初中英语中考语法知识分类讲解（共四类）

中考英语语法知识讲解一、名词性从句1.由that引导的名词性从句如果有当作主语或宾语使用的句子的话，只需在句子前面加上that就可以了。句子前面的that就是名词性从句的标志。1）He leaves China + is true.如果将he leaves China这个句子当作主语使用的话，在它前面加上that。这样he leaves China就成了名词性从句了。That he leaves China is true. 他离开中国的事是真的。That he applied for the job was unknown. 不知道他是否申请了那个工作。2)I don’t know + He leaves China soon.he leaves China作宾语时，也和上述句子一样，只要在句子前面加上that，就可以变成名词性从句，充当句子的宾语。I don’t know that he leaves China soon. 我不知道他离开中国了。He believed that she would marry him. 他相信她会嫁给他。3)在that引导的名词性宾语从句中，that可以被省略。I knew (that) he collected stamps as his hobby.我知道他把收集邮票作为兴趣爱好。She believed (that) the sofa was sold to her.她相信沙发是被卖给了她的。2.名词性从句太长的话，就放在句尾。名词性从句中如果从句太长的话，就把形式主语it放在主语的位置，that引导的名词性从句就放在句尾位置。That he leaves China is true.=It is true that he leaves China.That he applied for the job was unknown.=It was unknown that he applied for the job.Nobody knew that tsunami would hit the town.没有人知道海啸会袭击那个城镇。She heard that he had been fired.她听说了他被解雇的消息。It is unbelievable that the volcano is about erupt.火山马上就要喷发这件事是不可信的。It must be a mistake that I won this award.我得奖一定是弄错了。I believe that you wold pay me back.我相信你会换我钱的。I think that I’m in love with you.我想我是爱上你了。It is very natural that the book should contain a large section on the topic.这本书包含很多关于那个主题的章节是理所当然的。3.名词性从句也可以表疑问。当who, what, when, why, how, where等特殊疑问词在名词性从句中作主语或宾语时，疑问词本身起到了that的引导作用，句子中就不用再单独写that了。Nobody knows where she hid the weapon.没有人知道她把武器藏在了哪里。Who mugged the lady should be investigated immediately.应当立刻调查是谁抢劫了那位女士。It is a mastery how he broke into the house.秘密在于他是如何闯入房子里的。1）A: Do you know who will be the new manager?你知道谁会成为新的经理吗？B: I think Mr. Green from Tokyo will be the new manager.我认为来自东京的格林先生会成为新的经理。2）A: Tell me when you can finish the script.告诉我你什么时候能完成脚本。B: Maybe tomorrow night.可能明天晚上吧。3）A: I don’t understand how he can eat so quickly.我不明白他吃饭怎么会如此之快。B: Well, he may have a bigger stomach.可能是因为他有一个大胃吧。4）A: Could you tell me where the gas station is near her?你能告诉我附近哪有加油站吗？B: I’m sorry I’m a stranger here.不好意思，我也不是本地人。5）A: I have no idea why they got divorced.我不明白他们为什么离婚。B: The rumor has it that Charlie cheated on Sally.据说是因为查理对萨莉不忠。二、动名词和不定式to的区别1.连接二者意义相同的动词start，begin，continue，like等动词宾语既可以连接不定式to，又可以连接动名词。除此之外，这些动词连接二者任意一个时，所表达的含义是相同的，属于比较容易掌握的类型。The security guard started to run to the mall.=The security guard started running to the mall.保安开始跑向商场。The machine continued to rattle.=The machine continued rattling.机器继续咯咯作响。2.注意下面这些根据宾语不同，含义也不同的动词！有一些变化无常的动词，它们虽然既能连接不定式to，也能连接动名词作宾语，但根据宾语不同，所表达的意义也不同。remember+ing（过去做过的事）记得remember to (以后要做的事）记得I remember sending the money to her. She must have spent it all. 我记得我把钱给她了。她肯定已经把钱全部花光了。I'll remember to send the money to her. I’ll go to the bank at 2 p.m.我会记得把钱给她的。我下午亮点要去银行。try +ing （尝试）做...试试，试着try +不定式to 努力做...（努力程度更深）I tried moving the files to the new hard drive and it didn’t work. 我试着把文件夹移动到新的硬盘驱动器里，并没有成功。I tried to stay awake, but next morning I found myself in bed.我努力保持清醒，但第二天早上醒来我却发现自己在床上。regret+ing 后悔做...（做过的事）regret+不定式to 遗憾，抱歉（没做过的事）I regret dropping out of school. 我后悔辍学。I regret to let you go. 我很抱歉让你走。need+to（主语）需要做...主动need+ing（主语）需要被...被动I need to fix this car.  我需要去修这辆汽车。The car needs fixing. 这辆汽车需要被修理。=The car needs to be fixed.1)她肯定记得把书发送给了我。她打电话跟我确认是否收到了书。 She must remember sending me the book. She called me to check if I got it.2)虽然保镖努力在阻止粉丝们，但粉丝实在是太多了。The bodyguard tried to stop the fans, but there were too many of fans.3)他们需要乘车上班。They need to get a ride to work.4)你什么时候能去开始工作呢？When can you start to work?5)我很抱歉告诉了你这个令人悲伤的消息。I regret to let you know the tragic news.3.经常在考试中出现，需要正确区分二者使用方法的动词。1）根据上下文选择是使用ing还是使用不定式to(副词）stop+ing 停止做～ ing是stop的宾语stop to +动词原形 停下来去做某事 不定式to做副词。She stopped to drop the letter into the mail box.她停下来去把信投入邮箱中。She stopped writing the book and went to bed.她停止写这本书，上床睡觉了。They stopped to take a picture of the wild flowers.他们停下来去给野花拍照。used to +动词原形 以前做过～，过去常常做，以前习惯做，to 表示不定式be used to +动名词 习惯于～ to 作为介词be used to +动词原形 被用于做～；用于～ 不定式to作副词I used to play quarterback in high school.我在高中时常常打四分卫。I’m used to sleeping on the bus.我习惯于在公交车上睡觉。The weapon was used to kill thousands of innocent people.武器被用于杀害成千上万无辜的百姓。2）不定式to经常出错的惯用表现形式look forward to +动名词 期待做...，盼望object to +动名词 反对做～when it comes to +动名词 当涉及到～时，就～而论上述短语中，to都是介词，所以后面不能接动词原形I look forward to seeing you soon. 我期望能很快见到你。When it comes to making pizza, he’s an expert. 说到制作比萨这方面，他可是个专家。Please stop crying. You’re driving me crazy. 别哭了，我快被你逼疯了。I’m used to eating fast. 我习惯于快速吃饭。I’m looking forward to seeing your performance. 我很期待你的表演。The hammer was used to kill the dog. 那个铁锤是用来杀狗的。My doctor used to play poker with me. 我的医生以前经常和我们玩扑克。三、动词变名词1.动名词和单数名词动名词是由动词原形+ing词尾构成的。动名词在句子中的用法及功能与名词相同，都可以在句子中作主语，宾语，表语或定语。study学习（动词）-studying 学习（名词）eat 吃（动词）-eating 吃（名词）Studying English is not what I like to do. 我不喜欢学习英语。1）动名词作主语时，谓语动词为单数。“be”动词要用is/was；一般动词后面要加s/es。2）介词后面一般要接名词，但是当介词后面要表示某个动作时，用动名词。3）动名词的否定形式：在动名词前面加“not”，“never”等否定词。Playing computer games is always fun. 玩电脑游戏通常很有意思。My son is afraid of going to bed alone. 我儿子害怕单独睡觉。The man was happy with not paying extra taxes this year. 那个男人对今年不用交额外的税款感到高兴。I don’t like the idea of giving money to the poor.我不喜欢给穷人钱。Listening to music is my hobby.我的爱好是听音乐。She hated not doing anything at home.她喜欢在家什么都不做。My sister put off sending the mail.我姐姐延期发邮件。I’m not interested in helping the homeless.我对帮助无家可归的人不感兴趣。2.宾语只能用动名词的动词宾语只能是动名词的动词give up 放弃enjoy 享受，喜欢suggest 建议avoid 避免，预防mind介意miss 想念，思念forgive 原谅stop停止finish 结束resist抵抗，抵制deny 否认dislike 不喜欢，讨厌postpone 使延期，延缓delay 拖延，耽搁put off 拖延，延期She enjoys watching movies alone. 她喜欢一个人看电影。I miss having dinner with you. 我想和你共进晚餐。3.动名词作主语如果动名词动作的主题也是句子中的主语的话，为了预防重复，动名词前面就不用再单独把主语表示出来了。We enjoy dancing. 我们喜欢跳舞。We enjoy his/Ryan’s dancing. 我们很喜欢他／Ryan跳舞。I don’t like Ryan’s dancing in the shower. 我不喜欢Ryan在洗澡时跳舞。注意：传统的英语语法中动名词的主语要用所有格来表示。但在现代英语中，通常用宾格形式。1）Do not postpone doing your project. 别延期做你的计划。2）I don’t like her singing in the car. 我不喜欢她在车里唱歌。3）We miss your cooking. 我们想念你的厨艺。4）You should avoid having eye contact with a bear. 你应当避免和熊有眼神接触。5）My boss finished making a long-term plan. 我的老板制定来一个长期计划。四、非主动语态的动词主语是动作的执行者时，叫做主动，那么这个句子就是主动语态。相反地，主语是动作的承受着时，叫做被动，那这个句子的语态就是被动语态。1.被动语态：be+P.P.被动语态的结构是be动词+过去分词+by 动作执行者，表示主语承受了动作执行者的动作。这时，by可以翻译成“被～，也可以根据语境翻译成给......。He was teased by his best friend. 他被他最好的朋友戏弄了。The wall was painted by Susie. 这面墙被苏西涂了漆。／苏西给这面墙涂了漆。为什么要用被动语态呢？看例句对比。（1）Susie painted the wall. 苏西涂了墙。（2）The was was painted by Susie. 这面墙被苏西涂了漆。第（1）句是主动语态的句子，主语是Susie。强调给墙涂漆的人叫做苏西。相反地，第（2）句是被动语态的句子，主语是The wall，这句话中相比苏西给涂了墙，更加强调的是墙被涂漆了这件事。像这种，在被动语态的句子中，相比动作的执行者，更加强调主语所承受的动作。因此，被动语态后面的by+动作执行者也常会被省略。例如：The tower was built in 1860. 这座塔于1860年建成。句子的重点并不是建这座塔的人，而是这座塔被建成这件事。1）Someone stole my ring.My ring was stolen.有人偷了我的戒指。2）He wrote the book.The book was written by him.他写的那本书。3）She washes her car mostly on Sundays.Her car is washed mostly on Sundays by her.她通常在周日洗车。4）He fixed the broken radio.The broken radio was broken by him.他修了那个坏掉的收音机。5）They always record my presentations.My presentations was always recorded.他们总是记录我的演讲。2.丰富多彩的被动语态助动词+be+p.p.be+being+p.p.助动词+被动语态：表示可能性(can),推测(will,may),意志(will),义务(must)等意义进行时+被动语态：（持续）正被～have+been+p.p.had+been+p.p.完成时+被动语态：已经被～过去完成时+被动语态：已经被～（过去的过去）be+p.p.+to 动词原形need/want+ing被动语态+不定式to：此时不定式to(让做～，要做～）为被动语态动词提供的具体信息特殊的被动语态：need或want后接动名词ing形式，可表示被动的意义，后面不需要再加被动语态。1）The car will be washed tomorrow. 那辆车明天会被洗。使用助动词will来表示将来。2）The crop is being harvested by a group of soldiers.农作物正在被一群军人们收割。被收割是现在正在进行的动作。3）The windmill has been used for over 40 years.这个风车已经用了40年了。用现在完成时，表示从40年前到现在一直被使用的意义。4）My boss had been summoned to court. 我的老板已经遭到了法庭的传讯。用过去完成时加被动语态，表示在某一时刻之前就被传讯。5）She was told to clean her room. 她被要求去清理她的房间。to之后是被告知(was sold)的具体内容。6）The floor needs fixing. 这地板需要修理。／需要修理地板了。与The floor needs to be fixed. 这样的被动语态相比，need+ing形式更加简洁。1.The magazine will be edited pretty soon.一会儿就会编辑出这本杂志。2.The letter has been sent by one of the crazy fans.这封信是从一个狂热的粉丝那寄来的。3.The new employee was told to make thousands of copies.新来的职工被告知要复印数千份。4.I’m being chased by the police.我正在被警察追捕。5.The house cannot be sold easily.这房子不会轻易被卖掉。6.The new clothing line was being designed by Mark.新的服装生产线是由马克设计的。7.I was ordered to leave the office.我被要求离开办公室。8.The bush needed trimming.那丛灌木应该修剪了。