2023届高考英语阅读理解专练（6）科教科普类

这是一份2023届高考英语阅读理解专练（6）科教科普类，共20页。
（6） 科教科普类

一、
An extremely rare manuscript(手稿) signed by English naturalist Charles Darwin is expected to fetch up to $790,000 at a Sotheby's auction next month.
The document contains a passage from the famous 1859 work On the Origin of Species, in which Darwin put forth his theory of evolution. The document was once thought to be a deserted page from an earlier manuscript of the work. But experts now understand it was written in 1865 and sent to the editor of the Autographic Mirror who had requested a signed writing sample from Darwin.
"While some of Darwin's notes and manuscript pages have survived over the last hundred or more years, he was known to keep revising his publications, often throwing away pages from working drafts as waste paper, making them extremely rare," Sotheby's said in a statement.
On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book of all time in a public poll held during Academic Book Week in 2015. The book offers Darwin's revolutionary idea that species evolve over generations in the process of natural selection.
Darwin backed up his theory with evidence collected during his 1831-1836 voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, during which he observed and collected specimens(标本)from a number of species. On the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador, Darwin noted that the finches(鸣雀) on the island were similar to finches on the mainland; however, the availability of different foods in each area had led to differences in beak shapes.
The manuscript will be placed on display at Sotheby's in New York between Nov. 30 and Dec 8, and online bids will be accepted between Nov. 25 and Dec. 8. The auction house estimates that the document will fetch between $600,000 and $790,000.
The auction, which is titled Age of Wonder, will also include a first edition of On the Origin of Species and a copy of scientific paper by Darwin and another naturalist.
1.What do we know about the manuscript?
A.It's a page of On the Origin of Species. B.It's a draft of Darwin's scientific paper.
C.It's a signed writing sample to an editor. D.It's waste paper from Darwin's study.
2.What makes Darwin's On the Origin of Species the most influential academic book?
A. His methods of research. B. His adventure on the sea.
C. The rare manuscript. D. His theory of evolution.
3.What does the underlined phrase "backed up" mean in Paragraph 5?
A. supported B.explained C.declared D.created
4.What is the purpose of the auction?
A. To put the manuscript on sale. B. To display Darwin's works.
C. To vote the best academic books. D. To release a new discovery.
二、
Researchers from Singapore said in their new study that in older adults, doing housework was tied to a better memory and attention span, and stronger legs, which helps prevent falls. Shiou-Liang Wee, a researcher said, “Housework is a purposeful activity performed by many older adults and represents a significant share of their self-reported physical activity.”
For the study, Wee’s team investigated nearly 500 healthy Singaporeans between 21 and 90 years of age. Among younger participants, 36% said they engaged in enough physical activity to meet the goal researchers set as beneficial, as did 48% of older participants. But 61% of younger and 66% of older participants met this target only through housework, the study revealed.
After taking other types of regular physical activity into consideration, the researchers found that housework was tied with sharper mental abilities and better physical capacity, but only among the older participants. Scores on tests of mental ability were as much as 8% higher among those who did lots of housework, compared with those who did little, Lee’s team found.
And among older participants, balance and the time it took to stand up from sitting, which the investigators used as an indication of physical ability, were better for those who did lots of housework than for those who didn’t.
Dr. Maria Carney, chief of geriatric(老年病的) medicine at Northwell Health, N.Y., noted that exercise benefits your brain, and housework is exercise that also involves mental activity and requires detailed thought processes to complete. Physical activity increases blood circulation to your muscles and your brain, which helps mental function. Housework can be an important part of your exercise routine. Carney said, “It’s a task you’ve got to plan for. You’ve got to use devices; you’ve got to use equipment. There’s planning involved, so there’s mental exercise along with physical exercise.”
5.According to Paragraph 1, what do we know about the study?
A. Older adults benefit from doing housework.
B. Older adults doing housework do not fall.
C. Doing housework is a rising trend in Singapore.
D. Doing housework is older adults’ favorite exercise.
6.Which of the following was considered in the study by the researchers?
A. Participants’ ages, sexes and occupations.
B. Goals of physical ability participants set.
C. Ways in which participants do housework.
D. Types of physical activity participants do.
7.What are the research findings based on?
A. Research data. B. Scientific theory.
C. Related documents. D. Daily observation.
8.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. Why tools are used in doing housework.
B. How housework works for mental ability.
C. What physical activities should be done.
D. Who are more suitable to do housework.
三、
We all know that unpleasant feeling when we’re talking about something interesting and halfway through our sentence we’re interrupted. But was that really an interruption? The answer depends on whom you ask, according to new research led by Katherine Hilton from Stanford University.
Using a set of controlled audio clips (录音片段), Hilton surveyed 5,000 American English speakers to better understand what affects people’s perceptions of interruptions. She had participants listen to audio clips and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly and engaged, listening to one another, or trying to interrupt.
Hilton found that American English speakers have different conversational styles. She identified two distinct groups: high and low intensity speakers. High intensity speakers are generally uncomfortable with moments of silence in conversation and consider talking at the same time a sign of engagement. Low intensity speakers find it rude to talk at the same time and prefer people speak one after another in conversation.
The differences in conversational styles became evident when participants listened to audio clips in which two people spoke at the same time but were agreeing with each other and stayed on topic, Hilton said. The high intensity group reported that conversations where people spoke at the same time when expressing agreement were not interruptive but engaged and friendlier than the conversations with moments of silence in between speaking turns. In contrast, the low intensity group perceived any amount of simultaneous (同时) chat as a rude interruption, regardless of what the speakers were saying.
“People care about being interrupted, and those small interruptions can have a massive effect on the overall communication,” Hilton said. “Breaking apart what an interruption means is essential if we want to understand how humans interact with each other.”
9.What does Hilton’s research focus on?
A. What interruptions mean to people. B. Whether interruption is good or not.
C. How to avoid getting interrupted. D. Why speakers interrupt each other.
10.What do participants of the study need to do?
A. Record an audio clip. B. Answer some questions.
C. Listen to one another. D. Have a chat with a friend.
11.What do low intensity speakers think of simultaneous chat?
A. It’s important. B. It’s interesting.
C. It’s inefficient. D. It’s impolite.
12.What can we learn from Hilton’s research?
A. Human interaction is complex. B. Communication is the basis of life.
C. Interruptions promote thinking. D. Language barriers will always exist.
四、
It is generally acknowledged that the older we get the more slowly we react. However, the new findings suggest that mental speed—the speed at which we can deal with issues requiring rapid decision-making—does not change substantially over decades.
Under the leadership of Dr Mischa von Krause and Dr Stefan Radev, psychologists at Heidelberg University evaluated data from a large-scale online experiment with over a million participants. They came to the conclusion that the speed of cognitive information processing remains largely stable between the ages of 20 and 60, and only deteriorates at higher ages.
In the online experiment, subjects had to press a button to sort pictures of people into the categories “white” or “black” and words into the categories “good” or “bad”. According to Dr Mischa von Krause, the content focus was of minor importance. Instead, the researchers used the large number of data as an example of a response-time task to measure the duration of cognitive decisions.
When evaluating the data, Dr Mischa von Krause and his colleagues noted that, on average, the response time of the test subjects rose with increasing age. However, with the aid of a mathematical model, they were able to show that this phenomenon was not due to changes in mental speed. They think that older test subjects are slower mainly because they reply more cautiously and concentrate more on avoiding mistakes. At the same time, motor function speed slows down during the course of adult life: older participants in the experiment needed longer to press the appropriate key after they had found the right answer.
Another finding of the study was that average information processing speed only progressively declined with participants over the age of 60. “It looks as though, in the course of our life, we don’t need to fear any substantial losses of mental speed—particularly not in the course of a typical working life,” says Dr Mischa von Krause.
13.What is the common assumption about the adults’ mental speed?
A. It declines with age. B. It is faster at the old age.
C. It is not affected by the age. D. It is constantly changing with age.
14.What does the underlined word “deteriorates” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Stays stable. B. Becomes worse. C. Changes suddenly. D. Increases rapidly.
15.What does Dr Mischa von Krause think causes the older subjects’ response time to rise?
A. Their emotional stability. B. The decline of mental speed.
C. Their mature and cautious nature. D. The lack of exercise for the older.
16.What is the purpose of the text?
A. To describe an online experiment.
B. To appeal to people to respect the elderly.
C. To tell people how to improve mental speed.
D. To reveal the conclusion of an online experiment.
五、
I’ve just asked Julie Gray, a biologist at the University of Sheffield, which species she thinks would be the last ones standing if we don’t take transformative(变革性的) action on climate change. “I don’t think it will be humans. I think we’ll go quite early on,” says Gray. Humans probably won’t be among the survivors, partly because humans produce young extremely slowly and generally just one or two at a time.
It may seem like just a thought experiment. But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete. As a report stated recently, one in four species currently faces extinction, which is closely linked to climate change. While the seriousness of climate change is undeniable, we can make some educated guesses about which species will have a better shot at going far.
According to Jen Lau, a biologist at University Bloomington, heat tolerant and drought resistant plants, like those found in deserts, are more likely to survive. So are plants whose seeds can be spread over long distances, for example by wind or ocean currents. Plants that can adjust their flowering times may also be better able to deal with higher temperatures.
We can also look to history as a guide. Cockroaches(蟑螂) adapted to an increasingly dry Australia tens of millions of years ago, by starting to dig holes in soil to hide. Cockroaches also tend to not be picky eaters. Having broad diets means that climate change will be less of a threat to them.
Furthermore, species called “mobile generalists” by experts can move and adapt to different environments and are more likely to last long in face of climate change. For example, deer in the US are common in suburban areas and manage to live where forests have been removed or are regularly disturbed.
Certainly, some animals would also survive if they could find a buffer: an area that is relatively protected from climate change’s consequences, such as deep sea canyons(峡谷), underground caves.
17.What does the author probably think of the answer given by Gray?
A. Ridiculous. B. Unreasonable. C. Upsetting. D. Exciting.
18.Which of the following can replace the underlined part in Paragraph 2?
A. Peacefully wait. B. Quickly die out.
C. Greatly change. D. Possibly survive.
19.Which of the following species is likely to survive climate change?
A. Trees growing in the rainforest and flowering at fixed time every year.
B. Animals good at digging holes and not particular about food.
C. Creatures mainly living in trees and spending most time sleeping.
D. Fishes that do not enjoy deep diving and like to stay in a bay.
20.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. How Climate Will Change in the Future
B. What Species May Survive Climate Change
C. Why Some Species Have Broader Diets
D. Where Species Can Hide in Climate Change
六、
Humans have always assumed that there is a huge gulf between animal behavior and human development. However, recent research into animals shows that animals are continuously designing innovative methods to finish their tasks. Examining the nature and results of their creativity can help us understand evolution.
Research shows that animals can also be creative. By inventing new behavioral patterns and adjusting their behavior to new contexts, as well as to changes in social and ecological environments, researchers show that animal innovation can also be diverse. For instance, chimpanzees(黑猩猩) use tools such as sharp spines and stalks to remove the hearts of palm vegetables from trees. Herring gulls(鸥) find out quite a cruel way of killing rabbits-drowning them in the sea.
Innovative species tend to survive when they enter new places, but novel behavior cannot be recognized unless "normal" behavior is studied. Researchers can now count and document the innovations that have been created by species, which would help them to quantify their creativity. Studies also show us that all animals are not equally inventive, with primates(灵长类) tending to be more innovative due to their bigger brains.
The greatest scientific significance has been the innovation shown by animals such as apes, capuchins and macaques among primates. These species of primates possess the biggest brains compared to their body sizes. They are also heavy tool users. Their broad diets and complex forms of learning are also insightful. They show an evolutionary strategy that gives them new solutions to life's challenges.
However, even if these animals show innovativeness, they do not have the ability to improve upon the solutions of others. Unless they share information accurately and copy each others' inventions, their creative inventions are likely to disappear before they can be innovated further. This ability can be managed only by humans, for we are able to build on shared knowledge.
21.What does the underlined word "gulf" in the first paragraph mean?
A. Difference. B. Conflict. C. Balance. D. Connection.
22.Why does the author mention "chimpanzees" and "herring gulls" in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To support a viewpoint.
C. To explain a natural phenomenon. D. To compare the two species.
23.What aspect of animals does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A. Their failure to share information accurately.
B. Their unwillingness to learn from each other.
C. Their inability to take creativity forward.
D. Their ability to cooperate effectively.
24.Where is this text most likely from?
A. A biography. B. A book review.
C. A short story. D. A science report.
七、
In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place. Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.
Another group of migrators does not quite fit either model, and researchers have only recently started to figure out how they find their way. Take the Cory’s shearwater, an oceangoing sea bird that migrates over the Atlantic every year. The young do not migrate with their parents, so culture cannot explain their journeys. And the exact paths vary wildly from individual to individual, making genetics equally unlikely.
Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived, rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the “exploration-refinement”, and until now it has been hypothetical (假设的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances, for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. “We finally have evidence of the ‘exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds,” says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory’s shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults—but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies, “exploration refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes,” says Barbara Frei. “It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe.”
25.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.It describes animals’ habitats. B.It talks about migration models.
C.It compares different species. D.It introduces a tracking technology.
26.What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.The opening for learning and practice.
B.The unique living habit of Cory’s shearwaters.
C.The way Cory’s shearwaters form their migration patterns.
D.The process scientists track Cory’s shearwaters’ movements.
27.What does Letizia’s study find about the younger Cory’s shearwaters?
A.They travel as much as adult birds.
B.They move in a predictable manner.
C.They lower the speed for exploration.
D.They look for a course with their parents.
28.What can we conclude from the last paragraph?
A.Man-made changes make migration easier.
B.Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C.Course exploration contributes to birds’ adaptability.
D.A combination of strategies assures migration success.
八、
A good conversation should proceed like a tennis match: players each take turns responding, knowing instinctively(本能) when to speak and when to listen. This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans. However, according to a recent study, animals also seem to know when to speak and when to listen.
The study involved over 300 animals including birds, mammals(哺乳动物), insects, and frogs which practice turn-taking behavior. These animals alternate their call and response in a similar way humans communicate. Monkeys, for example, often exchange calls to locate each other in the wild and figure out whether they know one another.
While forms of communication are mostly sound-based, several species have more creative forms of viewable communication. Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures, while birds, insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays.
Kobin Kendrick, the main co-author on the study, says that making comparisons among animals that take turns when communicating can give us a better understanding of how this feature evolved in humans and our ancestors. "We know very little about the evolution and origin of the human language, so any possibility of gaining insight into it is worth going after," he says.
Additionally, while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly, well-mannered animals, Kendrick stresses that this isn't always the case. Owl(猫头鹰) chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding. "This can be seen as an exception to the rule, highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general," says Kendrick.
One problem with the study is that researchers themselves don't know how to communicate with others outside their particular species of interest. Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking, allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons. "We all believe strongly these fields can benefit from each other, and we hope the study will drive more cross talk between humans and animals in the future," says Kendrick.
29.What can we learn about the turn-taking behavior?
A. It is a unique human quality. B. It is an acquired athletic skill.
C. It occurs between familiar relations. D. It features complexity and interaction.
30.Which of the following is a form of visual intercommunication?
A.Frogs show skin colors. B. Bees release smells.
C. Eagles scream in the sky. D. Monkeys exchange calls.
31.Why are "owl chicks" mentioned in paragraph 5?
A. To propose a definition. B. To give a contrast.
C. To present an argument. D. To make a prediction.
32.What aspect of research does the last paragraph highlight?
A. Research budget. B. Research range.
C. Research frequency. D. Research background.
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“But experts now understand it was written in 1865 and sent to the editor of the Autographic Mirror who had requested a signed writing sample from Darwin.(但专家们现在知道,这份手稿写于1865年,被寄给了《自传镜》的编辑,他曾向达尔文索要一份签名的写作样本。)”可知,这份手稿是一份给编辑的签名写作样本。故选C。
2.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段“On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book of all time in a public poll held during Academic Book Week in 2015.The book offers Darwin's revolutionary idea that species evolve over generations in the process of natural selection.(在2015年学术图书周期间举行的公众投票中,《物种起源》被评为有史以来最具影响力的学术书籍。这本书提出了达尔文的革命性观点,即物种在自然选择的过程中经过几代人的进化。)”可知,达尔文的进化论使达尔文的《物种起源》成为最有影响力的学术著作。故选D。
3.答案：A
解析：词句猜测题。根据第五段“Darwin backed up his theory with evidence collected during his 1831-1836 voyage on the H.MS. Beagle, during which he observed and collected specimens(标本) from a number of species.(达尔文在1831-1836年乘坐英国皇家海军贝格尔号航行期间,观察并收集了许多物种的标本,以此来back up他的理论。)”可知,达尔文观察收集物种标本来支持自己的理论。划线词是support的意思。故选A。
4.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“An extremely rare manuscript(手稿) signed by English naturalist Charles Darwin is expected to fetch up to $790,00 at a Sotheby's auction next month.(一份由英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文签名的极其罕见的手稿预计将在下个月的苏富比拍卖会上拍出790000美元。)”可知,拍卖的目的是将手稿出售。故选A。
二、
5.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一句话中的“doing housework was tied to a better memory and attention span, and stronger legs,”可知，A项正确。根据第一句中的“which helps prevent falls.”可知，做家务有助于预防摔倒，而不是做家务的老人就不摔倒，故B项错误。文中没有提及在新加坡做家务现象呈上升的趋势，故C项错误。研究中并没有说做家务是老年人最喜欢的锻炼形式，故D错误。
6.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“After taking other types of regular physical activity into consideration, ...”可知，D项正确。根据第二段第一句“For the study, Wee’s team investigated nearly 500 healthy Singaporeans between 21 and 90 years of age.”可知，研究人员考虑了参与者的年龄，但是没有考虑性别和职业，故A项错误。根据第二段第二句中的“...36% said they engaged in enough physical activity to meet the goal researchers set as beneficial...”可知：36%的人表示，他们参加了足够的体力活动，以达到研究人员设定的有益目标，文中并没有提及参与者设定的目标。故B项错误。C项关于参与者做家务的方式，文中没有提及，故C错误。
7.答案：A
解析：写作手法题。在第二、三段中研究人员通过对多项研究数据的对比分析，得出几项具体的发现，故选A项。
8.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。 根据最后一段第一句中的“...housework is exercise that also involves mental activity and requires detailed thought processes to complete.”、第二句中的“...increases blood circulation to your muscles and your brain, which helps mental function.”及引语中“It’s a task you’ve got to plan for...There’s planning involved, so there’s mental exercise along with physical exercise.”可知：本段主要内容为做家务是如何有助于提升大脑功能的。故选B项。
三、
9.答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句But was that really an interruption? The answer depends on whom you ask, according to new research led by Katherine Hilton from Stanford University.(但这真的是打扰吗?根据斯坦福大学凯瑟琳·希尔顿领导的一项新研究,答案取决于你问谁。)和第四段第二、三句The high intensity group reported that conversations where people spoke at the same time when expressing agreement were not interruptive but engaged and friendlier than the conversations with moments of silence in between speaking turns. In contrast, the low intensity group perceived any amount of simultaneous(同时) chat as a rude interruption, regardless of what the speakers were saying.(高强度组报告说,人们在表达一致意见时同时讲话的对话并不是打断,而是比在两次谈话之间保持沉默的对话更投入、更友好。相比之下,低强度组认为任何数量的同时聊天都是粗鲁的打断,不管说话人在说什么。)可知,希尔顿的研究说明了打断对不同的人来说意义不同,由此可知希尔顿的研究重点是打断对人们意味着什么。故选A。
10.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句She had participants listen to audio clips and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly and engaged, listening to one another, or trying to interrupt.(她让参与者听一些音频片段,然后回答一些问题,比如说话者看起来是否友好、投入、彼此倾听,还是试图打断)可知,参与者们需要在听完音频后回答一些问题。故选B。
11.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Low intensity speakers find it rude to talk at the same time and prefer people speak one after another in conversation.(低强度说话者觉得同时说话很不礼貌,他们更喜欢人们在交谈中一个接一个地说话)可知,对于低强度聊天者来说,同时聊天是不礼貌的。故选D。
12.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"People care about being interrupted, and those small interruptions can have a massive effect on the overall communication," Hilton said. "Breaking apart what an interruption means is essential if we want to understand how humans interact with each other."("人们很在意被打断,而这些小的干扰会对整体交流产生巨大影响,"希尔顿说。"如果我们想了解人类之间是如何互动的,弄清中断意味着什么至关重要。")可推知,人类的互动是复杂的。故选A。
四、
13.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段It is generally acknowledged that the older we get, the more slowly we react.(人们普遍认为,我们年龄越大,反应越慢。)可知关于成年人的思维速度,共同的假设是它随着年龄的增长而下降,故选A。
14.答案：B
解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段They came to the conclusion that the speed of cognitive information processing remains largely stable between the ages of 20 and 60, and only deteriorates at higher ages.(他们得出的结论是,认知信息处理的速度在20岁至60岁之间基本保持稳定,只有在较高年龄段才会恶化。)可知deteriorates意为"恶化"。A.Stays stable保持稳定;B.Becomes worse恶化;C.Changes suddenly突然变化;D.Increases rapidly快速增加。故选B。
15.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段They think that older test subjects are slower mainly because they reply more cautiously and concentrate more on avoiding mistakes. At the same time, motor function speed slows down during the course of adult life: older participants in the experiment needed longer to press the appropriate key after they had found the right answer.(他们认为年龄较大的受试者反应较慢,主要是因为他们回答时更谨慎,更专注于避免错误。同时,成年后,运动功能速度减慢:实验中年龄较大的参与者在找到正确答案后需要更长时间按下相应的键。)可知米沙·冯·克劳斯博士认为成熟谨慎的天性导致老年受试者的反应时间增加。故选C。
16.答案：A
解析：写作意图题。通读全文可知本文介绍了一个实验得出的结论与人们的看法不同。文中涉及到了实验的过程与结论。故选A。
五、
17.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话“It may seem like just a thought experiment. But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete”.“这可能看起来只是一个思想实验。但是,讨论哪些物种能够经受住气候变化的考验是令人不安的具体问题。”及下句的支撑句“As a report stated recently, one in four species currently faces extinction, which is closely linked to climate change.”说明这个问题并不是没有依据的,而是有可能真实发生的。由此可知:就连这个问题本身都是“disturbing”的,何况在第一段中Gray给出的答案是:“I don’t think it will be humans. I think we’ll go quite early on,”人类不会在气候变化下幸存下来。因此可以推断,作者的感受是不安的。故选择C项。
18.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。 结合一二段内容，尤其根据“which species she thinks would be the last ones standing”以及“which species are able to survive climate change”可以猜测出划线部分中的going far与上面提到的standing和survive同义。此外，本句作为过渡句具有引起下文的作用，下文介绍了几种在气候变化中幸存下来的动植物。因此可以推测划线部分的含义为“可能存活下来”的意思。故答案为D。
19.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中“heat tolerant and drought resistant plants, like those found in deserts, are more likely to survive”以及最后一句“Plants that can adjust their flowering times may also be better able to deal with higher temperatures.”可排除A项；根据第四段可知，蟑螂通过挖洞来躲避日益干燥的环境及它不挑食的特点，成功地活了成百上千万年，可知有着同样特点的动物可能会幸存下来，故B项正确；根据第五段可知，移动多能者类动物适应环境能力强，很有可能在气候变化中幸存下来，而C中这种动物的特点与此相反，故C项错误。根据最后一段可知，能够找到海底峡谷或地下洞穴等缓冲区的动物，也是可以幸存下来的，但D项中提到的鱼类不属于此类，故排除D项。
20.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。全文围绕“哪些物种可以在气候改变的情况下存活”这一话题进行合理的猜想和科学的解释，故选择B项。
六、
21.答案：A
解析：词义推测题。根据第一段可知, 人们对动物的普遍认知是动物不具备创造性, 因此动物与人存在着差异。
22.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。第二段提出“动物的创新也是多样化的”这一观点, 紧接着用猩猩和银鸥的例子来证明它。
23.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知, 动物不能将创造力发扬光大。
24.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。通读全文可知, 本文最有可能来自一篇科学报告。
七、
25.答案：B
解析：段落大意题。根据第一段In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place. Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.(在地球上的栖息地里,动物会周期性地放下所有东西去散步、飞行或游泳到一个新的地方。像鲸鱼和鹅这样的野生动物通过跟随它们的父母来学习迁徙的路径。其他的,包括小鸣禽,在它们的遗传密码和一些密码中获得它们迁徙的距离和方向动物利用遗传和文化的结合来指导它们的迁徙。)可知本段主要讲述了动物迁徙的模式。故选B。
26.答案：C
解析：代词指代题。根据第三段Cory's shearwaters are long-lived, rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the "exploration–refinement", and until now it has been hypothetical (假设的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals' movements.(科里的海鸥寿命很长,很少在九岁前成功繁殖后代。这为学习和实践提供了机会,来发展它们的迁徙模式。研究人员称之为"探索精炼",由于难以追踪迁徙动物的行动,迄今为止,这种方法一直是假设性的。)可知this指代的是Cory's shearwaters 形成迁移模式的方式。故选C。
27.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段Younger Cory's shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults- but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.(年轻的Cory's shearwaters 能像成年海鸥一样飞得那么快,但它们没有,这表明年轻海鸥进行了更多的探索,随着它们的成熟,这些探索逐渐消失,并进入一个更好的路线。)可知莱蒂齐娅·坎皮奥尼的研究发现了年轻的Cory's shearwaters 他们降低了探险的速度。故选C。
28.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies, “exploration refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes,” says Barbara Frei. “It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe.”(虽然这种方法看起来没有其他方法有效, "在这个由于不可预知的人为变化而快速变化的世界里,探索精细化可能对鸟类和其他有机体有益,"Barbara Frei说。"重复最近成功的行为可能比依赖很久以前完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。")可知从最后一段我们能得出结论:航线的探索有助于鸟类的适应性。故选C。
八、
29.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段A good conversation should proceed like a tennis match: players each take turns responding, knowing instinctively when to speak and when to listen. This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans.(一场好的谈话应该像一场网球比赛一样进行:球员们轮流做出反应,本能地知道什么时候该说,什么时候该听。这种复杂而反复的谈话通常被认为只有人类才拥有)可知,我们能从轮流行为中了解到,它具有复杂性和交互性。故选D项。
30.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段While forms of communication are mostly sound-based, several species have more creative forms of viewable communication. Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures, while birds, insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays.(虽然交流形式主要是基于声音,但一些物种有更有创意的可视交流形式。猴子宝宝用手势让父母知道它们想被抱着,而鸟类、昆虫和青蛙可以通过彩色的展示来传达信息)可知,青蛙展示皮肤颜色属于视觉交流的一种形式。故选A项。
31.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段Additionally, while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly, well-mannered animals, Kendrick stresses that this isn't always the case. Owl(猫头鹰) chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding. "This can be seen as an exception to the rule, highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general," says Kendrick.(此外,虽然轮流的想法可能会让人想到一幅有序、彬彬有礼的动物画面,但肯德里克强调,情况并非总是如此。在喂食过程中,猫头鹰雏鸟可能会试图通过发出更大的声音来吸引母亲的青睐。Kendrick说:"这可以被视为规则的一个例外,突出了轮流的重要性。")可知,第5段提到了“owl chicks”是为了和有序、彬彬有礼的动物画面做对比。A.To propose a definition.提出一个定义;B.To give a contrast.来做个对比;C.To present an argument.提出论点;D.To make a prediction.做一个预测。故选B项。
32.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段One problem with the study is that researchers themselves don't know how to communicate with others outside their particular species of interest. Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking, allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons. "We all believe strongly these fields can benefit from each other, and we hope the study will drive more cross talk between humans and animals in the future," says Kendrick.(这项研究的一个问题是,研究人员自己不知道如何与他们感兴趣的特定物种之外的其他人交流。Kendrick强调,这项研究的另一个目标是创建一个更广泛的框架,将所有不同的轮转研究汇集在一起,使科学家能够进行更多的跨物种比较。Kendrick说:"我们都坚信这些领域可以相互受益,我们希望这项研究将在未来推动人类和动物之间更多的交流。")可知,最后一段强调了研究的目标,也就是研究范围。A.Research budget.研究预算;B.Research range.研究范围;C.Research frequency.研究频率;D.Research background.研究背景。故选B项。