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2023届上海市崇明区高三下学期二模英语试卷（含答案）
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这是一份2023届上海市崇明区高三下学期二模英语试卷（含答案），共25页。试卷主要包含了用单词的适当形式完成短文，选用适当的单词或短语补全短文，完形填空，阅读理解，六选四，概要写作，汉译英，感谢信/祝贺信等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2023届上海市崇明区高三下学期二模英语试卷
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Tea Art
It’s common to see people in coffee bars create coffee art, but it’s a whole different ballgame doing the same thing with tea. Han Zheming has managed to perfect the skill, creating tea art in cups, or dian cha in Chinese, __1__ used to be a ritual during the Song Dynasty.
Over the past six years, the 40-year-old Shanghai resident __2__ (use) tea and spoons to create nearly 200 patterns based on ancient paintings. “It’s like __3__ (add) bells and whistles to tea, giving people a stronger sense of occasion, so drinking tea is more fun,” Han says. It’s also his intention to bring the old ritual back to modern life and have more people __4__ (appreciate) its charm. Dian cha enhances the taste of tea, Han says. “It is similar to the foam (泡沫) on top of a cup of coffee, except __5__ it is made of tea rather than milk.”
Chinese tea culture started to enjoy popularity during the Tang Dynasty and boomed throughout the Song Dynasty, __6__ tea became a necessity for almost everyone, from nobles and scholars to common people, just like other essential items, such as rice, oil and salt, as suggested by Song politician and thinker Wang Anshi.
Different from the method of making tea during the Tang period, in the Song Dynasty, the popular way of having tea was through dian cha. The process begins with hot water being poured over fine __7__ (powder) tea creating a mixture. Then more hot water is added slowly __8__ the tea is constantly beaten by hand with a bamboo stick. It is believed that this method later spread to other parts of East Asia, including Japan, where similarities __9__ be seen in the way matcha (抹茶) is prepared today.
This action of pouring hot water is called dian; hence the name dian cha __10__ (list) as an intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) of Runzhou district, Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu province, in 2019.
二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．applications
B．connections
C．emotions
D．identify
E. intervene
F. notifications
G. sacred
H. shared
I. specialize
J. stressed
K. technological
Animal CommunicationMany pet owners long to talk with their animals. After all, if pets were able to talk, people could take care of them more easily and have closer emotional ___11___ to them, so a number of companies are working on devices and apps that could translate what animals say.
One such app is called MeowTalk. Using voice recognition software, this app recognizes different sounds a cat makes and offers English translations of them. For example, one type of sound might mean “feed me” while another could be translated “let me outside.” The app can use machine learning to assess its translations and improve at recognizing one particular cat’s voice. In other words, it can ___12___ in understanding your cat in particular. This is important because cats do not all have a(n) ___13___ language, but individual cats frequently use particular sounds to mean certain things.
In the future, MeowTalk could connect to a smart collar that would hear the cat meow and play the translation out loud. Perhaps if the cat is outside and needs to be let in, it could even send ___14___ to the owner’s phone.
For dogs, a Japanese company called Inupathy has developed a harness (保护带) with a heart rate monitor and an app. The heart rate monitor is used to assess a dog’s ___15___. This is possible because, like humans, dogs’ heart rates go up when they are excited or ___16___. The harness also has a light that turns red when the dog is excited, but when the dog is relaxed, the light is blue.
The most obvious use of this technology is to help pet owners ___17___ with and provide for their pets better. The more owners know about their pets, the easier it is to meet their needs.
There are other ___18___ of technology that help us understand animals. For example, some sheep farmers are using artificial intelligence to scan and determine if they are in pain, which helps them find out sick animals. As a result, they can ___19___ more quickly to treat the animal.
Anyone who interacts regularly with animals could benefit from understanding their animals better. Thus these ___20___ developments might transform the way we interact with the creatures around us.
三、完形填空
It’s long been known that sugary drinks help people pack on unwanted kilograms. But new research suggests that ___21___ drinks and even 100% fruit juice might raise your risk for some cancers. The study couldn’t prove cause and effect, but it found that drinking as little as 90-120ml of sugary drinks each day was ___22___ to an 18% rise in overall risk for cancer.
The new study was led by Mathilde Touvier, research director at the University of Paris. Her team collected data on more than 100,000 French men and women, average age 42, who took part in a national ___23___.
The participants answered questions about how much of 3,300 different foods and drinks they consumed each day, and were ___24___ for up to nine years.
The study uncovered links between the consumption of sugary drinks and the risk of cancer___25___, and for breast cancer specifically. The investigators found no association between sugary drinks and prostate or colon cancers (前列腺或结肠癌), but the authors stressed that too few people in the study developed these cancers to make this finding ___26___. The research ___27___ no links between diet sodas (无糖汽水) and cancer, although more study is needed to confirm that, the authors noted.
The connection between sugary drinks and cancer remained the same even after the team ___28___for age, sex, educational level, family history of cancer, smoking and physical activity, the researchers said.
So, why the ___29___? According to Touvier’s team, high-calorie drinks may raise cancer risk because sugar helps build body fat, in addition to raising blood sugar levels and inflammation (发炎) — all of which are risk ___30___ for cancer. It’s also possible that chemicals found in these drinks might play a part in ___31___ cancer risk, the researchers theorized.
A group representing the drinks industry said sugary drinks can still be a part of the ___32___ diet, however. In a statement, the American Beverage Association said: “It’s important for people to know that all drinks — either with sugar or without — are ___33___ to consume as part of a balanced diet. America’s leading drinks companies are working together to support consumers’ efforts to ___34___ the sugar they consume from our drinks by providing more choices with less sugar or zero sugar, smaller package sizes and clear calorie information right up front.”
Samantha Heller is a senior clinical nutritionist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. She said she wasn’t ___35___ by the findings. She noted that, for decades, these drinks have been linked with diseases such as heart disease. On the other hand, “most of us should be drinking more water than we do,” Heller said.
21．A．iced B．mineral C．bottled D．sweetened
22．A．tied B．devoted C．reduced D．limited
23．A．game B．study C．ceremony D．examination
24．A．checked B．caged C．occupied D．followed
25．A．in general B．without exception C．on the contrary D．by accident
26．A．unreliable B．unexpected C．authoritative D．original
27．A．uncovered B．anticipated C．established D．hid
28．A．hunted B．adjusted C．prepared D．mounted
29．A．research B．similarity C．connection D．impact
30．A．behaviors B．assessments C．perceptions D．factors
31．A．explaining B．increasing C．preventing D．predicting
32．A．local B．nutritional C．average D．conventional
33．A．safe B．impossible C．exceptional D．effective
34．A．neutralize B．digest C．remove D．reduce
35．A．annoyed B．surprised C．embarrassed D．delighted
四、阅读理解
I was putting on my boots just now in what the novelists call “a brown study.” There was no urgent reason for putting on my boots. I was not going out, and my slippers were much more comfortable. But something had to be done. I wanted a subject for an article. Now if you are accustomed to writing articles for a living, you will know that sometimes the difficulty is not writing the article, but choosing a subject. It is not poverty you suffer from, but an embarrassment of riches.
But what has this to do with putting on my boots? It is a reasonable question and I will tell you. For an hour I had paced my room in my slippers in search of a subject. I had looked out of the window over the sunlit valley, and watched the smoke of a distant train disappearing towards the west. I had sharpened every pencil I had on me with great care. But the more I sharpened my pencils, the more anxious I grew about the theme for an article.
It was at this moment that I remembered my boots. The act of bending my body changed the current of the blood. You saw things in a new light. So I fetched my boots and sat down to put them on.
The thing worked like a charm. For in my preoccupied condition I picked up my right boot first. Then mechanically I put it down and seized the left boot. And then the fact flashed on me that all my life I had been putting on my left boot first. If you had asked me five minutes before which boot I put on first, I should have said that there was no first about it; yet now I found I was in a habit so fixed that the attempt to put on my right boot first affected me. The thing couldn’t be done. And then came into my mind that fascinating book of Samuel Butler’s on Life and Habit. Yes, certainly, here was a subject that would “go.” I took out a pencil, seized some writing paper, and sat down to write on “The Force of Habit.”
36．By “It is not poverty you suffer from, but an embarrassment of riches.” in paragraph 1, the author means _____.
A．some subjects are too complicated or embarrassing to write on
B．poverty is no longer a problem nowadays, but embarrassment is
C．poor people don’t encounter as many embarrassments as the rich
D．there’re so many subjects that it’s hard to decide which to choose
37．Why did the author sharpen his pencils with great care?
A．To help himself promote thinking. B．To draw what he saw out of the window.
C．To write his article more smoothly. D．To relieve himself of anxiety about writing.
38．Putting on the boots helped the author _____.
A．get rid of his fixed habit B．lower his blood pressure
C．see things from a new angle D．free his preoccupied mind
39．The passage is mainly about the author’s _____.
A．personal attitude towards habits B．daily routines as a professional writer
C．writing process of a special article D．decision making on the theme for an article
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40．The website welldoing.org mainly aims to _____.A．guide people to find suitable experts to improve welfare
B．help people find out their own personalised requirements
C．offer people good approaches to dealing with family issues
D．provide information on how to enhance health and wellbeing
41．The website provides _____ options for people to choose from to get what they need.
A．one B．two C．three D．four
42．What can be learned about the personalised matching service?
A．You need to pay 66 pounds to the tailored therapist for the service.
B．You can claim a refund if you fail to find a satisfying match after 5 attempts.
C．The matches are arranged by certificated professionals to your special needs.
D．The result of your assessment will be kept secret from the matched therapist.
Gentle sound stimulation, also known as pink noise, may significantly enhance deep sleep in older adults and improve their ability to recall words, a new study has found.
Deep sleep is critical for memory consolidation. However, beginning in middle age, deep sleep decreases substantially, which scientists believe contributes to memory loss in aging. The sound stimulation significantly enhanced deep sleep in participants and their scores on a memory test. “This is an innovative, simple and safe non-medication approach that may help improve brain health,” said Phyllis Zee, professor at Northwestern University in the US. “This is a potential tool for enhancing memory in older populations and attenuating normal age-related memory decline,” said Zee.
Zee and a team of researchers gathered 13 adults, 60 and older, and monitored their sleep in a lab for two nights. On both nights, the participants took a memory test, went to bed while wearing headphones and a special cap, and took another memory test in the morning. But without the participants’ awareness, researchers only played pink noise into the headphones on one night. More specifically, they timed the sounds to match the participants’ slow-wave oscillations. During deep sleep, brain waves slow to about one oscillation per second, compared to about ten oscillations per second during wakefulness. The system they employed in the study allowed the team to deliver a low burst of pink noise at the “precise moment” when the participants’ slow waves rose — a pattern that is unique to each person.
The study found that participants’ slow waves increased after the night of sound stimulation, suggesting that they were getting more deep sleep. And on the morning after hearing pink noise, they performed three times better on memory tests than they did after sleeping without any sound stimulation.
Previous research showed pink noise during deep sleep could improve memory consolidation in young people. But it has not been tested in older adults. The new study targeted older individuals and used a novel sound system that increased the effectiveness of the sound stimulation in older populations.
The study was a relatively small one, so further research is needed to confirm its findings and to study how longer-term use of pink noise affects sleep. But Northwestern has taken steps to patent the researchers’ technology, which seems to have hit upon a way to stimulate slow waves at the right moment. The team hopes to develop an affordable device that people can use at home, from the comfort of their beds.
43．The new study mainly reveals that _____.
A．deep sleep consolidates old adults’ memory
B．pink noise boosts memory among the elderly
C．sleep disorders play a key role in memory loss
D．sound stimulation increases the length of sleep
44．The word “attenuating” in the second paragraph most probably means _____.
A．worsening B．reversing C．slowing down D．bringing about
45．What can be learned about the new study?
A．It employed a sound system programmed in step with brain waves.
B．It compared the effects on older adults and on younger populations.
C．It repeated the experiment several times without the participants’ notice.
D．It adjusted the participants’ slow-wave oscillations to match the stimulations.
46．It can be inferred that the approach used in the study _____.
A．may put old adults in risk in the long run
B．has the potential to be applied in practice
C．requires an innovative and affordable device
D．needs Northwestern’s patent for confirmation
五、六选四
Trash-Eating Robots
It has become common knowledge that our oceans are filled with garbage. Broken objects, used plastic bottles and so on fill our beaches and cover the ocean floor, doing immense damage to ocean creatures. Many individuals and organizations are working to remove this garbage and recent technological developments have given them a new tool to do so: trash-eating robots.
Robots of various shapes have been designed to collect garbage that they find floating in the ocean. For example, the French company IADYS has developed what it calls the jellyfishbot. _____47_____ The jellyfishbot is remotely controlled and can clean up to 1,000 square meters per hour. It contains a net that can hold up to 30 liters. The jellyfishbots’ small size and ability to be easily controlled make them ideal for cleaning up crowded areas such as ports.
_____48_____ Designed for use on rivers, the Interceptor looks like a boat with a conveyor belt that picks up trash. A shallow barrier attached to the Interceptor guides floating trash to the conveyor belt, but fish can swim under it safely. Once a sensor indicates that the dustbins are full, the Interceptor automatically sends a text message to onshore operators. These operators collect and empty the dustbins, sending the garbage to local waste management facilities.
Most of the garbage in the oceans comes down rivers. _____49_____ Hence the Interceptor is used to stop pollution before it enters the ocean.
The Interceptor is completely solar-powered and operates on its own, which minimizes the need for human involvement. Robots are able to clean up large amounts of garbage without humans struggling with beach cleanup by hand. _____50_____
A．It isn’t just about removing the garbage from the ocean’s surface.
B．Hopefully, they can be a big part of the solution to ocean pollution.
C．This small robot gathers up everything it encounters, including gasoline and oil.
D．For larger, more open areas, a much larger robot called the Interceptor has a similar function.
E．If all goes well, they’re hoping to expand the number of robots and take the technology to other waterways in need of cleanup.
F．Cleaning up trash that litters the ocean is good, but to keep the oceans clean, new garbage must be stopped from getting there.
六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
In 1999, social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people’s competence in certain areas. The people in the studies were also asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area. Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored very low on the test tended to overestimate their abilities. Later research has indicated that a similar principle applies to other areas as well. This principle has become known as the Dunning-Kruger effect after the researchers who discovered it. The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills. For example, in some situations it takes a scientist to recognize bad science.
The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves. An extreme case of this would be impostor syndrome, which is when a skilled person feels as if they are faking their skills despite knowing what they are doing.
It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don’t know much about. Expertise (专业知识) in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.
That’s why it’s important to keep digging for information even when you think you’ve found answers. It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you’re willing to listen, it can help you grow. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
七、汉译英（整句）
52．我忽然想起把同桌的围巾忘家里了。(It)(汉译英)
53．当你遇到一连串棘手问题时，要沉住气，并好好想想如何解决。(encounter) (汉译英)
54．看着这些老物件，这个接连失去亲人的老人感觉往事历历在目，不禁潸然泪下。(can’t help) (汉译英)
55．在全体居民的共同努力下，这个城市的市容正在好转，说明这些措施卓有成效。(witness) (汉译英)
八、感谢信/祝贺信
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生徐晶，你校的英文报向即将毕业的高三学生征文，给高中三年来最值得你感谢的一个人或一件事表达感谢。你有意投稿，内容包括：
Ø描述这个人或这件事；
Ø表达感谢，说明感谢的理由。
注：文中不得提及真实姓名或学校。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．which 2．has used 3．adding 4．appreciate 5．that 6．when 7．powdered 8．as##when##while 9．can 10．was listed
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 “点茶”艺术的历史以及韩喆明对这一技术的传承与发展。
1．考查定语从句。句意：韩喆明设法完善了这项技能，创造了杯茶艺术，或中国的点茶，这曾经是宋朝的一种仪式。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，对先行词dian cha进行限定说明，该定语从句缺少主语，所以空格处应该填入一个指物的关系代词，代替先行词dian cha在从句中作主语，所以应该用关系代词which。故填which。
2．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的六年里，这位40岁的上海居民用茶和勺子在古画的基础上创作了近200个图案。根据句意和所给动词use分析句子可知，空格处是该句子的谓语部分，由时间状语over the past six years可知，该句子应该用现在完成时；再根据主语the 40-year-old Shanghai resident可知，谓语动词应该用单数形式。故填has used。
3．考查动名词。句意：韩说“这就像在茶里加上铃铛和口哨，给人一种更强的场合感，所以喝茶更有趣”。根据句意和所给动词add以及空格前的介词like分析句子可知，空格处应该填入动名词adding作介词like的宾语。故填adding。
4．考查固定搭配。句意：这也是他想让古老的仪式回归现代生活，让更多人欣赏它的魅力。根据句意和所给动词appreciate以及空格前的使役动词have分析句子可知，此处是考查固定搭配have somebody do something“让某人做某事”，其中do是省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。故填appreciate。
5．考查连词。句意：它类似于一杯咖啡上面的泡沫，只是它是由茶而不是牛奶制成的。根据空格前的except和空格后的句子可知，空格处应该填入一个连词引导宾语从句，因为空格后的句子是一个完整的句子，且句意完整，所以该连词只起连接作用，没有任何意义。故填that。
6．考查定语从句。句意：中国茶文化在唐朝开始流行，并在整个宋朝蓬勃发展，当时茶几乎成为每个人的必需品，从贵族、学者到普通人，就像宋政治家和思想家王安石所说的，茶就像大米、油和盐等其他必需品一样。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，对先行词the Song Dynasty进行限定说明，因为从句中缺少时间状语，所以空格处应该填入关系副词when。故填when。
7．考查形容词。句意：这个过程开始于将热水倒在茶叶粉末上，形成糊状。根据句意和所给名词powder以及空格后的名词tea分析句子可知，空格处应该填入powder的形容词形式powdered“粉状的”作定语，修饰后面的名词tea。故填powdered。
8．考查时间状语从句。句意：然后慢慢加入更多的热水，同时不断手拿竹签搅动茶叶。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个时间状语从句，所以空格处应该填入一个连词引导时间状语从句，所以应该用连词as、when或while。故填as/when/while。
9．考查情态动词。句意：有人认为，这种方法后来传播到包括日本在内的东亚其他地区，与今天抹茶的制作方式十分相似。根据句意和空格后的be分析句子可知，空格处应该填入一个助动词或情态动词，且意义为“能够”，所以应该用情态动词can。故填can。
10．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：这种倒热水的动作叫点，故名点茶，2019年被列入江苏省镇江市润州区非物质文化遗产。根据句意分析句子可知，空格处是该句子的谓语部分，由时间状语in 2019可知，该句子应该用一般过去时；主语the name dian cha和动词list之间是被动关系，所以应该用被动语态，主语是单数。故填was listed。
11．B 12．I 13．H 14．F 15．C 16．J 17．D 18．A 19．E 20．K
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一些公司正在开发能够翻译动物话语的设备和应用程序，介绍了其中一款应用名为MeowTalk，可以识别猫发出的不同声音，并提供英语翻译。还有其他的技术应用可以帮助我们了解动物。
11．考查名词。句意：毕竟，如果宠物能说话，人们就能更容易地照顾它们，并与它们建立更紧密的情感联系，因此一些公司正在开发能够翻译动物话语的设备和应用程序。结合句意表示“联系”可知应填名词connection，作宾语，表示数量大于一应用复数形式。故填connections。故选B。
12．考查动词。句意：换句话说，它可以专门了解你的猫。结合句意表示“专门”可知应填动词specialize，作谓语，且can后跟动词原形。故填specialize。故选I。
13．考查形容词。句意：这一点很重要，因为并不是所有的猫都有共同的语言，但个别的猫经常用特定的声音来表示某些事情。结合句意表示“共同的”可知应填形容词shared，作定语修饰名词language。故填shared。故选H。
14．考查名词。句意：也许如果猫在外面，需要让它进来，它甚至可以向主人的手机发送通知。结合句意表示“通知”可知应填名词notification，作宾语，前文没有冠词表示数量大于一用复数形式。故填notifications。故选F。
15．考查名词。句意：心率监测器被用来评估狗的情绪。结合句意表示“情绪”可知应填名词emotion，作宾语，前文没有冠词表示数量大于一用复数形式。故填emotions。故选C。
16．考查形容词。句意：这是有可能的，因为和人类一样，狗狗在兴奋或紧张时心率会上升。结合句意表示“紧张”可知应填形容词stressed，作表语。故填stressed。故选J。
17．考查动词。句意：这项技术最明显的用途是帮助宠物主人更好地认识和照顾他们的宠物。结合句意表示“认识”可知应填动词identify，此处为短语help sb. do sth.。故填identify。故选D。
18．考查名词。句意：还有其他的技术应用可以帮助我们了解动物。结合句意表示“应用”可知应填名词application，作主语，结合上文are other可知应用复数。故填applications。故选A。
19．考查动词。句意：因此，他们可以更快地干预治疗动物。结合句意表示“干预”可知应填动词intervene，作谓语，且can后跟动词原形。故填intervene。故选E。
20．考查形容词。句意：因此，这些技术的发展可能会改变我们与周围生物互动的方式。结合句意表示“技术的”可知应填形容词technological，作定语修饰名词developments。故填technological。故选K。
21．D 22．A 23．B 24．D 25．A 26．C 27．A 28．B 29．C 30．D 31．B 32．C 33．A 34．D 35．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，含糖饮料甚至纯果汁可能会增加你患某些癌症的风险。这项研究无法证明因果关系，但它发现，每天喝90-120毫升含糖饮料与患癌症的整体风险增加18%有关。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但新的研究表明，含糖饮料甚至纯果汁可能会增加你患某些癌症的风险。A. iced加冰的；B. mineral矿物的；C. bottled瓶装的；D. sweetened有甜味的。呼应后文“90-120ml of sugary drinks”指含糖的甜饮料。故选D。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项研究无法证明因果关系，但它发现，每天喝90-120毫升含糖饮料与患癌症的整体风险增加18%有关。A. tied系；B. devoted奉献；C. reduced减少；D. limited限制。根据后文“to an 18% rise in overall risk for cancer”指每天喝90-120毫升含糖饮料与患癌症的整体风险增加18%有关，为短语be tied to表示“有关系”。故选A。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的团队收集了超过10万名平均年龄为42岁的法国男性和女性的数据，他们参加了一项全国性的研究。A. game游戏；B. study研究；C. ceremony仪式；D. examination考试。此处呼应上文“The new study”指全国性研究。故选B。
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：参与者回答了关于他们每天食用3300种不同食物和饮料数量的问题，并被跟踪调查了长达9年。A. checked检查；B. caged关入笼里；C. occupied占据；D. followed跟随。根据后文“for up to nine years”可知，参与者被进行了跟踪调查。故选D。
25．考查介词短语辨析。句意：该研究揭示了含糖饮料的摄入与一般癌症风险，特别是乳腺癌风险之间的联系。A. in general通常；B. without exception没有例外；C. on the contrary相反；D. by accident偶然。后文“and for breast cancer specifically”提到了特别是乳腺癌，可知本句是在说明一般癌症风险。故选A。
26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究人员没有发现含糖饮料与前列腺癌或结肠癌之间的联系，但作者强调，研究中患这些癌症的人太少，这使得这一发现具有权威性。A. unreliable不可靠的；B. unexpected意外的；C. authoritative权威的；D. original起初的。根据上文“but the authors stressed that too few people in the study developed these cancers to make this finding”可知，作者强调，研究中患这些癌症的人太少，这使得这一发现具有权威性。故选C。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该研究没有发现无糖汽水和癌症之间的联系，尽管需要更多的研究来证实这一点，作者指出。A. uncovered揭开，发现；B. anticipated预期；C. established建立；D. hid隐藏。根据后文“ although more study is needed to confirm that, the authors noted”可知，该研究没有发现无糖汽水和癌症之间的联系。故选A。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员说，即使研究小组调整了年龄、性别、教育水平、癌症家族史、吸烟和体育活动等因素，含糖饮料和癌症之间的联系仍然保持不变。A. hunted打猎；B. adjusted调整；C. prepared准备；D. mounted安装。根据后文“for age, sex, educational level, family history of cancer, smoking and physical activity”可知，即使研究小组调整了年龄、性别、教育水平、癌症家族史、吸烟和体育活动等因素，含糖饮料和癌症之间的联系仍然保持不变。故选B。
29．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么，为什么会有这种联系呢？A. research研究；B. similarity相似性；C. connection联系；D. impact影响。呼应上文“The connection between sugary drinks and cancer”指含糖饮料和癌症之间的联系。故选C。
30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：据图维耶的研究小组称，高热量饮料可能会增加患癌症的风险，因为糖有助于身体脂肪的生成，此外还会提高血糖水平和炎症，这些都是患癌症的风险因素。A. behaviors行为；B. assessments评估；C. perceptions认知；D. factors因素。根据上文“high-calorie drinks may raise cancer risk because sugar helps build body fat, in addition to raising blood sugar levels and inflammation”可知，高热量饮料可能会增加患癌症的风险，因为糖有助于身体脂肪的生成，此外还会提高血糖水平和炎症，这些都是患癌症的风险因素。故选D。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员推断，这些饮料中发现的化学物质可能会增加患癌症的风险。A. explaining解释；B. increasing增加；C. preventing阻止 ；D. predicting预测。根据上文“chemicals found in these drinks”可知，这些饮料指的是上文提到的含糖高的饮料，所以其中发现的化学物质可能会增加患癌症的风险。故选B。
32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，一个代表饮料行业的组织表示，含糖饮料仍然可以成为普通饮食的一部分。A. local当地的；B. nutritional营养的；C. average平均的，普通的；D. conventional传统的。后文提到所有的饮料——无论是含糖的还是不含糖的——都是安全的，可以作为均衡饮食的一部分饮用，说明含糖饮料仍然可以成为普通饮食的一部分。故选C。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：重要的是，人们要知道，所有的饮料——无论是含糖的还是不含糖的——都是安全的，可以作为均衡饮食的一部分饮用。A. safe安全的；B. impossible不可能的；C. exceptional卓越的；D. effective有效的。根据后文“as part of a balanced diet”可知，可以作为均衡饮食的一部分饮用说明是安全的。故选A。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国领先的饮料公司正在共同努力，通过提供更多的低糖或零糖选择，更小的包装尺寸和明确的卡路里信息，支持消费者减少从我们的饮料中摄入的糖的努力。A. neutralize抵消；B. digest消化；C. remove去除；D. reduce减少。根据后文“by providing more choices with less sugar or zero sugar, smaller package sizes and clear calorie information right up front”可知，提供更多的低糖或零糖选择，更小的包装尺寸和明确的卡路里信息，是为了支持消费者减少从饮料中摄入的糖的努力。故选D。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她说，她对这些发现并不感到惊讶。A. annoyed生气的；B. surprised惊讶的；C. embarrassed尴尬的；D. delighted高兴的。根据后文“She noted that, for decades, these drinks have been linked with diseases such as heart disease. On the other hand, “most of us should be drinking more water than we do,” Heller said.(她指出，几十年来，这些饮料一直与心脏病等疾病有关。另一方面，“我们大多数人应该比现在喝更多的水，”海勒说)”可知，她对这些发现并不感到惊讶。故选B。
36．D 37．A 38．C 39．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一次写作时遇到了选题困难，正当作者焦头烂额时，作者的无意之举给了他灵感，帮助他找到了文章主题。
36．句意猜测题。联系这句话的上一句“Now if you are accustomed to writing articles for a living, you will know that sometimes the difficulty is not writing the article, but choosing a subject.(现在，如果你已经习惯了以写文章为生，你就会知道，有时困难并不在于写文章，而在于选主题。)”可知，作者认为写文章远远没有选择主题困难。由此判断，这句话的意思指的是主题太多太难选择。故选D。
37．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“For an hour I had paced my room in my slippers in search of a subject. I had looked out of the window over the sunlit valley, and watched the smoke of a distant train disappearing towards the west. I had sharpened every pencil I had on me with great care.(为了找一个话题，我穿着拖鞋在房间里踱了一个小时。我望着窗外阳光普照的山谷，看着远处火车的烟雾向西消失。我小心翼翼地削好了随身携带的每一支铅笔。)”可知，作者小心翼翼地削好了随身携带的每一支铅笔是为了提升思维，找到一个话题。故选A。
38．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“You saw things in a new light. So I fetched my boots and sat down to put them on.(你从新的角度看问题。于是我把靴子拿来，坐下来穿上。)”以及第四段“The thing worked like a charm. For in my preoccupied condition I picked up my right boot first. Then mechanically I put it down and seized the left boot. And then the fact flashed on me that all my life I had been putting on my left boot first. If you had asked me five minutes before which boot I put on first, I should have said that there was no first about it; yet now I found I was in a habit so fixed that the attempt to put on my right boot first affected me.(这东西很管用。因为在我全神贯注的情况下，我先拿起了我的右靴子。然后我机械地把它放下，抓起左边的靴子。这时我突然想到，我这一辈子都是先穿左边的靴子。如果你在五分钟前问我先穿哪只靴子，我就会说没有先穿这回事;然而现在我发现我已经养成了一个固定的习惯，以至于先试着穿上右边的靴子都会影响到我。)”可知，穿靴子这件事帮助作者从其他角度看待问题，给了作者灵感。故选C。
39．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“There was no urgent reason for putting on my boots. I was not going out, and my slippers were much more comfortable. But something had to be done. I wanted a subject for an article. Now if you are accustomed to writing articles for a living, you will know that sometimes the difficulty is not writing the article, but choosing a subject.(没有什么紧急的理由让我穿上靴子。我不出去，我的拖鞋舒服多了。但是必须做点什么。我想找个文章的题目。现在，如果你已经习惯了以写文章为生，你就会知道，有时困难并不在于写文章，而在于选题目。)”可知，作者苦于找不到文章的主题；以及最后一段“And then came into my mind that fascinating book of Samuel Butler’s on Life and Habit. Yes, certainly, here was a subject that would “go.” I took out a pencil, seized some writing paper, and sat down to write on “The Force of Habit.”(然后，我想起了塞缪尔·巴特勒那本关于生活和习惯的迷人的书。是的，当然，这是一个可以“走”的主题。我拿出一支铅笔，抓起几张信纸，坐下来开始写“习惯的力量”)”可知，作者穿靴子时有了灵感，从而确定了文章的主题。故选D。
40．A 41．C 42．B
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个名为welldoing.org的网址，可以帮助人们找到合适的专家。介绍了其工作方式以及服务特色。
40．细节理解题。根据第一段“welldoing.org is an independent therapy (治疗) directory and information resource for people who want to enhance their health and wellbeing. Our aim is to help you find professional experts to support you, whatever the issues you or your family are dealing with in your life right now.(welldoing.org是一个独立的治疗目录和信息资源的人想要提高他们的健康和福祉。我们的目标是帮助您找到专业的专家来支持您，无论您或您的家人目前在您的生活中正在处理什么问题)”可知，网站welldoing.org的主要目的是引导人们寻找合适的专家来提高福祉。故选A。
41．细节理解题。根据第二部分“There are various ways to find a therapist, counsellor (顾问) or coach on welldoing.org and the best route will depend on how much help you need.(在welldoing.org上有很多方法可以找到治疗师、顾问或教练，最好的方法取决于你需要多少帮助)”可知，该网站提供三个选项供人们选择，以获得他们需要的指导。故选C。
42．细节理解题。根据最后一部分第三条“If we don't find your perfect match within 5 attempts, you get your money back.(如果我们在5次尝试中没有找到您的完美匹配，您可以拿回你的钱)”可知，如果你5次尝试都没有找到满意的匹配，你可以要求退款。故选B。
43．B 44．C 45．A 46．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项新的研究发现，轻柔的声音刺激，也被称为粉红噪音，可能会明显改善老年人的深度睡眠，并提高他们回忆单词的能力。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及方法。
43．细节理解题。根据第一段“Gentle sound stimulation, also known as pink noise, may significantly enhance deep sleep in older adults and improve their ability to recall words, a new study has found. (一项新的研究发现，轻柔的声音刺激，也被称为粉红噪音，可能会明显改善老年人的深度睡眠，并提高他们回忆单词的能力)”可知，这项新研究主要揭示了粉色噪音能提高老年人的记忆力。故选B。
44．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“This is a potential tool for enhancing memory in older populations and”以及后文“normal age-related memory decline”可知，这是一种潜在的工具，可以增强老年人的记忆，缓解与年龄有关的正常记忆衰退。故画线词意思是“缓解”。故选C。
45．细节理解题。根据第三段“More specifically, they timed the sounds to match the participants’ slow-wave oscillations. During deep sleep, brain waves slow to about one oscillation per second, compared to about ten oscillations per second during wakefulness. (更具体地说，他们对声音进行了定时，以匹配参与者的慢波振荡。在深度睡眠时，脑电波缓慢到大约每秒一次振荡，而在清醒时大约每秒10次振荡)”可知，新研究采用了一种与脑电波同步的音响系统。故选A。
46．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Northwestern has taken steps to patent the researchers’ technology, which seems to have hit upon a way to stimulate slow waves at the right moment. The team hopes to develop an affordable device that people can use at home, from the comfort of their beds. (但西北大学已经采取措施为研究人员的技术申请专利，似乎找到了一种在正确的时间刺激慢波的方法。该团队希望开发一种价格合理的设备，人们可以在家里舒适地躺在床上使用)”可推知，本研究中使用的方法具有应用于实践的潜力。故选B。
47．C 48．D 49．F 50．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了垃圾清理机器人，介绍了其工作方式以及优势。
47．根据上文“Robots of various shapes have been designed to collect garbage that they find floating in the ocean. For example, the French company IADYS has developed what it calls the jellyfishbot. (人们设计了各种形状的机器人来收集漂浮在海洋中的垃圾。例如，法国IADYS公司开发了一种名为水母机器人的机器人)”以及后文“The jellyfishbot is remotely controlled and can clean up to 1,000 square meters per hour. It contains a net that can hold up to 30 liters. The jellyfishbots’ small size and ability to be easily controlled make them ideal for cleaning up crowded areas such as ports. (水母机器人是远程控制的，每小时最多可以清洁1000平方米。它包含一个可以容纳30升水的网。水母机器人体积小，易于控制，是清理港口等拥挤地区的理想选择)”可知，本句进一步解释水母机器人的功能，C选项This small robot对应上文jellyfishbot。故C选项“这个小机器人收集它遇到的所有东西，包括汽油和石油”符合语境，故选C。
48．根据后文“Designed for use on rivers, the Interceptor looks like a boat with a conveyor belt that picks up trash. A shallow barrier attached to the Interceptor guides floating trash to the conveyor belt, but fish can swim under it safely. Once a sensor indicates that the dustbins are full, the Interceptor automatically sends a text message to onshore operators. These operators collect and empty the dustbins, sending the garbage to local waste management facilities. (为了在河流上使用，“拦截器”看起来像一艘带着垃圾传送带的船。一个附着在“拦截器”上的浅屏障引导漂浮的垃圾进入传送带，但鱼可以安全地在它下面游泳。一旦传感器显示垃圾箱已满，“拦截器”就会自动向岸上操作员发送短信。这些经营者收集和清空垃圾箱，将垃圾送到当地的废物管理设施)”可知，本段主要介绍了一种名为“拦截器”的机器人。故D选项“对于更大、更开放的区域，一个大得多的名为拦截器的机器人具有类似的功能”符合语境，故选D。
49．根据上文“Most of the garbage in the oceans comes down rivers. (海洋中的大部分垃圾都是顺流而下的)”以及后文“Hence the Interceptor is used to stop pollution before it enters the ocean. (因此，“拦截器”被用于在污染进入海洋之前阻止污染)”可知，本句主要说明如何清理海洋中的垃圾。故F选项“清理海洋中的垃圾是件好事，但要保持海洋清洁，就必须阻止新的垃圾进入海洋”符合语境，故选F。
50．根据上文“The Interceptor is completely solar-powered and operates on its own, which minimizes the need for human involvement. Robots are able to clean up large amounts of garbage without humans struggling with beach cleanup by hand. (“拦截器”完全由太阳能供电，并自行操作，这最大限度地减少了人类参与的需要。机器人能够清理大量垃圾，而无需人类手工清理海滩)”可知，本段主要说明了“拦截器”这种机器人在清理垃圾方面的优势，B选项中they对应上文Robots。故B选项“希望它们能成为解决海洋污染的一个重要部分”符合语境，故选B。
51．The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don’t know much in certain areas tend to overestimate themselves. The opposite situation can also happen where capable people underestimate themselves. However, many people may not realize where they lack competence, so it’s advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，邓宁-克鲁格效应指的是在某些领域不太了解的人往往高估自己的原则。相反的情况也会发生，有能力的人会低估自己。然而，许多人可能没有意识到他们的能力不足，所以最好承认邓宁-克鲁格效应的存在，并保持谦虚和学习。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills.
②The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves.
③It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a rule that people who don’t leanr much in certain areas prefer to overestimate themselves.
The opposite situation where capable people underestimate themselves can also take place.
However, many people may not realize what they lack , so it’s wise to acknowledge the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep modest and learning.
【点睛】[高分句型1] The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don’t know much in certain areas tend to overestimate themselves.(运用where引导定语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。)
[高分句型2] However, many people may not realize where they lack competence, so it’s advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.(用where引导宾语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。)
52．It suddenly occurred to me that I left my desk mate’s scarf at home.
【详解】考查固定句型。表示“某人突然想起”句型为It suddenly occurred to sb. that；从句主语为I；表示“把同桌的围巾忘家里了”翻译为leave my desk mate’s scarf at home。为一般过去时。故翻译为It suddenly occurred to me that I left my desk mate’s scarf at home.
53．When you encounter a series of difficult problems, take it easy and think carefully about how to solve them.
【详解】考查状语从句和祈使句。分析句子可知，“当你遇到一连串棘手问题时”是时间状语从句，用从属连词when引导，主语“你”用人称代词you，谓语“遇到”用动词encounter，描述客观事实，用一般现在时态，谓语动词用复数形式，宾语“一连串棘手问题”用a series of difficult problems；“要沉住气，并好好想想如何解决”是主句，表示建议，用祈使语气，用动词原形开头，“沉住气”用动词短语take it easy，“好好想想”用动词短语think carefully about，“如何解决”作宾语，用复合结构how to solve them，两个动词短语之间是并列关系，用并列连词and连接。综上，全句译为：When you encounter a series of difficult problems, take it easy and think carefully about how to solve them.
54．Looking at the old objects, the old man who had lost relatives one after another felt the old memories came back and couldn’t help weeping.
【详解】考查非谓语动词、动词短语、名词短语、定语从句。根据句意以及句子提示词可知，该句可为非谓语动词作状语，动词短语Look at“看着”和逻辑主语the old man“这个老人”为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式，表示“这些老物件”应为名词短语the old objects；主语the old man后接关系代词who引导的定语从句，对the old man进行修饰，在该定语从句中，表示“失去亲人”为动词短语lost relative；表示“接连”应为固定短语one after another；表示“感觉往事历历在目”应为动词短语feel the old memories came back；表示“不禁潸然泪下”应为动词短语can’t help weeping；结合句意可知，该句应为陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时，在定语从句中，应为过去完成时。故翻译为：Looking at the old objects, the old man who had lost relatives one after another felt the old memories came back and couldn’t help weeping。
55．With the joint efforts of all the residents, the appearance of this city is witnessing positive changes, which indicates that these measures are very effective.
【详解】考查短语、时态、定语从句和名词性从句。“在全体居民的共同努力下”用介词短语With the joint efforts of all the residents；“这个城市的市容”翻译为the appearance of this city，在句中作主语，“正在好转”用现在进行时，翻译为is witnessing positive changes；指代前面一件事，所以用关系代词which引导非限定性定语从句。“说明”翻译为indicate，在从句中作谓语，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语which为概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。动词indicates后接宾语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用关系代词that引导。“这些措施”翻译为these measures，主语是复数，谓语动词用are，后接形容词作表语。“卓有成效”翻译为very effective。故翻译为With the joint efforts of all the residents, the appearance of this city is witnessing positive changes, which indicates that these measures are very effective.
56．Dear Ms. Zhang,
I’m writing to express my sincere gratitude to you. You are the very person who gave me a hand when necessary.
One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits, being afraid of letting my parents down. When I was at a loss, as my headteacher, you asked me to go to your office. Instead of blaming me, you comforted me and discussed with me the reasons for my failing in the exam. More unforgettably, you managed to help me with my study and inspired me from time to time.
Ms. Zhang, I’m more than grateful for what you have done for me. Wish you happiness and good health.
Yours,
Xu Jing
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，假设你是明启中学高三学生徐晶，你校的英文报向即将毕业的高三学生征文，给高中三年来最值得你感谢的一个人或一件事表达感谢。
【详解】1.词汇积累
感谢：gratitude→appreciation
帮助：give sb. a hand→do sb. a favor
害怕的：afraid→scared
鼓励：inspire→encourage
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits, being afraid of letting my parents down.
拓展句：One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits because I was afraid of letting my parents down.
【点睛】[高分句型1] You are the very person who gave me a hand when necessary.(运用了who引导的定语从句和when的省略句)
[高分句型2] One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits, being afraid of letting my parents down.(运用了with的复合结构和现在分词作状语)
2023届上海市崇明区高三下学期二模英语试卷
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Tea Art
It’s common to see people in coffee bars create coffee art, but it’s a whole different ballgame doing the same thing with tea. Han Zheming has managed to perfect the skill, creating tea art in cups, or dian cha in Chinese, __1__ used to be a ritual during the Song Dynasty.
Over the past six years, the 40-year-old Shanghai resident __2__ (use) tea and spoons to create nearly 200 patterns based on ancient paintings. “It’s like __3__ (add) bells and whistles to tea, giving people a stronger sense of occasion, so drinking tea is more fun,” Han says. It’s also his intention to bring the old ritual back to modern life and have more people __4__ (appreciate) its charm. Dian cha enhances the taste of tea, Han says. “It is similar to the foam (泡沫) on top of a cup of coffee, except __5__ it is made of tea rather than milk.”
Chinese tea culture started to enjoy popularity during the Tang Dynasty and boomed throughout the Song Dynasty, __6__ tea became a necessity for almost everyone, from nobles and scholars to common people, just like other essential items, such as rice, oil and salt, as suggested by Song politician and thinker Wang Anshi.
Different from the method of making tea during the Tang period, in the Song Dynasty, the popular way of having tea was through dian cha. The process begins with hot water being poured over fine __7__ (powder) tea creating a mixture. Then more hot water is added slowly __8__ the tea is constantly beaten by hand with a bamboo stick. It is believed that this method later spread to other parts of East Asia, including Japan, where similarities __9__ be seen in the way matcha (抹茶) is prepared today.
This action of pouring hot water is called dian; hence the name dian cha __10__ (list) as an intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) of Runzhou district, Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu province, in 2019.
二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．applications
B．connections
C．emotions
D．identify
E. intervene
F. notifications
G. sacred
H. shared
I. specialize
J. stressed
K. technological
Animal CommunicationMany pet owners long to talk with their animals. After all, if pets were able to talk, people could take care of them more easily and have closer emotional ___11___ to them, so a number of companies are working on devices and apps that could translate what animals say.
One such app is called MeowTalk. Using voice recognition software, this app recognizes different sounds a cat makes and offers English translations of them. For example, one type of sound might mean “feed me” while another could be translated “let me outside.” The app can use machine learning to assess its translations and improve at recognizing one particular cat’s voice. In other words, it can ___12___ in understanding your cat in particular. This is important because cats do not all have a(n) ___13___ language, but individual cats frequently use particular sounds to mean certain things.
In the future, MeowTalk could connect to a smart collar that would hear the cat meow and play the translation out loud. Perhaps if the cat is outside and needs to be let in, it could even send ___14___ to the owner’s phone.
For dogs, a Japanese company called Inupathy has developed a harness (保护带) with a heart rate monitor and an app. The heart rate monitor is used to assess a dog’s ___15___. This is possible because, like humans, dogs’ heart rates go up when they are excited or ___16___. The harness also has a light that turns red when the dog is excited, but when the dog is relaxed, the light is blue.
The most obvious use of this technology is to help pet owners ___17___ with and provide for their pets better. The more owners know about their pets, the easier it is to meet their needs.
There are other ___18___ of technology that help us understand animals. For example, some sheep farmers are using artificial intelligence to scan and determine if they are in pain, which helps them find out sick animals. As a result, they can ___19___ more quickly to treat the animal.
Anyone who interacts regularly with animals could benefit from understanding their animals better. Thus these ___20___ developments might transform the way we interact with the creatures around us.
三、完形填空
It’s long been known that sugary drinks help people pack on unwanted kilograms. But new research suggests that ___21___ drinks and even 100% fruit juice might raise your risk for some cancers. The study couldn’t prove cause and effect, but it found that drinking as little as 90-120ml of sugary drinks each day was ___22___ to an 18% rise in overall risk for cancer.
The new study was led by Mathilde Touvier, research director at the University of Paris. Her team collected data on more than 100,000 French men and women, average age 42, who took part in a national ___23___.
The participants answered questions about how much of 3,300 different foods and drinks they consumed each day, and were ___24___ for up to nine years.
The study uncovered links between the consumption of sugary drinks and the risk of cancer___25___, and for breast cancer specifically. The investigators found no association between sugary drinks and prostate or colon cancers (前列腺或结肠癌), but the authors stressed that too few people in the study developed these cancers to make this finding ___26___. The research ___27___ no links between diet sodas (无糖汽水) and cancer, although more study is needed to confirm that, the authors noted.
The connection between sugary drinks and cancer remained the same even after the team ___28___for age, sex, educational level, family history of cancer, smoking and physical activity, the researchers said.
So, why the ___29___? According to Touvier’s team, high-calorie drinks may raise cancer risk because sugar helps build body fat, in addition to raising blood sugar levels and inflammation (发炎) — all of which are risk ___30___ for cancer. It’s also possible that chemicals found in these drinks might play a part in ___31___ cancer risk, the researchers theorized.
A group representing the drinks industry said sugary drinks can still be a part of the ___32___ diet, however. In a statement, the American Beverage Association said: “It’s important for people to know that all drinks — either with sugar or without — are ___33___ to consume as part of a balanced diet. America’s leading drinks companies are working together to support consumers’ efforts to ___34___ the sugar they consume from our drinks by providing more choices with less sugar or zero sugar, smaller package sizes and clear calorie information right up front.”
Samantha Heller is a senior clinical nutritionist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. She said she wasn’t ___35___ by the findings. She noted that, for decades, these drinks have been linked with diseases such as heart disease. On the other hand, “most of us should be drinking more water than we do,” Heller said.
21．A．iced B．mineral C．bottled D．sweetened
22．A．tied B．devoted C．reduced D．limited
23．A．game B．study C．ceremony D．examination
24．A．checked B．caged C．occupied D．followed
25．A．in general B．without exception C．on the contrary D．by accident
26．A．unreliable B．unexpected C．authoritative D．original
27．A．uncovered B．anticipated C．established D．hid
28．A．hunted B．adjusted C．prepared D．mounted
29．A．research B．similarity C．connection D．impact
30．A．behaviors B．assessments C．perceptions D．factors
31．A．explaining B．increasing C．preventing D．predicting
32．A．local B．nutritional C．average D．conventional
33．A．safe B．impossible C．exceptional D．effective
34．A．neutralize B．digest C．remove D．reduce
35．A．annoyed B．surprised C．embarrassed D．delighted
四、阅读理解
I was putting on my boots just now in what the novelists call “a brown study.” There was no urgent reason for putting on my boots. I was not going out, and my slippers were much more comfortable. But something had to be done. I wanted a subject for an article. Now if you are accustomed to writing articles for a living, you will know that sometimes the difficulty is not writing the article, but choosing a subject. It is not poverty you suffer from, but an embarrassment of riches.
But what has this to do with putting on my boots? It is a reasonable question and I will tell you. For an hour I had paced my room in my slippers in search of a subject. I had looked out of the window over the sunlit valley, and watched the smoke of a distant train disappearing towards the west. I had sharpened every pencil I had on me with great care. But the more I sharpened my pencils, the more anxious I grew about the theme for an article.
It was at this moment that I remembered my boots. The act of bending my body changed the current of the blood. You saw things in a new light. So I fetched my boots and sat down to put them on.
The thing worked like a charm. For in my preoccupied condition I picked up my right boot first. Then mechanically I put it down and seized the left boot. And then the fact flashed on me that all my life I had been putting on my left boot first. If you had asked me five minutes before which boot I put on first, I should have said that there was no first about it; yet now I found I was in a habit so fixed that the attempt to put on my right boot first affected me. The thing couldn’t be done. And then came into my mind that fascinating book of Samuel Butler’s on Life and Habit. Yes, certainly, here was a subject that would “go.” I took out a pencil, seized some writing paper, and sat down to write on “The Force of Habit.”
36．By “It is not poverty you suffer from, but an embarrassment of riches.” in paragraph 1, the author means _____.
A．some subjects are too complicated or embarrassing to write on
B．poverty is no longer a problem nowadays, but embarrassment is
C．poor people don’t encounter as many embarrassments as the rich
D．there’re so many subjects that it’s hard to decide which to choose
37．Why did the author sharpen his pencils with great care?
A．To help himself promote thinking. B．To draw what he saw out of the window.
C．To write his article more smoothly. D．To relieve himself of anxiety about writing.
38．Putting on the boots helped the author _____.
A．get rid of his fixed habit B．lower his blood pressure
C．see things from a new angle D．free his preoccupied mind
39．The passage is mainly about the author’s _____.
A．personal attitude towards habits B．daily routines as a professional writer
C．writing process of a special article D．decision making on the theme for an article
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Gentle sound stimulation, also known as pink noise, may significantly enhance deep sleep in older adults and improve their ability to recall words, a new study has found.
Deep sleep is critical for memory consolidation. However, beginning in middle age, deep sleep decreases substantially, which scientists believe contributes to memory loss in aging. The sound stimulation significantly enhanced deep sleep in participants and their scores on a memory test. “This is an innovative, simple and safe non-medication approach that may help improve brain health,” said Phyllis Zee, professor at Northwestern University in the US. “This is a potential tool for enhancing memory in older populations and attenuating normal age-related memory decline,” said Zee.
Zee and a team of researchers gathered 13 adults, 60 and older, and monitored their sleep in a lab for two nights. On both nights, the participants took a memory test, went to bed while wearing headphones and a special cap, and took another memory test in the morning. But without the participants’ awareness, researchers only played pink noise into the headphones on one night. More specifically, they timed the sounds to match the participants’ slow-wave oscillations. During deep sleep, brain waves slow to about one oscillation per second, compared to about ten oscillations per second during wakefulness. The system they employed in the study allowed the team to deliver a low burst of pink noise at the “precise moment” when the participants’ slow waves rose — a pattern that is unique to each person.
The study found that participants’ slow waves increased after the night of sound stimulation, suggesting that they were getting more deep sleep. And on the morning after hearing pink noise, they performed three times better on memory tests than they did after sleeping without any sound stimulation.
Previous research showed pink noise during deep sleep could improve memory consolidation in young people. But it has not been tested in older adults. The new study targeted older individuals and used a novel sound system that increased the effectiveness of the sound stimulation in older populations.
The study was a relatively small one, so further research is needed to confirm its findings and to study how longer-term use of pink noise affects sleep. But Northwestern has taken steps to patent the researchers’ technology, which seems to have hit upon a way to stimulate slow waves at the right moment. The team hopes to develop an affordable device that people can use at home, from the comfort of their beds.
43．The new study mainly reveals that _____.
A．deep sleep consolidates old adults’ memory
B．pink noise boosts memory among the elderly
C．sleep disorders play a key role in memory loss
D．sound stimulation increases the length of sleep
44．The word “attenuating” in the second paragraph most probably means _____.
A．worsening B．reversing C．slowing down D．bringing about
45．What can be learned about the new study?
A．It employed a sound system programmed in step with brain waves.
B．It compared the effects on older adults and on younger populations.
C．It repeated the experiment several times without the participants’ notice.
D．It adjusted the participants’ slow-wave oscillations to match the stimulations.
46．It can be inferred that the approach used in the study _____.
A．may put old adults in risk in the long run
B．has the potential to be applied in practice
C．requires an innovative and affordable device
D．needs Northwestern’s patent for confirmation
五、六选四
Trash-Eating Robots
It has become common knowledge that our oceans are filled with garbage. Broken objects, used plastic bottles and so on fill our beaches and cover the ocean floor, doing immense damage to ocean creatures. Many individuals and organizations are working to remove this garbage and recent technological developments have given them a new tool to do so: trash-eating robots.
Robots of various shapes have been designed to collect garbage that they find floating in the ocean. For example, the French company IADYS has developed what it calls the jellyfishbot. _____47_____ The jellyfishbot is remotely controlled and can clean up to 1,000 square meters per hour. It contains a net that can hold up to 30 liters. The jellyfishbots’ small size and ability to be easily controlled make them ideal for cleaning up crowded areas such as ports.
_____48_____ Designed for use on rivers, the Interceptor looks like a boat with a conveyor belt that picks up trash. A shallow barrier attached to the Interceptor guides floating trash to the conveyor belt, but fish can swim under it safely. Once a sensor indicates that the dustbins are full, the Interceptor automatically sends a text message to onshore operators. These operators collect and empty the dustbins, sending the garbage to local waste management facilities.
Most of the garbage in the oceans comes down rivers. _____49_____ Hence the Interceptor is used to stop pollution before it enters the ocean.
The Interceptor is completely solar-powered and operates on its own, which minimizes the need for human involvement. Robots are able to clean up large amounts of garbage without humans struggling with beach cleanup by hand. _____50_____
A．It isn’t just about removing the garbage from the ocean’s surface.
B．Hopefully, they can be a big part of the solution to ocean pollution.
C．This small robot gathers up everything it encounters, including gasoline and oil.
D．For larger, more open areas, a much larger robot called the Interceptor has a similar function.
E．If all goes well, they’re hoping to expand the number of robots and take the technology to other waterways in need of cleanup.
F．Cleaning up trash that litters the ocean is good, but to keep the oceans clean, new garbage must be stopped from getting there.
六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
In 1999, social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people’s competence in certain areas. The people in the studies were also asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area. Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored very low on the test tended to overestimate their abilities. Later research has indicated that a similar principle applies to other areas as well. This principle has become known as the Dunning-Kruger effect after the researchers who discovered it. The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills. For example, in some situations it takes a scientist to recognize bad science.
The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves. An extreme case of this would be impostor syndrome, which is when a skilled person feels as if they are faking their skills despite knowing what they are doing.
It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don’t know much about. Expertise (专业知识) in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.
That’s why it’s important to keep digging for information even when you think you’ve found answers. It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you’re willing to listen, it can help you grow. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
七、汉译英（整句）
52．我忽然想起把同桌的围巾忘家里了。(It)(汉译英)
53．当你遇到一连串棘手问题时，要沉住气，并好好想想如何解决。(encounter) (汉译英)
54．看着这些老物件，这个接连失去亲人的老人感觉往事历历在目，不禁潸然泪下。(can’t help) (汉译英)
55．在全体居民的共同努力下，这个城市的市容正在好转，说明这些措施卓有成效。(witness) (汉译英)
八、感谢信/祝贺信
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生徐晶，你校的英文报向即将毕业的高三学生征文，给高中三年来最值得你感谢的一个人或一件事表达感谢。你有意投稿，内容包括：
Ø描述这个人或这件事；
Ø表达感谢，说明感谢的理由。
注：文中不得提及真实姓名或学校。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．which 2．has used 3．adding 4．appreciate 5．that 6．when 7．powdered 8．as##when##while 9．can 10．was listed
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 “点茶”艺术的历史以及韩喆明对这一技术的传承与发展。
1．考查定语从句。句意：韩喆明设法完善了这项技能，创造了杯茶艺术，或中国的点茶，这曾经是宋朝的一种仪式。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，对先行词dian cha进行限定说明，该定语从句缺少主语，所以空格处应该填入一个指物的关系代词，代替先行词dian cha在从句中作主语，所以应该用关系代词which。故填which。
2．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的六年里，这位40岁的上海居民用茶和勺子在古画的基础上创作了近200个图案。根据句意和所给动词use分析句子可知，空格处是该句子的谓语部分，由时间状语over the past six years可知，该句子应该用现在完成时；再根据主语the 40-year-old Shanghai resident可知，谓语动词应该用单数形式。故填has used。
3．考查动名词。句意：韩说“这就像在茶里加上铃铛和口哨，给人一种更强的场合感，所以喝茶更有趣”。根据句意和所给动词add以及空格前的介词like分析句子可知，空格处应该填入动名词adding作介词like的宾语。故填adding。
4．考查固定搭配。句意：这也是他想让古老的仪式回归现代生活，让更多人欣赏它的魅力。根据句意和所给动词appreciate以及空格前的使役动词have分析句子可知，此处是考查固定搭配have somebody do something“让某人做某事”，其中do是省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。故填appreciate。
5．考查连词。句意：它类似于一杯咖啡上面的泡沫，只是它是由茶而不是牛奶制成的。根据空格前的except和空格后的句子可知，空格处应该填入一个连词引导宾语从句，因为空格后的句子是一个完整的句子，且句意完整，所以该连词只起连接作用，没有任何意义。故填that。
6．考查定语从句。句意：中国茶文化在唐朝开始流行，并在整个宋朝蓬勃发展，当时茶几乎成为每个人的必需品，从贵族、学者到普通人，就像宋政治家和思想家王安石所说的，茶就像大米、油和盐等其他必需品一样。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，对先行词the Song Dynasty进行限定说明，因为从句中缺少时间状语，所以空格处应该填入关系副词when。故填when。
7．考查形容词。句意：这个过程开始于将热水倒在茶叶粉末上，形成糊状。根据句意和所给名词powder以及空格后的名词tea分析句子可知，空格处应该填入powder的形容词形式powdered“粉状的”作定语，修饰后面的名词tea。故填powdered。
8．考查时间状语从句。句意：然后慢慢加入更多的热水，同时不断手拿竹签搅动茶叶。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个时间状语从句，所以空格处应该填入一个连词引导时间状语从句，所以应该用连词as、when或while。故填as/when/while。
9．考查情态动词。句意：有人认为，这种方法后来传播到包括日本在内的东亚其他地区，与今天抹茶的制作方式十分相似。根据句意和空格后的be分析句子可知，空格处应该填入一个助动词或情态动词，且意义为“能够”，所以应该用情态动词can。故填can。
10．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：这种倒热水的动作叫点，故名点茶，2019年被列入江苏省镇江市润州区非物质文化遗产。根据句意分析句子可知，空格处是该句子的谓语部分，由时间状语in 2019可知，该句子应该用一般过去时；主语the name dian cha和动词list之间是被动关系，所以应该用被动语态，主语是单数。故填was listed。
11．B 12．I 13．H 14．F 15．C 16．J 17．D 18．A 19．E 20．K
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一些公司正在开发能够翻译动物话语的设备和应用程序，介绍了其中一款应用名为MeowTalk，可以识别猫发出的不同声音，并提供英语翻译。还有其他的技术应用可以帮助我们了解动物。
11．考查名词。句意：毕竟，如果宠物能说话，人们就能更容易地照顾它们，并与它们建立更紧密的情感联系，因此一些公司正在开发能够翻译动物话语的设备和应用程序。结合句意表示“联系”可知应填名词connection，作宾语，表示数量大于一应用复数形式。故填connections。故选B。
12．考查动词。句意：换句话说，它可以专门了解你的猫。结合句意表示“专门”可知应填动词specialize，作谓语，且can后跟动词原形。故填specialize。故选I。
13．考查形容词。句意：这一点很重要，因为并不是所有的猫都有共同的语言，但个别的猫经常用特定的声音来表示某些事情。结合句意表示“共同的”可知应填形容词shared，作定语修饰名词language。故填shared。故选H。
14．考查名词。句意：也许如果猫在外面，需要让它进来，它甚至可以向主人的手机发送通知。结合句意表示“通知”可知应填名词notification，作宾语，前文没有冠词表示数量大于一用复数形式。故填notifications。故选F。
15．考查名词。句意：心率监测器被用来评估狗的情绪。结合句意表示“情绪”可知应填名词emotion，作宾语，前文没有冠词表示数量大于一用复数形式。故填emotions。故选C。
16．考查形容词。句意：这是有可能的，因为和人类一样，狗狗在兴奋或紧张时心率会上升。结合句意表示“紧张”可知应填形容词stressed，作表语。故填stressed。故选J。
17．考查动词。句意：这项技术最明显的用途是帮助宠物主人更好地认识和照顾他们的宠物。结合句意表示“认识”可知应填动词identify，此处为短语help sb. do sth.。故填identify。故选D。
18．考查名词。句意：还有其他的技术应用可以帮助我们了解动物。结合句意表示“应用”可知应填名词application，作主语，结合上文are other可知应用复数。故填applications。故选A。
19．考查动词。句意：因此，他们可以更快地干预治疗动物。结合句意表示“干预”可知应填动词intervene，作谓语，且can后跟动词原形。故填intervene。故选E。
20．考查形容词。句意：因此，这些技术的发展可能会改变我们与周围生物互动的方式。结合句意表示“技术的”可知应填形容词technological，作定语修饰名词developments。故填technological。故选K。
21．D 22．A 23．B 24．D 25．A 26．C 27．A 28．B 29．C 30．D 31．B 32．C 33．A 34．D 35．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，含糖饮料甚至纯果汁可能会增加你患某些癌症的风险。这项研究无法证明因果关系，但它发现，每天喝90-120毫升含糖饮料与患癌症的整体风险增加18%有关。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但新的研究表明，含糖饮料甚至纯果汁可能会增加你患某些癌症的风险。A. iced加冰的；B. mineral矿物的；C. bottled瓶装的；D. sweetened有甜味的。呼应后文“90-120ml of sugary drinks”指含糖的甜饮料。故选D。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项研究无法证明因果关系，但它发现，每天喝90-120毫升含糖饮料与患癌症的整体风险增加18%有关。A. tied系；B. devoted奉献；C. reduced减少；D. limited限制。根据后文“to an 18% rise in overall risk for cancer”指每天喝90-120毫升含糖饮料与患癌症的整体风险增加18%有关，为短语be tied to表示“有关系”。故选A。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的团队收集了超过10万名平均年龄为42岁的法国男性和女性的数据，他们参加了一项全国性的研究。A. game游戏；B. study研究；C. ceremony仪式；D. examination考试。此处呼应上文“The new study”指全国性研究。故选B。
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：参与者回答了关于他们每天食用3300种不同食物和饮料数量的问题，并被跟踪调查了长达9年。A. checked检查；B. caged关入笼里；C. occupied占据；D. followed跟随。根据后文“for up to nine years”可知，参与者被进行了跟踪调查。故选D。
25．考查介词短语辨析。句意：该研究揭示了含糖饮料的摄入与一般癌症风险，特别是乳腺癌风险之间的联系。A. in general通常；B. without exception没有例外；C. on the contrary相反；D. by accident偶然。后文“and for breast cancer specifically”提到了特别是乳腺癌，可知本句是在说明一般癌症风险。故选A。
26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究人员没有发现含糖饮料与前列腺癌或结肠癌之间的联系，但作者强调，研究中患这些癌症的人太少，这使得这一发现具有权威性。A. unreliable不可靠的；B. unexpected意外的；C. authoritative权威的；D. original起初的。根据上文“but the authors stressed that too few people in the study developed these cancers to make this finding”可知，作者强调，研究中患这些癌症的人太少，这使得这一发现具有权威性。故选C。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该研究没有发现无糖汽水和癌症之间的联系，尽管需要更多的研究来证实这一点，作者指出。A. uncovered揭开，发现；B. anticipated预期；C. established建立；D. hid隐藏。根据后文“ although more study is needed to confirm that, the authors noted”可知，该研究没有发现无糖汽水和癌症之间的联系。故选A。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员说，即使研究小组调整了年龄、性别、教育水平、癌症家族史、吸烟和体育活动等因素，含糖饮料和癌症之间的联系仍然保持不变。A. hunted打猎；B. adjusted调整；C. prepared准备；D. mounted安装。根据后文“for age, sex, educational level, family history of cancer, smoking and physical activity”可知，即使研究小组调整了年龄、性别、教育水平、癌症家族史、吸烟和体育活动等因素，含糖饮料和癌症之间的联系仍然保持不变。故选B。
29．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么，为什么会有这种联系呢？A. research研究；B. similarity相似性；C. connection联系；D. impact影响。呼应上文“The connection between sugary drinks and cancer”指含糖饮料和癌症之间的联系。故选C。
30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：据图维耶的研究小组称，高热量饮料可能会增加患癌症的风险，因为糖有助于身体脂肪的生成，此外还会提高血糖水平和炎症，这些都是患癌症的风险因素。A. behaviors行为；B. assessments评估；C. perceptions认知；D. factors因素。根据上文“high-calorie drinks may raise cancer risk because sugar helps build body fat, in addition to raising blood sugar levels and inflammation”可知，高热量饮料可能会增加患癌症的风险，因为糖有助于身体脂肪的生成，此外还会提高血糖水平和炎症，这些都是患癌症的风险因素。故选D。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员推断，这些饮料中发现的化学物质可能会增加患癌症的风险。A. explaining解释；B. increasing增加；C. preventing阻止 ；D. predicting预测。根据上文“chemicals found in these drinks”可知，这些饮料指的是上文提到的含糖高的饮料，所以其中发现的化学物质可能会增加患癌症的风险。故选B。
32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，一个代表饮料行业的组织表示，含糖饮料仍然可以成为普通饮食的一部分。A. local当地的；B. nutritional营养的；C. average平均的，普通的；D. conventional传统的。后文提到所有的饮料——无论是含糖的还是不含糖的——都是安全的，可以作为均衡饮食的一部分饮用，说明含糖饮料仍然可以成为普通饮食的一部分。故选C。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：重要的是，人们要知道，所有的饮料——无论是含糖的还是不含糖的——都是安全的，可以作为均衡饮食的一部分饮用。A. safe安全的；B. impossible不可能的；C. exceptional卓越的；D. effective有效的。根据后文“as part of a balanced diet”可知，可以作为均衡饮食的一部分饮用说明是安全的。故选A。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国领先的饮料公司正在共同努力，通过提供更多的低糖或零糖选择，更小的包装尺寸和明确的卡路里信息，支持消费者减少从我们的饮料中摄入的糖的努力。A. neutralize抵消；B. digest消化；C. remove去除；D. reduce减少。根据后文“by providing more choices with less sugar or zero sugar, smaller package sizes and clear calorie information right up front”可知，提供更多的低糖或零糖选择，更小的包装尺寸和明确的卡路里信息，是为了支持消费者减少从饮料中摄入的糖的努力。故选D。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她说，她对这些发现并不感到惊讶。A. annoyed生气的；B. surprised惊讶的；C. embarrassed尴尬的；D. delighted高兴的。根据后文“She noted that, for decades, these drinks have been linked with diseases such as heart disease. On the other hand, “most of us should be drinking more water than we do,” Heller said.(她指出，几十年来，这些饮料一直与心脏病等疾病有关。另一方面，“我们大多数人应该比现在喝更多的水，”海勒说)”可知，她对这些发现并不感到惊讶。故选B。
36．D 37．A 38．C 39．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一次写作时遇到了选题困难，正当作者焦头烂额时，作者的无意之举给了他灵感，帮助他找到了文章主题。
36．句意猜测题。联系这句话的上一句“Now if you are accustomed to writing articles for a living, you will know that sometimes the difficulty is not writing the article, but choosing a subject.(现在，如果你已经习惯了以写文章为生，你就会知道，有时困难并不在于写文章，而在于选主题。)”可知，作者认为写文章远远没有选择主题困难。由此判断，这句话的意思指的是主题太多太难选择。故选D。
37．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“For an hour I had paced my room in my slippers in search of a subject. I had looked out of the window over the sunlit valley, and watched the smoke of a distant train disappearing towards the west. I had sharpened every pencil I had on me with great care.(为了找一个话题，我穿着拖鞋在房间里踱了一个小时。我望着窗外阳光普照的山谷，看着远处火车的烟雾向西消失。我小心翼翼地削好了随身携带的每一支铅笔。)”可知，作者小心翼翼地削好了随身携带的每一支铅笔是为了提升思维，找到一个话题。故选A。
38．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“You saw things in a new light. So I fetched my boots and sat down to put them on.(你从新的角度看问题。于是我把靴子拿来，坐下来穿上。)”以及第四段“The thing worked like a charm. For in my preoccupied condition I picked up my right boot first. Then mechanically I put it down and seized the left boot. And then the fact flashed on me that all my life I had been putting on my left boot first. If you had asked me five minutes before which boot I put on first, I should have said that there was no first about it; yet now I found I was in a habit so fixed that the attempt to put on my right boot first affected me.(这东西很管用。因为在我全神贯注的情况下，我先拿起了我的右靴子。然后我机械地把它放下，抓起左边的靴子。这时我突然想到，我这一辈子都是先穿左边的靴子。如果你在五分钟前问我先穿哪只靴子，我就会说没有先穿这回事;然而现在我发现我已经养成了一个固定的习惯，以至于先试着穿上右边的靴子都会影响到我。)”可知，穿靴子这件事帮助作者从其他角度看待问题，给了作者灵感。故选C。
39．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“There was no urgent reason for putting on my boots. I was not going out, and my slippers were much more comfortable. But something had to be done. I wanted a subject for an article. Now if you are accustomed to writing articles for a living, you will know that sometimes the difficulty is not writing the article, but choosing a subject.(没有什么紧急的理由让我穿上靴子。我不出去，我的拖鞋舒服多了。但是必须做点什么。我想找个文章的题目。现在，如果你已经习惯了以写文章为生，你就会知道，有时困难并不在于写文章，而在于选题目。)”可知，作者苦于找不到文章的主题；以及最后一段“And then came into my mind that fascinating book of Samuel Butler’s on Life and Habit. Yes, certainly, here was a subject that would “go.” I took out a pencil, seized some writing paper, and sat down to write on “The Force of Habit.”(然后，我想起了塞缪尔·巴特勒那本关于生活和习惯的迷人的书。是的，当然，这是一个可以“走”的主题。我拿出一支铅笔，抓起几张信纸，坐下来开始写“习惯的力量”)”可知，作者穿靴子时有了灵感，从而确定了文章的主题。故选D。
40．A 41．C 42．B
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个名为welldoing.org的网址，可以帮助人们找到合适的专家。介绍了其工作方式以及服务特色。
40．细节理解题。根据第一段“welldoing.org is an independent therapy (治疗) directory and information resource for people who want to enhance their health and wellbeing. Our aim is to help you find professional experts to support you, whatever the issues you or your family are dealing with in your life right now.(welldoing.org是一个独立的治疗目录和信息资源的人想要提高他们的健康和福祉。我们的目标是帮助您找到专业的专家来支持您，无论您或您的家人目前在您的生活中正在处理什么问题)”可知，网站welldoing.org的主要目的是引导人们寻找合适的专家来提高福祉。故选A。
41．细节理解题。根据第二部分“There are various ways to find a therapist, counsellor (顾问) or coach on welldoing.org and the best route will depend on how much help you need.(在welldoing.org上有很多方法可以找到治疗师、顾问或教练，最好的方法取决于你需要多少帮助)”可知，该网站提供三个选项供人们选择，以获得他们需要的指导。故选C。
42．细节理解题。根据最后一部分第三条“If we don't find your perfect match within 5 attempts, you get your money back.(如果我们在5次尝试中没有找到您的完美匹配，您可以拿回你的钱)”可知，如果你5次尝试都没有找到满意的匹配，你可以要求退款。故选B。
43．B 44．C 45．A 46．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项新的研究发现，轻柔的声音刺激，也被称为粉红噪音，可能会明显改善老年人的深度睡眠，并提高他们回忆单词的能力。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及方法。
43．细节理解题。根据第一段“Gentle sound stimulation, also known as pink noise, may significantly enhance deep sleep in older adults and improve their ability to recall words, a new study has found. (一项新的研究发现，轻柔的声音刺激，也被称为粉红噪音，可能会明显改善老年人的深度睡眠，并提高他们回忆单词的能力)”可知，这项新研究主要揭示了粉色噪音能提高老年人的记忆力。故选B。
44．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“This is a potential tool for enhancing memory in older populations and”以及后文“normal age-related memory decline”可知，这是一种潜在的工具，可以增强老年人的记忆，缓解与年龄有关的正常记忆衰退。故画线词意思是“缓解”。故选C。
45．细节理解题。根据第三段“More specifically, they timed the sounds to match the participants’ slow-wave oscillations. During deep sleep, brain waves slow to about one oscillation per second, compared to about ten oscillations per second during wakefulness. (更具体地说，他们对声音进行了定时，以匹配参与者的慢波振荡。在深度睡眠时，脑电波缓慢到大约每秒一次振荡，而在清醒时大约每秒10次振荡)”可知，新研究采用了一种与脑电波同步的音响系统。故选A。
46．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Northwestern has taken steps to patent the researchers’ technology, which seems to have hit upon a way to stimulate slow waves at the right moment. The team hopes to develop an affordable device that people can use at home, from the comfort of their beds. (但西北大学已经采取措施为研究人员的技术申请专利，似乎找到了一种在正确的时间刺激慢波的方法。该团队希望开发一种价格合理的设备，人们可以在家里舒适地躺在床上使用)”可推知，本研究中使用的方法具有应用于实践的潜力。故选B。
47．C 48．D 49．F 50．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了垃圾清理机器人，介绍了其工作方式以及优势。
47．根据上文“Robots of various shapes have been designed to collect garbage that they find floating in the ocean. For example, the French company IADYS has developed what it calls the jellyfishbot. (人们设计了各种形状的机器人来收集漂浮在海洋中的垃圾。例如，法国IADYS公司开发了一种名为水母机器人的机器人)”以及后文“The jellyfishbot is remotely controlled and can clean up to 1,000 square meters per hour. It contains a net that can hold up to 30 liters. The jellyfishbots’ small size and ability to be easily controlled make them ideal for cleaning up crowded areas such as ports. (水母机器人是远程控制的，每小时最多可以清洁1000平方米。它包含一个可以容纳30升水的网。水母机器人体积小，易于控制，是清理港口等拥挤地区的理想选择)”可知，本句进一步解释水母机器人的功能，C选项This small robot对应上文jellyfishbot。故C选项“这个小机器人收集它遇到的所有东西，包括汽油和石油”符合语境，故选C。
48．根据后文“Designed for use on rivers, the Interceptor looks like a boat with a conveyor belt that picks up trash. A shallow barrier attached to the Interceptor guides floating trash to the conveyor belt, but fish can swim under it safely. Once a sensor indicates that the dustbins are full, the Interceptor automatically sends a text message to onshore operators. These operators collect and empty the dustbins, sending the garbage to local waste management facilities. (为了在河流上使用，“拦截器”看起来像一艘带着垃圾传送带的船。一个附着在“拦截器”上的浅屏障引导漂浮的垃圾进入传送带，但鱼可以安全地在它下面游泳。一旦传感器显示垃圾箱已满，“拦截器”就会自动向岸上操作员发送短信。这些经营者收集和清空垃圾箱，将垃圾送到当地的废物管理设施)”可知，本段主要介绍了一种名为“拦截器”的机器人。故D选项“对于更大、更开放的区域，一个大得多的名为拦截器的机器人具有类似的功能”符合语境，故选D。
49．根据上文“Most of the garbage in the oceans comes down rivers. (海洋中的大部分垃圾都是顺流而下的)”以及后文“Hence the Interceptor is used to stop pollution before it enters the ocean. (因此，“拦截器”被用于在污染进入海洋之前阻止污染)”可知，本句主要说明如何清理海洋中的垃圾。故F选项“清理海洋中的垃圾是件好事，但要保持海洋清洁，就必须阻止新的垃圾进入海洋”符合语境，故选F。
50．根据上文“The Interceptor is completely solar-powered and operates on its own, which minimizes the need for human involvement. Robots are able to clean up large amounts of garbage without humans struggling with beach cleanup by hand. (“拦截器”完全由太阳能供电，并自行操作，这最大限度地减少了人类参与的需要。机器人能够清理大量垃圾，而无需人类手工清理海滩)”可知，本段主要说明了“拦截器”这种机器人在清理垃圾方面的优势，B选项中they对应上文Robots。故B选项“希望它们能成为解决海洋污染的一个重要部分”符合语境，故选B。
51．The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don’t know much in certain areas tend to overestimate themselves. The opposite situation can also happen where capable people underestimate themselves. However, many people may not realize where they lack competence, so it’s advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，邓宁-克鲁格效应指的是在某些领域不太了解的人往往高估自己的原则。相反的情况也会发生，有能力的人会低估自己。然而，许多人可能没有意识到他们的能力不足，所以最好承认邓宁-克鲁格效应的存在，并保持谦虚和学习。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills.
②The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves.
③It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a rule that people who don’t leanr much in certain areas prefer to overestimate themselves.
The opposite situation where capable people underestimate themselves can also take place.
However, many people may not realize what they lack , so it’s wise to acknowledge the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep modest and learning.
【点睛】[高分句型1] The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don’t know much in certain areas tend to overestimate themselves.(运用where引导定语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。)
[高分句型2] However, many people may not realize where they lack competence, so it’s advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.(用where引导宾语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。)
52．It suddenly occurred to me that I left my desk mate’s scarf at home.
【详解】考查固定句型。表示“某人突然想起”句型为It suddenly occurred to sb. that；从句主语为I；表示“把同桌的围巾忘家里了”翻译为leave my desk mate’s scarf at home。为一般过去时。故翻译为It suddenly occurred to me that I left my desk mate’s scarf at home.
53．When you encounter a series of difficult problems, take it easy and think carefully about how to solve them.
【详解】考查状语从句和祈使句。分析句子可知，“当你遇到一连串棘手问题时”是时间状语从句，用从属连词when引导，主语“你”用人称代词you，谓语“遇到”用动词encounter，描述客观事实，用一般现在时态，谓语动词用复数形式，宾语“一连串棘手问题”用a series of difficult problems；“要沉住气，并好好想想如何解决”是主句，表示建议，用祈使语气，用动词原形开头，“沉住气”用动词短语take it easy，“好好想想”用动词短语think carefully about，“如何解决”作宾语，用复合结构how to solve them，两个动词短语之间是并列关系，用并列连词and连接。综上，全句译为：When you encounter a series of difficult problems, take it easy and think carefully about how to solve them.
54．Looking at the old objects, the old man who had lost relatives one after another felt the old memories came back and couldn’t help weeping.
【详解】考查非谓语动词、动词短语、名词短语、定语从句。根据句意以及句子提示词可知，该句可为非谓语动词作状语，动词短语Look at“看着”和逻辑主语the old man“这个老人”为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式，表示“这些老物件”应为名词短语the old objects；主语the old man后接关系代词who引导的定语从句，对the old man进行修饰，在该定语从句中，表示“失去亲人”为动词短语lost relative；表示“接连”应为固定短语one after another；表示“感觉往事历历在目”应为动词短语feel the old memories came back；表示“不禁潸然泪下”应为动词短语can’t help weeping；结合句意可知，该句应为陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时，在定语从句中，应为过去完成时。故翻译为：Looking at the old objects, the old man who had lost relatives one after another felt the old memories came back and couldn’t help weeping。
55．With the joint efforts of all the residents, the appearance of this city is witnessing positive changes, which indicates that these measures are very effective.
【详解】考查短语、时态、定语从句和名词性从句。“在全体居民的共同努力下”用介词短语With the joint efforts of all the residents；“这个城市的市容”翻译为the appearance of this city，在句中作主语，“正在好转”用现在进行时，翻译为is witnessing positive changes；指代前面一件事，所以用关系代词which引导非限定性定语从句。“说明”翻译为indicate，在从句中作谓语，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语which为概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。动词indicates后接宾语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用关系代词that引导。“这些措施”翻译为these measures，主语是复数，谓语动词用are，后接形容词作表语。“卓有成效”翻译为very effective。故翻译为With the joint efforts of all the residents, the appearance of this city is witnessing positive changes, which indicates that these measures are very effective.
56．Dear Ms. Zhang,
I’m writing to express my sincere gratitude to you. You are the very person who gave me a hand when necessary.
One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits, being afraid of letting my parents down. When I was at a loss, as my headteacher, you asked me to go to your office. Instead of blaming me, you comforted me and discussed with me the reasons for my failing in the exam. More unforgettably, you managed to help me with my study and inspired me from time to time.
Ms. Zhang, I’m more than grateful for what you have done for me. Wish you happiness and good health.
Yours,
Xu Jing
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，假设你是明启中学高三学生徐晶，你校的英文报向即将毕业的高三学生征文，给高中三年来最值得你感谢的一个人或一件事表达感谢。
【详解】1.词汇积累
感谢：gratitude→appreciation
帮助：give sb. a hand→do sb. a favor
害怕的：afraid→scared
鼓励：inspire→encourage
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits, being afraid of letting my parents down.
拓展句：One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits because I was afraid of letting my parents down.
【点睛】[高分句型1] You are the very person who gave me a hand when necessary.(运用了who引导的定语从句和when的省略句)
[高分句型2] One month ago, with the College Entrance Examination around the corner, I was nervous and in low spirits, being afraid of letting my parents down.(运用了with的复合结构和现在分词作状语)
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