2022-2023学年上海市宝山区名校高二下学期3月月考英语试卷含解析

这是一份2022-2023学年上海市宝山区名校高二下学期3月月考英语试卷含解析，共34页。试卷主要包含了用单词的适当形式完成短文，选用适当的单词或短语补全短文，完形填空，阅读理解，六选四，概要写作，汉译英，建议信等内容，欢迎下载使用。

上海市宝山区名校2022-2023学年高二下学期3月月考英语试卷
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________

一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below. fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word: for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Hard Labour
When James returned from the hospital after the birth of his son, he was surprised to find a bottle of whisky and some cans of beer on his doorstep. The mystery was soon solved. Under covid-19 rules, James was allowed into the hospital _____1_____his partner Annie was due to give birth only once active labour had begun.
Thirty-six hours after _____2_____(admit)for an induction(生产), Annie found herself on a delivery ward in the early hours of the morning desperately trying to wake up her sleeping husband by phone. When that failed, she resorted to ordering a delivery from a local store in the hope _____3_____the doorbell would prove more effective. In the event, he woke before the booze arrived.
James made it to the hospital on time and all went well. _____4_____have not been so lucky. “I’ve heard real horror stories of what women have had to face alone, _____5_____it’s awful news at a scan or going through a difficult birth _____6_____your partner there,” says Joeli Brearley of Pregnant Then Screwed, a campaign group. As Britain locked down in March, hospitals limited the number of visitors allowed on their premises(场所). Non-essential retail reopened in June, followed by pubs and restaurants in July, but tight restrictions _____7_____(remain)in place so far limiting access to maternity services and post-birth visits by new fathers. A petition(请愿书)calling for the rules _____8_____(loosen)across Britain has received over 440,000 signatures and the backing of 60 MPs.
The Royal College of Midwives, a trade union and professional body, acknowledges that “the support of a partner during scans and labour is important”, but argues that restricting access to some services means that “maternity teams _____9_____continue to deliver good-quality, safe care, protecting pregnant women and the midwives who care for them.” Others are ______10______(convinced). “It’s important to remember that the vast majority of birth partners live with the woman giving birth,” says Jeremy Davies of the Fatherhood Institute, a think-tank. Evidence suggests the presence of partners leads to better medical outcomes, partly because it reduces stress and anxiety during birth.


二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．conflicts        B．tackle        C．encounter        D．instinctive        E. senses
F. regulate        G. sparks        H. originates        I. immediate        J. disagreeable
K. interfere
When you are frightened or feel endangered, your breathing and your pulse quicken in order to give you a better chance of either running away from the threat or defending yourself against it. When the danger is eliminated, your body returns to its pre-stress state. Psychological stress can also be triggered in response to an external-factor, as with a fear of heights or public speaking. However, since it ______11______ inside our own minds and is strongly tied to out past experiences, psychological stress can also be caused simply by our thoughts about a(n) ______12______event is enough to make some people anxious, even when the event is days away.
Experience plays a large role in determining what you consider as stressful. Many reactions to stress are subconscious or ______13______and therefore, difficult to prevent. However, while the body’s initial reaction is hard to ______14______, the choices you make can play a large role in helping keep psychological stress from going out of control.
So, what are some major types of stress?
The first type of stress is survival stress. When in fear for your safety, your body prepares to ______15______the problem either by facing it or fleeing from it. Your body reacts to this type of stress by sharpening your ______16______of sight and hearing and increasing your breathing and heart rate.
Another type is environmental stress, which is caused by unpleasant things you ______17______in daily life. Workplace stress, which is often caused by overwork or ______18______with coworkers, is one common environmental stressor.
The third type of stress is internal stress. This type of stress is caused by thinking about stressful situations that occurred in the past or will take place in the future. Being stressed is an appropriate reaction to a(n) ______19______threat, but the same reactions that are helpful in the short term can prove harmful over time. Long-term-stress, known as chronic stress, can cause both mental and physical health problems. For example, many people find preparing for a job interview or to give a speech to be a stressful activity become overwhelming and can ______20______with daily life if they last for days or weeks. With chronic stress, severe health consequences can be caused, including heart disease, depression, excessive weight gain, sleeplessness, and digestive problems. Long-term stress tends to weaken your immune system, makıng you more likely to contract flu or other illnesses. Furthermore, it slows down your recovery from these illnesses.


三、完形填空
This article is for all of the teenagers out there. Even though developmentally you are years from being fully grown, society regularly expects you to adult. Yes, you are ___21___ in many ways: many of you drive and do so quite safely, and you handle schedules that would ___22___ many adults. But you probably cannot process caffeine as constantly as your parents can because of your still-growing bodies and brains.
I understand it feels grown-up to be drinking a cup of Starbucks. But all of this caffeine may worsen your anxiety, affect tonight’s sleep and tomorrow’s school performance, ___23___ nutrient absorption and even cause real trouble when mixed with alcohol. The following four aspects may well ___24___ the theme of this article.
The power of caffeine
Caffeine is widely considered a drug that is socially acceptable, universally used, even cool, but it will cause ___25___ symptoms such as headaches, fatigue and a lack of attention when removed from coffee-addicts’ diets.
How much is healthy?
Caffeine is by no means a nutrient; you do not need it to be healthy. ___26___ , it is a substance that can leave you lacking nutrients because it has been shown to reduce calcium. Caffeine probably causes the body to release water. And the more caffeinated drinks you consume, the less likely you are to drink water. So experts say that adolescents should consume ___27___ amounts of caffeine a day (≤100mg).
Caffeine’s ___28___
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 65 percent of middle and higher schoolers are ___29___ to insufficient sleep on school nights. Some of their sleep problems can be mainly attributed to caffeine, which can remain in the body for seven hours after ___30___ , thus causing teens’ worse performance the next day. It is widely assumed that adequate sleep ___31___ proper growth and brain development. During childhood and adolescence, the brain goes through a period called synaptic pruning when unnecessary connections are promoted.
Caffeine labelling
Caffeine is not listed on the Nutrition Facts column on food labels because it is not a ___32___ . It may be listed as an ingredient, but the amount is not required. Caffeine is now added to foods such as gum, candy and water, along with makeup and beauty products that ___33___ to reduce swelling (肿胀).
Taste preferences and eating habits are often ___34___ in childhood and adolescence, so teens, when you consume sweet, caffeinated drinks every time you feel sluggish, you are creating a pattern that may be hard to break as an adult. It is advisable to come up with other ___35___ ways to boost energy so that you can master adulting better than many adults.
21．A．experienced B．mature C．productive D．disciplined
22．A．delight B．exclude C．liberate D．frustrate
23．A．promote B．assist C．intensify D．discourage
24．A．account for B．call for C．turn to D．appeal to
25．A．withdrawal B．addiction C．nutrition D．infection
26．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Instead D．Otherwise
27．A．initial B．sufficient C．moderate D．stable
28．A．reputations B．confirmations C．implications D．disadvantages
29．A．reduced B．alerted C．subjected D．opposed
30．A．consumption B．concentration C．excitement D．stimulation
31．A．results from B．contributes to C．benefits from D．attends to
32．A．therapy B．material C．substitute D．nutrient
33．A．promise B．appear C．fail D．happen
34．A．highlighted B．discovered C．cultivated D．spotted
35．A．instructive B．comprehensive C．extensive D．alternative


四、阅读理解
Mary MeCartney literally started life in front of the camera. The firstborn child of pop musician Paul and his photographer wife Linda was introduced to the world when a baby. But since then, she has, in her own words, “used the camera to hide behind” and is far more comfortable putting others in the limelight (镁光灯) than standing in it herself. For the child of a pop legend, her unstarry approach is arresting-no sooner am I up the stairs to her studio, than she rushes down them to make me tea. “I like mixing into the background,” she says on her return, holding out my cup. “It’s my job. Though I can be quite noisy and direct sometimes. I think the book shows my character it has more reflective, quiet moments and then some in-your-face bits. That’s me.
We meet in her large, airy studio in north London, where McCartney is browsing through her new book, From Where I Stand, a retrospective of her work from the past 15 years. It is exactly as she just described it—a collection of personal photographs of her family and friends, together with sometimes surprising portraits of stars and lesser-known sitters. What is striking about all the images is their naturalness. There is minimal lighting and little of the high gloss (光泽) association with other leading portrait photographers.
The artist Sir Peter Blake, a close family friend of the McCartneys, told me recently about a project he and Mary worked on for the charity Sport Relief, which involved her photographing the boxer Ricky Hatton for a portrait that Blake would paint from. “We turned up there in this gym on the Harrow Road, all big boxers, an almost unfriendly environment, and Mary just got to it, so quietly, figuring out who did what. Within minutes they were eating out of her hand. It was just like watching her mother at work.”
While McCartney frequently shoots catwalk shows and campaigns for fashion’s biggest names. Chrissie Hynde, the singer and close friend, describes her thus: “I think you could say, at the expense of possibly losing her a job or two, that Mary is the opposite of a fashion photographer.” It is clearly meant as a compliment, but what does Hynde mean? McCartney explains that she just isn’t a very on-trend kind of person. It’s a surprising statement from the sister of one of Britain’s leading designers, but a quick glance at what she is wearing reveals it to be true.
36．In the first paragraph the writer draws attention to Mary McCartney’s___________.
A．pride in her parents B．humble attitude
C．initial awkwardness D．simple lifestyle
37．The writer is impressed by the way Mary McCartney___________.
A．has included many well-known pictures in her book
B．makes substantial use of lighting in her photographs
C．chooses both friends and super stars as subjects
D．takes characteristically simple portraits
38．Sir Peter Blake’s words illustrate the fact that Mary McCartney___________.
A．has worked on a variety of different artistic people
B．does a great deal of work for charitable causes
C．is good at establishing friendly relationships
D．enjoys working with all sorts of people
39．The writer suggests that the way Mary McCartncy is dressed shows___________.
A．she dresses in a way that suits her work B．her enjoyment of modern fashion
C．she has little interest in fashion D．her taste for unusual clothes

Sam’s CLUB
A division of Walmart Inc., Sam’s club is the membership warehouse club solution for everyday living. Sam’s Club serves millions of members at SamsClub.com and almost 600 locations across the U. S. and Puerto Rico. Sam’s Club also has locations in Brazil, China and Mexico.
FOUNDER
Our founder Sam Walton was the most notable business leader of his time - but no matter how much success he achieved, he never forgot where it all started. Once a humble entrepreneur(创业者)with a successful five-and-time, Mr. Sam knew firsthand the challenges of running a small business.
EMPLOYEE
Sam’s club employs thousands of associates in the U. S. and Puerto Rico. Approximately 75 percent of club management was promoted from hourly positions.

Sam’s Club is a membership warehouse club, a limited-item business model that offers our members quality products at an exceptional value unmatched
BRAND
by traditional retail. Instead of stocking every item in every available brand, Sam’s Club merchants do their “homework” for our members, stocking the right products and purchasing them in large quantities, passing on the savings to our members. In addition to the leading national brands, Sam’s Club also carries Member’s Mark, an exclusive, premium-quality private brand. Member’s Mark products are exclusive designs that use top-of-the-line materials and the highest quality ingredients to make sure you get the best quality and value at members-only prices.
ENVIRONMENT
We reduce costs by maintaining a simple shopping environment, often displaying our merchandise on shipping deck so we can move new items in just as quickly as they move out. Besides, Many clubs include sustainable features such as day-lighting with skylights, night dimming, central energy management, water-conserving fixtures, natural concrete floors and recycling.
BENEFIT
Sam’s Club also provides a variety of member benefits such as free shipping on most items for our Plus Members along with Cash Rewards, early shopping, savings on medications as well as the benefits of our Club membership. Club members can take advantage of Sam’s Club Credit, Instant Savings, free health screenings, daily “Tastes & Tips” sampling demonstrations and members-only savings on fuel.

40．Who is more likely to be promoted to an executive position?A．A member of the club. B．A worker paid by the hour.
C．A small business entrepreneur. D．An associate from Puerto Rico.
41．If you are a member of Sam’s club, you can ________ in Sam’s.
A．have all the available brands to choose from
B．have your homework done by Sam’s merchants
C．buy Member’s Mark products at members-only prices
D．enjoy free shipping for the goods you have purchased
42．The purpose of the passage is to ________.
A．find suitable employees for Sam’s club
B．attract investment from overseas companies
C．inform readers of the features of Sam’s club
D．persuade customers to be a member of Sam’s club

A Universal Greeting: Shaking Hands
A handshake seems to be a normal gesture. In fact, in the 9th century BC, an ancient site during the ruling of Shalmaneser III clearly shows two figures holding hands.The Iliad,usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions that two characters “taking each other's hands and expressing their loyalty," Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the bookAs You Like It.Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier?
According to author Torbjorn Lundmark in hisTales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the World,the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace; King Shalmaneser 111 referred to a rebellion in which he signed a treaty with the King of Babylon. In theIliad,Diomedes and Glaucus shook, hands when they realized they were guest-friends, and Diomedes declared: "Let's not try to kill each other." Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.
The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg — the chief authority for the history of handshaking — wrote in a chapter of ananthologycalledA Cultural History of Gesture,“More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues”.
One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais'sGargantua and Pantagruel.When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes, “He was greeted by countless hugs and countless good days." But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation added references to shaking hands.
A popular saying suggests that Cleland's statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a potentially traditional method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by more hierarchical ways of greeting — like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements. Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent's hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.
43．Why does the author mention Shakespeare in the first two paragraphs?
A．To prove that the history of handshaking is hard to find.
B．To illustrate that handshaking is a very old custom.
C．To show readers that handshaking is common in fiction.
D．To explain the value of handshaking in communication.
44．What can we learn about handshaking from the passage?
A．The origin of handshaking as a form of greeting is easy to trace.
B．Citizens usually shake hands to show friendliness in Holland.
C．It was used only between friends and to reach an agreement.
D．It is a common practice between people of different social positions.
45．Which of the following is similar in meaning to "anthology"in Para. 4?
A．the science of mental ability B．a collection of selected literary passages
C．a daily written record of experiences D．all the living things of a particular region
46．What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage?
A．The handshake has disappeared in some remote parts of the Netherlands.
B．Handshaking has different meanings in different European countries.
C．Most Europeans prefer to shake hands rather than bow.
D．Handshakes are now common between people of different positions.


五、六选四
Twilight of the Brands
It's a truism of business-book thinking that a company's brand is its "most important asset," more valuable than technology or patents or manufacturing prowess．But brands have never been more fragile．The reason is simple: consumers are supremely well informed and far more likely to investigate the real value of products than to rely on logos．
Absolute Value, a new book by Itamar Simonson and Emanuel Rosen shows that, historically, the rise of brands was a response to an information-poor environment．_______47_______ If a car was made by G.M, or a ketchup by Heinz, you assumed that it was pretty good．It was hard to figure out if a new product from an unfamiliar company was reliable or not, so brand loyalty was a way of reducing risk．
Today, consumers can read much research about whatever they want to buy．This started back with Consumer Reports, which did objective studies of products．_______48_______ It has given ordinary consumers easy access to expert reviews, user reviews, and detailed product data, in an array of categories．
A recent study found that eighty per cent of consumers look at online reviews before making major purchases, and a host of studies have logged the strong influence those reviews have on the decisions people make．_______49_______ An undesirable product can become a laughingstock（笑柄） in a matter of hours．In the old days, you might buy a Sony television set because you'd owned one before, or because you trusted the brand．Today, such considerations matter much less than reviews on Amazon and Engadget and CNET. As Simonson said, "each product how has to prove itself on its own．"
It's been argued that in a world where consumers are overwhelmed with information, the information will actually make brands more valuable．Indeed, the role a brand plays in people's lives has become all the more important, But information overload is largely a myth．_______50_______ And this has made customer loyalty pretty much a thing of the past．Only twenty-five per cent of American respondents in a recent study said that brand loyalty affected how they shopped．
A．But what really weakened the power of brands is the Internet．
B．For consumers this is ideal: heightened competition has raised quality and held down prices．
C．When consumers had to rely on advertisements and their past experience with a company, brands served as a guarantee for quality．
D．A large quantity of consumers fail to get a great deal of information efficiently and effectively．
E．The rise of social media has sped up the trend to an astonishing degree．
F．Most consumers figure out how to find what they're looking for without spending huge amounts of time online．


六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in NO MORE THAN 60 WORDS. Use your own words as far as possible.
The lost art of listening
Do you think you’re a good listener? Chances are that you do. But studies show that most people seriously overestimate their ability to listen. The truth is we are generally not good at listening, and our listening comprehension declines as we age.
This was proven by Dr. Ralph Nichols, who conducted a simple experiment to test students’ listening skills. He had some Minnesota teachers stop what they were doing mid-class, and then asked students to describe what their teachers had been talking about. While older kids with more developed brains, are usually assumed to be better listeners, the results, however, showed otherwise: While 90 percent of first-and second-graders gave correct responses, this percentage dropped rapidly as the students got older.
One reason for our poor listening concerns the speed at which we think. The adult brain can process up to around 400 words per minute, more than three times faster than the speed an average person speaks. This means we can easily think about something else while someone is talking to us, allowing our mind to wander or get sidetracked. The younger students in Dr. Nichols’s experiment were better listeners partly because their brains were less developed — they lacked the extra brain power to be distracted.
Another factor that contributes to our poor listening is our ever-decreasing attention span. According to a Mircrosoft study, the age of smartphones has had a negative impact here. In 2000 — around the time the mobile revolution began — the average human attention span was 12 seconds; by 2013, it had fallen to 8 seconds. Even a goldfish — with an average attention span of 9 seconds — can hold a thought for longer!
More and more people now realize that listening is a skill that can be developed through practice. Learning to observe a speaker’s body language and emotions, for example, can improve our active listening. Even the simple act of note-taking or making eye contact can help us stay focused while listening.

七、汉译英（整句）
52．那些缺乏同理心的人从不考虑其他人的需求。(account)(汉译英)
53．当你面对挑战时, 你越害怕失败, 你越可能最终一事无成。(the more, end up)(汉译英)
54．网友们（netizens）对于大熊猫丫丫遭受的苦难如此愤怒，呼吁政府尽快把它送回中国。(汉译英)(So)
55．尽管政府采取了一连串的措施来提高垃圾分类的意识，还是有人会搞混可回收和厨房垃圾，这对环境造成了负面影响。(Despite)(汉译英)

八、建议信
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假如你是明启中学的李明。为鼓励学生践行雷锋精神，帮助他人，最近学校打算举行一次学雷锋日活动，现在向师生征集活动建议。请你写一封邮件给活动组织者，内容须包含：
1. 为学雷锋日提出2-3条合理的活动建议；
2. 给出你的理由。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案：

1．where    2．being admitted    3．that    4．Others    5．whether    6．without    7．have remained    8．to be loosened    9．can    10．less convinced

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了由于疫情影响，产妇们的分娩变得异常的辛苦。但是太多的医院阻止伴侣参加产科服务。
1．考查定语从句。句意：根据新冠肺炎的规定，只有在分娩开始后，詹姆斯才被允许进入他的伴侣安妮即将分娩的医院。空处引导定语从句，先行词是the hospital，在定语从句中作为状语，故填where。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：入院接受引产36小时后，安妮发现自己凌晨在产房里拼命想通过电话叫醒熟睡的丈夫。逻辑主语Annie与动词admit之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态be admitted，且位于介词after之后，应该用动名词形式，故填being admitted。
3．考查同位语从句。句意：当这一切失败后，她只好从当地一家商店订购快递，希望门铃能更有效。此处的连词在从句中不做成分，但是起着连接句子的作用，故填that。
4．考查代词。句意：其他人就没有这么幸运了。此处填入的词语在句子中作为主语，且表示“其他人”的含义，故填Others。
5．考查连词。句意：运动组织“先孕后拧”的Joeli Brearley说：“我听说过女性不得不独自面对的真实恐怖故事，无论是扫描时的可怕消息，还是在没有伴侣的情况下艰难分娩。”根据后面or可知，这里是whether…or…表示“无论......还是......”，故填whether。
6．考查介词。句意：运动组织“先孕后拧”的Joeli Brearley说：“我听说过女性不得不独自面对的真实恐怖故事，无论是扫描时的可怕消息，还是在没有伴侣的情况下艰难分娩。” your partner在句中作为介词宾语，前面应该填入介词，且表示“没有”，”故填without。
7．考查时态。句意：非必需品零售业于6月重新开放，随后酒吧和餐馆于7月重新开放。但到目前为止，仍有严格的限制措施，限制了新父亲获得产妇服务和产后探访。根据时间状语so far可知，此句应该用现在完成时，主语是restrictions，故填have remained。
8．考查非谓语动词。句意：一份呼吁在英国各地放宽规定的请愿书已经获得了超过44万人的签名和60名议员的支持。Call for sth.常加不定式to do，且此处表示被动的含义，则应该用to do的被动形式，故填to be loosened。
9．考查情态动词。句意：工会和专业机构皇家助产士学院承认，“在扫描和分娩过程中，伴侣的支持很重要”，但认为限制获得某些服务意味着“产科团队可以继续提供高质量、安全的护理，保护孕妇和照顾她们的助产士。”此处的动词continue用的是其原形，前面应该用情态动词，且表示“能”，故填can。
10．考查形容词比较级。句意：其他人则不太相信。主语与动词convince之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态，且此处表示“不太相信”，则less来修饰convinced，故填less convinced。

11．H    12．J    13．D    14．F    15．B    16．E    17．C    18．A    19．I    20．K

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了压力的主要类型和危害。
11．考查动词。句意：然而，由于它源于我们自己的思想，与我们过去的经历密切相关，心理压力也可能仅仅是由我们对一件不愉快的事情的想法引起的，这足以让一些人焦虑，即使这件事是几天后的事。由下文“psychological stress can also be caused simply by our thoughts”可知，此处表示“它源于我们自己的思想”，空格处意为“起源”，应用动词originate，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，主语it是单数，因此空格处用第三人称单数。故选H。
12．考查形容词。句意：然而，由于它源于我们自己的思想，与我们过去的经历密切相关，心理压力也可能仅仅是由我们对一件不愉快的事情的想法引起的，这足以让一些人焦虑，即使这件事是几天后的事。由上文“Psychological stress can also be triggered in response to an external-factor, as with a fear of heights or public speaking”可知，此处表示“心理压力也可能仅仅是由我们对一件不愉快的事情的想法引起的”，空格处意为“不愉快的”，应用形容词disagreeable，形容词作定语，修饰名词event。故选J。
13．考查形容词。句意：许多对压力的反应都是潜意识或本能的，因此很难预防。由上文“subconscious or”可知，许多对压力的反应都是潜意识或本能的，空格处意为“本能的”，应用形容词instinctive，作表语。故选D。
14．考查动词。句意：然而，虽然身体的最初反应很难调节，但你所做的选择可以在帮助防止心理压力失控方面发挥重要作用。由上文“the body’s initial reaction is hard to”可知，此处表示“虽然身体的最初反应很难调节”，空格处意为“调节”，应用动词regulate，固定句型sth. be hard to do意为“做某事很难”，空格处用动词原形。故选F。
15．考查动词。句意：当你担心自己的安全时，你的身体会通过面对或逃避来解决问题。由下文“by facing it or fleeing from it”可知，此处表示“当你担心自己的安全时，你的身体会通过面对或逃避来解决问题”，空格处意为“解决”，应用动词tackle，固定搭配prepare to do意为“准备做某事”，空格处用动词原形。故选B。
16．考查名词。句意：你的身体对这种压力的反应是增强视觉和听觉，加快呼吸和心率。由上文“Your body reacts to this type of stress by sharpening”可知，此处表示“你的身体对这种压力的反应是增强视觉和听觉”，空格处意为“感觉”，应用名词sense，由“sight and hearing”可知，空格处用复数。故选E。
17．考查动词。句意：另一种类型是环境压力，它是由你在日常生活中遇到的不愉快的事情引起的。由上文“unpleasant things”可知，句子表示“另一种类型是环境压力，它是由你在日常生活中遇到的不愉快的事情引起的”，空格处意为“遇到”，应用动词encounter，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，主语是you，空格处用原形。故选C。
18．考查名词。句意：工作压力是一种常见的环境压力源，通常是由过度工作或与同事的冲突引起的。由上文“Workplace stress”和下文“with coworkers”可知，句子表示“工作压力是一种常见的环境压力源，通常是由过度工作或与同事的冲突引起的”，空格处意为“冲突”，应用名词conflict，不止一个，空格处要用复数。故选A。
19．考查形容词。句意：面对眼前的威胁，感到压力是一种适当的反应，但同样的反应在短期内是有益的，随着时间的推移可能会证明是有害的。由上文“This type of stress is caused by thinking about stressful situations that occurred in the past or will take place in the future”可知，此处表示“面对眼前的威胁，感到压力是一种适当的反应”，空格处意为“目前的”，应用形容词immediate，修饰名词threat，作定语。故选I。
20．考查动词。句意：例如，许多人发现准备工作面试或演讲是一项压力很大的活动，如果持续几天或几周，就会干扰日常生活。由上文“many people find preparing for a job interview or to give a speech to be a stressful activity become overwhelming”可知，此处表示“许多人发现准备工作面试或演讲是一项压力很大的活动，如果持续几天或几周，就会干扰日常生活”，空格处意为“干扰”，应用动词interfere，can是情态动词，其后跟动词原形。故选K。

21．B    22．D    23．D    24．A    25．A    26．C    27．C    28．D    29．C    30．A    31．B    32．D    33．A    34．C    35．D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是青少年大量摄入咖啡因的危害。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，你们在很多方面都很成熟：你们中的很多人开车都很安全，你们能处理很多成年人无法应付的日程安排。A. experienced有经验的；B. mature成熟的；C. productive多产的；D. disciplined遵守纪律的。根据下文“many of you drive and do so quite safely, and you handle schedules that would ___2__ many adults”可知，很多人开车都很安全，你处理的日程安排也会让很多成年人感到沮丧，这些都是成熟的表现。故选B。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：是的，你们在很多方面都很成熟：你们中的很多人开车都很安全，你们能处理很多成年人无法应付的日程安排。A. delight使高兴；B. exclude排除；C. liberate解放；D. frustrate挫败。根据上文“you are ___1__ in many ways”可知，此处指你处理的日程安排也会让很多成年人感到沮丧，你的水平已超过成年人。故选D。
23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但所有这些咖啡因可能会加重你的焦虑，影响今晚的睡眠和明天的学习表现，阻碍营养吸收，甚至在与酒精混合时造成真正的麻烦。A. promote提升；B. assist帮助；C. intensify使加强；D. discourage阻碍。根据上文“caffeine may worsen your anxiety, affect tonight’s sleep and tomorrow’s school performance”和常识可知，此处指咖啡因阻碍你吸收营养，故选D。
24．考查动词短语辨析。句意：以下四个方面可以很好地说明本文的主题。A. account for对……作出解释；B. call for要求；C. turn to转向，求助于；D. appeal to呼吁。根据下文“the theme of this article”可知，以下四个方面可以很好地解释本文的主题。故选A。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：咖啡因被广泛认为是一种被社会接受、普遍使用、甚至很酷的药物，但如果从咖啡成瘾者的饮食中去除，它会引起头痛、疲劳和注意力不集中等断瘾症状。A. withdrawal撤退；B. addiction上瘾；C. nutrition营养；D. infection感染，影响。根据下文“when removed from coffee-addicts’ diets”可知，此处表示“如果从咖啡成瘾者的饮食中去除，它会引起头痛、疲劳和注意力不集中等戒断症状”，withdrawal symptom意为“断瘾症状”，故选A。
26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，它是一种会让你缺乏营养的物质，因为它已被证明会减少钙。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover另外；C. Instead相反；D. Otherwise否则。根据上文“Caffeine is by no means a nutrient”和下文“it is a substance that can leave you lacking nutrients”可知，前后句是转折关系，空格处表示“相反”，故选C。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以专家说，青少年每天应该摄入适量的咖啡因（≤100毫克）。A. initial最初的；B. sufficient足够的；C. moderate适度的；D. stable稳定的。根据上文“And the more caffeinated drinks you consume, the less likely you are to drink water”和下文“≤100mg”可知，专家说，青少年每天应该摄入适量的咖啡因，故选C。
28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：咖啡因的缺点。A. reputations名声；B. confirmations证实；C. implications暗示；D. disadvantages缺点，劣势。根据下文的“Some of their sleep problems can be mainly attributed to caffeine”可知，本部分主要讲述咖啡因的缺点。故选D。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据美国疾病控制与预防中心（Centers for Disease Control and Prevention）的数据，大约65%的中学生和高中生在上学期间睡眠不足。A. reduced减少；B. alerted警告；C. subjected使遭受；D. opposed反对。根据下文“to insufficient sleep on school nights”可知，大约65%的中学生和高中生在上学期间睡眠不足，be subjected to意为“遭受，经受”，故选C。
30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的一些睡眠问题主要是由于咖啡因，咖啡因在摄入后可以在体内停留7个小时，从而导致青少年第二天的表现更差。A. consumption消耗，摄入；B. concentration集中；C. excitement兴奋； D. stimulation激励。根据上文“can remain in the body for seven hours after”可知，咖啡因在摄入后可以在体内停留7个小时，故选A。
31．考查动词短语辨析。句意：人们普遍认为充足的睡眠有助于正常的生长和大脑发育。A. results from由……引起；B. contributes to有助于；C. benefits from从……获益；D. attends to照料。根据上文“adequate sleep”和下文“proper growth and brain development”可知，人们普遍认为充足的睡眠有助于正常的生长和大脑发育，故选B。
32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：咖啡因没有列在食品标签的营养成分栏中，因为它不是一种营养素。A. therapy治疗；B. material材料；C. substitute代替者；D. nutrient营养物。根据上文“Caffeine is not listed on the Nutrition Facts column on food labels”可知，咖啡因没有列在食品标签上的营养成分栏上，因为它不是一种营养素。故选D。
33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：咖啡因现在被添加到口香糖、糖果和水等食物中，以及承诺消肿的化妆品和美容产品中。A. promise许诺；B. appear出现；C. fail失败；D. happen发生。根据上文“makeup and beauty products”和下文“to reduce swelling”可知，此处指化妆品和美容产品做出的承诺，故选A。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：口味偏好和饮食习惯通常是在童年和青少年时期养成的，所以青少年们，当你每次感到懒惰时都喝含咖啡因的甜味饮料时，你正在创造一个成年后可能很难打破的模式。A. highlighted突出；B. discovered发现；C. cultivated培养；D. spotted发现。根据上文“Taste preferences and eating habits”可知，口味偏好和饮食习惯通常是在童年和青少年时期养成的，空格处意为“培养”。故选C。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：建议你想出其他的方法来补充能量，这样你就能比许多成年人更好地掌握成年生活。A. instructive有益的；B. comprehensive有理解力的；C. extensive广泛的；D. alternative可替代的。根据上文“other”和下文“to boost energy so that you can master adulting better than many adults”可知，此处指提出其他替代方式来补充能量，故选D。
36．B    37．D    38．C    39．C

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Mary MeCartney的一系列优秀的品质。
36．细节理解题。根据第一段的“For the child of a pop legend, her unstarry approach is arresting-no sooner am I up the stairs to her studio, than she rushes down them to make me tea.(作为一个流行音乐传奇人物的孩子，她的平凡方式是引人注目的----我刚上楼到她的工作室，她就冲下来给我泡茶。)”可知，在第一段，作者注意到Mary McCartney的谦逊的态度，故选B。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段的“What is striking about all the images is their naturalness. There is minimal lighting and little of the high gloss (光泽) association with other leading portrait photographers.(所有这些图像的惊人之处在于它们的自然。它的照明很少，也很少有其他领先的人像摄影师那样的高光泽度。)”可知，作者对Mary MeCartney拍摄典型的简单肖像的方式印象深刻。故选D。
38．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“We turned up there in this gym on the Harrow Road, all big boxers, an almost unfriendly environment(我们出现在Harrow Road的体育馆，都是大拳击手，环境几乎不友好)”和“Within minutes they were eating out of her hand. It was just like watching her mother at work.(几分钟后，他们就开始顺从她了。就像看着她妈妈工作一样。)”可知，Sir Peter Blake的话说明了Mary MeCartney善于建立友好关系。故选C。
39．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“McCartney explains that she just isn’t a very on-trend kind of person. It’s a surprising statement from the sister of one of Britain’s leading designers, but a quick glance at what she is wearing reveals it to be true.(McCartney解释说，她只是不是那种很赶时髦的人。这句话出自英国顶级设计师之一的妹妹之口，令人惊讶，但只要看一眼她的穿着，就会发现这是真的。)”可知，作者认为Mary MeCartney的穿着方式显示了她对时尚没什么兴趣，故选C。
40．B    41．C    42．C

【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍的是山姆俱乐部的一些相关信息。
40．细节理解题。根据EMPLOYEE部分中的“Approximately 75 percent of club management was promoted from hourly positions.(大约75%的俱乐部管理层是从按小时计算的职位晋升的。)”可知，被升职为管理层人员是按小时支付的职位晋升的。故选B项。
41．细节理解题。根据BRAND部分中的“Member’s Mark products are exclusive designs that use top-of-the-line materials and the highest quality ingredients to make sure you get the best quality and value at members-only prices.(会员的标志产品是独家设计，使用顶级的材料和最高质量的成分，以确保您得到最好的质量和价值在会员唯一的价格。)”可知，山姆俱乐部的成员以会员专用的价格买到会员标志的产品。故选C项。
42．推理判断题。根据首段“A division of Walmart Inc., Sam’s club is the membership warehouse club solution for everyday living. Sam’s Club serves millions of members at SamsClub.com and almost 600 locations across the U. S. and Puerto Rico. Sam’s Club also has locations in Brazil, China and Mexico.(山姆俱乐部是沃尔玛公司的一个分支，是会员仓库俱乐部的日常生活解决方案。山姆会员店在SamsClub.com和遍布美国和波多黎各的近600家分店为数百万会员提供服务。山姆俱乐部在巴西、中国和墨西哥也有分店。)”以及下文表格中的信息可知，本文介绍的是山姆俱乐部的一些信息。故选C项。
43．B    44．C    45．B    46．C

【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“握手”这种通用的问候手势背后的起源和不同时期所代表的不同意义。
43．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The Iliad,usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions that two characters “taking each other's hands and expressing their loyalty," Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the bookAs You Like It.Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.(《伊利亚特》通常可以追溯到公元前8世纪，其中提到两个人物“握手表示忠诚”。几个世纪后，莎士比亚在《皆大喜》一书中写道，两个人物握手并发誓成为兄弟。握手似乎是一种古老的习俗，它的起源已经随着时间的流逝而消失了)”以及第二段“Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier? (研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家注意到，现代的握手直到19世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是只在朋友之间使用的一种稍微不恰当的手势。但如果莎士比亚早在几百年前就写过握手呢？)”可推知，作者在前两段提到莎士比亚是为了说明握手是一个非常古老的习俗。故选B。
44．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends.(研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家注意到，现代的握手直到19世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是只在朋友之间使用的一种稍微不恰当的手势)”以及第三段中“The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace (上面提到的早期握手是达成协议或和平的一部分)”可知，握手只用于朋友之间和达成协议。故选C。
45．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg — the chief authority for the history of handshaking — wrote in a chapter of an”以及后文“called A Cultural History of Gesture”可知，A Cultural History of Gesture是荷兰社会学家赫尔曼Roodenburg写的一部文学作品，他在这部文学选集的一个章节中写了关于握手历史的问题。故与画线词意思接近的是B选项“文学选集”。故选B。
46．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by more hierarchical ways of greeting — like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements. Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent's hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.(随着几个世纪的发展，握手被更分层次的问候方式所取代，比如鞠躬。据Roodenburg说，在一些偏远的地方，握手依然存在，比如在荷兰的一些城镇，有些人在出现分歧后会用握手来达成和平。与此同时，那些重视平等的人也会握手。后来，随着欧洲大陆的等级制度被削弱，握手成为了同等级的人们的普遍做法，就像今天一样)”可推知，大多数欧洲人喜欢握手而不是鞠躬。故选C。
47．C    48．A    49．E    50．F

【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章对品牌忠诚度进行了研究，发现由于互联网，品牌忠诚度已成为过去。
【详解】1.前文“the rise of brands was a response to an information-poor environment”（品牌的崛起是对信息匮乏环境的回应）中的an information-poor environment对应选项C中的“When consumers had to rely on advertisements and their past experience with a company”，后文“If a car was made by            G.M, or a ketchup by Heinz, you assumed that it was pretty good．”（如果汽车是通用公司生产的，或者番茄酱是亨氏公司生产的，你会认为它很好。）对应选项C中的“brands served as a guarantee for quality”，所以选项C（当消费者不得不依赖广告和他们过去与一家公司的经验时，品牌就成了质量的保证。）切合文意。故选C。
2.后文“It has given ordinary consumers easy access to expert reviews, user reviews, and detailed product data, in an array of categories．”（它让普通消费者可以方便地访问一系列类别的专家评论、用户评论和详细的产品数据。）对应选项A中的the Internet，因为普通消费者可以通过网络了解产品信息，所以不再依赖品牌，从而削弱了品牌的力量。所以选项A（但真正削弱品牌影响力的是互联网。）切合文意。故选A。
3.后文“An undesirable product can become a laughingstock（笑柄） in a matter of hours．”（一个不受欢迎的产品可能在几个小时内成为笑柄。）对应选项E中的has sped up the trend to an astonishing degree。所以选项E（社交媒体的兴起加速了这一趋势，达到了惊人的程度。）切合文意。故选E。
4.前文“But information overload is largely a myth．”（但信息过载在很大程度上是一个神话。）对应选项F（大多数消费者都知道如何在不花费大量时间上网的情况下找到他们想要的东西。），大多数消费者非常善于处理网络上的大量信息，所以信息过载并不是问题。后文“And this has made customer loyalty pretty much a thing of the past．”（这使得客户忠诚度几乎成为过去式。）中的this是指大多数消费者都知道如何在不花费大量时间上网的情况下找到他们想要的东西这件事。所以选项F切合文意。故选F。
51．An experiment which shows that the younger students listen better than the older ones proves that our listening comprehension weakens as we get older. Not only are adults more easily distracted than the younger students but also our attention span leads to our poor listening. But people are increasingly aware that listening skill can be promoted by practice.
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了倾听能力的变弱，以及变弱的原因。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The truth is we are generally not good at listening, and our listening comprehension declines as we age.
②This was proven by Dr. Ralph Nichols, who conducted a simple experiment to test students’ listening skills.
③While older kids with more developed brains, are usually assumed to be better listeners, the results, however, showed otherwise: While 90 percent of first-and second-graders gave correct responses, this percentage dropped rapidly as the students got older.
④One reason for our poor listening concerns the speed at which we think.
⑤Another factor that contributes to our poor listening is our ever-decreasing attention span.
⑥More and more people now realize that listening is a skill that can be developed through practice.
2.缜密构思
将①②③④⑤五个要点进行整合， 将⑥一个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Our listening comprehension weakens as we get older.
Dr. Ralph Nichols’ experiment shows that the younger students listen better than the older ones.
Adults are more easily distracted than the younger students.
But more and more people are aware that listening skill can be promoted by practice.
【点睛】[高分句型1] An experiment which shows that the younger students listen better than the older ones proves that our listening comprehension weakens as we get older.(运用了which引导的定语从句)
[高分句型2] Not only are adults more easily distracted than the younger students but also our attention span leads to our poor listening.(运用了not only …but also句型，并且将not only放句首构成了倒装句)
52．Those who lack empathy never take into account the needs of others.
【详解】考查定语从句、动词短语、名词短语和副词。根据句意和句子结构可知，“缺乏同理心的”可处理为修饰those“那些人”的定语从句，先行词those在从句中作主语成分，用关系代词who引导；表示“缺乏同理心”应为动词短语lack empathy；主句中，表示“考虑”应为动词短语take into account；表示“从不”为副词never；表示“其他人的需求”应为名词短语the needs of others。句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。故翻译为：Those who lack empathy never take into account the needs of others.
53．When you face a challenge, the more afraid you are of failure, the more likely you are to end up achieving nothing.
【详解】考查状语从句，时态，固定句型和短语。“当你面对挑战时”译为When you face a challenge，when引导的时间状语从句。句子可使用“the+比较级，the+比较级”，固定句型，表示“越……；越……”，“你越害怕失败”译为 the more afraid you are of failure，“你越可能最终一事无成”译为 the more likely you are to end up achieving nothing，be likely to do sth.“很可能做某事”，end up doing“最终成为”，分析句子可知，用一般现在时。故译为When you face a challenge, the more afraid you are of failure, the more likely you are to end up achieving nothing.
54．So angry netizens were about the panda Yaya’s ordeal that they called on the government to send her back to China as soon as possible.
【详解】考查时态和部分倒装。表示“如此……以至于”句型为so…that…，so+adj./adv.位于句首，需用部分倒装；表示“网友”应用名词netizen；表示“对……感到愤怒”翻译为be angry about，“大熊猫丫丫遭受的苦难”为 the panda Yaya’s ordeal；表示“呼吁某做某事”为call on sb. to do sth.，“尽快”为as soon as possible。句子陈述过去的动作，为一般过去时。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为So angry were netizens about the panda Yaya’s ordeal that they called on the government to send her back to China as soon as possible.
55．Despite a series of measures taken by the government to raise awareness of waste sorting, some people still confuse recyclable and kitchen waste, which has a negative impact on the environment.
【详解】考查介词，固定短语，非谓语动词，时态，定语从句和主谓一致。“尽管”是despite，其后可跟名词或名词性短语，“一连串的措施”是a series of measures，措施是被采取，“采取措施做某事”是take measures to do，“政府采取了”用过去分词作后置定语，表被动，是taken by the government，“来提高垃圾分类的意识”用不定式表目的，是to raise awareness of waste sorting，“还是有人”是some people still，“搞混可回收和厨房垃圾”描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“搞混”是confuse，“可回收和厨房垃圾”是recyclable and kitchen waste，“这对环境造成了负面影响”用which引导非限制性定语从句，描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，which指代前面整个主句的内容，“对……造成负面影响”是has a negative impact on，“环境”是the environment，因此整句话翻译为“Despite a series of measures taken by the government to raise awareness of waste sorting, some people still confuse recyclable and kitchen waste, which has a negative impact on the environment”。故答案为Despite a series of measures taken by the government to raise awareness of waste sorting, some people still confuse recyclable and kitchen waste, which has a negative impact on the environment.
56．Dear sir/madam,
   Knowing that the school is going to hold a learning Lei Feng Day to encourage students to practice the spirit of Lei Feng and help others, I would like to offer some advice.
To carry forward the Spirit of Lei Feng, our school can hold a meaningful activity in a nursing home. We could go to visit the elderly in their rooms in groups, presenting them with flowers, board games and self-made cards to show our sincere love and respect. It is traditional virtues in China and respect to each other is respect yourself. Besides, we can organize teachers and students to clean the streets to keep the city clean. It is the responsibility of every citizen to maintain our daily environment. A good environment can also make everyone happy.
I would appreciate it if my advice could be considered.
Yours,
Li Ming
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。假如你是明启中学的李明。为鼓励学生践行雷锋精神，帮助他人，最近学校打算举行一次学雷锋日活动，现在向师生征集活动建议。请你写一封邮件给活动组织者。
【详解】1.词汇积累
建议：advice→suggestion
赠送：present→give away
老年人：the elderly→the senior citizens
开心：delighted→happy
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：I would appreciate it if my advice could be considered.
拓展句：I would be more than grateful if my advice could be considered.
【点睛】【高分句型1】
Knowing that the school is going to hold a learning Lei Feng Day to encourage students to practice the spirit of Lei Feng and help others, I would like to offer some advice.（运用了现在分词作原因状语以及that引导的宾语从句）
【高分句型2】
To carry forward the Spirit of Lei Feng, our school can hold a meaningful activity in a nursing home.（运用了动词不定式作目的状语）