高中英语新人教版必修二语法汇总（一二单元）

高中英语必修二语法汇总Unit 1 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句用来限制先行词的意义，在讲话时不需停顿，书写时不用逗号，通常由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose，as和关系副词when，where，why引导。一、基本概念1．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词(有时是短语或句子)叫做先行词。如下列句中加黑部分就是先行词。She hasfound the necklace that she lost twoweeks ago.她找到了她两周前丢失的项链。As a generalrule，the most successful manin life is the man who has the bestinformation.一般说来，生活中最成功的人是获得最佳信息的人。Do youremember the day when we arrivedhere?你记不记得我们到这儿的那一天？2．关系词：用来引导定语从句的连接词叫关系词。它包括关系代词(that，which，who，whom，whose，as)和关系副词(when，where，why)。关系词在从句中都担任一定句子成分。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语；关系副词在从句中作状语。We’re going to do somethingthat has never been done before.(作主语)我们打算尝试一下以前从来没有做过的事情。He is a man whom we should all learn from.(作宾语)我们都应该向他学习。He lives ina house whose window faces south.(作定语)他住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。He is nolonger the person that he used tobe.(作表语)他不再是过去的样子了。At the time when I saw him，he was well.(作时间状语)我见他的时候，他身体很棒。They stilllive in the same house where theylived ten years ago.(作地点状语)他们仍然居住在十年前的那所房子里。That is thereason why they suffered such greatloss.(作原因状语)这就是他们遭受那么大损失的原因。[温馨提示](1)作宾语的关系代词常可省去。如：There are some films(that) I’d like to see.(2)因为关系词在从句中已经担任了某一成分，所以关系词所代指的先行词在从句中不要再出现。下面的句子都有错误：Mrs Smith whom you met her yesterday is a friend of mine.(去掉her)Guilin is a city which it has a history of 2,000 years.(去掉it)This is the place where my mother was born there.(去掉there)There are moments when I forgot all about it then.(去掉then)    二、关系词的种类和功能 种类功能(在从句中所担任的成分)关系代词that主语、宾语(代替人或物)which主语、宾语(代替物)who主语、宾语(代替人)whom宾语(代替人)whose定语(代替人或物)as主语、宾语、表语(代替人或物)关系副词when时间状语(代替表时间的先行词)where地点状语(代替表地点的先行词)why原因状语(先行词是reason) 1.that用作关系代词，既可指人也可指物，可作主语、宾语或表语。Is he theman that sells eggs?他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗？(作主语，指人)Water that is impure often causes seriousillness.不洁净的水常会引起严重的疾病。(作主语，指物)2．which用作关系代词时一般指物，可作主语、宾语。She was noton the train which arrived just now.她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(作主语)This is thebook which you wanted.这就是你想要的那本书。(作宾语)3．who只指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语。A doctor isa person who looks after people’s health.医生是关照人们健康的人。(作主语)The man who I saw is called Smith.我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。(作宾语)4．whom用作关系词，只指人，在从句中一般作宾语。Thegentleman whom she encounteredaddressed her with courtesy.她遇到的那位先生很有礼貌地和她讲话。(作宾语)5．whose在从句中作定语，既可指人也可指物。You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的话他可能会听。(指人)I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。(指物)6．when的先行词须是表时间的词，在从句中作时间状语。July andAugust are the months when theweather is hot.七八月是天气很热的月份。7．where的先行词须是表地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语。She’s going home where she can rest.她要回家休息了。[温馨提示]关系副词where的先行词也可以是有地点含义的抽象名词(如point，case，situation，condition等)。He has reached the point wherea change is needed.他已到了需要改变的地步。(point在此是抽象名词)8．why的先行词只有reason，在从句中作原因状语。Do you knowthe reason why I left early?你知道我为什么早走吗？三、that和which引导定语从句的区别1．which可引导非限制性定语从句，that不可以。He hadfailed the maths exam，which made his father veryangry.他数学考试不及格，这让他父亲很生气。2．which之前可有介词，that之前不能有介词。This is thehouse in which Lu Xun used to live.这是鲁迅过去住过的房子。3．当先行词是all，everything，nothing，something，anything，much，little，few等不定代词时，常用that。That is all that I want to say.那就是我想说的一切。There is nothing that can prevent him from doingit.没有什么能阻止他这样做。4．先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，多用that。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。5．先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时，多用that。This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。6．先行词被the very，the only，just等修饰时，多用that。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我想买的字典。Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。7．先行词既包括人又包括物时，用that。The passengers and the suitcases that were still waiting hadto be transferred to another plane.仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。[温馨提示](1)way作先行词，若从句中缺少状语，则用that或in which引导定语从句，也可省略关系词。I don’tlike the way (that/in which) hespeaks to his parents.我不喜欢他跟他父母讲话的方式。(2)关系副词可由“介词＋关系代词”代替。I will remember the day when/onwhich I worked there.我将永远记住我在那儿工作的那一天。My favorite city is Beijing where/inwhich I can visit the Great Wall.我最喜欢的城市是北京，在那里我可以参观长城。(3)表“时间”，“地点”和“原因”的先行词如果在从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词引导定语从句；如果在从句中作状语，则选用关系副词。This is the museum that/whichI visited last year.这就是我去年参观的那座博物馆。This is the museum wherehis father worked twenty years ago.这就是他父亲20年前工作过的那个博物馆。The reason that/which hegave is unbelievable.他给出的理由让人无法相信。The reason why heconducted so well was that he had made full preparations.他发挥的这么好的原因是他做了充分的准备。Unit2现在进行时的被动语态1.现在进行时的被动语态的构成形式形式结构肯定形式主语＋be(am，is，are)＋being＋done否定形式主语＋be(am，is，are)＋not＋being＋done一般疑问式be(am，is，are)＋主语＋being＋done特殊疑问式特殊疑问词＋be(am，is，are)＋主语＋being＋done 2.现在进行时的被动语态表示的意义(1)表示某事/某人此时此刻正在被……。The criminalis being watched over by apoliceman.那名罪犯正由一名警察看守。The bridge is being repaired.这座桥正在被修复。(2)表示某事/某人现阶段正在被……。Manyinteresting experiments are beingcarried out these days.这些天许多有趣的实验正在进行着。(说话时并不一定正在进行)(3)表示一种经常性的被动行为，常与always，constantly，frequently等词连用，表示赞赏(扬)、羡慕、讨厌等感情色彩。I feel verysurprised that the window of our classroom isfrequently being broken.我感到非常吃惊的是我们教室的那扇窗户经常被打破。(4)与部分情态动词连用，表示对正在发生的动作的推测。He may be being scolded by his father at thevery moment.此刻他也许正被他父亲责骂。3．现在进行时的被动语态注意要点(1)不可遗漏being。现在进行时的被动语态表示说话时正在进行的一个被动的动作，如果我们把being漏掉，即成为一般现在时的被动语态或系表结构。Look！The children are being taken care of by their aunt.瞧！那些孩子正由他们的姑妈照看着。Children are taken good care of at school.孩子们在学校被照顾得很好。(一般现在时的被动语态)The report is being written by one of the beststudents.报告正由一名最优秀的学生写着呢。The report is well written.(系表结构)这个报告写得很好。(2)现在进行时的被动语态也可以表示将来。现在进行时的被动语态有时可表示按计划或安排将要进行的一个被动动作(此种用法仅限于少数及物动词，如：hold，take等)。A party is being held tonight.今晚将要举行一场晚会。(3)不及物动词(短语)、非延续性动词、表示存在意义/所属关系/静态特征的动词以及系动词不用于现在进行时的被动语态。这本书是他的。[误]The book is beingbelonged to him.[正]The book belongs to him.(4)一些表示状态、心理活动、拥有、存在等的动词，如have，want，need，like，realize等，一般不用于进行时的被动语态，而常用一般现在时的被动语态表示此时此刻或目前主语正在承受谓语动词表示的动作。玛丽，过来，有你的电话。[误]Mary，come here.You’re being wanted on thephone.[正]Mary，come here.You’re wanted on the phone.(5)“be＋under/in”等“介词＋名词”结构可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。The problem is under discussion (is beingdiscussed) at the meeting.这个问题正在会上讨论。Thetelephone is in use (is being used)now.这部电话正在使用中。