英语选择性必修 第四册Grammar and usage导学案

选择性必修四Unit 3名词性从句

一、主语从句

1. 定义：在复合句中，如作主语的是一个从句，该从句被称为主语从句。

2. 连接词

（1）that在主语从句中不充当任何成分，也无意义，只起连接作用，不能省略。

 That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.

（2）whether和if在主语从句中不充当任何成分，有_______________含义，位于句中有时可换用。

 It’s uncertain whether/if he’ll come this evening.

        用whether不用if的情况：

1. 主语从句_______________时；

Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

2. 从句后有_______________或紧跟_______________时。

Whether or not he will come still remains a question.

It makes no difference whether you will go today or tomorrow.

（3）连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当某种成分。

Who will come to teach us is not known.

What hurt my feelings was the judge’s comment.

Why he didn’t attend the meeting wasn’t clear.

When the plane will take off has not been announced.

3. 谓语动词的数

（1）主语从句后的谓语动词一般用_______________形式。

Who won the match is still unknown.

What you said is perfectly true.

（2）what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词的数由_______________决定。

What she lacks is experience.

What we need are more books.

4. it作形式主语

主语从句常用it作形式主语放句首,从句为真正的主语，放在句末，使句子更平衡。

常用句型：

（1）It+be+_______________+that从句

It is certain/ clear/ important/ necessary/ probable/ possible +that...

（2）It+be+_______________+that从句

It is a pity/ shame/ duty+that...

（3）It+be+_______________+that从句

It is said / reported/ thought/ hoped/ believed/ known+that...

（4）It +_______________ + that从句

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. 爱丽丝似乎根本不会来参加晚会。

It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。

It appears to me that you don’t want to come to the party. 在我看来，你不想来参加聚会。

二、宾语从句

1. 定义：在复合句中，如作宾语的是一个从句，该从句被称为宾语从句。

2. 用法

        只能用whether情况

（1）______________________________

Please tell us whether to go or stay here.

（2）______________________________

I don’t know whether or not I can come.

（3）______________________________

We worried about whether he was in good health.

（4）______________________________

Whether it is true or not, I can’t tell.

3. it作形式宾语

（1）动词 + it + that从句，常见于take, have, put等动词之后。

I take it that he will finish the task by himself. 我认为他能自己完成这项任务。

（2）动词 + it + when / if从句，常见于appreciate, enjoy, like, prefer等动词之后。

We really appreciate it if you could do us a favour. 如果您能帮助我们，我们会很感激。

（3）动词 + it + 介词短语 + that从句，常见于owe it to sb, take it for granted等结构中。

We owe it to you that we are still alive.

多亏有你，我们还活着。

（4）动词 + 介词+ it + that从句，常见于look to（注意）, depend on, insist on, stick to, answer for等结构中。

She insisted on it that she was innocent. 她坚持说自己是无辜的。

（5）动词 + it + V-ed + 从句

He made it known to everyone that he was right. 他让每个人都明白他是对的。

4. 时态

（1）主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。

Does anyone know where I can find a home?

（2）主句是过去的某种时态，从句一定要用______的某种时态。

We didn’t know why she had missed the flight.

【注意】如果宾语从句表述的是______________________________等时, 不管主句是什么时态, 从句都要用一般现在时。

He said that light travels much faster than sound.

三、表语从句

1. 定义：在复合句中，如作表语的是一个从句，该从句被称为表语从句。

        系动词+表语构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

常见的系动词有：

be动词: _________________________________

感官动词: _______________________________

“变得词”: _______________________________

“持续词”:_______________________________

2.连接词

（1）从属连词：that/ whether

1) The most important thing is that we finish the final task.

2) The question is whether we can finish it in such a short time.

3) The reason why he was late is that he got up late.

【归纳】

1. that引导表语从句时，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，有/没有意义。

2. whether引导表语从句时，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，通常翻译为“______”。

引导表语从句时通常不用if。

3. 主语是reason时，表语从句不能用because, 只能用that。

（2）连接代词：who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever

1) She is not who she was.

2) Exercise is what keeps us healthy.

3) The winner will be whoever solves that problem.

4) My part will be whatever you give to me.

【归纳】连接代词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分(通常作__________________等)。

（3）连接副词：where, when, how, why, whenever, wherever

1) The house is where Lu Xun once lived.

2) Tomorrow is when it would be the most convenient.

3) By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived.

4) That’s why you should push yourself.

5) The best time to start is whenever you are ready.

【归纳】连接副词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分（通常作______）。

4. 其他词

1) That’s because we were in need of money at that time.

2) He looked as if he was going to cry.

3) It looked as though it might rain at any minute.

【注意】如果引出表语从句的名词是一些表示 “建议”或者“命令”之类的词如advice, suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea等, 那么从句中的动词通常用__________________。

His proposal was that the work _________________ (finish) in five hours.

四、同位语从句

1. 定义：在复合句中，从句作某一名词的同位语，对该名词作进一步解释说明，该从句被称为同位语从句。

2. 用法：同位语从句常放在抽象名词，如fact, idea, news, information, order, belief, suggestion, reply, answer, thought等之后，以具体说明这些词的含义。

1) The fact that we cannot travel faster than light means that it will take a long time to reach those planets.

2) He can’t answer the question how he got the money.

3) I have no idea where he comes from.

3. 连接词

（1） that引导同位语从句时，在从句中_____成分，只起_____作用，_____具体意义，不能省略。

They were surprised at the news that their team had won.

（2） whether引导同位语从句，意为_____，__________if代替。

Lily asked me the question whether the novel was worth reading.

（3）连接代词和连接副词引导同位语从句，在从句中作成分。

I have no idea what you are talking about. _____

I have no idea who broke the window yesterday. _____

I have no idea which is the best._____

I have no idea when she will be back._____

I have no idea where he has gone._____

I have no idea why Jack is absent from school. _____

I have no idea how I can operate the new machine._____

4.间隔式同位语从句：同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，有些情况下，同位语从句和名词被其他词隔开。

1) Word came that the concert had been put off.

2) An idea occurred to her that she could try another way.

5. 在某些名词(如demand, suggestion, wish, advice, request, proposal, order等)后的同位语从句谓语动词用__________，should可以省略。

We followed his advice that we __________(turn) to our teacher for help.

6. 同位语从句与定语从句

【判断】定语从句or同位语从句

1) The news that we had successfully sent up another communication satellite spread throughout the world. __________

2) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. __________

3) That’s the best piece of news I’ve heard.__________