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专题18 议论文和说明文类完形填空 2010-2019年近10年高考英语真题分项版汇编（教师版）
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这是一份专题18 议论文和说明文类完形填空 2010-2019年近10年高考英语真题分项版汇编（教师版），共38页。试卷主要包含了 A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题18 议论文和说明文类完形填空
（2011·广东）
It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes, The 1 has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual (智力的) growth by 2 situation that has designed for the 3 children.
There can be little doubt that 4 classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner. However, to take these 5 out of the regular classes may create serious problems.
I observed a number of 6 children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a 7 class. In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own judgment, relying 8 on their teachers’ directions. In the regular class, having no worry about ke（http://www.unjs.com）eping up, they began to reflect 9 on many problems, some of which were not on the school program.
Many are concerned that gifted children become 10 and lose interest in learning. However this 11 is more often from parents and teachers than from students, and some of these 12 simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are 13 . Some top students do feel bored in class, but why they 14 so goes far beyond the work they have in school. Studies have shown that to be bored is to be anxious. The gifted child whop is bored is an 15 child.
1. A. principle B. theory C. arguments D. classification
2. A. designing B. grouping C. learning D. living
3. A. smart B. curious C. mature D. average
4. A. regular B. special C. small D. creative
5. A. children B. programs C. graduates D. designs
6. A. intelligent B. competent C. ordinary D. independent
7. A. separate B. regular C. new D. boring
8. A. specially B. slightly C. wrongly D. heavily
9. A, directly B. cleverly C. voluntarily D. quickly
10. A. doubted B. bored C. worried D. tired
11. A. concern B. conclusion C. reflection D. interest
12. A. students B. adults C. scholars D. teachers
13. A. talented B. worried C. learned D. interested
14. A. believe B. think C. say D. feel
15. A. outstanding B. intelligent C. anxious D. ordinary
【参考答案】CCDBA ABDAB ABADC
【解析】
1. 答案：C
解析：考查名词，运用原词重现方法。前一句提到了argued， 所以此处用argument.
2. 答案：C
解析：考查形容词，因为提到了regular class，说明这是和学习相关，所以此处用learning.
3. 答案：D
解析：考查形容词，此句话的意思是“这个争论的依据是：在正常班级里，这些孩子的智力成长会受到这个专门为一般儿童设计的学习环境的影响。” average 此处意为一般的。
4. 答案：B
解析：考查形容词，此两句话的意思是“毫无疑问，天才儿童的特别班可以帮助他们早点毕业，提前走向社会。但是，将这些学生从普通班里抽调出来，则可能对他们以及社会带来严重的问题。” special 意为特别的，与下文中的regular 相反。
5. 答案：A
解析：考查名词，these children指代天才儿童。意思同上题。
6. 答案：A
解析：考查形容词，运用同义复现的方法。此处只有intelligent 与gifted 对应。
7. 答案：B
解析：考查形容词，此处答案可以从下文中的In the special class 和In regular class 得出。
8. 答案：D
解析：考查副词，heavily 意为过分地。此句意为“在为天才儿童组织的特别学校里，这些孩子们很少有机会运用自己善于评论的判断力，相反，他们过分依赖老师的指导。”
9. 答案：C
解析：考查副词，voluntarily 意为自然地，此句意为“在步子较慢的学校里，这些学生不再为跟班犯愁，便很自然地对许多问题进行反复思考，有些甚至不属于学校课程之内。”
10. 答案：B
解析：考查形容词，运用原词重现方法和同义重现方法。Lose interest 和bored 对应，以及后文中的” Some top students do feel bored”
（2012·江苏）
请认真阅读下面短文， 从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中， 选出最佳选项。
The concept of solitude (独处) in the digital world is almost nonexistent. In the world of digital technology, email, social networking and online video games, information is meant to be __36__. Solitude can be hard to discover __37__ it has been given up. In this respect, new technologies have __38__ our culture.
The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a(n) __39__ as we've known it. People have become so __40__ in the world of networks and connections that one can often be contacted __41__ they' d rather not be. Today we can talk, text, email, chat and blog (写博客), not only from our __42__， but from our mobile phones as well.
Most developed nations have become __43__ on digital technology simply because they've grown accustomed to it, and at this point not __44__ it would make them an outsider. __45__， many jobs and careers require people to be __46__. From this point of view, technology has changed the culture of work. Being reachable might feel like a __47__ to those who may not want to be able to be contacted at all times.
I suppose the positive side is that solitude is still possible for anyone who __48__ wants it. Computers can be shut __49__ and mobile phones can be turned off. The ability to be “connected” and “on” has many __50__， as well as disadvantages. Travelers have ended up __51__ on mountains, and mobile phones have saved countless lives. They can also make people feel __52__ and forced to answer unwanted calls or __53__ to unwanted texts.
Attitudes towards our connectedness as a society __54__ across generations. Some find today's technology a gift. Others consider it a curse. Regardless of anyone's view on the subject, it's hard to imagine what life would be like __55__ daily advancements in technology.
36. A. updated B. received
C. shared D. collected
37. A. though B. until
C. once D. before
38. A. respected B. shaped
C. ignored D. preserved
39. A. edge B. stage
C. end D. balance
40. A. sensitive B. intelligent
C. considerate D. reachable
41. A. even if B. only if
C. as if D. if only
42. A. media B. computers
C. databases D. monitors
43. A. bent B. hard
C. keen D. dependent
44. A. finding B. using
C. protecting D. changing
45. A. Also B. Instead
C. Otherwise D. Somehow
46. A. connected B. trained
C. recommended D. interested
47. A. pleasure B. benefit
C. burden D. disappointment
48. A. slightly B. hardly
C. merely D. really
49. A. out B. down
C. up D. in
50. A. aspects B. weaknesses
C. advantages D. exceptions
51. A. hidden B. lost
C. relaxed D. deserted
52. A. trapped B. excited
C. confused D. amused
53. A. turn B. submit
C. object D. reply
54. A. vary B. arise
C. spread D. exist
55. A. beyond B. within
C. despite D. without
【要点综述】在当今的数字技术时代，独处的想法是几乎不可能存在的络技术的发展给人们生活带来了便利，同时也有着不便。
36. C 当今世界拥有数字技术、电子邮件、社会网络、在线视频游戏、信息等可以分享(share)。
37. C 独处一旦(once)放弃就很难发现。
38. B 在这方面，新的技术已经形成了(shape)我们的文化。
39. C bring … to an end意为“使……结束，使……终止”，符合句意。
40. D 在网络连接世界中，人们已经变得如此容易联系到(reachable)。 sensitive“敏感的”；intelligent“聪明的，有才智的”；considerate“体贴的，体谅的，考虑周到的”。
41. A 在网络连接世界中，人们已经变得如此容易联系到以至于即使(even if)不愿意被联系，也可能经常被联系。
42. B 今天我们不仅可以用电脑(computers)来交谈、发短信、发电子邮件、聊天、写博客，而且也可以用手机做这些事情。
43. D 多数发达国家已经依赖于(be/become dependent on)数字技术。bent on “决心的”；hard (on) “严厉的”；keen (on) “爱好，喜欢”。
44. B 从这一点……使他们成为局外人。
45. A 此处表示进一步陈述人们与新技术的联系。故also“也”正确。
46. A 而且许多工作和职业要求人们相互联系(connected)。
47. C 对于那些可能不想被时刻联系上的人来说，被联系上会感到是一个负担(burden)。
48. D 我猜想积极的一面是，独处对于那些真正(really)想独处的人来说还是有可能的。
49. B shut out“把……关在外面”；shut down“关闭，使停工”；shut up“闭嘴，住口”；shut in“围住，监禁”。由后面的手机可以关闭可知选B。
50. C 由后面的as well as disadvantages可知选C(advantages)。
51. B 游客在山中迷路(lost)，手机已经救了无数条生命。
52. A 由被迫回答不需要的电话可知手机也会使人们感到被束缚(trapped)。
53. D 这里是指被迫回复(reply)不需要的短信息。
54. A 由后文的“有的人发现当今科技是礼物，有的人则认为是诅咒”可知人们对此的态度是有所不同(vary)的。
55. D 不管人们对这个问题的看法怎样，如果没有(without)当今科学技术的发展，很难想象我们的生活会是什么样子。
（2012·上海）
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another __50__， subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble (绊脚) and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his __51__ ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to __52__ aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In __53__ these and other research findings，two themes are __54__ : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think __55__ assistance.
In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. __56__ , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be __57__， but had apparently been “lost”. The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very __58__ person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to __59__ the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.
The degree of __60__ between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) __61__ Tshirt than a person wearing a Tshirt printed with offensive words.
Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone __62__ to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for __63__ than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be __64__ rather than drunk.
50. A. study B. way
C. word D. college
51. A. hand B. arm
C. face D. back
52. A. refuse B. beg
C. lose D. receive
53. A. challenging B. recording
C. understanding D. publishing
54. A. important B. possible
C. amusing D. missing
55. A. seek B. deserve
C. obtain D. accept
56. A. At first B. Above all
C. In addition D. For example
57. A. printed B. mailed
C. rewritten D. signed
58. A. talented B. goodlooking
C. helpful D. hardworking
59. A. send in B. throw away
C. fill out D. turn down
60. A. similarity B. friendship
C. cooperation D. contact
61. A. expensive B. plain
C. cheap D. strange
62. A. time B. instructions
C. money D. chances
63. A. shoppers B. research
C. children D. health
64. A. talkative B. handsome
C. calm D. sick
【要点综述】在什么情况下人们更容易得到帮助？研究表明：我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人；外表有吸引力比不太有吸引力的人更容易得到帮助；生病跌倒比喝醉跌倒更容易得到帮助等。
50. A 考查名词。根据下文these and other research findings和in a field study提示，在另一份研究中，所以选A。
51. C 考查名词。根据下文if his face was spotless提示。受害者脸上有一个巨大的红色胎记。
52. D 考查动词。根据下文are more likely to receive aid提示选receive。脸上无污点的受害者比有不好看的胎记的受害者更有可能获得援助。
53. C 考查动词。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中。
54. A 考查形容词。发现两个重要的主题。
55. B 考查动词。deserve意为“值得”。因为某种原因我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。
56. D 考查介词短语。下文举例说明观点：In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid，所以选D。
57. B 考查动词。根据下文actually mailed it or not提示选mailed。意思是申请被邮寄。
58. B 考查形容词。附在申请上的照片有时是个相貌好看的人的，有时是一个不太有吸引力的人的。
59. A 考查动词短语。结果表明，如果照片上的人外表上有吸引力，人们更可能递送这个申请。send in意为“递送”。
60. A 考查名词。在潜在的提供帮助的人和有需要的人之间的相似程度也很重要。
61. B 考查形容词。T恤上印有攻击性的话和朴素的T恤相对比。plain意为“简朴的；朴素的”。
62. C 考查名词。根据常识应该给钱买牛奶。
63. D 考查名词。对健康来说，牛奶被认为比饼干更重要。
64. D 考查形容词。生病跌倒的似乎比喝醉跌倒的更容易得到帮助。
（2012·课标全国卷）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks __36__ than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more __37__ than we realize. In fact, nonverbal (非言语) communication takes up about 50% of what we really __38__. And body language is particularly __39__ when we attempt to communicate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so __40__ a part of us that it's actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. __41__， different societies treat the __42__ between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having __43__ contact (接触) even with friends, and certainly not with __44__. People from Latin American countries, __45__， touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it's possible that in __46__， it may look like a Latino is __47__ a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving __48__. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep __49__ —which the Latino will in return regard as __50__.
Clearly, a great deal is going on when people __51__. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from __52__ cultures, there's a strong possibility of __53__ . But whatever the situation, the best __54__ is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be __55__.
36．A.straighter B．louder C．harder D．further
37．A.sounds B．invitations
C．feelings D．messages
38．A.hope B．receive
C．discover D．mean
39．A.immediate B．misleading
C．important D．difficult
40．A.well B．far C．much D．long
41．A.For example B．Thus
C．However D．In short
42．A.trade B．distance
C．connections D．greetings
43．A.eye B．verbal C．bodily D．telephone
44．A.strangers B．relatives
C．neighbours D．enemies
45．A.in other words B．on the other hand
C．in a similar way D．by all means
46．A.trouble B．conversation
C．silence D．experiment
47．A.disturbing B．helping
C．guiding D．following
48．A.closer B．faster C．in D．away
49．A.stepping forward B．going on
C．backing away D．coming out
50．A.weakness B．carelessness
C．friendliness D．coldness
51．A.talk B．travel C．laugh D．think
52．A.different B．European
C．Latino D．rich
53．A.curiosity B．excitement
C．misunderstanding D．nervousness
54．A.chance B．time C．result D．advice
55．A.noticed B．treated
C．respected D．pleased
【要点综述】本文是一篇说明文。作者认为身势语比言辞更有效，而身势语却常常被人们忽略。在进行跨文化交流的过程中，身势语尤为重要。作者以拉丁美洲人和挪威人为例进行了阐述。最后作者指出：不管什么情况，最好的建议是：对待别人像你希望被对待的那样。(你想别人怎么对待你，你就怎样对待别人。)
36. B 考查副词的比较级及语境理解。身势语比语言表达的意思更响亮，更清楚。此处louder意为：声音更大，即更有说服力。如：谚语Facts speak louder than words.(事实胜于雄辩。)
37. D 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。据专家称：我们的身体发出比我们意识到的更多的信息。sound声音；invitation邀请；feeling感觉；message信息。
38. D 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。实际上，非语言交际约占据了我们真正想表达的意思的50%的分量。hope希望；receive接收；discover发现；mean意思是。
39. C 考查形容词词义辨析。当我们进行跨文化交流时，身势语显得尤为重要。immediate立刻的； misleading 误导的；important重要的；difficult困难的。
40. C 考查形容词的用法。事实上，身势语是常常被我们忽略的很多的一部分。
41. A 考查语境理解。下文中以拉丁美洲人和挪威人为例，说明不同的社会群体对待距离的态度是不同的。
42. B 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。不同的社会群体对待人们之间接触的距离是不同的。trade交易； distance 距离； connection联系；greeting问候。
43. C 考查语境理解。即使是朋友，北欧人通常也不喜欢身体的接触，当然更不用说陌生人。eye 眼睛，眼神；verbal 言辞的； bodily身体的；telephone电话。
44. A 考查名词词义辨析。北欧人通常不喜欢身体的接触，即使是朋友，当然更不用说陌生人。stranger陌生人；relative亲戚；neighbour邻居；enemy敌人。
45. B 考查介词短语的含义及语境理解。on the other hand然而，在另一方面。然而，拉丁美洲国家的人们相互接触的就很多。
46. B 考查名词词义辨析。在对话过程中，拉丁人跟着挪威人满屋子转是可能的。trouble 麻烦；conversation对话； silence 沉默；experiment实验。
47. D 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。在对话过程中，拉丁人跟着(following)挪威人满屋子转是可能的。此处follow意为：跟着……走。
48. A 考查语境理解。拉丁人靠得更近表示友好。
49. C 考查动词短语的含义及语境理解。挪威人将不断地后退。step forward前进； go on 继续；back away后退；come out出来。
50. D 考查名词词义辨析。拉丁人反过来认为他们很冷淡。weakness虚弱； carelessness粗心；friendliness 友谊；coldness冷淡。
51. A 考查动词词义辨析。很显然，当人们谈话时，许多东西都在进行。
52. A 考查形容词词义辨析。当我们的伙伴来自于不同的文化背景时，产生误解的可能性就会很大。
53．C 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。当我们的伙伴来自于不同的文化背景时，产生误解的可能性就会很大。
54. D 考查名词词义辨析。不管什么样的情景，最好的建议是遵守这样的黄金规则：对待别人像你希望被对待的那样。
55. B 考查动词词义辨析。不管什么样的情景，最好的建议是遵守这样的黄金规则：对待别人像你希望被对待的那样。(你想别人怎样对待你，你就怎样对待别人。)
（2013·广东）
Number sense is not the ability to count. It is the ability to recognize a 1 in number. Human beings are born with this ability. 2 ，experiments show that many animals are, too. For example, many birds have good number sense. If a nest has four eggs and you remove one, the bird will not 3 . However, if you remove two, the bird 4 leaves. This means that the bird knows the 5 between two and three.
Another interesting experiment showed a bird's 6 number sense. A man was trying to take a photo of a crow(乌鸦)that had a nest in a tower, but the crow always left when she saw him coming. The bird did not 7 until the man left the tower. The man had an 8 .He took another man with him to the tower. One man left and the other stayed, but they did not 9 the bird. The crow stayed away until the second man left, too. The experiment was 10 with three men and then with four men. But the crow did not return to the nest until all the men were 11 .It was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were 12 able to fool the crow.
How good is a human's number sense? It's not very good. For example, babies about fourteen months old almost always notice if something is taken away from a 13 group. But when the number goes beyond three or four, the children are 14 fooled.
It seems that number sense is something we have in common with many animals in this world, and that our human 15 is not much better than a crow's.
1. A. rise B. pattern C. change D. trend
2. A. Importantly B. Surprisingly C. Disappointedly D. Fortunately
3. A. survive B. care C. hatch D. notice
4. A. generally B. sincerely C. casually D. deliberately
5．A. distance B. range C. different D. interval
6．A. amazing B. annoying C. satisfying D. disturbing
7. A. relax B. recover C. react D. return
8. A. appointment B. excuse C. idea D. explanation
9. A. fool B. hurt C. catch D. kill
10.A. repo B. repeated C. designed D. approved
11.A. confused B. gone C. tired D. drunk
12.A. gradually B. luckily C. strangely D. finally
13. A. single B. small C. local D. new
14. A. seldom B. temporarily C. merely D. often
15. A. sight B. nature C. ability D. belief
[语篇解读]：
本文是一篇说事理性的说明文，篇章模式为总-分-分-总的结构。第一段提出话题，说明什么是数字感，并通过拿鸟类作为例子说明，不仅人类与生俱来都有这种数字感，而且动物也有；第二段运用一个人想对一只乌鸦进行拍照的另一个有趣的例子来进一步鸟类的神奇的数字的分辨力；第三段，以一个婴儿为例说明人类的数字感并不是很好；最后一段为结论段，重申主题：人类和许多动物一样都有数字感，而且人类的这种能力不比乌鸦好多少。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
Number sense… is the ability to recognize a 1 C (change) in number. Human beings are born with this ability; …many animals are, too. the bird knows the 5 C between two and three.
数字感是辨别数字改变的能力。动物和人类一样，与生俱来都具有这样的能力：鸟类可以识别两和三的区别。
第二部分（para.2）
experiment showed a bird’s 6 A number sense. it was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were 12 D able to fool the crow.
一项实验证明，鸟类具有数字感：鸟类对于小的数字有数字感，对于大数字则不太好：五个人时，只有四个人离开时，乌鸦终于被搞糊涂了。
第三部分（para.3）
How good is a human’s number sense? not very good. But when the number goes beyond three or four…are 14 D. often fooled.
人类的数字感：同样不是特别好。数字超过三或四时，常会出错。
第四部分（para.4）
number sense is something we have in common with many animalshuman 15 C. ability is not much better than a crow’s
结论：数字感是人类和很多动物共同具有的能力，人类的这种能力不比乌鸦更强。
【答案解析】
1. C。根据下文的“remove one/two”语义提示可知，这里是把数字发生变化；四个选项分别为：A“上升”，B“图案”，C“改变”，D“趋势”，由此可知本句含义为“数字感是分辨数字变化的能力”，故C为正确答案。
2. B。根据上下文的语境可知，分别说到“人类与生俱来具有这种能力（分辨数字变化的能力）”和“很多鸟类也有很好的数字感。”，运用逻辑推断可知，这里表示这是“令人惊讶的是”，四个选项分别为：A“重要的是”，B“令人惊讶的是”，C“令人失望的是”，D“幸运的是”；所以答案为B。
3. D。根据上文第一句的“recognize”和下文的“knows the 5 ”语义提示可知，这是这二个词的同义词复现，本句句义为：如果一个鸟窝里有四颗鸟蛋，你拿走一个，鸟儿就会发现。A“生存下来”，B“关心”，C“孵（蛋）”均不符合语境。
4. A。根据常识判断，这里要表达的意思是：如果取走两颗鸟蛋时，鸟类在通常情况下会离开（飞走）。四个选项分别为：A“通常，一般情况下”，B“真诚地”，C“随意地”，D“故意地，有意地”。
5. C。根据上文说到的“拿走一个和二个鸟蛋时，鸟的反应和表现”的语义提示可知，这些都是属于difference的范畴。而且这里的difference与第二句中的change形成同义词复现的关系；四个选项分别为：A“距离”，B“范围”，C“不同，区别”，D“间隙（时段）”。本句句义为：这说明鸟类知道二和三的区别。
6. A。根据上下文的语义提示可知，这里要表达的意思是：另一个有意思的实验也显示了鸟类的这种令人惊奇的数字感。故答案为A。amazing与第四句空格2“Surprisingly（令人吃惊或惊奇的是）”构成同义词的复现关系。
7. D。根据下文第十一空前“not return to the nest”的语义提示可知答案，四个选项的含义分别为：A“放松”，B“恢复”，C“反应”，D“返回，归还”。本句句义为：这只鸟直到那个人离开那座塔之后才离开。事实上这里的return与上句中的left形成反义词的复现关系。
8. C。根据上下文的语境可知，这个人第一种方法行不通，所以这里再用另一方法，由此运用逻辑推断可知，这里要表达的意思是：这个人有（或想出）了一个主意，四个选项的含义分别为：A“失望”，B“借口”， C“主意，想法”，D“解释”。根据语境，下文讲了他的具体做法。A、B和D都不符合，C为正确答案：先有了想法或主意，然后是具体的行为。
9. C。根据上下文的语境可知，他们只是在做实验，根据常识并运用逻辑推断可知他们不是要抓（catch）乌鸦。其他三项A“愚弄”，B“伤害”，D“杀死”均不太符合语境。
10. B。根据上下文的语义提示可知，本句讲了实验的进展：他们又先后用三个人和四个人重复做了实验。并在下句交代了实验的结果：但是乌鸦都是等到所有人（离开）后才回巢。
四个选项的含义分别为：A“报道”，B“重复”，C“设计”，D“通过”。根据语境，
11．B。根据语义提示可知，gone与上文（本段）的left，return，left，left多次构成同义词或反义词的复现关系。所以答案选B项。句意为表示两次实验的结果：但是乌鸦都是等到所有人（离开）后才回巢。故答案为B“离开”。其他选项的含义分别为：A“感到困惑”，C“感到很累”，D“喝醉了酒”。
12．D。根据上下文语境并运用逻辑推断可知，本句以强调句的形式交代了，最后的一次实验及实验结果：直到五个人进入到塔中，只有四个人离开时，他们才最终把乌鸦给搞糊涂了/愚弄了乌鸦。其他错误选项的含义分别为：A“逐渐地”，B“幸运地”，“奇怪地”。
13．B。根据本段语境并结合常识可知，前两句在说：人类的数字感觉也不是非常好。再根据大语境，全文一直在讲，对于鸟类在小数字变换时的数字分辨能力的实验。显然可以推出本句句义为：例如，当从一个很小的一组东西中拿走一些时，十四个月大的婴儿几乎总是能够注意到（这个变化）。故答案为B。其他错误选项的含义分别为：A“单一的”，B“当地的”，D“新的”。 这里的small与以上的数字均形成具体与概括的复现关系。
14. D。根据语义提示可知，这里的often与第三句中的almost形成近义词复现关系。四个选项的含义分别为：A“很少”，B“临时”，C“只有”，D“常常”。根据语境与行文逻辑，本句句义为：但是当数字超过三或者四时，婴儿们通常会被搞糊涂。
15. C。根据上文的语义提示可知，这里的ability与首段的ability形成相同词的复现关系。文章末段与首段开甩语义照应上的前后照应的关系。四个选项的含义分别为：A“视力，看见”，B“本质，天性，内在”，C“能力”，D“信仰，相信”。本段为结论段，根据语境，本句句义为：（好像数字感是我们与世界上的许多动物都具备的能力，而且）我们人类的这种能力不比乌鸦更强。
（2013·重庆）
B
It is easy to overlook the role that your body plays in influencing your mood (情绪). When you are _49_ . you may find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future. However, it could just be that you've been sitting behind your desk too long.
One way to improve your mood is _50_. Psychologically, it provides you with a break from the stresses in your life. Also, in the process, you may aim for _51 goals, like a new personal running record or a better body shape. The achievement of a particular goal makes you feel good and contributes to your _52_. That is why exercise has been shown to _53_ your self-respect.
You do not have to train yourself _54_ to feel the psychological benefits of exercise. What really matters is _55_, not intensity (强度) of your exercise. You can try walking for 30 minutes
five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
49. A. ill B. poor C. unhappy D. unsuccessful
50. A. play B. communication C. sleep D. exercise
51. A. clear B. present C. common D. early
52. A. ability B. relationship C. confidence D. business
53. A. tear down B. build up C. set aside D. give out
54. A. hard B. everywhere C. carefully D. late
55. A. time B. length C. form D. frequency
[定文体抓主旨]：本文是一篇说明性的文章。人们常常会忽视身体对情绪的影响。锻炼可以使人们快乐起来。锻炼也能使人增强信心，树立起自尊心。同时也告诉读者如果想要得到锻炼的好处，应该在于经常锻炼而不在于锻炼的强度。最后一段点出文章主旨大意。本篇难度：中等。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
overlook the role；your body ；influencing your mood；blaming work pressures, sitting behind your desk too long
一个人很容易忽视身体对情绪的影响；有时不开心会责备工作压力或不明的前程其实可能原因在于工作时间太长了。
第二部分（para.2）
improve your mood；provide you with a break from the stresses；a particular goal；feel good；contribute to；your self-respect
改善情绪的方法之一是锻炼。锻炼的过程中不同的人有不同的目标，而目标的实现使我们增强信心，树立起自尊心。
第三部分（para.3）
train yourself；the benefits of exercise；matters；intensity of your exercise；30 minutes five times per week
感受锻炼的快乐不在于锻炼的强度，而在于锻炼的频率。坚持一周五次三十分钟的锻炼会大有好处。
49．C。根据下文“find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future”可知这里人的情感为unhappy, 表示不快乐，不高兴的心理，所以选择C。
50．D。根据下文的“like a new personal running record or a better body shape”可知这里是通过锻炼来改善情绪，由此推知D项正确。
51．A。本句中后面的内容有两个1)一个个人跑步纪录 2) 更好的体型。也就是进行锻炼要有明确的(clear)目标，另外，下句的particular goal(特定的目标)也在提示这层意思，由此推断A正确。
52．C。“锻炼强身”这是人人都知道的事实，身体好了，信心就会得到增强。同时，本句中的a particular goal makes you feel good也可以印证常识的正确性，所以选C。
53．B。build up one’s self-respect 增强个人的自尊心，所以选B。
54．A。根据下文中的not intensity of your exercise 重要的不是锻炼的强度，可知答案为A。train hard 拼命锻炼。本句意为“你不用太拼命的锻炼来感受运动带来的对身体的好处。”
55．D。本句意为：关键是锻炼的频率而不是锻炼的强度。下文中的30 minutes five times per week 所表达的是动作发生的频率。
（2013·安徽）
If you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why. Do you need it for a __36__ reason, such as your job or your studies? __37__ perhaps you are interested in the __38___, films or the music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a __39___ of the language.
Most people learn best using a variety of __40__, but traditional classes are an ideal（理想的）start for many people. They __41_ an environment where you can practice under the __42__ of someone who’s good at the language. We all lead __43__ lives and learning a language takes __44__. You will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a __45__. It doesn’t matter if you haven’t got long. Becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by takes __46__.
Many people start learning a language and soon give up. “I’m too __47__,” they say. Yes, children do learn languages more __48__ than adults, but research has shown that you can learn a language at any __49__. And learning is good for the health of your brain, too. I’ve also heard people __50__ about the mistakes they make when __51__. Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes __52__ you’re much less likely to make them again.
Learning a new language is never __53__. But with some work and devotion, you’ll make progress. And you’ll be __54__ by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in __55__ own language. Good luck!
36. A. technical B. political C. practical D. physical
37. A. After B. So C. Though D. Or
38. A literature B. transport C. Agriculture D. medicine
39. A view B. knowledge C. form D. database
40. A paintings B. regulations C. methods D. computers
41. A. protect B. change C. respect D. provide
42. A. control B. command C. guidance D. pressure
43. A. busy B. happy C. simple D. normal
44. A. courage B. time C. energy D. place
45. A. theory B. business C. routine D. project
46. A. some risks B. a lot less C. some notes D. a lot more
47. A. old B. nervous C. weak D. tired
48. A. closely B. quickly C. privately D. quietly
49. A. age B. speed C. distance D. school
50. A. worry B. hesitate C. think D. quarrel
51. A. singing B. working C. bargaining D. learning
52. A. if B. and C. but D. before
53. A. tiresome B. hard C. interesting D. easy
54. A. blamed B. amazed C. interrupted D. informed
55. A. their B. his C. our D, your
[定文体抓主旨]：本文是一篇关于学习新语言的议论文。首先要搞清楚学习的原因；然后谈到定期学习更容易成功，贵在坚持，不要怕犯错误，多努力，一定会取得进步的。本篇难度：容易。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
learn a new language; think about ; why; your job or your studies; interested
学习一门新语言，首先考虑为什么为工作或者学习；或则只是感兴趣。
第二部分（para.2）
traditional classes; an ideal start; have more success; study regularly; learning to get by
传统的课堂对于学习语言来说是一个理想的开始；如果你定期地学习，你会取得更多的成功；学得说得过去花的时间不长。
第三部分（para.3）
start learning; soon give up; can learn a language; good for the health; the mistakes; relax and laugh; less likely to make them
有人开始学习之后不久就放弃；你可以在任何年龄学习一门语言；学习对你大脑的健康有好处；犯错误没关系，放松并自我解嘲，以后不太可能再犯。
第四部分（para.4）
some work and devotion; make progress; positive reaction; just a few words
付出一些努力和投入，你会取得进步的；只需说几个外语词汇，人们就会有积极的反应。
[解析]：
36． C。 根据下文暗示解题。根据下文such as your job or your studies可知是实用的（practical）理由。其余三选项分别意为：技术的；政治的；身体的，物理的。
37．D。 把握句间的逻辑关系。此句与前句同为第一句所提到的关于学习一种新语言的原因，两者之间为选择关系，故选or。
38．A。 利用词汇间的逻辑关系解题。四个选项中，与语言学习关系最密切，且能和films和music并列的，就是A选项literature（文学）。其余三个选项分别意为：交通；农业；医药。
39．B。 考查固定结构。have a good knowledge of something意为：精通，掌握，对…很熟悉。
40．C。 根据上下文语境解题。句意：大部分人通过各种各样的方法（methods）学得最好，但是传统课堂对许多人来说是个理想的开始。
41．D。 根据上下文语境解题。传统的课堂提供（provide）一个环境，在其中你可以在某个擅长于这种语言的人的指导（guidance）下练习。前三个选项分别意为：保护；改变；尊重，均不符合语境。
42．C。 参见上题解析。其余三个选项分别意为：控制；命令；压力，均不符合语境。
43．A。 根据句内的逻辑关系解题。我们都过着忙碌的（busy）生活并且学习一门语言需要时间。其余三个选项分别意为：快乐的；简单的；正常的，均不符合语境，
44．B。 根据生活常识及语境解题。学习一门语言当然需要花费时间（time）。其余三项和take搭配分别意为：鼓起勇气；消耗能量；发生。
45．C。 根据词汇复现解题。前面有“regularly（定期地）”,可知选routine（常规，惯例）。
46．B。 根据句间的逻辑关系解题。根据前面的take years（花很多年时间）和but（转折关系），可知选a lot less（花的时间少得多）。
47． A。 根据上下文语境解题。根据下文的“Yes, children do learn languages more __48__ than adults”可知，有些人觉得自己太老（old）了。其余三项分别意为：紧张；虚弱；疲劳，均不符合语境。
48． B。根据生活常识解题。一般来说，小孩学习语言的确比成年人要快（quickly）。
49. A。根据句间的逻辑关系解题。前面说小孩学习语言的确比成年人要快，后面but转折说研究表明你可以在任何年龄（age）学习语言。其余三个选项分别为：速度；距离；学校，均不符合题意。
50． A。 根据下文暗示解题。下句出现了“Well, relax and laugh”，可知人们担心（worry about）他们犯的错误。
51．D。 利用原词复现解题。前面反复出现learn、learning，可知此处选D。其余三个选项分别意为：唱歌；工作；讨价还价，均不符合语境。
52．B。 考查固定句型：祈使句+ and…。句意：放松并自我解嘲一下自己的错误，这样你就不太可能再次犯这些错误。两句间为顺承关系。
53． D。 根据下文暗示解题。根据下文“But with some work and devotion, you’ll make progress”可知，学习一门新的语言从来都不容易（easy）。其余三项分别意为：令人厌烦的；困难的，努力的，坚硬的；有趣的，均不符合题意。
54． B。 根据句内逻辑关系解题。根据后面的“the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words”可知，你只说几句话，人们就与积极的反应，因此会amazed（惊奇的）。其余三项分别意为：被责备；被打断；被告知，均不符合题意。
55．A。 根据句内逻辑关系解题。前面说“the positive reaction of some people”，可知是说一些他们（their）自己的语言的词汇。
（2013·上海）
Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up their markets, increasingly transforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market. The question is: Is economic globalization 50 for all?
According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization has helped reduce 51 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 52 to improved education and longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result of integration (融合）of local economies into the world economy. Home some three billion people, these twenty-four countries have seen incomes 53 at an average rate of five percent—compared to two percent in developed countries.
Those who 54 globalization claim that economies in developing countries wilt from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. 55 , small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 56 open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.
Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 57 gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually. 58 from integration into the world economy and that the poor, the uneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. 59 , they maintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. For example, Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to 60 their products may soon face fierce competition that could put them out of 61 . When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores like Wal-Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowded out.
One thing is certain about Globalization—there is no 63 . Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The 64 now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.
50. A. possible B. smooth C. good D easy
51. A. crime B. poverty C. conflict D. population
52. A. contributing B. responding C. turning D owing
53. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase
54. A. doubt B. define C advocate D. ignore
55. A. In addition B. For instance C. in other words D. All in all
56. A. mature B. new C. local D. foreign
57. A. finding B. exploring C. bridging D. widening
58. A. suffered B. profited C. learned D. withdrawn
59. A. Furthermore B. therefore C. However D. Otherwise
60. A. consume B. deliver C. export D. advertise
61. A. trouble B. business C power D. mind
62. A. keep up B. come in C. go around D. help out
63. A. taking off B. getting alone C. holding out D. turning back
64. A. agreement B. prediction C. outcome D. challenge
Section A
[定文体抓主旨]本文是一篇议论文，先提出问题：全球化经济化到底有益吗？然后列出了两种相反的观点，最后总结。本文设题相当巧妙，基本上所有的空都是根据上下文联系才能找到答案，突出了语篇概念。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
opened up their markets
Is economic globalization good for all?
提出问题：开放市场；全国化对所有人有好处吗？
第二部分（para.2--4）
supporters; reduce poverty; Critics take a different view
主体部分：支持者认为它可以减少贫穷；批评者持相反的观点
第三部分（para.5）
an interconnected world； create a kind of globalization
结论：这是一个互相联系的世界，全球化对所有人有利。
50. 答案：C
解析：第一段是主旨段，由第二段句首的…has helped reduce…、第三段句首的…will benefit from…可知这是讲经济全球化的好处，结合第四段句首的Critics take a different view可知这讲弊端，最后一段照应首段，尤其末段的…for the benefit of all。由此可见这句句意：经济全球化对所有人有好处吗？
51. 答案：B。
解析：由后句的increased wealth可知本句说的是经济全球化增加了财富，也就是减少了贫穷现象。
52. 答案：A
解析：句意为：它引用了一项研究，该研究显示了在24个发展中国家，由于将当地经济融合进世界经济中，增长的财富促进了教育的改进和寿命的延长。contribute to促进；导致。respond to对……作出回应；turn to求助于；owing to由于。
53. 答案：D
解析：由前句所说的财富的增加，这里应该是收入的增长。
54. 答案：C
解析：由本句中的will benefit from…可知这是说全国化经济的好处。句意为：赞成全球化的人说发展中国家的经济将受益于小型和本国企业得到的新机遇。
55. 答案：B
解析：前句笼统说到home-based businesses，本句说到巴西的农民，可见这是举例论证前面的论点。考生记住：“主题句+支撑句”是英语议论文常规模式。
56. 答案：C
解析：由本句中的now …worldwide可见这是进行了今昔对比，现在在全球市场内销售，那么过去只能在本地的露天市场。
57. 答案：D
解析：由后句中的…the poor…have been left behind.可知贫富差距在扩大，故widen（扩大）合适。find找到；explore开发；bridge弥合。
58. 答案：B
解析：本句是说只有一部分发展中国家实际上受益于融合进世界经济，根据后面的the poor, unskilled…可知这是对比。解题关键是抓住only一词。
59. 答案：A
解析：前面说全球化会导致贫富差距扩大，然后又说全球化会威胁新出现的市场。可见这是一种递进关系。furthermore而且；therefore因此；however但是；otherwise否则。
60. 答案：C
解析：本句是说受益于全球化经济的印度手工业者们本来会出口产品，现在很快就会面临激烈的竞争。这里的soon就暗示了前后是一个对比关系。
61. 答案：B
解析：本句前面说面临激烈的竞争，然后说竞争会让他们实业。out of business实业；out of trouble摆脱麻烦；out of power丧失权力的；out of mind心不在焉，忘却。
62. 答案：A
解析：本句是说像沃尔玛等大型超市的到来，这些小企业将无能维持下去并将被排挤出局。尤其要注意and后的be crowded out，所填的词应该和它是并列关系。
63. 答案：D
解析：结合下句所说：科技的进步和更加开放的政策的结合已经创造了一个相互联系的世界。故可推断本句以为全球化不可逆转，即没有回头路。turn back回头，符合句意。
64. 答案：D
解析：文章综合了对全球化的不同观点，最后说到目前的难题是找到一个可行的方法。agreement协议；prediction预测；outcome结果；challenge挑战，难题。
（2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine(常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this __41__ at work in people of all __42__. For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about __43__ with their new toys. But their __44__ soon wears off and by January those __45__ toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of __46__ stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone's __47__ interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child __48__ bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the __49__ of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great __50__ but are soon looking forward to __51__. The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many __52__， who now complain(抱怨) about the long drives to work, __53__ drove for hours at a time when they first __54__ their driver's licence(执照)? Before people retire, they usually __55__ to do a lot of __56__ things, which they never had __57__ to do while working. But __58__ after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they __59__. And, like the child in January, they go searching for new __60__.
41. A. principle B. habit
C. way D. power
42. A. parties B. races
C. countries D. ages
43. A. working B. living
C. playing D. going
44. A. confidence B. interest
C. anxiety D. sorrow
45. A. same B. extra
C. funny D. expensive
46. A. wellorganized B. colourfullyprinted
C. newlycollected D. halffilled
47. A. broad B. passing
C. different D. main
48. A. silently B. impatiently
C. gladly D. worriedly
49. A. promise B. burden
C. right D. game
50. A. courage B. calmness
C. confusion D. excitement
51. A. graduation B. independence
C. responsibility D. success
52. A. children B. students
C. adults D. retirees
53. A. carefully B. eagerly
C. nervously D. bravely
54. A. required B. obtained
C. noticed D. discovered
55. A. need B. learn
C. start D. plan
56. A. great B. strange
C. difficult D. correct
57. A. time B. money
C. skills D. knowledge
58. A. only B. well
C. even D. soon
59. A. lost B. chose
C. left D. quit
60. A. pets B. toys
C. friends D. colleagues
【要点综述】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了一旦我们的各种活动成为我们日常生活必须做的事情时，无论是哪个年龄段的人都会感到无聊而半途而废。
41. A 作为一般规则，当各种形式的活动在日常生活中按照常规被执行时，它们都会导致无聊。其实，我们可以在不同年龄的人身上看到这个法则。principle法则；habit习惯；way方式，方法；power力量。
42. D 其实，我们可以在不同年龄的人身上看到这一点。party党，聚会；race竞赛；country国家；age年龄。
43. C 例如，在圣诞节的早晨，孩子们兴奋地玩他们的新玩具。work工作；live生存，居住；play玩；go去。
44. B 但是他们对这些玩具的兴趣很快就越来越少了。confidence自信；interest兴趣；anxiety焦虑；sorrow悲伤。
45. A 到一月份可以发现那些一模一样的玩具被放在了地下室里。same相同的；extra额外的；funny好玩的；expensive贵的。
46. D 这个世界充满了装了一半的集邮册和未完成的模型。wellorganized 组织好的；colourfullyprinted涂得五颜六色的；newlycollected新收集来的；halffilled完成一半的。
47. B 每一个都如一个立在那里的纪念碑一样来纪念某个人短暂的兴趣。broad宽的；passing短暂的；different 不同的；main主要的。
48. C 当父母带回家一只宠物，他们的孩子高高兴兴地给它洗澡、刷毛。silently安静地；impatiently 不耐烦地；gladly高兴地；worriedly担心地。
49. B 然而，很快，照顾动物的责任就交给父母了。promise承诺；burden负担，责任；right权利；game游戏。
50. D 青少年进入高中时很激动。courage勇气；calmness平静； confusion 混淆；excitement激动。
51. A 但是他们很快就盼着毕业了。graduation毕业；independence独立；responsibility责任；success成功。
52. C 成年人抱怨要开很长时间的车去上班。children孩子们；student学生；adult成年人；retiree退休人员。
53. B 他们一开始拿到驾驶证时多么渴望一次开上几个小时。carefully小心地；eagerly渴望地，急切地；nervously紧张地；bravely勇敢地。
54. B 他们一开始拿到驾驶证时多么渴望一次开上几个小时。require需要；obtain获得；notice注意；discover发现。
55. D 在退休前人们经常计划着做很多的事。need需要；learnstart开始；plan计划。
56. A 在退休前人们经常计划着做很多伟大的事。great 伟大的；strange奇怪的；difficult困难的；correct正确的。
57. A 这些事在工作期间都没有时间去做。time时间；money钱；skill技能；knowledge知识。
58. D 但是退休后不久，打高尔夫、钓鱼、读书和所有其他的消遣方式都变得无聊了。only仅仅；well好；even甚至；soon不久。
59. C 这些想做的事就像他们离开的工作一样变得索然无味了。lose失去；choose选择；leave剩下，离开；quit停止。
60. B 就像一月份的孩子一样，他们又去寻找新的玩具了。pet宠物；toy玩具；friend朋友；colleague同事。
（2015·广东）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.
As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to ___15___ active and devoted.
1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier
6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing
7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure
8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value
9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases
10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet
11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases
12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices
13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement
14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission
15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay
【解析】试题分析:这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命是有限的，但是随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的寿命比以前更长了，而且老龄化已经成为了社会的一-个趋势。我们的社会需要这些老年人们继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。
1 A考查动词及语境的理解。句意:大多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过120 岁。designed设计; selected 选择，挑选; improved 提高，改善; discovered 发现。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过120岁，故应选A。
2.D考查副词及语境的理解。句意:然而110岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命如果他非常的健康和幸运。completely完全地; generally -般地; apparently 显然地; extremely 极其，非常。根据句意可知，如果一个人非常的健康而且很幸运，人们希望能活到110岁。故选D。
3.C考查副词及语境的理解。句意:然而我们的细胞不会一直 无止境的再生。rapidly 快速地; hamessly无害地; endlessly无止境的; separatly 分离地,分开地。根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境的再生,因此人的寿命是有限的。因此应选C。
4.A考查副词及语境的理解。句意:他们(细胞)慢慢消耗尽,结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最终; hopelessly 没有希望地; auonaically 自动地; desperately 绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选A。5.B考查形容词及语境的理解。句意:尽管我们不能永久的活着,我们的寿命比以前是更长了。busier更忙的; longer 更长的; richer 更富有的; happier 更开心的。根据这一段的内容可知， 现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选B。
6.D考查形容词及语境的理解。句意:作为中年和老年的分界线，65岁可能已经过时了。finishing 完成;guiding指导，指引; waiting 等待; dividing 划分。根据文意可知，把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的形势了。dividing line分界线，故选D。
7.C考查名词及语境的理解。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰落。stress 压力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure失败。根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在75岁之后身体和精神才开始衰弱的，故选C。
8.A考查动词及语境的理解。句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value价值，估价。根据这一段的内容和the chances of living long are much higher due to a better diets and health care可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故选A。
9.D考查名词及语境的理解。句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知，以前的人们因为很多普遍的儿童疾病而死，所以导致平均寿命比较低。故选D。
10.B考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和医学护理。poor 穷的；young 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的。根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young就是年少死去。故选B。
11.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。changes 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。根据下文中Some people fear such changes will…可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A。
12.B考查名词及语境的理解。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难。dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。根据句意可知，这句话中的while 表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B。
13.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动。根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选A。
14.C考查名词及语境的理解。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection 保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission允许。根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选C。
15.D考查动词及语境的理解。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay保持。根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献。故应选D。
（2015·重庆）
Imagine the first days in a new time zone. Slow to respond to the 28 , your body clock is confused. You’re sleepy all day, but when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are 29 jet lag（时差反应）.
Travelers have traditionally fought this 30 with sleeping pills or alcohol. There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 31.
For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start 32 your biological block to the destination’s time. If it’s daytime in your destination, try to stay 33 . Walking around the cabin（客舱） can be of help. When it’s nighttime, try to sleep. In that case, eat before the flight, 34 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping. These tips will help you start a new 35of sleep and wakefulness.
28. A. flight B. change C. demand D. climate
29. A. suffering from B. working on C. looking into D. leading to
30. A. danger B. problem C. waste D. fear
31. A. briefly B. slowly C. suddenly D. effectively
32. A. checking B. sending C. adjusting D. stopping
33. A. awake B. alone C. hungry D. calm
34. A. though B. so C. whole D. or
35. A. understanding B. cycle C. research D. trend
【解析】
试题分析：本文讲述在旅行中如何调整你的生物钟。
28.B 考查名词辨析。A flight航班； B change变化； C demand要求； D climate气候；句意：慢慢地对于变化做出反应，你的生物钟就要混淆。根据语境可知本文是关于对于时差的反应，故选B项。
29.A 考查动词短语辨析 suffer from 遭受战争破坏的 work on 从事于；look into调查；lead to 导致；根据时区的变化可知很明显会导致时间反应，故选A项。
30.B 考查名词辨析。Adange 危险性 B problem 问题在于 C waste浪费者 D fear恐惧；句意：游客会用药片和酒精来处理这个问题。根据语境可知对待时差的问题，故选B项。
31.D 考查副词辨析。A briefly 简洁地址 B slowly慢慢地址 C suddenly 突然地址 D effectively有效地；句意：这有几种健康的方法，并且很有效。根据语境可知选D项。
32.C 考查动词辨析。A checking 检查员 B sending送到 C adjusting 调整结构 D stopping停止播送句意：比如，在上飞机前，开始调整你的生物钟到你的目的的的时间。Adjust to 把。。调整到，，故选C项。
33.A 考查形容词辨析。A awake B alone C hungry D calm句意：如果是白天到目的地，试着保持清醒。Stay awake保持清醒，故选A项。
34.D 考查连词辨析。A Though 虽然如此 B so 因此次 C while虽然如此 D or 否则；句意：在这种情况下，提前吃饭，否则，空腹会让阻止你睡。Or表示转折，故选D项。
35.B 考查名词辨析。A Understanding 明白的 B cycle圈； C research 研究；D trend趋势；句意：这些建议能帮你开始新生物钟。根据语境可知选B项。
(2016﹒上海)
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C
61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C
【解析】试题分析:本文是说明文，作者在第一-段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的x理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论:授权管理及其作用。
1.D考查上下文串联。根据后半句.._il do anything to avoid ir可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒情的,都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。
52.A考查上下文串联。短语to the contrary相反的; to the degree在某种程度上; to the extreme走向极端; 在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论,尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“makes for authoritarianmanagers.”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。
55.C 考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B 考查动词短语辨析。短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
57A考查上下文串联。名词agreement 同意; practice 练习，做法; election 选举; impression 印象;亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之，上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。
58.D考查上下文串联。根据前半wom.e.n will become more efctive managers than men "可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。
59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句“ encourage employees to use their own initiative鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
60.C 考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。
61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与..相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。名词opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力；根据后半句中“
in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。
（2016·上海）
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C
61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“makes for authoritarianmanagers.”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。
55.C 考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B 考查动词短语辨析。短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句“ encourage employees to use their own initiative鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
60.C 考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。
61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与..相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。名词opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力；根据后半句中“
in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。
专题18 议论文和说明文类完形填空
（2011·广东）
It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes, The 1 has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual (智力的) growth by 2 situation that has designed for the 3 children.
There can be little doubt that 4 classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner. However, to take these 5 out of the regular classes may create serious problems.
I observed a number of 6 children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a 7 class. In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own judgment, relying 8 on their teachers’ directions. In the regular class, having no worry about ke（http://www.unjs.com）eping up, they began to reflect 9 on many problems, some of which were not on the school program.
Many are concerned that gifted children become 10 and lose interest in learning. However this 11 is more often from parents and teachers than from students, and some of these 12 simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are 13 . Some top students do feel bored in class, but why they 14 so goes far beyond the work they have in school. Studies have shown that to be bored is to be anxious. The gifted child whop is bored is an 15 child.
1. A. principle B. theory C. arguments D. classification
2. A. designing B. grouping C. learning D. living
3. A. smart B. curious C. mature D. average
4. A. regular B. special C. small D. creative
5. A. children B. programs C. graduates D. designs
6. A. intelligent B. competent C. ordinary D. independent
7. A. separate B. regular C. new D. boring
8. A. specially B. slightly C. wrongly D. heavily
9. A, directly B. cleverly C. voluntarily D. quickly
10. A. doubted B. bored C. worried D. tired
11. A. concern B. conclusion C. reflection D. interest
12. A. students B. adults C. scholars D. teachers
13. A. talented B. worried C. learned D. interested
14. A. believe B. think C. say D. feel
15. A. outstanding B. intelligent C. anxious D. ordinary
【参考答案】CCDBA ABDAB ABADC
【解析】
1. 答案：C
解析：考查名词，运用原词重现方法。前一句提到了argued， 所以此处用argument.
2. 答案：C
解析：考查形容词，因为提到了regular class，说明这是和学习相关，所以此处用learning.
3. 答案：D
解析：考查形容词，此句话的意思是“这个争论的依据是：在正常班级里，这些孩子的智力成长会受到这个专门为一般儿童设计的学习环境的影响。” average 此处意为一般的。
4. 答案：B
解析：考查形容词，此两句话的意思是“毫无疑问，天才儿童的特别班可以帮助他们早点毕业，提前走向社会。但是，将这些学生从普通班里抽调出来，则可能对他们以及社会带来严重的问题。” special 意为特别的，与下文中的regular 相反。
5. 答案：A
解析：考查名词，these children指代天才儿童。意思同上题。
6. 答案：A
解析：考查形容词，运用同义复现的方法。此处只有intelligent 与gifted 对应。
7. 答案：B
解析：考查形容词，此处答案可以从下文中的In the special class 和In regular class 得出。
8. 答案：D
解析：考查副词，heavily 意为过分地。此句意为“在为天才儿童组织的特别学校里，这些孩子们很少有机会运用自己善于评论的判断力，相反，他们过分依赖老师的指导。”
9. 答案：C
解析：考查副词，voluntarily 意为自然地，此句意为“在步子较慢的学校里，这些学生不再为跟班犯愁，便很自然地对许多问题进行反复思考，有些甚至不属于学校课程之内。”
10. 答案：B
解析：考查形容词，运用原词重现方法和同义重现方法。Lose interest 和bored 对应，以及后文中的” Some top students do feel bored”
（2012·江苏）
请认真阅读下面短文， 从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中， 选出最佳选项。
The concept of solitude (独处) in the digital world is almost nonexistent. In the world of digital technology, email, social networking and online video games, information is meant to be __36__. Solitude can be hard to discover __37__ it has been given up. In this respect, new technologies have __38__ our culture.
The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a(n) __39__ as we've known it. People have become so __40__ in the world of networks and connections that one can often be contacted __41__ they' d rather not be. Today we can talk, text, email, chat and blog (写博客), not only from our __42__， but from our mobile phones as well.
Most developed nations have become __43__ on digital technology simply because they've grown accustomed to it, and at this point not __44__ it would make them an outsider. __45__， many jobs and careers require people to be __46__. From this point of view, technology has changed the culture of work. Being reachable might feel like a __47__ to those who may not want to be able to be contacted at all times.
I suppose the positive side is that solitude is still possible for anyone who __48__ wants it. Computers can be shut __49__ and mobile phones can be turned off. The ability to be “connected” and “on” has many __50__， as well as disadvantages. Travelers have ended up __51__ on mountains, and mobile phones have saved countless lives. They can also make people feel __52__ and forced to answer unwanted calls or __53__ to unwanted texts.
Attitudes towards our connectedness as a society __54__ across generations. Some find today's technology a gift. Others consider it a curse. Regardless of anyone's view on the subject, it's hard to imagine what life would be like __55__ daily advancements in technology.
36. A. updated B. received
C. shared D. collected
37. A. though B. until
C. once D. before
38. A. respected B. shaped
C. ignored D. preserved
39. A. edge B. stage
C. end D. balance
40. A. sensitive B. intelligent
C. considerate D. reachable
41. A. even if B. only if
C. as if D. if only
42. A. media B. computers
C. databases D. monitors
43. A. bent B. hard
C. keen D. dependent
44. A. finding B. using
C. protecting D. changing
45. A. Also B. Instead
C. Otherwise D. Somehow
46. A. connected B. trained
C. recommended D. interested
47. A. pleasure B. benefit
C. burden D. disappointment
48. A. slightly B. hardly
C. merely D. really
49. A. out B. down
C. up D. in
50. A. aspects B. weaknesses
C. advantages D. exceptions
51. A. hidden B. lost
C. relaxed D. deserted
52. A. trapped B. excited
C. confused D. amused
53. A. turn B. submit
C. object D. reply
54. A. vary B. arise
C. spread D. exist
55. A. beyond B. within
C. despite D. without
【要点综述】在当今的数字技术时代，独处的想法是几乎不可能存在的络技术的发展给人们生活带来了便利，同时也有着不便。
36. C 当今世界拥有数字技术、电子邮件、社会网络、在线视频游戏、信息等可以分享(share)。
37. C 独处一旦(once)放弃就很难发现。
38. B 在这方面，新的技术已经形成了(shape)我们的文化。
39. C bring … to an end意为“使……结束，使……终止”，符合句意。
40. D 在网络连接世界中，人们已经变得如此容易联系到(reachable)。 sensitive“敏感的”；intelligent“聪明的，有才智的”；considerate“体贴的，体谅的，考虑周到的”。
41. A 在网络连接世界中，人们已经变得如此容易联系到以至于即使(even if)不愿意被联系，也可能经常被联系。
42. B 今天我们不仅可以用电脑(computers)来交谈、发短信、发电子邮件、聊天、写博客，而且也可以用手机做这些事情。
43. D 多数发达国家已经依赖于(be/become dependent on)数字技术。bent on “决心的”；hard (on) “严厉的”；keen (on) “爱好，喜欢”。
44. B 从这一点……使他们成为局外人。
45. A 此处表示进一步陈述人们与新技术的联系。故also“也”正确。
46. A 而且许多工作和职业要求人们相互联系(connected)。
47. C 对于那些可能不想被时刻联系上的人来说，被联系上会感到是一个负担(burden)。
48. D 我猜想积极的一面是，独处对于那些真正(really)想独处的人来说还是有可能的。
49. B shut out“把……关在外面”；shut down“关闭，使停工”；shut up“闭嘴，住口”；shut in“围住，监禁”。由后面的手机可以关闭可知选B。
50. C 由后面的as well as disadvantages可知选C(advantages)。
51. B 游客在山中迷路(lost)，手机已经救了无数条生命。
52. A 由被迫回答不需要的电话可知手机也会使人们感到被束缚(trapped)。
53. D 这里是指被迫回复(reply)不需要的短信息。
54. A 由后文的“有的人发现当今科技是礼物，有的人则认为是诅咒”可知人们对此的态度是有所不同(vary)的。
55. D 不管人们对这个问题的看法怎样，如果没有(without)当今科学技术的发展，很难想象我们的生活会是什么样子。
（2012·上海）
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another __50__， subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble (绊脚) and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his __51__ ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to __52__ aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In __53__ these and other research findings，two themes are __54__ : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think __55__ assistance.
In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. __56__ , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be __57__， but had apparently been “lost”. The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very __58__ person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to __59__ the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.
The degree of __60__ between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) __61__ Tshirt than a person wearing a Tshirt printed with offensive words.
Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone __62__ to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for __63__ than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be __64__ rather than drunk.
50. A. study B. way
C. word D. college
51. A. hand B. arm
C. face D. back
52. A. refuse B. beg
C. lose D. receive
53. A. challenging B. recording
C. understanding D. publishing
54. A. important B. possible
C. amusing D. missing
55. A. seek B. deserve
C. obtain D. accept
56. A. At first B. Above all
C. In addition D. For example
57. A. printed B. mailed
C. rewritten D. signed
58. A. talented B. goodlooking
C. helpful D. hardworking
59. A. send in B. throw away
C. fill out D. turn down
60. A. similarity B. friendship
C. cooperation D. contact
61. A. expensive B. plain
C. cheap D. strange
62. A. time B. instructions
C. money D. chances
63. A. shoppers B. research
C. children D. health
64. A. talkative B. handsome
C. calm D. sick
【要点综述】在什么情况下人们更容易得到帮助？研究表明：我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人；外表有吸引力比不太有吸引力的人更容易得到帮助；生病跌倒比喝醉跌倒更容易得到帮助等。
50. A 考查名词。根据下文these and other research findings和in a field study提示，在另一份研究中，所以选A。
51. C 考查名词。根据下文if his face was spotless提示。受害者脸上有一个巨大的红色胎记。
52. D 考查动词。根据下文are more likely to receive aid提示选receive。脸上无污点的受害者比有不好看的胎记的受害者更有可能获得援助。
53. C 考查动词。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中。
54. A 考查形容词。发现两个重要的主题。
55. B 考查动词。deserve意为“值得”。因为某种原因我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。
56. D 考查介词短语。下文举例说明观点：In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid，所以选D。
57. B 考查动词。根据下文actually mailed it or not提示选mailed。意思是申请被邮寄。
58. B 考查形容词。附在申请上的照片有时是个相貌好看的人的，有时是一个不太有吸引力的人的。
59. A 考查动词短语。结果表明，如果照片上的人外表上有吸引力，人们更可能递送这个申请。send in意为“递送”。
60. A 考查名词。在潜在的提供帮助的人和有需要的人之间的相似程度也很重要。
61. B 考查形容词。T恤上印有攻击性的话和朴素的T恤相对比。plain意为“简朴的；朴素的”。
62. C 考查名词。根据常识应该给钱买牛奶。
63. D 考查名词。对健康来说，牛奶被认为比饼干更重要。
64. D 考查形容词。生病跌倒的似乎比喝醉跌倒的更容易得到帮助。
（2012·课标全国卷）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks __36__ than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more __37__ than we realize. In fact, nonverbal (非言语) communication takes up about 50% of what we really __38__. And body language is particularly __39__ when we attempt to communicate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so __40__ a part of us that it's actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. __41__， different societies treat the __42__ between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having __43__ contact (接触) even with friends, and certainly not with __44__. People from Latin American countries, __45__， touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it's possible that in __46__， it may look like a Latino is __47__ a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving __48__. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep __49__ —which the Latino will in return regard as __50__.
Clearly, a great deal is going on when people __51__. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from __52__ cultures, there's a strong possibility of __53__ . But whatever the situation, the best __54__ is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be __55__.
36．A.straighter B．louder C．harder D．further
37．A.sounds B．invitations
C．feelings D．messages
38．A.hope B．receive
C．discover D．mean
39．A.immediate B．misleading
C．important D．difficult
40．A.well B．far C．much D．long
41．A.For example B．Thus
C．However D．In short
42．A.trade B．distance
C．connections D．greetings
43．A.eye B．verbal C．bodily D．telephone
44．A.strangers B．relatives
C．neighbours D．enemies
45．A.in other words B．on the other hand
C．in a similar way D．by all means
46．A.trouble B．conversation
C．silence D．experiment
47．A.disturbing B．helping
C．guiding D．following
48．A.closer B．faster C．in D．away
49．A.stepping forward B．going on
C．backing away D．coming out
50．A.weakness B．carelessness
C．friendliness D．coldness
51．A.talk B．travel C．laugh D．think
52．A.different B．European
C．Latino D．rich
53．A.curiosity B．excitement
C．misunderstanding D．nervousness
54．A.chance B．time C．result D．advice
55．A.noticed B．treated
C．respected D．pleased
【要点综述】本文是一篇说明文。作者认为身势语比言辞更有效，而身势语却常常被人们忽略。在进行跨文化交流的过程中，身势语尤为重要。作者以拉丁美洲人和挪威人为例进行了阐述。最后作者指出：不管什么情况，最好的建议是：对待别人像你希望被对待的那样。(你想别人怎么对待你，你就怎样对待别人。)
36. B 考查副词的比较级及语境理解。身势语比语言表达的意思更响亮，更清楚。此处louder意为：声音更大，即更有说服力。如：谚语Facts speak louder than words.(事实胜于雄辩。)
37. D 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。据专家称：我们的身体发出比我们意识到的更多的信息。sound声音；invitation邀请；feeling感觉；message信息。
38. D 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。实际上，非语言交际约占据了我们真正想表达的意思的50%的分量。hope希望；receive接收；discover发现；mean意思是。
39. C 考查形容词词义辨析。当我们进行跨文化交流时，身势语显得尤为重要。immediate立刻的； misleading 误导的；important重要的；difficult困难的。
40. C 考查形容词的用法。事实上，身势语是常常被我们忽略的很多的一部分。
41. A 考查语境理解。下文中以拉丁美洲人和挪威人为例，说明不同的社会群体对待距离的态度是不同的。
42. B 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。不同的社会群体对待人们之间接触的距离是不同的。trade交易； distance 距离； connection联系；greeting问候。
43. C 考查语境理解。即使是朋友，北欧人通常也不喜欢身体的接触，当然更不用说陌生人。eye 眼睛，眼神；verbal 言辞的； bodily身体的；telephone电话。
44. A 考查名词词义辨析。北欧人通常不喜欢身体的接触，即使是朋友，当然更不用说陌生人。stranger陌生人；relative亲戚；neighbour邻居；enemy敌人。
45. B 考查介词短语的含义及语境理解。on the other hand然而，在另一方面。然而，拉丁美洲国家的人们相互接触的就很多。
46. B 考查名词词义辨析。在对话过程中，拉丁人跟着挪威人满屋子转是可能的。trouble 麻烦；conversation对话； silence 沉默；experiment实验。
47. D 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。在对话过程中，拉丁人跟着(following)挪威人满屋子转是可能的。此处follow意为：跟着……走。
48. A 考查语境理解。拉丁人靠得更近表示友好。
49. C 考查动词短语的含义及语境理解。挪威人将不断地后退。step forward前进； go on 继续；back away后退；come out出来。
50. D 考查名词词义辨析。拉丁人反过来认为他们很冷淡。weakness虚弱； carelessness粗心；friendliness 友谊；coldness冷淡。
51. A 考查动词词义辨析。很显然，当人们谈话时，许多东西都在进行。
52. A 考查形容词词义辨析。当我们的伙伴来自于不同的文化背景时，产生误解的可能性就会很大。
53．C 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。当我们的伙伴来自于不同的文化背景时，产生误解的可能性就会很大。
54. D 考查名词词义辨析。不管什么样的情景，最好的建议是遵守这样的黄金规则：对待别人像你希望被对待的那样。
55. B 考查动词词义辨析。不管什么样的情景，最好的建议是遵守这样的黄金规则：对待别人像你希望被对待的那样。(你想别人怎样对待你，你就怎样对待别人。)
（2013·广东）
Number sense is not the ability to count. It is the ability to recognize a 1 in number. Human beings are born with this ability. 2 ，experiments show that many animals are, too. For example, many birds have good number sense. If a nest has four eggs and you remove one, the bird will not 3 . However, if you remove two, the bird 4 leaves. This means that the bird knows the 5 between two and three.
Another interesting experiment showed a bird's 6 number sense. A man was trying to take a photo of a crow(乌鸦)that had a nest in a tower, but the crow always left when she saw him coming. The bird did not 7 until the man left the tower. The man had an 8 .He took another man with him to the tower. One man left and the other stayed, but they did not 9 the bird. The crow stayed away until the second man left, too. The experiment was 10 with three men and then with four men. But the crow did not return to the nest until all the men were 11 .It was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were 12 able to fool the crow.
How good is a human's number sense? It's not very good. For example, babies about fourteen months old almost always notice if something is taken away from a 13 group. But when the number goes beyond three or four, the children are 14 fooled.
It seems that number sense is something we have in common with many animals in this world, and that our human 15 is not much better than a crow's.
1. A. rise B. pattern C. change D. trend
2. A. Importantly B. Surprisingly C. Disappointedly D. Fortunately
3. A. survive B. care C. hatch D. notice
4. A. generally B. sincerely C. casually D. deliberately
5．A. distance B. range C. different D. interval
6．A. amazing B. annoying C. satisfying D. disturbing
7. A. relax B. recover C. react D. return
8. A. appointment B. excuse C. idea D. explanation
9. A. fool B. hurt C. catch D. kill
10.A. repo B. repeated C. designed D. approved
11.A. confused B. gone C. tired D. drunk
12.A. gradually B. luckily C. strangely D. finally
13. A. single B. small C. local D. new
14. A. seldom B. temporarily C. merely D. often
15. A. sight B. nature C. ability D. belief
[语篇解读]：
本文是一篇说事理性的说明文，篇章模式为总-分-分-总的结构。第一段提出话题，说明什么是数字感，并通过拿鸟类作为例子说明，不仅人类与生俱来都有这种数字感，而且动物也有；第二段运用一个人想对一只乌鸦进行拍照的另一个有趣的例子来进一步鸟类的神奇的数字的分辨力；第三段，以一个婴儿为例说明人类的数字感并不是很好；最后一段为结论段，重申主题：人类和许多动物一样都有数字感，而且人类的这种能力不比乌鸦好多少。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
Number sense… is the ability to recognize a 1 C (change) in number. Human beings are born with this ability; …many animals are, too. the bird knows the 5 C between two and three.
数字感是辨别数字改变的能力。动物和人类一样，与生俱来都具有这样的能力：鸟类可以识别两和三的区别。
第二部分（para.2）
experiment showed a bird’s 6 A number sense. it was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were 12 D able to fool the crow.
一项实验证明，鸟类具有数字感：鸟类对于小的数字有数字感，对于大数字则不太好：五个人时，只有四个人离开时，乌鸦终于被搞糊涂了。
第三部分（para.3）
How good is a human’s number sense? not very good. But when the number goes beyond three or four…are 14 D. often fooled.
人类的数字感：同样不是特别好。数字超过三或四时，常会出错。
第四部分（para.4）
number sense is something we have in common with many animalshuman 15 C. ability is not much better than a crow’s
结论：数字感是人类和很多动物共同具有的能力，人类的这种能力不比乌鸦更强。
【答案解析】
1. C。根据下文的“remove one/two”语义提示可知，这里是把数字发生变化；四个选项分别为：A“上升”，B“图案”，C“改变”，D“趋势”，由此可知本句含义为“数字感是分辨数字变化的能力”，故C为正确答案。
2. B。根据上下文的语境可知，分别说到“人类与生俱来具有这种能力（分辨数字变化的能力）”和“很多鸟类也有很好的数字感。”，运用逻辑推断可知，这里表示这是“令人惊讶的是”，四个选项分别为：A“重要的是”，B“令人惊讶的是”，C“令人失望的是”，D“幸运的是”；所以答案为B。
3. D。根据上文第一句的“recognize”和下文的“knows the 5 ”语义提示可知，这是这二个词的同义词复现，本句句义为：如果一个鸟窝里有四颗鸟蛋，你拿走一个，鸟儿就会发现。A“生存下来”，B“关心”，C“孵（蛋）”均不符合语境。
4. A。根据常识判断，这里要表达的意思是：如果取走两颗鸟蛋时，鸟类在通常情况下会离开（飞走）。四个选项分别为：A“通常，一般情况下”，B“真诚地”，C“随意地”，D“故意地，有意地”。
5. C。根据上文说到的“拿走一个和二个鸟蛋时，鸟的反应和表现”的语义提示可知，这些都是属于difference的范畴。而且这里的difference与第二句中的change形成同义词复现的关系；四个选项分别为：A“距离”，B“范围”，C“不同，区别”，D“间隙（时段）”。本句句义为：这说明鸟类知道二和三的区别。
6. A。根据上下文的语义提示可知，这里要表达的意思是：另一个有意思的实验也显示了鸟类的这种令人惊奇的数字感。故答案为A。amazing与第四句空格2“Surprisingly（令人吃惊或惊奇的是）”构成同义词的复现关系。
7. D。根据下文第十一空前“not return to the nest”的语义提示可知答案，四个选项的含义分别为：A“放松”，B“恢复”，C“反应”，D“返回，归还”。本句句义为：这只鸟直到那个人离开那座塔之后才离开。事实上这里的return与上句中的left形成反义词的复现关系。
8. C。根据上下文的语境可知，这个人第一种方法行不通，所以这里再用另一方法，由此运用逻辑推断可知，这里要表达的意思是：这个人有（或想出）了一个主意，四个选项的含义分别为：A“失望”，B“借口”， C“主意，想法”，D“解释”。根据语境，下文讲了他的具体做法。A、B和D都不符合，C为正确答案：先有了想法或主意，然后是具体的行为。
9. C。根据上下文的语境可知，他们只是在做实验，根据常识并运用逻辑推断可知他们不是要抓（catch）乌鸦。其他三项A“愚弄”，B“伤害”，D“杀死”均不太符合语境。
10. B。根据上下文的语义提示可知，本句讲了实验的进展：他们又先后用三个人和四个人重复做了实验。并在下句交代了实验的结果：但是乌鸦都是等到所有人（离开）后才回巢。
四个选项的含义分别为：A“报道”，B“重复”，C“设计”，D“通过”。根据语境，
11．B。根据语义提示可知，gone与上文（本段）的left，return，left，left多次构成同义词或反义词的复现关系。所以答案选B项。句意为表示两次实验的结果：但是乌鸦都是等到所有人（离开）后才回巢。故答案为B“离开”。其他选项的含义分别为：A“感到困惑”，C“感到很累”，D“喝醉了酒”。
12．D。根据上下文语境并运用逻辑推断可知，本句以强调句的形式交代了，最后的一次实验及实验结果：直到五个人进入到塔中，只有四个人离开时，他们才最终把乌鸦给搞糊涂了/愚弄了乌鸦。其他错误选项的含义分别为：A“逐渐地”，B“幸运地”，“奇怪地”。
13．B。根据本段语境并结合常识可知，前两句在说：人类的数字感觉也不是非常好。再根据大语境，全文一直在讲，对于鸟类在小数字变换时的数字分辨能力的实验。显然可以推出本句句义为：例如，当从一个很小的一组东西中拿走一些时，十四个月大的婴儿几乎总是能够注意到（这个变化）。故答案为B。其他错误选项的含义分别为：A“单一的”，B“当地的”，D“新的”。 这里的small与以上的数字均形成具体与概括的复现关系。
14. D。根据语义提示可知，这里的often与第三句中的almost形成近义词复现关系。四个选项的含义分别为：A“很少”，B“临时”，C“只有”，D“常常”。根据语境与行文逻辑，本句句义为：但是当数字超过三或者四时，婴儿们通常会被搞糊涂。
15. C。根据上文的语义提示可知，这里的ability与首段的ability形成相同词的复现关系。文章末段与首段开甩语义照应上的前后照应的关系。四个选项的含义分别为：A“视力，看见”，B“本质，天性，内在”，C“能力”，D“信仰，相信”。本段为结论段，根据语境，本句句义为：（好像数字感是我们与世界上的许多动物都具备的能力，而且）我们人类的这种能力不比乌鸦更强。
（2013·重庆）
B
It is easy to overlook the role that your body plays in influencing your mood (情绪). When you are _49_ . you may find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future. However, it could just be that you've been sitting behind your desk too long.
One way to improve your mood is _50_. Psychologically, it provides you with a break from the stresses in your life. Also, in the process, you may aim for _51 goals, like a new personal running record or a better body shape. The achievement of a particular goal makes you feel good and contributes to your _52_. That is why exercise has been shown to _53_ your self-respect.
You do not have to train yourself _54_ to feel the psychological benefits of exercise. What really matters is _55_, not intensity (强度) of your exercise. You can try walking for 30 minutes
five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
49. A. ill B. poor C. unhappy D. unsuccessful
50. A. play B. communication C. sleep D. exercise
51. A. clear B. present C. common D. early
52. A. ability B. relationship C. confidence D. business
53. A. tear down B. build up C. set aside D. give out
54. A. hard B. everywhere C. carefully D. late
55. A. time B. length C. form D. frequency
[定文体抓主旨]：本文是一篇说明性的文章。人们常常会忽视身体对情绪的影响。锻炼可以使人们快乐起来。锻炼也能使人增强信心，树立起自尊心。同时也告诉读者如果想要得到锻炼的好处，应该在于经常锻炼而不在于锻炼的强度。最后一段点出文章主旨大意。本篇难度：中等。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
overlook the role；your body ；influencing your mood；blaming work pressures, sitting behind your desk too long
一个人很容易忽视身体对情绪的影响；有时不开心会责备工作压力或不明的前程其实可能原因在于工作时间太长了。
第二部分（para.2）
improve your mood；provide you with a break from the stresses；a particular goal；feel good；contribute to；your self-respect
改善情绪的方法之一是锻炼。锻炼的过程中不同的人有不同的目标，而目标的实现使我们增强信心，树立起自尊心。
第三部分（para.3）
train yourself；the benefits of exercise；matters；intensity of your exercise；30 minutes five times per week
感受锻炼的快乐不在于锻炼的强度，而在于锻炼的频率。坚持一周五次三十分钟的锻炼会大有好处。
49．C。根据下文“find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future”可知这里人的情感为unhappy, 表示不快乐，不高兴的心理，所以选择C。
50．D。根据下文的“like a new personal running record or a better body shape”可知这里是通过锻炼来改善情绪，由此推知D项正确。
51．A。本句中后面的内容有两个1)一个个人跑步纪录 2) 更好的体型。也就是进行锻炼要有明确的(clear)目标，另外，下句的particular goal(特定的目标)也在提示这层意思，由此推断A正确。
52．C。“锻炼强身”这是人人都知道的事实，身体好了，信心就会得到增强。同时，本句中的a particular goal makes you feel good也可以印证常识的正确性，所以选C。
53．B。build up one’s self-respect 增强个人的自尊心，所以选B。
54．A。根据下文中的not intensity of your exercise 重要的不是锻炼的强度，可知答案为A。train hard 拼命锻炼。本句意为“你不用太拼命的锻炼来感受运动带来的对身体的好处。”
55．D。本句意为：关键是锻炼的频率而不是锻炼的强度。下文中的30 minutes five times per week 所表达的是动作发生的频率。
（2013·安徽）
If you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why. Do you need it for a __36__ reason, such as your job or your studies? __37__ perhaps you are interested in the __38___, films or the music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a __39___ of the language.
Most people learn best using a variety of __40__, but traditional classes are an ideal（理想的）start for many people. They __41_ an environment where you can practice under the __42__ of someone who’s good at the language. We all lead __43__ lives and learning a language takes __44__. You will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a __45__. It doesn’t matter if you haven’t got long. Becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by takes __46__.
Many people start learning a language and soon give up. “I’m too __47__,” they say. Yes, children do learn languages more __48__ than adults, but research has shown that you can learn a language at any __49__. And learning is good for the health of your brain, too. I’ve also heard people __50__ about the mistakes they make when __51__. Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes __52__ you’re much less likely to make them again.
Learning a new language is never __53__. But with some work and devotion, you’ll make progress. And you’ll be __54__ by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in __55__ own language. Good luck!
36. A. technical B. political C. practical D. physical
37. A. After B. So C. Though D. Or
38. A literature B. transport C. Agriculture D. medicine
39. A view B. knowledge C. form D. database
40. A paintings B. regulations C. methods D. computers
41. A. protect B. change C. respect D. provide
42. A. control B. command C. guidance D. pressure
43. A. busy B. happy C. simple D. normal
44. A. courage B. time C. energy D. place
45. A. theory B. business C. routine D. project
46. A. some risks B. a lot less C. some notes D. a lot more
47. A. old B. nervous C. weak D. tired
48. A. closely B. quickly C. privately D. quietly
49. A. age B. speed C. distance D. school
50. A. worry B. hesitate C. think D. quarrel
51. A. singing B. working C. bargaining D. learning
52. A. if B. and C. but D. before
53. A. tiresome B. hard C. interesting D. easy
54. A. blamed B. amazed C. interrupted D. informed
55. A. their B. his C. our D, your
[定文体抓主旨]：本文是一篇关于学习新语言的议论文。首先要搞清楚学习的原因；然后谈到定期学习更容易成功，贵在坚持，不要怕犯错误，多努力，一定会取得进步的。本篇难度：容易。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
learn a new language; think about ; why; your job or your studies; interested
学习一门新语言，首先考虑为什么为工作或者学习；或则只是感兴趣。
第二部分（para.2）
traditional classes; an ideal start; have more success; study regularly; learning to get by
传统的课堂对于学习语言来说是一个理想的开始；如果你定期地学习，你会取得更多的成功；学得说得过去花的时间不长。
第三部分（para.3）
start learning; soon give up; can learn a language; good for the health; the mistakes; relax and laugh; less likely to make them
有人开始学习之后不久就放弃；你可以在任何年龄学习一门语言；学习对你大脑的健康有好处；犯错误没关系，放松并自我解嘲，以后不太可能再犯。
第四部分（para.4）
some work and devotion; make progress; positive reaction; just a few words
付出一些努力和投入，你会取得进步的；只需说几个外语词汇，人们就会有积极的反应。
[解析]：
36． C。 根据下文暗示解题。根据下文such as your job or your studies可知是实用的（practical）理由。其余三选项分别意为：技术的；政治的；身体的，物理的。
37．D。 把握句间的逻辑关系。此句与前句同为第一句所提到的关于学习一种新语言的原因，两者之间为选择关系，故选or。
38．A。 利用词汇间的逻辑关系解题。四个选项中，与语言学习关系最密切，且能和films和music并列的，就是A选项literature（文学）。其余三个选项分别意为：交通；农业；医药。
39．B。 考查固定结构。have a good knowledge of something意为：精通，掌握，对…很熟悉。
40．C。 根据上下文语境解题。句意：大部分人通过各种各样的方法（methods）学得最好，但是传统课堂对许多人来说是个理想的开始。
41．D。 根据上下文语境解题。传统的课堂提供（provide）一个环境，在其中你可以在某个擅长于这种语言的人的指导（guidance）下练习。前三个选项分别意为：保护；改变；尊重，均不符合语境。
42．C。 参见上题解析。其余三个选项分别意为：控制；命令；压力，均不符合语境。
43．A。 根据句内的逻辑关系解题。我们都过着忙碌的（busy）生活并且学习一门语言需要时间。其余三个选项分别意为：快乐的；简单的；正常的，均不符合语境，
44．B。 根据生活常识及语境解题。学习一门语言当然需要花费时间（time）。其余三项和take搭配分别意为：鼓起勇气；消耗能量；发生。
45．C。 根据词汇复现解题。前面有“regularly（定期地）”,可知选routine（常规，惯例）。
46．B。 根据句间的逻辑关系解题。根据前面的take years（花很多年时间）和but（转折关系），可知选a lot less（花的时间少得多）。
47． A。 根据上下文语境解题。根据下文的“Yes, children do learn languages more __48__ than adults”可知，有些人觉得自己太老（old）了。其余三项分别意为：紧张；虚弱；疲劳，均不符合语境。
48． B。根据生活常识解题。一般来说，小孩学习语言的确比成年人要快（quickly）。
49. A。根据句间的逻辑关系解题。前面说小孩学习语言的确比成年人要快，后面but转折说研究表明你可以在任何年龄（age）学习语言。其余三个选项分别为：速度；距离；学校，均不符合题意。
50． A。 根据下文暗示解题。下句出现了“Well, relax and laugh”，可知人们担心（worry about）他们犯的错误。
51．D。 利用原词复现解题。前面反复出现learn、learning，可知此处选D。其余三个选项分别意为：唱歌；工作；讨价还价，均不符合语境。
52．B。 考查固定句型：祈使句+ and…。句意：放松并自我解嘲一下自己的错误，这样你就不太可能再次犯这些错误。两句间为顺承关系。
53． D。 根据下文暗示解题。根据下文“But with some work and devotion, you’ll make progress”可知，学习一门新的语言从来都不容易（easy）。其余三项分别意为：令人厌烦的；困难的，努力的，坚硬的；有趣的，均不符合题意。
54． B。 根据句内逻辑关系解题。根据后面的“the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words”可知，你只说几句话，人们就与积极的反应，因此会amazed（惊奇的）。其余三项分别意为：被责备；被打断；被告知，均不符合题意。
55．A。 根据句内逻辑关系解题。前面说“the positive reaction of some people”，可知是说一些他们（their）自己的语言的词汇。
（2013·上海）
Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up their markets, increasingly transforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market. The question is: Is economic globalization 50 for all?
According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization has helped reduce 51 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 52 to improved education and longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result of integration (融合）of local economies into the world economy. Home some three billion people, these twenty-four countries have seen incomes 53 at an average rate of five percent—compared to two percent in developed countries.
Those who 54 globalization claim that economies in developing countries wilt from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. 55 , small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 56 open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.
Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 57 gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually. 58 from integration into the world economy and that the poor, the uneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. 59 , they maintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. For example, Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to 60 their products may soon face fierce competition that could put them out of 61 . When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores like Wal-Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowded out.
One thing is certain about Globalization—there is no 63 . Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The 64 now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.
50. A. possible B. smooth C. good D easy
51. A. crime B. poverty C. conflict D. population
52. A. contributing B. responding C. turning D owing
53. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase
54. A. doubt B. define C advocate D. ignore
55. A. In addition B. For instance C. in other words D. All in all
56. A. mature B. new C. local D. foreign
57. A. finding B. exploring C. bridging D. widening
58. A. suffered B. profited C. learned D. withdrawn
59. A. Furthermore B. therefore C. However D. Otherwise
60. A. consume B. deliver C. export D. advertise
61. A. trouble B. business C power D. mind
62. A. keep up B. come in C. go around D. help out
63. A. taking off B. getting alone C. holding out D. turning back
64. A. agreement B. prediction C. outcome D. challenge
Section A
[定文体抓主旨]本文是一篇议论文，先提出问题：全球化经济化到底有益吗？然后列出了两种相反的观点，最后总结。本文设题相当巧妙，基本上所有的空都是根据上下文联系才能找到答案，突出了语篇概念。
[篇章结构]：
段落
关键词
大意推测
第一部分（para.1）
opened up their markets
Is economic globalization good for all?
提出问题：开放市场；全国化对所有人有好处吗？
第二部分（para.2--4）
supporters; reduce poverty; Critics take a different view
主体部分：支持者认为它可以减少贫穷；批评者持相反的观点
第三部分（para.5）
an interconnected world； create a kind of globalization
结论：这是一个互相联系的世界，全球化对所有人有利。
50. 答案：C
解析：第一段是主旨段，由第二段句首的…has helped reduce…、第三段句首的…will benefit from…可知这是讲经济全球化的好处，结合第四段句首的Critics take a different view可知这讲弊端，最后一段照应首段，尤其末段的…for the benefit of all。由此可见这句句意：经济全球化对所有人有好处吗？
51. 答案：B。
解析：由后句的increased wealth可知本句说的是经济全球化增加了财富，也就是减少了贫穷现象。
52. 答案：A
解析：句意为：它引用了一项研究，该研究显示了在24个发展中国家，由于将当地经济融合进世界经济中，增长的财富促进了教育的改进和寿命的延长。contribute to促进；导致。respond to对……作出回应；turn to求助于；owing to由于。
53. 答案：D
解析：由前句所说的财富的增加，这里应该是收入的增长。
54. 答案：C
解析：由本句中的will benefit from…可知这是说全国化经济的好处。句意为：赞成全球化的人说发展中国家的经济将受益于小型和本国企业得到的新机遇。
55. 答案：B
解析：前句笼统说到home-based businesses，本句说到巴西的农民，可见这是举例论证前面的论点。考生记住：“主题句+支撑句”是英语议论文常规模式。
56. 答案：C
解析：由本句中的now …worldwide可见这是进行了今昔对比，现在在全球市场内销售，那么过去只能在本地的露天市场。
57. 答案：D
解析：由后句中的…the poor…have been left behind.可知贫富差距在扩大，故widen（扩大）合适。find找到；explore开发；bridge弥合。
58. 答案：B
解析：本句是说只有一部分发展中国家实际上受益于融合进世界经济，根据后面的the poor, unskilled…可知这是对比。解题关键是抓住only一词。
59. 答案：A
解析：前面说全球化会导致贫富差距扩大，然后又说全球化会威胁新出现的市场。可见这是一种递进关系。furthermore而且；therefore因此；however但是；otherwise否则。
60. 答案：C
解析：本句是说受益于全球化经济的印度手工业者们本来会出口产品，现在很快就会面临激烈的竞争。这里的soon就暗示了前后是一个对比关系。
61. 答案：B
解析：本句前面说面临激烈的竞争，然后说竞争会让他们实业。out of business实业；out of trouble摆脱麻烦；out of power丧失权力的；out of mind心不在焉，忘却。
62. 答案：A
解析：本句是说像沃尔玛等大型超市的到来，这些小企业将无能维持下去并将被排挤出局。尤其要注意and后的be crowded out，所填的词应该和它是并列关系。
63. 答案：D
解析：结合下句所说：科技的进步和更加开放的政策的结合已经创造了一个相互联系的世界。故可推断本句以为全球化不可逆转，即没有回头路。turn back回头，符合句意。
64. 答案：D
解析：文章综合了对全球化的不同观点，最后说到目前的难题是找到一个可行的方法。agreement协议；prediction预测；outcome结果；challenge挑战，难题。
（2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine(常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this __41__ at work in people of all __42__. For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about __43__ with their new toys. But their __44__ soon wears off and by January those __45__ toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of __46__ stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone's __47__ interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child __48__ bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the __49__ of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great __50__ but are soon looking forward to __51__. The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many __52__， who now complain(抱怨) about the long drives to work, __53__ drove for hours at a time when they first __54__ their driver's licence(执照)? Before people retire, they usually __55__ to do a lot of __56__ things, which they never had __57__ to do while working. But __58__ after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they __59__. And, like the child in January, they go searching for new __60__.
41. A. principle B. habit
C. way D. power
42. A. parties B. races
C. countries D. ages
43. A. working B. living
C. playing D. going
44. A. confidence B. interest
C. anxiety D. sorrow
45. A. same B. extra
C. funny D. expensive
46. A. wellorganized B. colourfullyprinted
C. newlycollected D. halffilled
47. A. broad B. passing
C. different D. main
48. A. silently B. impatiently
C. gladly D. worriedly
49. A. promise B. burden
C. right D. game
50. A. courage B. calmness
C. confusion D. excitement
51. A. graduation B. independence
C. responsibility D. success
52. A. children B. students
C. adults D. retirees
53. A. carefully B. eagerly
C. nervously D. bravely
54. A. required B. obtained
C. noticed D. discovered
55. A. need B. learn
C. start D. plan
56. A. great B. strange
C. difficult D. correct
57. A. time B. money
C. skills D. knowledge
58. A. only B. well
C. even D. soon
59. A. lost B. chose
C. left D. quit
60. A. pets B. toys
C. friends D. colleagues
【要点综述】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了一旦我们的各种活动成为我们日常生活必须做的事情时，无论是哪个年龄段的人都会感到无聊而半途而废。
41. A 作为一般规则，当各种形式的活动在日常生活中按照常规被执行时，它们都会导致无聊。其实，我们可以在不同年龄的人身上看到这个法则。principle法则；habit习惯；way方式，方法；power力量。
42. D 其实，我们可以在不同年龄的人身上看到这一点。party党，聚会；race竞赛；country国家；age年龄。
43. C 例如，在圣诞节的早晨，孩子们兴奋地玩他们的新玩具。work工作；live生存，居住；play玩；go去。
44. B 但是他们对这些玩具的兴趣很快就越来越少了。confidence自信；interest兴趣；anxiety焦虑；sorrow悲伤。
45. A 到一月份可以发现那些一模一样的玩具被放在了地下室里。same相同的；extra额外的；funny好玩的；expensive贵的。
46. D 这个世界充满了装了一半的集邮册和未完成的模型。wellorganized 组织好的；colourfullyprinted涂得五颜六色的；newlycollected新收集来的；halffilled完成一半的。
47. B 每一个都如一个立在那里的纪念碑一样来纪念某个人短暂的兴趣。broad宽的；passing短暂的；different 不同的；main主要的。
48. C 当父母带回家一只宠物，他们的孩子高高兴兴地给它洗澡、刷毛。silently安静地；impatiently 不耐烦地；gladly高兴地；worriedly担心地。
49. B 然而，很快，照顾动物的责任就交给父母了。promise承诺；burden负担，责任；right权利；game游戏。
50. D 青少年进入高中时很激动。courage勇气；calmness平静； confusion 混淆；excitement激动。
51. A 但是他们很快就盼着毕业了。graduation毕业；independence独立；responsibility责任；success成功。
52. C 成年人抱怨要开很长时间的车去上班。children孩子们；student学生；adult成年人；retiree退休人员。
53. B 他们一开始拿到驾驶证时多么渴望一次开上几个小时。carefully小心地；eagerly渴望地，急切地；nervously紧张地；bravely勇敢地。
54. B 他们一开始拿到驾驶证时多么渴望一次开上几个小时。require需要；obtain获得；notice注意；discover发现。
55. D 在退休前人们经常计划着做很多的事。need需要；learnstart开始；plan计划。
56. A 在退休前人们经常计划着做很多伟大的事。great 伟大的；strange奇怪的；difficult困难的；correct正确的。
57. A 这些事在工作期间都没有时间去做。time时间；money钱；skill技能；knowledge知识。
58. D 但是退休后不久，打高尔夫、钓鱼、读书和所有其他的消遣方式都变得无聊了。only仅仅；well好；even甚至；soon不久。
59. C 这些想做的事就像他们离开的工作一样变得索然无味了。lose失去；choose选择；leave剩下，离开；quit停止。
60. B 就像一月份的孩子一样，他们又去寻找新的玩具了。pet宠物；toy玩具；friend朋友；colleague同事。
（2015·广东）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.
As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to ___15___ active and devoted.
1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier
6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing
7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure
8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value
9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases
10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet
11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases
12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices
13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement
14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission
15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay
【解析】试题分析:这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命是有限的，但是随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的寿命比以前更长了，而且老龄化已经成为了社会的一-个趋势。我们的社会需要这些老年人们继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。
1 A考查动词及语境的理解。句意:大多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过120 岁。designed设计; selected 选择，挑选; improved 提高，改善; discovered 发现。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过120岁，故应选A。
2.D考查副词及语境的理解。句意:然而110岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命如果他非常的健康和幸运。completely完全地; generally -般地; apparently 显然地; extremely 极其，非常。根据句意可知，如果一个人非常的健康而且很幸运，人们希望能活到110岁。故选D。
3.C考查副词及语境的理解。句意:然而我们的细胞不会一直 无止境的再生。rapidly 快速地; hamessly无害地; endlessly无止境的; separatly 分离地,分开地。根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境的再生,因此人的寿命是有限的。因此应选C。
4.A考查副词及语境的理解。句意:他们(细胞)慢慢消耗尽,结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最终; hopelessly 没有希望地; auonaically 自动地; desperately 绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选A。5.B考查形容词及语境的理解。句意:尽管我们不能永久的活着,我们的寿命比以前是更长了。busier更忙的; longer 更长的; richer 更富有的; happier 更开心的。根据这一段的内容可知， 现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选B。
6.D考查形容词及语境的理解。句意:作为中年和老年的分界线，65岁可能已经过时了。finishing 完成;guiding指导，指引; waiting 等待; dividing 划分。根据文意可知，把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的形势了。dividing line分界线，故选D。
7.C考查名词及语境的理解。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰落。stress 压力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure失败。根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在75岁之后身体和精神才开始衰弱的，故选C。
8.A考查动词及语境的理解。句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value价值，估价。根据这一段的内容和the chances of living long are much higher due to a better diets and health care可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故选A。
9.D考查名词及语境的理解。句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知，以前的人们因为很多普遍的儿童疾病而死，所以导致平均寿命比较低。故选D。
10.B考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和医学护理。poor 穷的；young 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的。根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young就是年少死去。故选B。
11.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。changes 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。根据下文中Some people fear such changes will…可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A。
12.B考查名词及语境的理解。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难。dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。根据句意可知，这句话中的while 表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B。
13.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动。根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选A。
14.C考查名词及语境的理解。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection 保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission允许。根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选C。
15.D考查动词及语境的理解。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay保持。根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献。故应选D。
（2015·重庆）
Imagine the first days in a new time zone. Slow to respond to the 28 , your body clock is confused. You’re sleepy all day, but when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are 29 jet lag（时差反应）.
Travelers have traditionally fought this 30 with sleeping pills or alcohol. There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 31.
For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start 32 your biological block to the destination’s time. If it’s daytime in your destination, try to stay 33 . Walking around the cabin（客舱） can be of help. When it’s nighttime, try to sleep. In that case, eat before the flight, 34 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping. These tips will help you start a new 35of sleep and wakefulness.
28. A. flight B. change C. demand D. climate
29. A. suffering from B. working on C. looking into D. leading to
30. A. danger B. problem C. waste D. fear
31. A. briefly B. slowly C. suddenly D. effectively
32. A. checking B. sending C. adjusting D. stopping
33. A. awake B. alone C. hungry D. calm
34. A. though B. so C. whole D. or
35. A. understanding B. cycle C. research D. trend
【解析】
试题分析：本文讲述在旅行中如何调整你的生物钟。
28.B 考查名词辨析。A flight航班； B change变化； C demand要求； D climate气候；句意：慢慢地对于变化做出反应，你的生物钟就要混淆。根据语境可知本文是关于对于时差的反应，故选B项。
29.A 考查动词短语辨析 suffer from 遭受战争破坏的 work on 从事于；look into调查；lead to 导致；根据时区的变化可知很明显会导致时间反应，故选A项。
30.B 考查名词辨析。Adange 危险性 B problem 问题在于 C waste浪费者 D fear恐惧；句意：游客会用药片和酒精来处理这个问题。根据语境可知对待时差的问题，故选B项。
31.D 考查副词辨析。A briefly 简洁地址 B slowly慢慢地址 C suddenly 突然地址 D effectively有效地；句意：这有几种健康的方法，并且很有效。根据语境可知选D项。
32.C 考查动词辨析。A checking 检查员 B sending送到 C adjusting 调整结构 D stopping停止播送句意：比如，在上飞机前，开始调整你的生物钟到你的目的的的时间。Adjust to 把。。调整到，，故选C项。
33.A 考查形容词辨析。A awake B alone C hungry D calm句意：如果是白天到目的地，试着保持清醒。Stay awake保持清醒，故选A项。
34.D 考查连词辨析。A Though 虽然如此 B so 因此次 C while虽然如此 D or 否则；句意：在这种情况下，提前吃饭，否则，空腹会让阻止你睡。Or表示转折，故选D项。
35.B 考查名词辨析。A Understanding 明白的 B cycle圈； C research 研究；D trend趋势；句意：这些建议能帮你开始新生物钟。根据语境可知选B项。
(2016﹒上海)
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C
61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C
【解析】试题分析:本文是说明文，作者在第一-段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的x理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论:授权管理及其作用。
1.D考查上下文串联。根据后半句.._il do anything to avoid ir可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒情的,都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。
52.A考查上下文串联。短语to the contrary相反的; to the degree在某种程度上; to the extreme走向极端; 在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论,尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“makes for authoritarianmanagers.”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。
55.C 考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B 考查动词短语辨析。短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
57A考查上下文串联。名词agreement 同意; practice 练习，做法; election 选举; impression 印象;亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之，上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。
58.D考查上下文串联。根据前半wom.e.n will become more efctive managers than men "可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。
59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句“ encourage employees to use their own initiative鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
60.C 考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。
61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与..相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。名词opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力；根据后半句中“
in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。
（2016·上海）
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C
61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“makes for authoritarianmanagers.”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。
55.C 考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B 考查动词短语辨析。短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句“ encourage employees to use their own initiative鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
60.C 考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。
61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与..相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。名词opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力；根据后半句中“
in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。
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