02 Unit 3 Diverse cultures 语法篇-2022-2023学年高一英语单元复习(人教版2019必修第三册)

情态动词的基本用法

一、情态动词的定义

情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries)，主要有can, may, must, could, might, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达能力、请求、许可、建议、命令、义务、禁止、意愿和推测等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。

二、情态动词的基本用法

1. 表示能力，指有能力做某事。

1）can (could) 和be able to都可以表示能力。但can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式。例如：

My uncle can (=is able to) play the guitar.我叔叔会弹吉他。

Those bags look really heavy. Are you sure you'll be able to carry them on your own?这些包看起来很重。你确定可以自己搬他们吗？

2）表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用was/were able to来表示。这时，was/were able to相当于managed to do或succeed in doing。例如：

After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.事故发生后，过了很久她才能重新行走。

2. 请求与许可

1）can、could、may、might、would可以表示请求：口语中can常用could代替，could用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用can；在请求对方许可时，might和may相比更加委婉。例如：

Could you have her call me back when she gets home, please? 她回来了可以让她给我回电话吗？

—Could I use your dictionary? —Yes, you can.（否定回答可用：No, I'm afraid not.）

May I come in and wait? 我能进来等吗？

Would you please turn on the light?请你打开灯，好吗？

2）在给予别人许可时常用can，也可以用may，但不能用might。否定回答一般用must not/mustn't，表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not（最好别）或may not（不可以），语气较为委婉。例如：

You can take the car, if you want. 如果想用那辆车，你就尽管用吧。

You may sit down or stand, just as you wish.你可以坐下也可以站着，随你的便。

3. 建议与忠告

能表示“建议与忠告”的情态动词有：could、should、ought to、had better等；shall可以用来表示征求建议。例如：

You could wear my shoes. You've got big enough feet. 你穿我的鞋吧。你的脚够大的。

You should read his new book.你应该读读他的新书。

You'd better take an umbrella.你最好带把伞。

Shall we have a picnic this Sunday?这个星期天我们去野餐好吗？

4. 命令、义务与禁止

此类情态动词有：must、should、ought to、need、shall。must表示“必须，应该”之意，语气比should，ought to强烈。其否定形式mustn't表示“不准，不应该，禁止”等意；should和ought to表示责任或义务，意为“应该”，可用于各种人称；shall用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。例如：

You must come to school on time.你必须按时到校。

You shouldn't drink and drive.你不应该酒后驾车。

You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.你是他父亲。你应该让他接受良好的教育。

You needn't finish that work today.你不必今天做完这项工作。

Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.考生必须留在座位上，等所有试卷收好以后方可离去。

5. 意愿与意图

will用于表示意志或意愿。例如：

I will do anything for you.我愿意为你做任何事。

6. 表推测

1）在肯定句中表推测的程度可按如下排列。

must>ought to/should>can>could>may>might

2）在否定句中表推测的程度可按如下排列。

can't>couldn't>may not>might not

3）在疑问句中表推测

Can it be true?那是真的吗？

4）“情态动词+be doing”表推测的用法

表示对现在或将来正在进行的行为进行推测，意为“可能正在，应当正在，肯定正在”等。例如：

What can they be doing?他们究竟在干什么呢？

Linda must be preparing for her exams.Linda一定在为考试做准备。

He might be calling up someone. We'd better not disturb him.他可能正在打电话。我们最好不要打扰他。

5）“情态动词+have done”表推测的用法

“情态动词+have done”表示对已发生的事情的推测。must have done意为“想必/准是/一定做了某事”；ought to/should have done意为“应该已经……”；could have done意为“可能已经……”；may/might have done意为“也许/或许已经……”；can't/couldn't have done意为“一定没有……，不可能已经……”；oughtn't to/shouldn't have done意为“应该还没有……”；may/might not have done意为“可能没有……”。例如：

The ground is wet, it must have rained last night.地上是湿的，昨晚一定下过雨了。

So far, he ought to have finished his paper.到现在为止,他应该已经完成论文了。

She could have forgotten to tell him. 她可能忘记告诉他了。

He may not have heard his name called.他可能没有听到有人叫他的名字。

You can't have taken 10:00 flight, for it was canceled.你一定没有乘坐10点的飞机，因为它被取消了。

7. 其他用法

1）惯用形式“cannot…too/enough…”表示“无论怎么……也不（过分）”，“can't/couldn't help doing something.”表示“禁不住做某事”，“can't help but do something.”表示“只好做某事”，“couldn't be better”表示“最好，再好不过”。例如：

You cannot be too careful.你越小心越好。

I cannot thank enough for your kindness.我再怎么感谢你也不为过。

I can't help feeling that there has been a mistake.我总觉得有一处错误。

We cannot help but admire his courage.我们不得不佩服他的勇气。

My work this month couldn't be better.我这个月的工作最好。

2）should用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟然”。例如：

I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to you.他竟然对你这样无礼，真叫我吃惊。

3）will/would表示习惯或倾向，意为“总是，惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态时，可用三种方法来表达：used to do，would do（只表达动作），did。例如：

People will talk.人们总会说闲话。

Mum would tell us stories before we went to bed.过去妈妈总在我们上床睡觉前讲故事。

I used to go to the gym three times a week, but I don’t work out any more.我以前每周去健身房3次，但我现在不锻炼了。

4）must表“偏要”。例如：

Why must it rain today?为什么偏偏今天下雨？

5）could/might/should/ought to/need have done表“本……而实际……”

could/might have done表示“本可以做某事却没做”；ought to/should have done表示“本应该做某事而未做”，其否定形式表示“本不该做某事却做了”；needn’t have done表示“本没必要做某事”。例如：

You could have made less noise. They were taking an exam.你本该小点声的。他们在考试。

They should have finished their work before playing.他们本应该在玩耍前完成工作的。

You needn’t have taken a taxi. It’s early.你本不必坐出租车的，还早呢。

6）may表祝愿

May you succeed!祝你成功！

情态动词的基本用法表请求与许可

I: 表达请求的情态动词

表达提出请求的情态动词是：will, may, can, could, would, might。它们表达请求时的用法：

1) could, can, may, might常用于主语是第一人称的疑问句中表达请求。

2) will, would, could, can常用于主语是第二人称的疑问句中表达请求(此时，因can与第二人称连用极为不礼貌而很少使用)。例如：

May we ask what you're doing in this country? 请问你在这个国家在干什么？

May/Might/Can/Could I come in? 我可以进来吗？

Could you offer me work here? 您给我提供一个工作岗位好吗？

Will/Would you give her the letter? 你把这封信给她，好吗？(would比will更委婉)

II: 表达许可的情态动词

表达(给予)许可的情态动词是：may, can(表达现在或将来), might, could(表达过去)常用于陈述句中表达某人可以做某事。注意：为避免语气生硬、不礼貌，用can表达请求时，不可再用can回答来表达许可。例如：

You may pay the bill either in person or by mail. 你可以亲自或者通过邮递来付账。

Mother said we could do anything we wished. 母亲说我们想干什么都行。

How much did you pay for the car, if I may ask. 恕我问一下，这辆车你是多少钱买的？

情态动词的基本用法表建议与忠告

常见表达建议、忠告的情态动词有：shall (常用于主语we的疑问句中)、could (常用于主语是I以外的陈述句中) 、ought to/should、had better、might as well (不妨，倒不如)等。例如：

Shall we go out for a walk? 我们出去散步好吗？

You could ask the teacher for help. 你可以求助老师。

You should write him a letter. 你应该给他写信。

The cookies Susan made are delicious. You ought to try some. Susan制作的饼干味道很好。你应该尝试做一些。

You'd better serve him quick and get him out quick. 你最好是快速地接待他，搞定他。

情态动词的基本用法表命令、义务、禁止

I: 表达命令的情态动词

表达命令的情态动词是：shall(用于主语是二、三人称的陈述句且正式的文书中), must。例如：

Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 考生必须留在座位上，等所有试卷收好以后方可离去。

You must arrive in time. The meeting is very important. 你务必准时到达。会议很重要。

II：表达义务的情态动词

表达义务的情态动词是：must, shall, should, ought to(用于陈述句且正式的场合中)。例如：

You must pay income taxes or you'll be fined. 你有义务交所得税，否则罚款。

House owners shall keep their gardens in neat. 房主务必保持花园整洁。

We ought to do more for the country. 我们应为国家多出力。

III：表达禁止的情态动词

表达禁止的情态动词是：shall not(用于正式的文书中), mustn't, can't。例如：

You shall not smoke. 不准吸烟。

You mustn't play with matches, because it is dangerous. 禁止玩火柴，因为那很危险。

We can't go on like this.  我们不能再这样下去了。

用法提示：多个情态动词可表达命令、义务、禁止，但强调正式场合一律用shall。另外同一句话，可能表达命令、建议或者请求，这取决于对话双方的地位、情绪及语境。

1. 情态动词表推测的用法：

1）must表“推测”的情况。

基于证据而相信，只用于肯定的陈述句，意为“肯定是，一定是”。例如：

You must be Mr. Li. I was told to expect you.你一定是李先生吧。有人告诉我要等你来。

You must be tired after a long walk.走了很长一段路，你一定累了。

2）can与could表“推测”的情况。

can表示推测之意时，一般用于否定句或疑问句。can't表示有把握的否定推测，意为“不可能”。用于疑问句时，表示“也许会，可能”，其可能性大于could。could表推测，用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中。

He can't be more than thirty.他不可能超过三十岁。

-Can Tom be in the library?Tom会在图书馆吗？

-No, he can't. He called to tell me that he would go to the beach today.不，不可能。他打电话告诉我今天要去海滩。

I'm not sure about it. You could be right.我不确定。你可能是对的。

3）may和might表示推测的情况。

表示可能性，意为“也许，或许”。may和might表示推测的语气较弱，may的可能性大于might。例如：

She may know Tom's address.她可能知道Tom的地址。

They all said that he might come home before the Spring Festival.他们都说他可能在春节前回家。

注意：当句中出现“I'm afraid”、“I am not sure”等表示不确定的含义时，常选用may或might。例如：

He may come, but I am not quite sure.他可能来，但我不敢肯定。

I'm afraid he might not come to attend the meeting today.我恐怕他今天不会来参加会议了。

2. 情态动词表推测的各种形式：

1）情态动词+do：表示对现在或将来情况的推测

2）情态动词+be doing：表示对现在正在发生的情况或将要发生的情况的推测

3）情态动词+have done：表示对过去的推测

例如：

That tall fellow might be a basketball player.那个高个子可能位是篮球运动员。

You look happy. You must be having a good time.你看起来高兴。你一定玩得很开心。

Where could you have put the key?你把钥匙放在哪儿了？

过去将来时的用法

I. 用法

1. 过去将来时表达过去某时之后将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它常用于主句谓语是一般过去时态的宾语从句中。例如：

They would begin to discuss this when they arrived. 他们到达时就会开始讨论这件事。

The peasants were sure that they would have another good harvest that year.

农民们坚信那一年将又会大丰收。

II. 过去将来时态的结构

1. would do表达将发生的动作。例如：

He wouldn't leave the next Friday. 随后的周五，他不会离开。

2. was / were going to do表达准备、计划、将要做某事，它所表达可能发生也可能不发生的动作。例如：

The students were going to play table tennis that afternoon. 那天下午学生们要打乒乓球。

3. was / were about to do表达马上发生的动作，它不可与明确时间状语连用。其常用句式是was / were about to do when+从句。例如：

The meeting was about to be held at once. 这个会议马上举行。

4. go, come, return, leave, start, finish等动词的过去进行时态表达过去将要发生的动作。例如。

They said they were leaving for Paris soon. 他们说不久他们将离开去巴黎。

5. was / were to do表达曾经计划做某事。例如：

She said she was to buy a flat in Shanghai. 她说过要在上海买一套房子

一、单句语法填空

1．Neighbours spotted smoke ________ (come) out of the house.

2．She is very ________ (patience) with young children.

3．When he came to himself, he found himself ________ (lie) in hospital.

4．You can buy all ________ (sort) of specially designed gifts for your father in the online shop.

5．They gave no ________ (indicate) of how the work should be done.

二、完成句子

1．我正要出发，天开始下起雨来。

I was ________________ set out ________ it began to rain.

2．这种事应该禁止。

Such things ________________ be forbidden.

3．我发现自己被一群孩子包围着。

I found myself ________ by a group of children.

4．铃响了，表明我们下课了。

The bell rang, ________ our class was over.

5．金钱是善仆，也是恶主。

Money is a good ________ and a bad ________.

三、阅读理解

The death of languages is not a new phenomenon. Languages usually have a short life span (寿命) as well as a very high death rate. Only a few, including Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Latin, have lasted more than 2,000 years.

What is new, however, is the speed at which they are dying out. Europe's colonial rule caused a sharp decrease in languages, reducing at least 15 percent of all languages spoken at the time. Over the last 300 years, Europe has lost a dozen languages, and Australia has only 20 left of the 250 languages spoken at the end of the 18th century.

The rise of nation­states has also been decisive in selecting national languages. By making great efforts to establish an official language in education and the media, national governments have tried to reduce minority languages.

This process of language standardization (标准化) has been improved by industrialization and scientific progress, which have created new methods of communication that are fast, straightforward and practical. The various kinds of languages came to be seen as a difficulty to trade and the spread of knowledge. Monolingualism (单一语言制) became a perfect choice.

More recently, the internationalization of financial markets, the spread of information by electronic media and other aspects of globalization have led to the danger to “small” languages. A language not on the Internet is a language that “no longer exists” in the modern world. It is out of the game.

The serious effects of the death of languages are clear. First of all, it is possible that if we all ended up speaking the same language, our brains would lose some of their natural functions for language inventiveness. We would never be able to figure out the origins of human language or resolve the mystery of “the first language”. As each language dies, a chapter of human history closes.

Multilingualism (多语制) is the best reflection of multiculturalism. The destruction of the first will lead to the loss of the second. Creating a language without any links to a people's culture and way of life stifles the expression of their language gift. A language is not only used as the main instrument of human communication. It also expresses the world view of those who speak it, as well as their ways of using knowledge. To safeguard languages is an urgent matter.

1．Which of the following does not contribute to the death of languages?

A．Colonial rule from Europe.

B．The rise of nation­states.

C．Advances in science and industrialization.

D．The increase of human population.

2．The underlined word “stifles” in the last paragraph probably means ________.

A．cheer  B．kill

C．create  D．improve

3．The serious effects of the death of languages include all except that ________.

A．people would fail to understand how languages started

B．monolingualism would lead to the loss of multiculturalism

C．the death of languages would become a difficulty to realize globalization

D．human brains would become less creative in languages

4．What is the author's purpose of writing this passage?

A．To draw people's attention to the importance of language preservation.

B．To warn people of the negative results of globalization.

C．To explain the reasons why languages are dying out.

D．To argue how important it is for people to speak more languages.

四、阅读七选五

Teenagers earning money

In the United States, you can only get a full­time job if you are 16 years old or older. But there are things that teenagers can do to earn some spending money. Here are a few ideas.

Parents with young children sometimes want to go out for dinner or to the movies, but they don't want to leave their children alone. __1__ If the children go to bed early, you can do some of your homework!

Some adults have a dog, but they don't have time to take it for a walk. __2__ So some teenagers work as dog walkers. It's a good idea—you earn money and you're outside in the fresh air. You get some exercise, too!

Teenagers can deliver newspapers. You usually ride a bike around a neighborhood and leave a newspaper at each house. __3__ You have to get up early, too, because people want to read their newspaper with their breakfast.

__4__ Some companies pay teens to do online research. They want to know what teens are interested in. It's a fun and easy way to make money. You can also design web pages for friends or adults.

Sometimes adults pay teenagers to mow (修剪) their lawns. It's a great job because you get fresh air and exercise. __5__ Then you have regular customers, because grass always grows!

A．Dogs need a lot of exercise!

B．It brings a lot of safety problems.

C．Normally you have to have your own bike.

D．Teenagers can work at home on their computers.

E．It's important to tell an adult where you're going.

F．Do your job carefully and people will want you to do it again.

G．So, they ask a teenager to stay in the house and look after their children while they are out.

参考答案

一、单句语法填空

1．coming　2.patient　3.lying　4.sorts　5.indication

二、完成句子

1．about to　when　2.ought to　3.surrounded　4.indicating

5．servant　master

三、阅读理解

1.D　考查细节理解。根据文章的第二、第三、第四段的内容可知A、B、C三项都是语言消亡的原因。故选D项。

2.B　考查词义猜测。根据语境可知，此句意为：创造一种与一个民族的文化和生活方式没有任何联系的语言扼杀了他们语言天赋的表达。kill是消极词汇，其余三项是积极词汇。故选B项。

3.C　考查细节理解。由第六段内容和第七段中的“Multilingualism (多语制) is the best reflection of multiculturalism. The destruction of the first will lead to the loss of the second.”可知，选项A、B、D都是语言消亡的严重影响。由第五段的第一句可知。应选C项。

4.A　考查主旨大意。由文章的最后一段，尤其是“To safeguard languages is an urgent matter.”可知A项正确。

四、阅读七选五

1．G　根据本空前的“Parents with young children sometimes want to go out for dinner or to the movies, but they don't want to leave their children alone.”可知，有孩子的父母有时想出去吃饭或看电影，但他们不想让孩子一个人在家。故G项(所以，他们请一个青少年待在家里，在他们外出的时候照顾他们的孩子)符合语境。

2．A　根据本空后的“So some teenagers work as dog walkers.”可知，所以一些青少年做遛狗的工作。故A项(狗需要大量的运动)符合语境。

3．C　根据本空前的“You usually ride a bike around a neighborhood and leave a newspaper at each house.”可知，你需要骑自行车送报纸。故C项(通常你必须有自己的自行车)符合语境。

4．D　根据本空后的“Some companies pay teens to do online research.”可知，一些公司付钱给青少年做在线调查。故D项(青少年可以在家在电脑上工作)符合语境。

5．F　根据本空后的“Then you have regular customers, because grass always grows！”可知，那么，你就有了常客，因为草是一直生长的。故F项(认真做你的工作，人们就会想再找你做这件事)符合语境