2023年中考语法一点通 语法专题05 名词【考点精讲精练】

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中考英语总复习方法指导为了帮助考生更好的冲刺中考英语，从命题趋势、易错警示、方法技巧、跟踪训练、真题再现等几个方面帮孩子更准、更快、更有效的复习。中考总复习一般分为三轮：1、第一轮复习为基础知识的单元、章节复习。通过一轮复习，使学生系统掌握基础知识、基本技能和方法。2、第二轮复习打破章节界限实行大单元、小综合、专题式复习。第二轮复习绝不是第一轮复习的压缩文档，而是一个知识点综合、巩固、完善、提高的过程。3、第三轮复习是知识、能力深化巩固的阶段。复习资料的组织以中考题及模拟题为主，回扣教材，查缺补漏，进行强化训练。 语法专题五、名词（必考）名词即表示人或物名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词表示人、地方、事物、组织等名称的词，如：Lucy, China, the Great Wall.考点1 可数名词的复数形式名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）与不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns），可数名词有单数与复数两种形式，名词复数构成形式部分规则如下：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s在清辅音后读/s/在浊辅音和元音后读/z/在t后读/ts/在d后读/dz/cake-cakesday-daysstudent-studentsbed-beds以-s, -x, -sh, -ch等结尾的词加-es读/IZ/bus-buses, box-boxeswatch-watches以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es读/z/baby-babies,city-citiescountry-countries以元音字母加y结尾的词加-s读/z/toy-toysmonkey-monkeys以f(fe)结尾的词变f(fe)为ves读/vz/leaf-leaves, life-liveswolf-wolves不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母；单复数形式相同；其他形式 man-men, woman-women,foot-feet,sheep-sheepmouse-mice2.某国人变复数（1）中国人 a Chinese-Chinese;       （2）日本人 a Japanese- Japanese（2）英国人 an Englishman-Englishmen;（3）法国人 a Frenchman-Frenchmen （4）美国人 American- Americans     （5）德国人 German-Germans可用口诀记忆这一点，即：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。3.以-o结尾的名词，有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。如：Negro-Negroes   hero-heroes   tomato-tomatoes    potato-potatoes而一般在词尾后加-s。如：zoo-zoos   radio-radios4.复合名词前面的名词是man, woman变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如：man teacher-men teachers 男老师       boy student-boy students 男生5.字母、数字、引语或缩略语的复数形式是在其后面加’s或-s.如:There are two f’s in the word “office”.       Many VIPs are coming to our city.6.有些以-f或-ef结尾的词直接加-s变复数。如：roof-roofs    belief-beliefs     proof-proofs     chief-chiefs7.一些名词加-s后，读音会发生变化。如：bath [bɑ:θ]-baths [bɑ: ðz]   题组训练---可数名词变复数1. Japanese ___________ 2. Frenchman ___________ 3. American ____________4. Egyptian ___________ 5. German _____________ 6. Australian ____________7. photo ______________ 8. tomato ______________ 9. potato _______________10. piano _____________ 11. kangaroo ____________ 12. knife ____________13. woman driver ________________ 14. apple tree _______________ 考点2 不可数名词的数表示方法：不可数名词需要计量时，用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后的名词只能用原形。如：a piece of paper一张纸  two pieces of paper 两张纸；a piece of bread一片面包；a glass of milk一杯牛奶，等等。 (2015·西藏自治区·历年真题)Mr．Black gave us_________ on how to keep healthy．A. some piece of advice B. some pieces of adviceC. some piece of advices D. some pieces of advices 考点3 名词所有格名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式：一种是’s所有格，另一种是of所有格。如：Beijing is China’s capital. 北京是中国的首都。Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这时只在最后一个名词后加’s。如：This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系，如：These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.以-s结尾的名词，在s后加“’”；不以s结尾的词在词尾加’s。如：教师节 Teachers’ Day    儿童节 Children’s Dayof所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如: the door of the room.双重所有格（当物主代词不可与a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, each, every, such, another等词一起前置修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格）有两种形式：of+名词所有格；of+名词性物主代词。如：He is a friend of my brother’s.Is she a daughter of yours?表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上’s代表全称。如：at the doctor’s由some-, any-, every-与-one/-body结合起来的复合名词，如someone, everybody等和else连用时，’s应加在else后。如：somebody else’s pencil表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来构成所有格。如：an hour’s ride(2022·广西壮族自治区·历年真题)The woman in a hat is_____________aunt.A. Jack and John B. Jack’s and JohnC. Jack’s and John’s D. Jack and John’s 考点4 名词的转化某些名词后面加-y构成形容词表示“充满……的”。如:cloud-cloudy 多云的   sun-sunny 晴天的某些名词后面加-ful构成形容词表示“具有……性质的”。如：use-useful 有用的  care-careful 小心的部分表示人的名词后加-ly构成形容词，这种形容词常具有赞美的意味。如：friend-friendly 友好的   love-lovely 可爱的某些名词后加-less构成形容词，表示“没有……的”。如：care-careless 粗心的  use-useless 没用的 考点5 易混淆点一、   有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。如：work（工作）-a work（著作）      glass（玻璃）-a glass（玻璃杯）paper（纸）-a paper（报纸；文件；试卷）   tea（茶）-a tea（一种茶，表示种类）wood（木头）-a wood（小树林）     room（空间）-a room（房间）二、   有些名词虽以-s结尾，但它们不是复数。如：physics 物理， maths 数学， politics 政治，news 新闻三、“数词-名词单数-形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式。如：She is a five-year-old girl.四、双重所有格与of所有格的区别。需要仔细体会语境。如：He is a friend of your father’s. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。（你父亲的朋友不止一个）He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。（强调他对你父亲的友好）五、同义词辨析1.family, house与home family指“家、家庭”，可强调家庭中的全体成员，不指住房；home作“家”讲，指人们生活居住的地方，强调居住的范围和环境；house有“住宅，家”之意，强调房屋和居住点。如：My family are very kind. He left home for Beijing. They lived in a small house. 2.job与workjob是可数名词，指一项具体的工作；work是不可数名词，指工作、劳动、努力。3.problem与question 两个词都表示“问题”。一般老说，problem总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、数学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与之搭配的动词是solve；question常与“疑问、质问、询问”相关，这种“问题”是“有待回答的”，常与动词answer连用。如：He asked me some questions.  There is no problem that he is honest. 4.voice, noise与soundvoice是“嗓音”；noise是“吵闹声”，指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声；sound是指人所听到的自然界的任何声音。如：I recognize her voice at once. Don’t make so much noise. At the foot of the hill, you could hear nothing but the sound of the runningmessage, information, newsmessage作“音信”解，一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”，是可数名词。information作“信息”解，通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。它侧重内容，是不可数名词。news作“新闻”解，一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息，它侧重一个“新”字，是不可数名词。advice, suggestionadvice是不可数名词，如果表达几条建议可以借助量词piece，a piece of advice一条建议suggestion是可数名词，可以直接加s。some suggestions 一些建议1. (2020·全国·单元测试)The three ________ upstairs are too small to have enough ________ for a double bed.A. room; room B. room; rooms C. rooms; room D. rooms; rooms2. (2022·新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市·模拟题)—Thank you for the ______ you gave me.—I'm glad they're helpful.A. suggestions B. advice C. news D. information 考点6 词义辨析名词还有一个重要考点就是名词的词义辨析，根据题意选择正确的名词，所以背诵单词是基础，同学们一定要坚持每天背诵单词，烂熟于心。    中考语法—名词专项练习（共计50小题，每小题2分，总分100分。）—What a good ______ you've given me! Thanks a lot. —My pleasure.A. information B. news C. suggestion D. adviceHow much ________ do we need to make a banana milk shake？A. bananas B. apples C. coffee D. milkIt's sports time. Most ______ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.A. boy B. boys C. boy's D. boys'There are fifty _________ in our school. They are all friendly to us.A. woman teachers B. women teacher C. woman teacher D. women teachersIt's sports time．Most ________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground． A. boy B. boys C. boy's D. boys'Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef，vegetables and       _____.A. some rice B. a few rice C. a little rices D. a rice—Could you tell me the ______ of making such tasty cakes?—Well, I just follow the instructions in the cookbook.A. time B. method C. cost D. menuI’d like some_____and_____．A. banana； tomato B. bananas； tomato C. bananas； tomatoes D. banana； tomatoesMy grandpa knows the history and medical ______ of many plants.A. wealth B. price C. value D. cost In a conversation between two persons, 65% of ______ is done through body language.A. information B. pronunciation C. introduction D. communication—Where were you born, Michael?
—I was born in a small village with only three _______ people.A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds ofShanghai is one of _______ in the world.A. the biggest cities B. biggest citiesC. the biggest city D. bigger citiesThe online shop sells ____________ shoes at a very good price．A. child B. child’s C. children D. children’sThe policeman give us much ____________ on how to protect personal information．A. tip B. reason C. advice D. suggestionThe students of Grade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many _________ there.A. bird B. duck C. sheep D. rabbit—What would you like, sir?—A cup of ______, please.A. potato B. coffee C. banana D. hamburgerMr. Wang gave me several useful _____ on how to learn better.A. advise B. advices C. suggest D. suggestions______ fathers can't go to the class meeting because they have gone to business． A. Jack and Mike's B. Jack's and Mike'sC. Jack and Mike D. Jack's and MikeIt is five years since we began to enjoy a ______ spring holiday each year.A. ten-day B. ten day C. ten day’s D. ten-days—Where are you going to spend your summer holiday, Jenny?—I haven't made a        yet. I'm going to talk about it with my family tomorrow.A. decision B. promise C. journey D. suggestion —Are all the students from          in your class?—No, there are only 3          ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​in our class. The others are from other countries.A. Germany；Germen B. Germany；GermansC. German；Germans D. German；GermanyIf you work harder, you’ll have another______ to play the violin at a concert.A. sleep B. chance C. mistake D. problemThree fifths of the teachers in our school are ______.A. man teachers B. men teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacherA ______ player set a new record at the sports meeting.A. 16-years-old B. 16 year old C. 16-year-old D. 16 years oldMr Liu is a wise man, and he often gives us a few ______.A. suggestions B. advice C. hobbies D. knowledgeAfter playing football for more than half an hour, the students took ______ rest.A. a few minute’s B. a little minute’sC. a few minutesˈ D. a little minutesˈWith the introduction of the "double reduction" policy （双减政策），one of the_____ _____ that the students have less homework.A. changes；is B. change；is C. changes；areIf you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan, hard work is the key to ________.A. treasure B. beauty C. success D. health—What do you think of our hotel?—Good! I’m especially satisfied with the high ______ of your service.A. level B. speed C. praise D. priceNobody thought it is easy to finish so much work in ______.A. two days' time B. two-days time C. two day's time D. two days time—Can I help you?— Please give me ______ about the trains to Daqing.A. a few informations B. a little informationsC. a little information D. a few informationUncle Li has a farm, there are some ______ on the farm.A. chicken and sheep B. chickens and sheepsC. chickens and sheep D. chicken and sheeps—Are you thirsty?—Yes, please give us         .A. three bottle water B. three bottle of waterC. three bottles of water D. three bottles of waters34. A candle does not produce as          ​​​​​​​ light as a light bulb.A. many B. much C. few D. little35. The problems are difficult to solve. Please give me _______.A. many advice B. some advice C. an advice D. some advices36. —Can I help you, Madam?—Yes. ______, please.A. Two pair of socks B. Two pairs of socksC. Two pairs of sock D. Two pair of sock37. About 200 ______ went to see the Asian Fashion Show last night.A. German B. Australian C. Chinese D. American38. We believe that China will become one of ______ in the world.A. the strong countries B. the strongest countryC. the strongest countries D. the strong country39. Chinese food is so delicious that ______ foreigners are learning to cook it.A. many B. much C. few D. little40. To our joy, China has made much ______ in scientific research in the past 20 years.A. peace B. trouble C. progress D. noise41. —How far is your home from the train station？— It's about 20__________walk．A. minute B. minutes C. minute's D. minutes'42. —Would you like something to drink?—Yes, ______ please.A. some meat B. some cakes C. some dumplings D. some coffee43. —Peter, how far is it from your home to school?—It's only five ______ walk.A. minute B. minutes C. minute's D. minutes'44. These two schoolbags are ______.A. Jack's and Paul B. Jack's and Paul'sC. Jack and Paul's D. Jack and Paul45. Our hospital needs two ______, you can ask your daughter to have a try.A. women doctors B. woman doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor46. All    received fresh flowers on Women's Day.A. woman teacher B. woman teachers C. women teachers D. women teacher47. —You have a nice house! Whose room is this？ — It's ___________.A. Jack and Peter's B. Jack's and Peter'sC. Jack's and Peter D. Jack and Peter48. There are _____ teachers in our school and ______ of them are _______ teachers.A. three hundreds; two thirds; womenB. three hundred; two third; womanC. three hundreds; two third; womanD. three hundred; two thirds; women49. In most homes, people cook meals in the ________.A. bathroom B. garden C. bedroom D. kitchen50.  Maori people in New Zealand touch 　　　when they meet.A. trees B. noses C. caps D. desks