北京高考英语阅读理解专项训练

这是一份北京高考英语阅读理解专项训练，共29页。
阅读理解
Arguably, the biggest science development of the year to date has been the images of the very depths of the universe taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Those images beg a comparison between the external and internal universes that science is bent on observing and understanding.
Decades ago, astrophysicist Carl Sagan famously said, “The universe is also within is. We’re made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself. ” He was commenting then on the reality that our internal universe was as complex and as fantastic as the outer space.
There are many similarities between the progress we’ve made in understanding the universe and in piecing together life’s inner workings. Like the technological developments that took us from Galileo’s telescope to the Hubble to the JWST, life science tools have also improved rapidly. From early light microscopes to modern super-resolution ones, these developments have afforded researchers a deep look into biology’s infinitesimal (无限小的) landscape. Learning that living things were composed of cells was, not a terribly long time ago, a revolutionary observation. Since then, scientists have been able to dive ever deeper into the components of life.
Going beyond merely observing the complicated makeup of organisms, life scientists can now discover the workings of molecules (分子). And that is where scanning the universe differs from peering into biology. Understanding the universe, especially from a functional standpoint, is not necessarily an immediate urgency. Understanding biology on that level is. Simply observing the amazing internal structure of cells is not enough. Biologists must also characterize how all those parts interact and change in different environments and when faced with various challenges. Being able to image a virus or bacterium is nice at the level of basic science. But knowing how viruses gain entry into cells and spread, infect, and disable can literally save lives. Through time, biology has risen to this mechanistic challenge. Not only can life science tools produce images of cell components, even more importantly, they can help predict the effects of drugs on receptors, of immune cells on foreign invaders (入侵者), and of genetic perturbations (基因干扰) on development and aging.
This is not to belittle the work of scientists researching into universe. They should rightly be praised for delivering views of impossibly distant, impossibly massive phenomena. My aim is to celebrate these accomplishments while at the same time recognizing that science’s inward search for detail and insight is equally impressive and, in my view, more urgent. The output of both the outward and inward explorations should stimulate wonder in everyone. After all, it’s all star-stuff.
1．Why does the author quote Carl Sagan’s comment in Paragraph 2?
A．To introduce the background. B．To prove an assumption.
C．To make a comparison. D．To present an idea.
2．Like the study of the universe, life science has been advancing in ________.
A．study approaches B．system management
C．research facilities D．technology integration
3．We can infer from Paragraph 4 that biologists’ work is ________.
A．practical B．risky C．flexible D．popular
4．As for life science, which would the author agree with?
A．It has received universal recognition. B．It should enjoy priority in development.
C．It can be applied in the majority of areas. D．It is more complicated than space science.

At a museum in Vietnam, Lena Bui’s film Where Birds Dance Their Last reflected on the beauty and vulnerability of Vietnamese feather farms after Bird Flu. During a festival in Rwanda, Ellen Reid’s audio experience Soundwalk was shared in a hopeful discussion about music, parks and mental health. These are a few of the things I have helped bring to life over the years, working at the intersection of scientific research, the arts and advocacy to support science in solving global health challenges.
Science is key to addressing these issues. But it isn’t the only key. To achieve its potential and for its advances to be implemented and reach all who could benefit, science depends on trust and good relationships. People might not always see science as relevant, trustworthy or meaningful to their lives. There are reasons why some see science as having a chequered past, from nuclear weapons to eugenics, and are therefore uninterested in, or suspicious of, what it proposes. Others feel excluded by the incomprehensibility of hyper specialist knowledge.
In its capacity to build upon and test an evidence base, science is powerful, but researchers and funders haven’t been as good at ensuring this evidence base responds to the needs and interests of diverse communities, or informs policy makers to take action. Science might be perceived as distancing itself from the personal, the poetic and the political, yet it is precisely these qualities that can be most influential when it comes to public interest in atopic or how a government prioritizes a decision.
A moving story well told can be more memorable than a list of facts. This is where the arts come in. Artists can give us different perspectives with which to consider and reimagine the world together. They can redress the proclaimed objectivity in science by bringing stories — subjectivities — into the picture, and these can help foster a sense of connection and hope.
In 2012, I set up artist residencies in medical research centres around the world. Bui was attached to the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam. The head of the research team was delighted, finding that Bui, as a Vietnamese artist, had license to be in, and to share useful insights from, villages where infectious disease researchers weren’t welcome. Six years later, I led Wellcome’s Contagious Cities program, which established artist residencies worldwide to support locally led explorations of epidemic preparedness. The recent pandemic made this work more noticeable, and has informed our Mindscapes program which is currently sharing experiences of mental health through the work of artists.
With pandemic, climate and mental health crises upon us, rising inequality and what feels like an increasingly broken world, never has there been more need to build and nurture hopeful and imaginative spaces to grow human connection and shared purpose for the common good. Science and the arts can work hand in glove to achieve this.
5．The author lists two works in Paragraph 1 mainly to ______.
A．reveal the gap between science and art B．prove his competence in both science and art
C．introduce successful science-related artworks D．show that science can be promoted in art forms
6．What does the underlined word “chequered” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Recent and remote. B．Good and bad.
C．Usual and unusual. D．Peaceful and scary.
7．Which of the following would the author agree?
A．Policy-makers base their decisions on science. B．Researchers popularize science effectively.
C．Science is well received among the public. D．The arts help people build connections.
8．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．The Value of the Arts to Science B．Where Do Science and the Arts Meet?
C．A New Way to Fight Pandemic—the Arts D．Which Matters More, Science or the Arts?

To a chef, the sounds of lip smacking, slurping and swallowing are the highest form of flattery (恭维). But to someone with a certain type of misophonia (恐音症), these same sounds can be torturous. Brain scans are now helping scientists start to understand why.
People with misophonia experience strong discomfort, annoyance or disgust when they hear particular triggers. These can include chewing, swallowing, slurping, throat clearing, coughing and even audible breathing. Researchers previously thought this reaction might be caused by the brain overactively processing certain sounds. Now, however, a new study published in Journal of Neuroscience has linked some forms of misophonia to heightened “mirroring” behavior in the brain: those affected feel distress while their brains act as if they were imitating the triggering mouth movements.
“This is the first breakthrough in misophonia research in 25 years,” says psychologist Jennifer J. Brout, who directs the International Misophonia Research Network and was not involved in the new study.
The research team, led by Neweastle University neuroscientist Sukhbinder Kumar, analyzed brain activity in people with and without misophonia when they were at rest and while they listened to sounds. These included misophonia triggers (such as chewing), generally unpleasant sounds (like a crying baby）, and neutral sounds. The brain’s auditory (听觉的) cortex, which processes sound, reacted similarly in subjects with and without misophonia. But in both the resting state and listening trials, people with misophonia showed stronger connections between the auditory cortex and brain regions that control movements of the face, mouth and throat, while the controlled group didn’t. Kumar found this connection became most active in participants with misophonia when they heard triggers specific to the condition.
“Just by listening to the sound, they activate the motor cortex more strongly. So in a way it was as if they were doing the action themselves,” Kumar says. Some mirroring is typical in most humans when witnessing others’ actions; the researchers do not yet know why an excessive(过分的) mirroring response might cause such a negative reaction, and hope to address that in future research. “Possibilities include a sense of loss of control, invasion of personal space, or interference with current goals and actions,” the study authors write.
Fatima Husain, an Illinois University professor of speech and hearing science, who was not involved in the study, says potential misophonia therapies could build on the new findings by counseling patients about handling unconscious motor responses to triggering sounds—not just coping with the sounds themselves. If this works, she adds, one should expect to see reduced connected activity between the auditory and motor cortices.
9．It can be learnt from the new study that ______.
A．misophonia sufferers can’t help imitating the triggers
B．people with misophonia are more likely to flatter chefs
C．the brains of people with misophonia overreact to sounds strongly
D．misophonia sufferers tend to have similar annoying activities in their brains
10．Compared with people without misophonia, people with misophonia ______.
A．suffer less severely at the resting state B．own markedly different brain structures
C．react more negatively at a mirroring response D．lose control of their facial movements easily
11．What might be the significance of the study?
A．Improving speech and hearing science. B．Developing a treatment for misophonia.
C．Drawing people’s attention to misophonia. D．Promoting human brain structure research.

Vast underwater meadows (草甸) of gently waving sea grass cover hundreds of miles up and down the West Coast. These blue-green fields perform a variety of important services. They protect the shoreline from erosion, clear pollutants from the water and provide habitats for all kinds of marine animals.
New research suggests sea grass meadows may also mitigate a serious consequence of greenhouse gas emissions: the steady acidification of ocean waters. The study published in the journal Global Change Biology finds that sea grass forests can raise pH levels in coastal waters. As they perform photosynthesis (光合作用), they remove carbon dioxide from the water, counteracting the acidifying effect of the gas.
“I think we are all very excited about it,” said lead study author Aurora Ricart, a scientist at the Bigelow Laboratory for Marine Sciences.
Ocean acidification is a side effect of rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Some of this CO2 dissolves out of the air and into the sea, causing a chemical reaction that lowers the water’s pH. Scientists sometimes refer to it as global warming’s “evil twin”—an invisible companion to climate change.
Ocean acidification can have harmful effects on marine organisms like shellfish and coral by preventing them from properly forming the hard shells they need to survive. It’s a threat both to natural ecosystems and to shellfish fisheries around the world. The study presents a natural way to address the problem.
Researchers analyzed six years of data from sea grass meadows spanning more than 600 miles off the California coastline. It focused on the common eelgrass, one of the most widespread sea grass species on the West Coast. The authors claim it’s the largest, most comprehensive study of its kind.
According to the study, sea grass ecosystems can raise pH levels by more than 0.1 unit, equivalent to about a 30% decrease in acidity. The effect isn’t constant. It comes in waves and is influenced by temperature, daylight, ocean currents and other factors that affect water chemistry and sea grass photosynthesis rates. But the tempering influence on acidification can be lasting, sometimes persisting for up to three weeks at a time. The study also shows that pH is higher in sea grass ecosystems, compared to nearby areas with no sea grass, about 65% of the time.
The study didn’t investigate the effects of higher pH on marine organisms — that’s a question for future research. But there’s reason to believe these meadows may have a positive influence on shellfish and other ocean animals.
12．What can we learn from this passage?
A．Sea grass forests can lower pH levels of coastal waters.
B．Shellfish and corals are not affected by ocean acidification.
C．Sea grass meadows can help remove pollutants from the sea water.
D．The effects of higher pH on marine organisms were investigated in this study.
13．What does the underlined word “mitigate” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Relieve. B．Present. C．Cause. D．Predict.
14．Paragraph 7 tells us the research ________.
A．findings B．process C．questions D．reflection
15．Why does the author write this passage?
A．To illustrate the serious situation of climate change.
B．To present the living conditions of the underwater meadows.
C．To emphasize the importance of research on marine pollution.
D．To introduce a natural way to solve the problem of ocean acidification.

I was sitting in a chemistry lab class during my first year of university, nervous about the experiment we were to perform. I grabbed a pipette and, as I feared, my hand started to shake. The experience was disheartening. I was hoping to pursue a career in science, but I started to wonder whether that would be possible. I thought my dreams had crashed to the ground.
I was a boy born with brain damage. My family managed to find good doctors where we lived, in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), Russia, and I took part in clinical trials testing new treatments. Shortly after my first birthday, I started walking and it became clear my intelligence function was unaffected. So, in some sense, I was lucky. Still, I couldn’t do some things growing up. Both hands shook, especially when I was nervous or embarrassed. My left hand was much worse than my right, so I learned to write and do simple tasks with my right hand, but it wasn’t easy to do anything precisely.
As a teenager, I faced a lot of bullying at school. Feeling alone, I joined a study group called “The natural world”. I thought that getting into the world of animals would keep me away from people. That’s how I came into the field of biology. At university, I enjoyed the lectures in my science classes. Many lab tasks proved impossible, however. As I struggled with my mood, I read a book about depression. From then on, the physiology of mental disorders became my scientific passion. I looked into what was being done locally and was excited to discover a lab that did behavioral experiments in rats to study depression.
At the end of my second year, I approached the professor of the lab to see whether I could work with her. I was afraid to admit I couldn’t do some lab tasks. To my relief, she was completely supportive. She set me to work performing behavioral experiments for others in the lab with the help of colleagues. I loved the supportive atmosphere and stayed there to complete my master’s and Ph.D．
I’ve come to realize that my hands aren’t the barrier I thought they were. By making use of my abilities and working as part of a team, I’ve been able to follow my passions. I’ve also realized that there’s much more to being a scientist than performing the physical labor. I may not collect all the data in my papers, but I’m fully capable of designing experiments and interpreting results, which, to me, is the most exciting part of science.
16．What was the author’s dream?
A．To live a normal life. B．To become a scientist.
C．To get a master’s degree. D．To recover from depression.
17．The author said he was lucky in Paragraph 2 because .
A．he didn’t lose the function of both hands
B．he learned how to walk at the age of one
C．his family could afford to see good doctors
D．his brain damage didn’t affect his intellectual capacity
18．From the passage, it is clear that .
A．the author’s own depression inspired him to help others with mental disorders
B．the author was surrounded by a team who urged him to further his study
C．the author’s loneliness moved him towards the world of biology
D．the author finally finished the lab tasks on his own
19．What message does the author want to express?
A．Loving yourself makes a difference. B．Opportunity follows prepared people.
C．A bright future begins with a small dream. D．The sun somehow shines through the storm.

A snake-robot designer, a technologist, an extradimensional physicist and a journalist walk into a room. The journalist turns to the crowd and asks: Should we build houses on the ocean? Like a think-tank panel, members of the team dream up far-out answers to the crucial problem, such as self-driving housing units that could park on top of one another in the coastal city center.
The setting is X, the enterprise which considers more than 100 ideas each year, in areas ranging from clean energy to artificial intelligence. Although only a tiny percentage become “projects” with far-reaching creativity, these projects exist, ultimately, to change the world, like Waymo, the biggest self-driving-car company. In the past 60 years, something strange has happened. As the academic study of creativity has thrived (蓬勃发展), the label innovation may have covered every tiny change of a soda can or a toothpaste flavor, but the rate of productivity growth has been mostly declining since the 1970s. John Fernald, an economist, points out that the notable exception to the post-1970 decline in productivity occurred when businesses throughout the economy finally figured out the breakthrough technology-information technology. John Fernald says, “It’s possible that productivity took off, because we picked all the low-hanging fruit from the IT wave. ”Actually, the world economy continues to harvest the benefits of IT. But where will the next technology shock come from?
Breakthrough technology results from two distinct activities-invention and innovation. Invention is typically the work of scientists and researchers in labs, while innovation is an invention put to commercial use. Seldom do the two activities occur successfully under the same roof. They tend to thrive in opposite conditions; while competition and consumer choice encourage innovation, invention has historically progressed in labs that are protected from the pressure to generate profit.
Allowing well-funded and diverse teams to try to solve big problems is what gave us the computer and the Internet. Today, we fail to give attention to planting the seeds of this kind of ambitious research, while complaining about the harvest. “Companies are really good at combining existing breakthroughs in ways that consumers like. But the breakthroughs come from patient and curious scientists, not the rush to market,” says Jon Gertner, the author of The Idea Factory.
“Technology is a tall tree, ” John Fernald said. “But planting the seeds of invention and harvesting the fruit of innovation are entirely distinct skills, often mastered by different organizations and separated by many years. ” As for me, both of them are essential for technology, although they are relatively independent. I don’t think X is a planter or a harvester, actually. It is like building taller ladders. Nobody knows for sure what, if anything, the employees at such enterprises are going to find up on those ladders. But they’re reaching. At least someone is.
20．What is the main purpose of the first two paragraphs?
A．To present the process of group discussion.
B．To illustrate X’s worry about big problems.
C．To reveal the importance of the crazy ideas.
D．To stress the varied backgrounds of the team.
21．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Breakthroughs must stand the test of the market.
B．Innovation on necessities can promote productivity.
C．Invention develops slowly under the pressure of profit.
D．The harvest of innovation lies in some ambitious research.
22．Regarding John Fernald’s view on technology, the author is ____.
A．supportive B．cautious
C．uncertain D．critical
23．What can be inferred about X from the passage?
A．It will focus on innovation.
B．It will have its outcome soon.
C．It may give in to its fruitless reality.
D．It may bring an encouraging outlook.

It was the day of the big cross-country run. Students from seven different elementary schools in and around the small town of 100-Mile House, British Columbia, were warming up and walking the route through thick evergreen forest.
I looked around and finally saw David standing by himself off to the side by a fence. He was small for ten years old, with messy red hair. But his usual big toothy grin was absent today. I walked over and asked him why he wasn’t with the other children. The only response he gave me was he had decided not to run. What was wrong? He had worked so hard for this event! David’s cerebral palsy (脑瘫) prevented him from walking or running like other children, but at school his peers thought of him as a regular kid. He always participated to the best of his ability in whatever they were doing. It just took him longer. He had stubbornly run a total of twenty three kilometres in practice runs to prepare for that day’s two-and-a-half-kilometre run, and he had asked me to come and watch. We sat down together on some steps, but David wouldn’t look at me.
I quietly said, “David, if you don’t want to run today, no one is going to make you. But if you’re not running because you’re afraid someone is going to laugh, that’s not a good enough reason. There will always be someone who will laugh and say mean things. Are you going to let them get in your way? If you really want to run, David, then you run!” I held my breath as David took this in. Then he looked at the field and said, “I’m gonna run.”
The starter’s gun sounded. But he had only gone a few metres before he tripped and fell flat on the ground. My heart sank. As I started to shout encouragement, David picked himself up and started again. All the other runners had disappeared over the hill. But it didn’t matter. He had worked for it, and he wouldn’t give up!
I waited anxiously by the finish line as the most runners completed and another race had begun. Still no David! I started to feel sick. Had I done the wrong thing? Could he have become lost? Finally, a small figure emerged from the forest. David raised his arms in triumph as he crossed the finish line to wild cheers and applause. He caught my eye, flashed me a toothy grin and said, “That was easy!”
24．What made David unable to run like other children?
A．His mental problem. B．His physical condition.
C．His laziness. D．His hesitation.
25．David decided to run because ________.
A．he was encouraged to B．he wanted to be the first
C．he was laughed into doing it D．he knew it was a shorter distance
26．Which of the following can best describe David?
A．Brave and talkative. B．Out-going and kind-hearted.
C．Lively and hard-working. D．Optimistic and strong-willed.
27．By using the phrase “a toothy grin” in the last sentence, the writer intends to tell us about David’s ________.
A．competence in finishing a run B．positive attitude towards life
C．ability to win cheers and applause D．efforts to catch others’ attention

When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives.
Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age.
But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.
A principle of privacy rules is “minimization”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes.
Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates g loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.
The problems with algorithmic formulae(公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AL. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,” runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.”
Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.
The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.”
Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.”
28．Ms Lobel intends to convey that
A．minimisation is a good privacy rule to go by
B．algorithms are currently challenged by data privacy
C．employing more personal data should be encouraged
D．identifying algorithms’ problems leads to better outcomes
29．What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”?
A．It develops from Butterfly Effect.
B．It emphasizes accuracy of original data.
C．It enjoys popularity in climate research field.
D．It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty.
30．Which of the following does the writer probably agree?
A．Using algorithms to detect differences is hard.
B．The application of data and algorithms is limited.
C．The reliability of data should be attached importance to.
D．Improving algorithms involves accepting its imperfection.
31．Which would be the best title for this passage?
A．The Algorithm’s Prospect B．The Algorithm’s Mercy
C．The Algorithm’s Complexity D．The Algorithm’s Recognition

This was the first communication that had come from her aunt in Jessie’s lifetime.
“I think your aunt has forgiven me at last,” her father said as he passed the letter across the table.
Jessie looked first at the autograph(签名). It seemed strange to see her own name there. There was a likeness between her aunt’s autograph and her own, a hint of the same decisiveness and precision. If Jessie had been educated fifty years earlier, she might have written her name in just that manner.
“You’re very like her in some ways,” her father said, as she still stared at the autograph.
“I should think you must almost have forgotten what Aunt Jessie was like, dear,” she said. “How many years is it since you last saw her?”
“More than forty,” her father said. “We disagreed. We invariably disagreed. Jessie always prided herself on being so modern. She read Darwin and things like that. Altogether beyond me, I admit.”
“And so it seems that she wants to see me.” Jessie straightened her shoulders and lifted her head. She was excited at the thought of meeting this mythical aunt whom she had so often heard about. Sometimes she had wondered if the personality of this remarkable relative had not been a figment(虚构) of her father’s imagination.
But this letter of hers that now lay on the breakfast table was admirable in character. There was something of intolerance expressed in its tone. It was just like what her father had told her.
Mr. Deane came out of his past memories with a sigh.
“Yes, yes; she wants to see you, my dear,” he said. “I’ve heard she has set up a school and helped many youngsters. I think you had better accept this invitation to stay with her. If she took a fancy to you, you could get a better education…”
He sighed again, and Jessie knew that for the hundredth time he was regretting his own past weakness...
32．How was the relationship between Jessie’s father and her aunt?
A．It remained very close over the years.
B．It was broken when they were young.
C．It got tenser due to a misunderstanding.
D．It was uneasy for their financial differences.
33．From the passage, we know Jessie was .
A．eager to meet her aunt.
B．cautious about her aunt’s invitation
C．angry with her aunt for ignoring her family.
D．puzzled by her aunt’s sudden interest in her
34．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Jessie’s aunt promised to offer her better education.
B．Jessie’s aunt’s personality seemed to change a lot.
C．Jessie and her aunt were different in personality.
D．Jessie’s father felt sorry for what he had done.

Applied Ethics
Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.
The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat. According to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unbeknownst to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester — nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students. “It’s an awesome data set,” says Nina Strohminger, a psychologist who teaches business ethics at the University of Pennsylvania and was not involved in the study.
Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent — and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.
“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention.” Schwitzgebel says. Strohminger agrees: “The thing that still blows my mind is that the only thing that’s different between these two cases is just that one day in class.” She says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real. Strohminger notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”
Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence — classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure. Meanwhile Schwitzgebel who had predicted no effect — will be eating his words.
35．Paragraph 2 is mainly about .
A．Research reasons and process
B．Research subjects and findings
C．Research topic and significance
D．Research data collection and analysis
36．Which of the following doesn’t lead to the researchers’ investigation into meat-eating among students?
A．Students’ knowledge of the topic.
B．Students’ easily-measured behaviors.
C．Students’ changeable and unsteady attitudes.
D．Students’ unawareness of ethics lessons’ impact.
37．What does the underlined phrase “blows my mind” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Convinces me. B．Upsets me. C．Alarms me. D．Amazes me.
38．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To prove Schwitzgebel’s prediction is wrong.
B．To show teaching works in behavior changing.
C．To explain students are easy to make a change.
D．To justify investigation into ethics is worthwhile.



















参考答案：
1．D
2．C
3．A
4．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述生命科学像宇宙一样复杂，随着生命科学工具的迅速改进，科学家们就能够更深入地研究生命的组成部分并且取得很大的成就，并且作者认为应优先发展生命科学。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Decades ago, astrophysicist Carl Sagan famously said, “The universe is also within is. We’re made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself. ” He was commenting then on the reality that our internal universe was as complex and as fantastic as the outer space. (几十年前，天体物理学家卡尔·萨根说过一句名言：“宇宙也在身体之内。”我们是由恒星组成的。我们是宇宙认识自己的一种方式。他当时的评论是，我们的内部宇宙和外太空一样复杂、一样奇妙。)”可知他提出我们的身体像宇宙一样复杂和奇妙，这是一个想法，故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Like the technological developments that took us from Galileo’s telescope to the Hubble to the JWST, life science tools have also improved rapidly. From early light microscopes to modern super-resolution ones, these developments have afforded researchers a deep look into biology’s infinitesimal (无限小的) landscape. (就像从伽利略望远镜到哈勃望远镜再到JWST的技术发展一样，生命科学工具也在迅速改进。从早期的光学显微镜到现代的超分辨率显微镜，这些发展使研究人员能够深入观察生物学的微小景观。)”可知就像对宇宙的研究一样，生命科学的研究设施也在不断发展，故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Biologists must also characterize how all those parts interact and change in different environments and when faced with various challenges. Being able to image a virus or bacterium is nice at the level of basic science. But knowing how viruses gain entry into cells and spread, infect, and disable can literally save lives. Through time, biology has risen to this mechanistic challenge. Not only can life science tools produce images of cell components, even more importantly, they can help predict the effects of drugs on receptors, of immune cells on foreign invaders (入侵者), and of genetic perturbations (基因干扰) on development and aging. (生物学家还必须描述所有这些部分在不同环境和面临各种挑战时是如何相互作用和变化的。能够对病毒或细菌进行成像在基础科学层面上是很好的。但了解病毒如何进入细胞并传播、感染和致残确实可以挽救生命。随着时间的推移，生物学已经上升到这个机械的挑战。生命科学工具不仅可以生成细胞成分的图像，更重要的是，它们可以帮助预测药物对受体的影响，免疫细胞对外来入侵者的影响，以及基因扰动对发育和衰老的影响。)”可推测生物学家的工作是很实用的，故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“My aim is to celebrate these accomplishments while at the same time recognizing that science’s inward search for detail and insight is equally impressive and, in my view, more urgent. (我的目的是庆祝这些成就，同时认识到科学对细节和洞察力的内在探索同样令人印象深刻，在我看来，更加紧迫。)”可知作者认为生命科学要优先发展，故选B。
5．D
6．B
7．D
8．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了作者认为科学可以与艺术相结合，并通过列举事实证明了这一点。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段“At a museum in Vietnam, Lena Bui’s film Where Birds Dance Their Last reflected on the beauty and vulnerability of Vietnamese feather farms after Bird Flu. During a festival in Rwanda, Ellen Reid’s audio experience Soundwalk was shared in a hopeful discussion about music, parks and mental health. These are a few of the things I have helped bring to life over the years, working at the intersection of scientific research, the arts and advocacy to support science in solving global health challenges.(在越南的一家博物馆，Lena Bui的电影《Where Birds dancing Their Last》反映了禽流感后越南羽毛农场的美丽和脆弱。在卢旺达的一个节日期间，Ellen Reid在一场关于音乐、公园和心理健康的充满希望的讨论中分享了她的音频体验Soundwalk。这些是我多年来帮助实现的一些事情，在科学研究、艺术和倡导的交叉领域工作，以支持科学解决全球健康挑战)”可推知，作者在第1段列出了两部作品，主要是为了说明科学可以以艺术形式得到推广。故选D。
6．词句猜测题。根据第二段“People might not always see science as relevant, trustworthy or meaningful to their lives.(人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义)”以及画线词后文“from nuclear weapons to eugenics, and are therefore uninterested in, or suspicious of, what it proposes”可知，人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义，所以有些人认为科学的过去有好有坏，从核武器到优生学，因此对科学提出的东西不感兴趣或怀疑是有原因的。故画线词意思是“有好有坏”。故选B。
7．推理判断题。根据第四段“Artists can give us different perspectives with which to consider and reimagine the world together. They can redress the proclaimed objectivity in science by bringing stories — subjectivities — into the picture, and these can help foster a sense of connection and hope.(艺术家可以给我们提供不同的视角，让我们一起思考和重新想象这个世界。他们可以通过将故事（主观性）带入画面来纠正科学中所宣称的客观性，这有助于培养一种联系感和希望感)”可推知，作者认同艺术帮助人们建立联系。故选D。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“These are a few of the things I have helped bring to life over the years, working at the intersection of scientific research, the arts and advocacy to support science in solving global health challenges.(这些是我多年来帮助实现的一些事情，在科学研究、艺术和倡导的交叉领域工作，以支持科学解决全球健康挑战)”以及第四段“Artists can give us different perspectives with which to consider and reimagine the world together. They can redress the proclaimed objectivity in science by bringing stories — subjectivities — into the picture, and these can help foster a sense of connection and hope.(艺术家可以给我们提供不同的视角，让我们一起思考和重新想象这个世界。他们可以通过将故事（主观性）带入画面来纠正科学中所宣称的客观性，这有助于培养一种联系感和希望感)”以及最后一段“Science and the arts can work hand in glove to achieve this.(科学和艺术可以携手合作来实现这一目标)”结合文章主要论述了作者认为科学可以与艺术相结合，并通过列举事实证明了这一点。可知，A选项“艺术对科学的价值”最符合文章标题。故选A。
9．D
10．C
11．B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了发表在《神经科学杂志》上的一项新研究将某些形式的恐音症与大脑中强化的“镜像”行为联系起来:当受影响的人感到痛苦时，他们的大脑就像在模仿触发他们的嘴巴动作。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“People with misophonia experience strong discomfort, annoyance or disgust when they hear particular triggers.(恐音症患者在听到特定的触发点时会感到强烈的不适、烦恼或厌恶。)”和“Now, however, a new study published in Journal of Neuroscience has linked some forms of misophonia to heightened “mirroring” behavior in the brain: those affected feel distress while their brains act as if they were imitating the triggering mouth movements.(然而，现在发表在《神经科学杂志》上的一项新研究将某些形式的恐音症与大脑中强化的“镜像”行为联系起来:当受影响的人感到痛苦时，他们的大脑就像在模仿触发他们的嘴巴动作。)”可知，恐音症患者的大脑中也有类似的恼人活动。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But in both the resting state and listening trials, people with misophonia showed stronger connections between the auditory cortex and brain regions that control movements of the face, mouth and throat, while the controlled group didn’t.(但在静息状态和听力测试中，恐音症患者的听觉皮层和控制面部、嘴巴和喉咙运动的大脑区域之间表现出更强的联系，而对照组则没有。)”和文章第五段“Some mirroring is typical in most humans when witnessing others’ actions; the researchers do not yet know why an excessive(过分的) mirroring response might cause such a negative reaction, and hope to address that in future research.(大多数人在目睹他人行为时，会出现一些典型的镜像；研究人员还不知道为什么过度的镜像反应会导致如此负面的反应，并希望在未来的研究中解决这个问题。)”可知，与没有恐音症的人相比，恐音症患者对镜像反应的反应更消极。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Fatima Husain, an Illinois University professor of speech and hearing science, who was not involved in the study, says potential misophonia therapies could build on the new findings by counseling patients about handling unconscious motor responses to triggering sounds—not just coping with the sounds themselves. If this works, she adds, one should expect to see reduced connected activity between the auditory and motor cortices.(伊利诺伊大学语言和听力科学教授法蒂玛·侯赛因没有参与这项研究，她说，潜在的恐音症治疗方法可以建立在新发现的基础上，即咨询患者如何处理触发声音的无意识运动反应——而不仅仅是应对声音本身。她补充说，如果这种方法有效，人们应该会看到听觉和运动皮层之间的连接活动减少。)”可知，这个研究可能的重要意义在于开发一种治疗恐音症的方法。故选B。
12．C
13．A
14．A
15．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项研究发现，海草草甸还可以缓解由温室气体排放导致的海水持续酸化。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They protect the shoreline from erosion, clear pollutants from the water and provide habitats for all kinds of marine animals.(它们保护海岸线免受侵蚀，清除水中的污染物，为各种海洋动物提供栖息地)”可知，海草草甸可以帮助去除海水中的污染物。故选C。
13．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“The study published in the journal Global Change Biology finds that sea grass forests can raise pH levels in coastal waters. As they perform photosynthesis (光合作用), they remove carbon dioxide from the water, counteracting the acidifying effect of the gas.(这项发表在《全球变化生物学》杂志上的研究发现，海草林可以提高沿海水域的pH值。当它们进行光合作用时，它们会从水中去除二氧化碳，抵消气体的酸化作用)”可知，海草能去除水中的二氧化碳，从而抵消气体的酸化作用，由此可推知，画线词所在句意为“新的研究表明，海草草地还可以缓解温室气体排放的严重后果：海水的持续酸化”，mitigate意为“缓解”。故选A。
14．段落大意题。根据第七段内容，结合本段首句“According to the study, sea grass ecosystems can raise pH levels by more than 0.1 unit, equivalent to about a 30% decrease in acidity.(根据这项研究，海草生态系统可以将pH值提高0.1个单位以上，相当于酸度降低30%左右)”以及末句“The study also shows that pH is higher in sea grass ecosystems, compared to nearby areas with no sea grass, about 65% of the time.(研究还表明，与附近没有海草的地区相比，海草生态系统的pH值在65%的时间里更高)”可知，本段主要告诉我们这项研究的结果。故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“New research suggests sea grass meadows may also mitigate a serious consequence of greenhouse gas emissions: the steady acidification of ocean waters.(新的研究表明，海草草地还可以缓解温室气体排放的严重后果：海水的持续酸化)”及第五段最后一句“The study presents a natural way to address the problem.(这项研究提出了一种解决这一问题的自然方法)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项研究发现，海草草甸可以缓解由温室气体排放导致的海水持续酸化，故本文目的是介绍一种解决海洋酸化问题的自然方法。故选D。
16．B
17．D
18．C
19．D

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者天生脑损伤，但仍然梦想成为一名科学家。经历了重重困难，最终作者实现了自己的梦想。
16．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I was hoping to pursue a career in science, but I started to wonder whether that would be possible. I thought my dreams had crashed to the ground.(我希望从事科学方面的职业，但我开始怀疑这是否可能。我以为我的梦想已经破灭了)”可知，作者的梦想是成为科学家。故选B。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Shortly after my first birthday, I started walking and it became clear my intelligence function was unaffected. So, in some sense, I was lucky.(在我第一个生日后不久，我开始走路，很明显我的智力功能没有受到影响。所以，在某种意义上，我是幸运的)”可知，作者说他在第二段是幸运的，因为他的脑损伤没有影响他的智力。故选D。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“As a teenager, I faced a lot of bullying at school. Feeling alone, I joined a study group called “The natural world”. I thought that getting into the world of animals would keep me away from people. That’s how I came into the field of biology.(十几岁的时候，我在学校遭遇了很多欺凌。感到孤独，我加入了一个名为“自然世界”的学习小组。我以为进入动物的世界会让我远离人类。这就是我进入生物学领域的原因)”可知，从文章中可以看出，作者的孤独使他走向了生物学的世界。故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I’ve come to realize that my hands aren’t the barrier I thought they were. By making use of my abilities and working as part of a team, I’ve been able to follow my passions. I’ve also realized that there’s much more to being a scientist than performing the physical labor. I may not collect all the data in my papers, but I’m fully capable of designing experiments and interpreting results, which, to me, is the most exciting part of science.(我开始意识到我的手并不是我想象中的障碍。通过发挥我的能力和团队合作，我能够追随我的热情。我也意识到，作为一名科学家，除了从事体力劳动，还有更多的事情要做。我可能无法在论文中收集所有的数据，但我完全有能力设计实验并解释结果，对我来说，这是科学中最令人兴奋的部分)”结合文章讲述了作者天生脑损伤，但仍然梦想成为一名科学家。经历了重重困难，最终作者实现了自己的梦想。可推知，作者想要表达的是：阳光总会穿过暴风雨。故选D。
20．C
21．D
22．A
23．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在X背景下发明和创新会带来令人鼓舞的前景。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段“A snake-robot designer, a technologist, an extradimensional physicist and a journalist walk into a room. The journalist turns to the crowd and asks: Should we build houses on the ocean? Like a think-tank panel, members of the team dream up far-out answers to the crucial problem, such as self-driving housing units that could park on top of one another in the coastal city center.(一个蛇机器人设计师，一个技术专家，一个超维物理学家和一个记者走进一个房间。记者转向人群问道：我们应该在海洋上盖房子吗？就像一个智库小组一样，该团队的成员为这个关键问题想出了超乎想象的答案，比如可以在沿海城市中心一个接一个停放的自动驾驶住宅单元)”以及第二段“The setting is X, the enterprise which considers more than 100 ideas each year, in areas ranging from clean energy to artificial intelligence. Although only a tiny percentage become “projects” with far-reaching creativity, these projects exist, ultimately, to change the world, like Waymo, the biggest self-driving-car company.(背景是X，这家企业每年会考虑100多个创意，涉及的领域从清洁能源到人工智能。虽然只有一小部分成为具有深远创造力的“项目”，但这些项目的存在最终将改变世界，就像最大的自动驾驶汽车公司Waymo一样)”可知，前两段的主要目的是揭示疯狂想法的重要性。故选C项。
21．推理判断题。根据第四段“Today, we fail to give attention to planting the seeds of this kind of ambitious research, while complaining about the harvest.(今天，我们在抱怨收获的同时，没有注意播下这种雄心勃勃的研究的种子)”和“But the breakthroughs come from patient and curious scientists, not the rush to market(但这些突破来自耐心和好奇的科学家，而不是急于上市)可知”，创新的收获在于一些雄心勃勃的研究。故选A项。
22．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As for me, both of them are essential for technology, although they are relatively independent. I don’t think X is a planter or a harvester, actually. It is like building taller ladders. Nobody knows for sure what, if anything, the employees at such enterprises are going to find up on those ladders. But they’re reaching. At least someone is.(对我来说，这两者对于技术来说都是必不可少的，尽管它们相对独立。事实上，我不认为 X 是种植者或者收割者。这就像建造更高的梯子。没有人确切地知道，如果有的话，这些企业的员工会在这些梯子上发现什么。但是他们在努力。至少有人是)”可推知，关于约翰 · 费尔纳德对技术的看法，作者是支持的。故选A项。
23．推理判断题。根据第二段“The setting is X, the enterprise which considers more than 100 ideas each year, in areas ranging from clean energy to artificial intelligence. Although only a tiny percentage become “projects” with far-reaching creativity, these projects exist, ultimately, to change the world, like Waymo, the biggest self-driving-car company.( 背景是X，这家企业每年会考虑100多个创意，涉及的领域从清洁能源到人工智能。虽然只有一小部分成为具有深远创造力的“项目”，但这些项目的存在最终将改变世界，就像最大的自动驾驶汽车公司Waymo一样)”可知，X可能会带来令人鼓舞的前景。故选D项。
24．B
25．A
26．D
27．B

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是患有脑瘫的David想要放弃越野跑比赛，但是通过作者的鼓励，David还是坚持参加了比赛，在他冲线的时候，全部人都为他感到高兴。
24．细节理解题。根据第二段的“David’s cerebral palsy (脑瘫) prevented him from walking or running like other children, but at school his peers thought of him as a regular kid.”(大卫的脑瘫使他不能像其他孩子一样走路或跑步，但在学校，他的同学们都认为他是一个普通的孩子。)可知，大卫患有脑瘫，因此可知，他的身体状况不允许他像其他孩子一样走路和跑步。故选B。
25．推理判断题。根据第三段的“I quietly said, “David, if you don’t want to run today, no one is going to make you. But if you’re not running because you’re afraid someone is going to laugh, that’s not a good enough reason. There will always be someone who will laugh and say mean things. Are you going to let them get in your way? If you really want to run, David, then you run!” I held my breath as David took this in. Then he looked at the field and said, “I’m gonna run.”
”(我平静地说:“大卫，如果你今天不想参加跑步，没有人会强迫你的。但如果你不是因为害怕别人会笑话而跑步，那就不是一个足够好的理由。总会有人嘲笑你，说些刻薄的话。你要让他们挡你的路吗?如果你真的想跑，大卫，那就跑吧!”当大卫理解这些时，我屏住了呼吸。然后他看着球场说:“我要跑。”)可推断，在作者的鼓励下，大卫决定跑。故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The starter’s gun sounded. But he had only gone a few metres before he tripped and fell flat on the ground. My heart sank. As I started to shout encouragement, David picked himself up and started again. All the other runners had disappeared over the hill. But it didn’t matter. He had worked for it, and he wouldn’t give up!(枪响了。但他只走了几米就绊倒了，倒在地上。我的心沉了下来。当我开始大声鼓励时，大卫站了起来，又开始了。所有其他的跑步者都消失在山上去了。但这并不重要。他为此努力了，他不会放弃！)”可推断，大卫摔倒后继续站起来跑步，说明他是意志坚强的，再根据倒数第一段的“Finally, a small figure emerged from the forest. David raised his arms in triumph as he crossed the finish line to wild cheers and applause. He caught my eye, flashed me a toothy grin and said, “That was easy!”(最后，一个小人影从森林里冒了出来。在疯狂的欢呼和掌声中，大卫冲过终点线，胜利地举起了双臂。他吸引了我的目光，向我咧嘴一笑，说：“这很容易！”)”可推断，大卫是乐观积极的。故选D。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第一段的“Finally, a small figure emerged from the forest. David raised his arms in triumph as he crossed the finish line to wild cheers and applause. He caught my eye, flashed me a toothy grin and said, “That was easy!”(最后，一个小人影从森林里冒了出来。在疯狂的欢呼和掌声中，大卫冲过终点线，胜利地举起了双臂。他吸引了我的目光，向我咧嘴一笑，说：“这很容易！”)”可知，大卫最终冲过了重点线，完成了跑步比赛，朝作者咧嘴笑，并说跑步是容易的，说明大卫完成了跑步是高兴的，说跑步是容易的，说明大卫对生活积极乐观，因此推断作者通过说大卫“咧嘴笑”，是为了告诉我们大卫对生活的积极的态度。故选B。
28．C
29．D
30．D
31．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在这个数据时代，人们总是对算法存有恐惧，但是科学家们却持有不同的观点。
28．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates g loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.( Lobel女士呼吁更多而不是更少地使用个人信息，这挑战了数据隐私的正统观念。但她坚持认为，“追踪差异是发现不公平的关键。”她主张放松隐私规则，为算法决策提供更多的透明度。)”可知，她想表达的是鼓励更多地使用个人信息。故选C。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第七段“Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.(汤普森女士专注于一个她称之为“霍克蛾效应”的挑战。在更广为人知的蝴蝶效应中，一个可用的气候变化预测模型随着时间的推移变得不那么可靠，因为它所模拟的内容很复杂，或者因为原始数据不准确。相比之下，在“霍克蛾效应”中，模型本身就有缺陷；它可能没有充分考虑到湿度、风和温度之间的相互作用。)”可知，文中提到“霍克蛾效应”是为了表明模型本身是有缺陷的。故选D。
30．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding.(这两本书都展示了关于数据、算法及其局限性的健康现实主义。双方都认识到，取得进步需要接受限制，无论是在法律上还是在编码上。)”可知，两人都赞同想要改进算法就得接受其不完美的方面。故选D。
31．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age. (批评数据阴暗面的书籍比比皆是。他们普遍认为，在算法时代，恐惧远比狂欢更可怕。)”可知，人们对于算法还是带有恐惧心理；而根据第三段“But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.(但思想潮流可能正在转变。更平衡的观点最有说服力的支持者之一是埃莉诺·洛贝尔的母亲Orly，她是一名法学教授。在《平等机器》一书中，她承认人工智能有能力产生有害的结果。但她展示了它在正确的人手中如何用来对抗不平等和歧视。)”可知，文章主要介绍的是算法给人类带来的好的一面。所以“The Algorithm’s Mercy(算法的仁慈)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
32．B
33．A
34．D

【导语】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了作者的姑姑与父亲因为分歧，多年未见面。父亲收到了姑姑的来信，父亲很悔恨，并打算将作者送到姑姑那里去接受好的教育。
32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“This was the first communication that had come from her aunt in Jessie’s lifetime. (这是Jessie生命中第一次与姑姑的联系。)”以及文章第六段““More than forty,” her father said. “We disagreed. We invariably disagreed. (父亲说道：“四十多年了。我们有分歧，我们总是有分歧”。)”可知，作者的父亲和姑姑已经四十多年没见面了，故他们的关系在年轻的时候就破裂了，故选B。
33．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第五段“She was excited at the thought of meeting this mythical aunt whom she had so often heard about. (一想到能见到这个她经常听说的神奇的姑姑，她就激动不已。)”可知，Jessie很渴望见到姑姑，故选A。
34．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“He sighed again, and Jessie knew that for the hundredth time he was regretting his own past weakness... (父亲再次叹气，d Jessie知道，父亲已经为自己过去的软弱后悔了几百次了……)”可知，作者的父亲为之前的软弱感到悔恨，因此父亲是为之前的所做的事情感动后悔，故选D。
35．A
36．D
37．D
38．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，证明了道德课会对学生行为产生影响。
35．主旨大意题。由第二段中的“The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat. (研究人员调查了一节课对吃肉的影响)”和“Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unbeknownst to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester — nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students. (四个大型哲学班的一半学生阅读了一篇关于工厂化养殖肉类伦理的文章，有选择地观看了一段11分钟的视频，并参加了50分钟的讨论。另一半则专注于慈善捐赠。然后，在学生们不知情的情况下，研究人员研究了他们在该学期购买的匿名餐卡——近500名学生的近14000张收据)”可知，第二段主要讲为了调查一节课对吃肉的影响而实施的研究过程，即研究原因和过程。故选A项。
36．细节理解题。由第二段中的“students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. (学生对这个话题的态度是多变和不稳定的，行为很容易衡量，伦理文献基本上同意少吃肉类是好的，因为它可以减少对环境的伤害和动物的痛苦)”可知，学生对该主题的了解（相关伦理文献）、学生易于衡量的行为和学生多变和不稳定的态度都是导致了研究人员对学生吃肉的调查，D项“学生不知道道德课的影响”未提及。故选D项。
37．词句猜测题。由第四段中的““That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention.” Schwitzgebel says. Strohminger agrees: “The thing that still blows my mind is that the only thing that’s different between these two cases is just that one day in class.”(“对于一个很小的干预来说，这实际上是一个相当大的影响。”Schwitzgebel说。Strohminger对此表示赞同：“blows my mind的东西是，这两种情况之间唯一不同的地方就是上课的那一天。”)”可知，很小的干预有很大影响，这反差令人震惊，Strohminger也表示同意。由此推知，划线短语blows my mind应该是“令我震惊”的同义或近义词，选项D“令我惊讶”与之意义最为接近。故选D项。
38．推理判断题。由第一段“Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects. (尽管伦理学课程在世界各地都很常见，但科学家们不确定他们的课程是否真的能改变行为；无论哪种方式的证据都很薄弱，依赖于人为的实验室测试或有时不可靠的自我报告。但发表在《认知》杂志上的一项新研究发现，至少在一种现实世界中，一堂伦理课可能会产生持久的影响)”，第四段中的““That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention.” Schwitzgebel says. (“对于一个很小的干预来说，这实际上是一个相当大的影响。”Schwitzgebel说)”和最后一段中的“Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence — classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure. (Schwitzgebel怀疑最大的影响来自社会影响——领导讨论的同学或助教可能分享了他们自己的素食主义，这表明素食主义是可以实现的或更普遍。其次，视频可能产生了情感影响。他认为，最不令人振奋的是理性的论点，尽管他的合著者说理性可能会发挥更大的作用。现在，研究人员正在探索教学风格、助教的饮食习惯和学生的视频曝光的具体影响)”可知，研究的主要目的是讲述道德课对行为会产生影响，即证明对道德的调查是值得的。故选D项。