来说明，与柔软的外表相比，枕头具有象征性的寓意。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段的句子“When the 19th-Century English novelist Charlotte Bronte poetically observed ‘a ruffled (不平的) mind makes a restless pillow’, she didn’t just change the expected order of the adjectives and nouns, but instead she made unclear the boundaries between mind and matter — the thing resting and the thing rested upon.(19世纪英国小说家夏洛蒂·勃朗特富有诗意地观察到‘不安的头脑形成不安的枕头’，她不仅改变了形容词和名词的预期顺序，反而模糊了精神和物质之间的界限——休息的东西和被休息的东西)”可知，夏洛蒂·勃朗特把枕头当作我们思想的反映。故选B项。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线句子“ignorance is the softest pillow on which a man can rest his head(无知是最柔软的枕头，一个人可以在上面休息)”中关键词ignorance可知，划线部分的含义指的是无知的人很容易入睡。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段的句子“Like a ritual of release, the annual international pillow fight amounts to a kind of cleansing, a brushing off of daily worries: an emptying of the world’s collective mind.(一年一度的国际枕头大战就像一种释放的仪式，相当于一种净化，是对日常烦恼的掸除：是对世界集体思想的清空)”可知，枕头大战日在全世界都很受欢迎因为它能安抚不安的心灵。故选C项。
5．C
6．B
7．A
8．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了虚拟现实（VR）技术在新闻领域的应用，虚拟现实是记者的强大工具，但也存在一定的问题。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Journalism is a medium built on relevance. Journalists should always be finding new ways to tell stories and deliver content. It is a goldmine for storytelling. What better ways to tell a story to someone than to put them right in the center of it?(新闻是建立在相关性之上的媒体。记者应该一直寻找新的方式来讲述故事和传递内容。这是讲故事的金矿。还有什么比把一个人放在故事的中心更好的方法呢？)”可知，虚拟现实被认为是新闻的强大工具是因为人们可以亲身体验故事。故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Telling stories must be easy to do, and access to those stories must be readily available. This is the biggest challenge that VR faces.(讲故事必须是容易做到的，而且必须能够随时获得这些故事。这是VR面临的最大挑战)”可知，虚拟现实面临的最大挑战是人们是否容易获得它。故选B。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“If the technology is widely available and companies like Oculus, Samsung, HTC and Valve can overcome the inherent hurdles, VR will succeed in being a desirable means of storytelling. Like radio, TV and the Internet before it, virtual reality will change the way we tell stories.(如果这项技术得到广泛应用，Oculus、三星、HTC和Valve等公司能够克服固有的障碍，VR将成功成为一种令人满意的讲故事的手段。就像之前的广播、电视和互联网一样，虚拟现实将改变我们讲故事的方式)”可推知，作者对VR技术的未来持积极态度。故选A。
8．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“As it rises, so does the interest in creating new media to be experienced in using virtual reality. Journalism is a medium built on relevance. Journalists should always be finding new ways to tell stories and deliver content. It is a goldmine for storytelling. What better ways to tell a story to someone than to put them right in the center of it?(随着虚拟现实的兴起，人们对创造新媒体体验虚拟现实的兴趣也在增加。新闻是建立在相关性之上的媒体。记者应该一直寻找新的方式来讲述故事和传递内容。这是讲故事的金矿。还有什么比把一个人放在故事的中心更好的方法呢？)”结合文章主要说明了虚拟现实（VR）技术在新闻领域的应用，虚拟现实是记者的强大工具，但也存在一定的问题。可知，D选项“虚拟现实是讲故事的未来”最符合文章标题。故选D。
9．C
10．A
11．C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章首先提出一个研究现状，即遗传学家对我们的DNA的哪些部分与我们的面部外观有关知之甚少，随后通过一系列的研究结果得出结论——预测长相仍然是一个挑战。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“It seems rather obvious that facial characteristics are determined by our genes. But until recently geneticists(遗传学家) had very little understanding of which parts of our DNA were linked to our facial appearance.(面部特征似乎很显然是由基因决定的。但直到最近，遗传学家对我们的DNA的哪些部分与我们的面部外观有关知之甚少。)”可知，后文的研究是为了找到基因和面部特征之间的关联。故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Your nose is the part that is most influenced by your genes.(鼻子是受基因影响最大的部位。)”可知，鼻子被基因影响最大。故选A项。
11．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Still, the knowledge of patients’ genetic information can be an invaluable tool in creating personalized treatment plans in fields like orthodontics or reconstructive surgery. For example, if someday doctors can use genetics to predict when a child’s jaw will hit its growth peak, it will help them decide the best time to intervene.(尽管如此，对患者基因信息的了解，对于在正畸或重建外科等领域制定个性化治疗计划来说，仍然是一个无价的工具。例如，如果有一天医生可以利用遗传学预测孩子的下巴何时会达到生长高峰，这将帮助他们决定干预的最佳时间。)”可知，遗传学可以帮助医生在病人年轻时重建下巴。故C项正确。A项为迷惑项，该段只提到遗传学可以帮助正畸制定个性化治疗，并不一定能提高正畸治疗的效果。根据文章倒数第二段“That’s because facial features are affected by other factors as well, such as age, diet, climate and sun exposure.(这是因为面部特征也会受到其他因素的影响，比如年龄、饮食、气候和日照。)”可知，面部特征收到各种因素影响，所以遗传学不能帮助人们改变脸型，排除B项。根据文章倒数第二段“So, can someone take your DNA and construct an accurate image of your face? It’s unlikely. (那么，有人能提取你的DNA并构建出你面部的精确图像吗？这几乎是不可能的。)”可知，研究结果并不可以帮助轻松预测面部外观，排除D项。故选C项。
12．C
13．B
14．A

【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章呈现了四个观众对四部影视作品的评价，分别介绍了这四部电影和电视剧。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I love CBS’s Everybody Loves Raymond. The characters are so real and the drama, though humorous, deals with serious questions of self-worth and how it plays out in family relationships.(我喜欢CBS的《人人都爱雷蒙德》。剧中的角色是如此真实，这部剧虽然幽默，但却处理了关于自我价值的严肃问题，以及它如何在家庭关系中发挥作用。)”可知，Everybody Loves Raymond处理了家庭关系。故选C项。
13．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“I am currently watching the Netflix series Ozark, which stars Jason Bateman and is now in its second season. The crime drama is set at Lake of the Ozarks in Missouri.(我现在正在看Netflix的电视剧《欧扎克》，由杰森·贝特曼主演，现在已经是第二季了。这部犯罪剧以密苏里州的欧扎克湖为背景。)”可知，Ozark是犯罪剧，对应的观众是W.S.Blevins。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The endings are many and are what the individual viewer wants them to be.(结局有很多种，这也是每个观众想要的。)”可知，这部电影是开放式结局，A项正确。根据“It is a sci-fi film based on a book by Stanislaw Lem and stars George Clooney. (这是一部根据斯坦尼斯劳·莱姆的一本书改编的科幻电影，由乔治·克鲁尼主演。)”可知，这部电影是根据一本书改编的，而不是基于真实故事，故排除B项。根据“Clooney’s character struggles to work out and understand why mysterious things are happening to the people near Solaris. (克鲁尼的角色努力想要弄明白为什么神秘的事情发生在Solaris附近的人们身上。)”可知，电影关注的是住在Solaris附近的人，故排除C项。根据“The film mainly consists of questions, both spoken and implied, none of which are really answered.(这部电影主要由问题组成，有口头的，也有暗示的，没有一个是真正的答案。)”可知，电影本身并没有回答关于太空探索的问题，排除D项。故选A项。
15．D
16．B
17．D

【导语】这是一篇应用文。短文介绍了中文双语浸入式课程的相关信息。
15．细节理解题。根据“Why Choose the CDLIP?”中的“Our CDLIP promotes cross-cultural sensitivity, so that students can learn about the globalized world.(我们的中文双语浸入式课程提高了跨文化的敏感度，这样学生就可以了解全球化的世界。)”由此可知，参加了中文双语浸入式课程后，学生将能够培养跨文化意识。故选D项。
16．细节理解题。根据“Our Classrooms”中的 “On any given day, you might find a classroom full of kindergarteners counting and sorting coins, first graders singing “The More We Get Together”, or second graders describing physics experiments—all in Chinese!(在任何一天，你都可能看到满教室的孩子在数硬币，一年级学生在唱“The More We Get Together”，二年级学生在用中文描述物理实验)”可知，你能在中文双语浸入式课程发现学生通过歌曲和活动学习。故选B项。
17．细节理解题。根据“To Register Your Child”中的“If you would like assistance completing your application, please contact Ms. Netty Li at Burbank Primary School (626) 396-5760 or visit PUSD Welcome Center.(如果您需要帮助完成您的申请，请联系伯班克小学Netty Li老师，电话为(626)396-5760或访问PUSD接待中心)”可知，PUSD接待中心提供注册帮助。故选D项。
18．A
19．B
20．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要从两大方面说明了蜜蜂会使本土蜂受到威胁。一是人们误以为养蜜蜂是一件环保的事而忽略了最需要支持的本土蜂；二是蜜蜂掠夺食物资源，使本土蜂面临更大的生存压力。
18．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Although they are important for agriculture, honey bees, which are usually imported from outside the local area, also disturb natural ecosystems by competing with native bees.(虽然它们对农业很重要，但通常从当地以外进口的蜜蜂也会与本地蜜蜂竞争，扰乱自然生态系统。)”可知，虽然蜜蜂对农业很重要，蜜蜂也会与本土蜂竞争，扰乱自然生态系统。故选A项。
19．推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容“For several years the media has told us that bee populations are under threat. In response to this media campaign to “save the bees”, raising honey bees has become a popular hobby. But as a species, honey bees are least in need of saving. Much media attention is given to honey bees at the expense of native bees, and this has led many citizens - myself once included-to mistakenly believe they are doing a good thing for the environment by raising honey bees. Unfortunately, they are probably doing more harm than good.(几年来，媒体一直在告诉我们蜜蜂的数量正受到威胁。为了响应媒体的“拯救蜜蜂”运动，养蜜蜂已经成为一种流行的爱好。但作为一个物种，蜜蜂是最不需要拯救的。很多媒体都以牺牲本土蜜蜂为代价来关注蜜蜂，这导致许多公民——包括我自己——错误地认为，饲养蜜蜂对环境有好处。不幸的是，它们可能弊大于利。)”可知，媒体一直说蜜蜂的数量正受到威胁，误导公民以为饲养蜜蜂对环境有好处。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The introduction of honey bees increases competition with native bee populations for food, putting even more pressure on the wild species that are already in decline. Honey bees are extremely efficient food gatherers and take over almost all local flower resources, thus leading to damaging competition — that is, where one species uses up a resource, not leaving enough to go around.(蜜蜂的引入增加了与本地蜜蜂争夺食物的竞争，给已经在减少的野生物种带来了更大的压力。蜜蜂是非常高效的食物采集者，它们几乎占据了当地所有的花卉资源，从而导致了破坏性的竞争——也就是说，一个物种用完一种资源，没有留下足够的资源给其他物种。)”可知，作者先是给出了“蜜蜂的引入给本土蜜蜂增加了竞争压力”这一结果，接着分析了产生这一结果的原因——蜜蜂采集食物的效率非常高，几乎占据了当地所有的花卉资源，没有给另一物种留下足够的资源。由此可知，作者最后一段是通过分析原因和结果来论述的。故选D项。
21．D
22．D
23．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了最近，一篇发表在《自然》杂志上的论文公布了一块化石的细节，研究它的人认为，这为我们提供了关于现代鸟类在进化史的最初阶段是什么样子的最早观点。这个化石被称为马斯特里赫特Asteriornis maastrichtensis。
21．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Recently a paper, published in Nature, has released the details of a fossil, which those studying it believe provides our earliest view of what modern birds were like during the initial stages of their evolutional history.(最近，一篇发表在《自然》杂志上的论文公布了一块化石的细节，研究它的人认为，这为我们提供了关于现代鸟类在进化史的最初阶段是什么样子的最早观点。)”可知，这块化石被认为是最古老的现代鸟类头骨。故选D。
22．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Asteriornis maastrichtensis does indeed turn out to be a member of the modern birds. Specifically, it is part of the Galloanserae, which includes both land fowl(家禽),such as chickens and its relatives, and modern waterfowl, like ducks and the like.( 马斯特里赫特Asteriornis maastrichtensis确实是现代鸟类的一员。具体来说，它是加洛雁科的一部分，包括陆禽，如鸡及其近亲，和现代水禽，如鸭子等。)”可推知，Asteriornis maastrichtensis可能是现代鸡和鸭的共同祖先。故选D。
23．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Asteriornis maastrichtensis shows that a single fossil can help to nail down previously uncertain dates.(马斯特里赫特Asteriornis maastrichtensis表明，一个化石可以帮助确定之前不确定的日期。)”可知，作者可能会同意化石提高了历史年代的准确性。故选A。
24．D
25．C
26．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章提出了一些建议，帮助孩子们在两周内改掉他们的暑假科技习惯，适应学校的课程表。
24．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Two weeks before school begins, schedule bedtime back by about 20 minutes a night to stop kids staying up late or sleeping in.(开学前两周，每晚把就寝时间提前20分钟，防止孩子熬夜或睡过头。)”可知，在新学年开始之前，孩子们可以通过提前睡觉来改变睡觉时间。故选D。
25．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Establish zones in your house where electronics simply are not allowed.(在家里设置一些不允许使用电子产品的区域。)”可知，家长应预留无屏幕活动区域，调整孩子的屏幕时间。故选C。
26．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Ms. Rawson, founder of the Screen Time Clinic, suggests creating blocks of time that mirror those of the school day, arranging 30 to 50 minutes for an activity, depending on the kid’s age, along with a set lunchtime. Kids should have a say in deciding how to fill the day’s time blocks.(屏幕时间诊所(Screen Time Clinic)的创始人罗森建议，根据孩子的年龄安排30到50分钟的活动时间，并在午餐时间安排好。孩子们应该对如何安排一天的时间有发言权。)”可知，对学校的课程表应该能够反映孩子们的个人需求。故选A。
27．D
28．C
29．A
30．B

【分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个提供在线烹饪课程的学校，旨在帮助忙碌但好奇的家庭厨师做出最佳购买决定。
27．推理判断题。根据NYT部分“For those with specific dietary preferences, you can easily find what you’re looking for by selecting categories like dairy–free, low-carb, high fiber and more.（对于那些有特定饮食偏好的人，你可以通过选择无乳制品、低碳水化合物、高纤维等类别轻松找到你想要的食物。）”可知，NYT最有可能吸引素食者。故选D。
28．细节理解题。根据Kitchn部分“The tone of Kitchn is light, playful, and fun, but still professional and very informative.（Kitchn的语气轻快、俏皮、有趣，但仍然很专业，信息量很大。）”不能推断出Kitchn以其专业和信息丰富的风格而闻名。故A项说法错误；根据Udemy部分“With over 183,000 online courses available, Udemy offers a variety of cooking courses taught by instructors around the country.（Udemy拥有超过183000门在线课程，提供由全国各地的教师教授的各种烹饪课程。）”可知，B项中“worldwide instructors” 说法错误；根据Rouxbe部分“Widely recognized as the leading online cooking school among industry professionals,（Rouxbe被公认为行业专业人士中领先的在线烹饪学校，）”可知，C项“Rouxbe受到行业专业人士的高度评价。”说法正确；根据NYT部分“For those with specific dietary preferences, you can easily find what you’re looking for by selecting categories like dairy–free, low-carb, high fiber and more.（对于那些有特定饮食偏好的人，你可以通过选择无乳制品、低碳水化合物、高纤维等类别轻松找到你想要的食物。）” 不能推断出NYT针对有特定饮食偏好的人。故D项说法错误。故选C。
29．细节理解题。根据Kitchn部分“Kitchn Cooking School offers an online course that…”、Udemy部分“With over 183,000 online courses available…”、Rouxbe部分“Widely recognized as the leading online cooking school…”以及NYT部分“NYT is recognized for its food section and offers a large selection of instructional cooking videos online for all skill levels.”可知，这四所学校的共同之处是都提供在线课程。故选A。
30．推理判断题。根据第一段的“It is our mission to help busy but curious home cooks make the best purchase decisions. Now compile our informative lists below.(我们的使命是帮助忙碌但好奇的家庭厨师做出最佳的购买决定。现在编织了下面的信息名单。)”以及文中Kitchn、Udemy、Rouxbe和NYT是四所提供在线烹饪课程的学校。本文的写作目的是推荐这四所学校，以帮助那些忙碌但好奇的家庭厨师做出最佳购买决定。故选B。
31．B
32．A
33．C
34．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在我们观看电影时可以体验全方位的情感。这是一种特殊的魔力，但它不在电影中，而是在观影者的脑海中。当我们在大屏幕上观看电影时，这种魔力尤其强大。
31．词义猜测题。由文章第一段最后一句“Dr. Norman Holland, professor of the University of Florida, believes this magic is particularly potent when we watch movies on the big screen.（佛罗里达大学教授诺曼·霍兰德博士认为，当我们在大屏幕上观看电影时，这种魔力尤其potent 。）”以及最后一段第三句“ But watching in this way limits their magic because we’re in control（但是以这种方式观看会限制它们的魔力，因为我们在控制之中） ”可知，在大荧幕上看电影时，这种魔力会很明显，如果在家用手机看，虽然便捷但这种魔力被削弱了，依次推断potent是“有效的，强有力的”的意思，等同于effective 。故选B。
32．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Psychologists call this kind of mental state “flow”: when our attention is completely absorbed in one activity and there isn’t any juice left in our attentional system to take in any more information. We are effortlessly swept along in the currents of the ride. This is why we love the movies: it’s like going on a roller coaster(过山车) for the brain.（心理学家将这种心理状态称为“心流”：当我们的注意力完全集中在一项活动中，注意力系统中没有剩余的能量来吸收更多的信息。我们毫不费力地顺流而下。这就是我们喜欢电影的原因：就像大脑坐过山车一样。）”可知，我们看电影时注意力很集中，我们的大脑不再忙于接收任何看起来重要或有趣的信息，不再感觉到自己的身体，毫不费力地被卷入剧情中，所以我们看电影时就像大脑在坐过山车一样刺激。作者是借助过山车这种生活化的例子，帮助读者理解这种“心流”的心理现象，以此说明电影所能带来的兴奋，故选A。
33．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Sadly, the intensity of the emotions that movies produce in us may be decreasing. At home,or on our smart phones, movies are wonderfully convenient. But watching in this way limits their magic because we’re in control; we have the power to stop the film or fast forward bits we don’t like.（可悲的是，电影在我们身上产生的情感强度可能正在下降。在家里，或者在我们的智能手机上，看电影非常方便。但是以这种方式观看会限制他们的魔力，因为我们在控制之中；我们有权停止电影或快进我们不喜欢的片段。） ”可知，自己在家用手机看电影，这种体验感会减弱，会限制电影的魔力，也就是说只有在电影院，我们无权停止或暂停电影时，我们才有更好的观影体验。故选C。
34．主旨大意题。由文章第一段“As it happens, there is a special kind of magic, but it’s not in the movie. It’s in the minds of people who watch it. Dr. Norman Holland, professor of the University of Florida, believes this magic is particularly potent when we watch movies on the big screen.（碰巧，有一种特殊的魔法，但不是在电影中。它在观影者的脑海中。佛罗里达大学教授诺曼·霍兰德博士认为，当我们在大屏幕上观看电影时，这种魔力尤其有效。）”可知，本篇文章主要在给读者科普电影给我们大脑带来的魔力。故选A。
35．B
36．D
37．C

【导语】这是一篇应用文。本文是一篇广告介绍生产广告笔的1234 PENS公司，包括公司的简介，生产的笔的功能和优点，希望人们订购他们的产品。
35．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“1234 PENS is your No. 1 source for promotional pens, advertising pens, and logo pens. We have been in business since 1976, so you can be confident that you’re dealing with a trusted name in the industry.(1234 PENS是您的第一大促销笔、广告笔和标志笔来源。我们自1976年以来一直在经营，因此您可以放心，您正在与行业中值得信赖的品牌打交道)”可知，1234 PENS有40多年的历史了。故选B。
36．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段内容特别是最后一句“Let us know which promotional pen you like and within 48 hours you will have the pens.(让我们知道你喜欢哪种促销笔，在48小时内你就会拿到这些笔)”可知，这段讲的是1234 PENS 的快捷服务。故选D。
37．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章是一则广告，介绍生产广告笔的1234 PENS公司，包括公司的简介，生产的笔的功能和优点，目的是希望人们订购他们的产品，故选C。
38．D
39．B
40．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者讲述了流感的严重性及预防流感存在的问题，呼吁人们更加重视流感的爆发。
38．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The reality, however, is that less than half Americans get the flu vaccines. And the flu vaccines we have are only 60% effective in the best years and 10% effective in the worst years. We urgently need a much more effective flu vaccine.(然而，现实是只有不到一半的美国人接种了流感疫苗。我们现有的流感疫苗在最好的年份只有60%的有效性，在最糟糕的年份只有10%的有效性。我们急需一种更有效的流感疫苗)”可知，目前流感疫苗的问题是许多人在接种疫苗后仍然会感染。故选D。
39．词句猜测题。根据第三段“We haven’t been hit by a truly destructive widespread disease in a long time. So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and destaff the services we need to protect us.(我们已经很长时间没有遭受真正具有破坏性的广泛疾病的袭击了。因此，作为个人，我们放松了警惕，因为我们的领导人悄悄撤资和裁减了我们需要保护我们的服务)”可知，个人放松了对于流感的警惕。由此推知，所锁猜词的意思就是“个人对流感预防投资不足不够警觉”。故选B。
40．推理判断题。根据第二段“We are not investing the resources needed to protect ourselves, our loved ones and our communities.(我们没有投入保护我们自己、我们所爱的人和我们的社区所需的资源)”和第三段中“So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and destaff the services we need to protect us.(因此，作为个人，我们放松了警惕，因为我们的领导人悄悄撤资和裁减了我们需要保护我们的服务)”可知，公众没有投入必要的资源保护自己和家人，对资源投入放松了警惕，对流感预防的忽视应负部分责任。故选C。
41．C
42．A
43．D
44．B

【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，作者在看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会放下过去，不管结局如何，都以希望开始。
41．细节理解题。根据第六段“Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁。)”可知作者的丈夫过生日吃香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选C。
42．推理判断题。根据第八段“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. (Jordan从心爱的篮球退役转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，这让我感到惊讶)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.(Jordan说不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点。)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去、重新开始的主题。故选A。
43．词句猜测题。根据第八段第一句“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. (Jordan从心爱的篮球退役转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，这让我感到惊讶。)”以及第九段 “Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但在一切都变了之后，他们不得不接受真实的自己。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后。)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服换上棒球服时，意识到放下过去，把过去抛在脑后了。所以leaving behind the layer意思是“放下过去”。故选D。
44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始是令人不安的。这个过程很累人。我们还没有准备好，伤害就改变了我们。我看到了我们的蜥蜴，生嫩的、几乎是全新的。)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.(Jordan说不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点。)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们的是：无论发生什么，我们都应该继前进。故选B。
45．C
46．D
47．C
48．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了企业通过破坏环境和伤害人们来获得利益，这是很正常的，但仅仅指责企业是没用的，还需发挥公众的作用和影响力。
45．主旨大意题。由第三段“Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable. (我们对企业的指责也忽视了公众的最终责任，是他们创造出相应的条件，让企业可以通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润。长期来看，无论是直接参与也好，通过政客也好，只有公众才有权力让这些破坏性的政策变得无利可图或者违背法律，让可持续的环保政策能够盈利)”可知，公众能创造相应条件让企业通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润，公众也可以通过行动让企业从破坏环境的政策变得无利可图，概括可知第三段的主要思想是环境破坏可以通过普通人的行动来预防。故选C项。
46．细节理解题。由第四段“The public can do that by accusing businesses of harming them. The public may also make their opinion felt by choosing to buy sustainably harvested products; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices. (公众可以通过起诉企业伤害他们来实现这一点。公众也可以通过选择购买可持续收获的产品来表达自己的意见；通过选择本国政府将有价值的合同授予有良好环境记录的企业；并通过敦促其政府通过和执行要求良好环境做法的法律和法规)”可知，在第四段中，作者描述了公众可以影响企业和政府的环境政策的方式。故选D项。
47．细节理解题。由第五段中的“In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. (反过来，大企业可以对任何忽视公众或政府压力的供应商施加强大压力)”和“For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease, transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a fast-food company made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers dropped, the meat industry followed immediately. (例如，在美国公众开始关注通过受感染的肉类传播给人类的疾病传播后，美国政府食品和药品管理局就出台规定，要求肉制品行业放弃可能涉及疾病传播风险的做法。但是，肉类加工商拒绝遵守这些规定，声称遵守规定的成本太高。然而，当一家大型快餐公司在消费者对其汉堡包的购买量大幅下降之后也提出相应的要求时，肉制品行业在几周的时间里就屈从了)”可知，针对提到的疾病，在肉类加工商拒绝遵守这些规定的前提下，一家快餐公司（施加压力）强制其肉类供应商遵守法律。故选C项。
48．主旨大意题。由第二段“It is easy to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and they are under obligation to maximize profits for shareholders by legal means. (对于我们来说，指责一家公司损人利己是件很容易的事情。但指责本身不会产生改变。它忽视了如下事实：企业不是慈善机构而是赚取利润的公司，而拥有股东的上市公司有义务在法律许可的范围内为股东实现利润最大化)”，第三段“Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable. (我们对企业的指责也忽视了公众的最终责任，是他们创造出相应的条件，让企业可以通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润。长期来看，无论是直接参与也好，通过政客也好，只有公众才有权力让这些破坏性的政策变得无利可图或者违背法律，让可持续的环保政策能够盈利)”，第六段中的“Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. (一些读者可能会感到失望或愤怒，因为我把损害公众的商业行为的最终责任推到了公众身上)”和最后一段中的“I believe that changes in public attitudes are essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices. (我认为，公众态度的改变对企业环境实践的改变至关重要)”可知，文章论述了企业通过破坏环境和伤害人们来获得利益，这是很正常的，但仅仅指责企业是没用的，还需发挥公众的作用和影响力，D项“大企业对环境造成的破坏应该受到谴责吗？”符合文意。故选D项。
49．B
50．D
51．D
52．C

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。公众对科学家的不信任在一定程度上源于科学与技术、发现与制造之间界限的模糊。大多数政府，也许是所有政府，从科学企业过去和将来所带来的经济利益的角度来为科学研究的公共开支辩护。
49．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenses on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific business has brought in the past and will bring in the future.(大多数政府，也许是所有的政府，都根据科学研究在过去和将来所带来的经济效益来证明在科学研究上的公共开支是合理的)”可知，当涉及到科学研究时，大多数政府最关心的是快速的经济回报，故选B。
50．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate”以及后文“to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit”可知，许多人有保留意见，但在他们认为对求知本身和探究、创造精神的追求是不友好的气氛中，所以他们把这些意见藏在心里。故画线词意思是“不友好的”。故选D。
51．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.(即使教授没有在任何公司担任顾问，一些人可能仍然不信任他，因为他与那些有顾问的公司有联系，或者至少对他的一些研究资金的来源感到疑惑)”可知，根据作者的观点，人们对科学家的专业判断持怀疑态度，因为他们与相关项目的联系可能会影响他们，故选D。
52．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”.( 这种态度会产生破坏性的影响。它质疑了在一个视学术诚实为最高美德的职业中工作的个人的诚信，并正中那些想要通过把科学家说成是腐败的人的下怀。这使得人们更容易忽视所有的科学声明，尤其是那些自称为“专家”的科学家所发表的声明)”作者说公众对科学家的不信任会有破坏性的影响，是因为如果人们忽视专家的所有声明，他们可能会遭受损失。故选C。