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2022-2023学年北京市中国人民大学附属中学高一下学期期中考试英语试题含解析
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这是一份2022-2023学年北京市中国人民大学附属中学高一下学期期中考试英语试题含解析，共33页。试卷主要包含了5分，共15分)， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2023北京人大附中高一(下)期中
英语
说明：本试卷共四部分，共10页，满分120分，考试间110分钟
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节(共10小题：每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A，B，C，D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
One of my first international trips as an adult was traveling around the Caribbean. I___1___ my hotel in Jamaica and asked for a recommendation for a local place to eat. The receptionist told me that under no circumstances should I go into the town because it was unsanitary and posed a significant risk to safety.
I ___2___ my opinions: Did I really want to spend all my time on the beach without getting to local? I was a very ___3___ traveler and very young, but there was only one answer to my question: Absolutely not. So out I went.
The poverty hit me in the face. After only seeing fancy resorts, the reality was ___4___ to swallow. A few locals ___5___ me and were super curious as to what I was doing there alone, since most tourists did not go there! I told them I was I was interested in meeting them and experiencing their ___6___ . And just like that, I was ___7___ . After meeting more natives, ___8___ home-made food, and dancing the night away, I realized how they wanted to make me feel welcome and they undeniably did. With having so little, they still shared it with me in a gesture of ___9___.
I could not resist thinking about how tourist income ___10___ sharply for big companies every year while the local people have to be thankful if they manage to get a job that pays minimum wage. From then on, I always looked for locally owned hotels, restaurants, and shops. Sustainable development, with everything it involves, has become a motto for me and changed the very way I travel.
1. A. checked on B. checked into C. checked out D. checked off
2. A. considered B. interpreted C. perceived D. marked
3. A. unqualified B. impatient C. inexperienced D. disrespectful
4. A. difficult B. mysterious C. frightening D. confusing
5. A. recognized B. approached C. identified D. forgave
6. A. pain B. careers C. culture D. hobbies
7. A. visited B. respected C. praised D. embraced
8. A. wasting B. tasting C. stuffing D. packing
9. A. generosity B. integrity C. loyalty D. creativity
10. A. adjusts B. limits C. varies D. rises
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为记叙文。讲述了一次在牙买加的旅游经历，让作者感受到了当地人的热情款待，改变了作者旅行方式的本质。
【1题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：我住进了我在牙买加的酒店，要求推荐一个当地吃饭的地方。A. checked on核实，检查；B. checked into入住；C. checked out退房，结账离开；D. checked off核对。根据下文“asked for a recommendation for a local place to eat”可知，此处表示作者入住酒店。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我仔细地想了想：我真的想把所有的时间都花在沙滩上而不认识一个当地人吗？A. considered考虑；B. interpreted解释；C. perceived感知；D. marked标记。根据下文“Did I really want to spend all my time on the beach without getting to local”可知，作者是在认真考虑自己的选择。故选A。
【3题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我是一个非常缺乏经验的旅行者，非常年轻，但我的问题只有一个答案：绝对不能这样。A. unqualified不合格的；B. impatient不耐烦的；C. inexperienced没有经验的；D. disrespectful不尊敬的。根据下文“very young”可知，作者很年轻，所以是非常没有经验的旅行者。故选C。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在只看到了豪华的度假胜地之后，现实让人难以接受。A. difficult困难的；B. mysterious神秘的；C. frightening令人害怕的；D. confusing令人困惑的。根据上文“The poverty hit me in the face”可知，那儿很穷，现实让人难以接受。故选A。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有几个当地人走到我身边，对我在他们镇上做什么感到非常好奇，因为大多数游客都没有来他们这里。A. recognized认可；B. approached接近；C. identified识别；D. forgave宽恕。根据下文“were super curious as to what I was doing there alone”和“I told them I was I was interested in meeting them”可知，作者与当地人交流，说明当地人走近了作者。故选B。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我告诉他们我有兴趣认识他们，体验他们的文化。A. pain疼痛；B. careers职业；C. culture文化；D. hobbies爱好。根据下文“After meeting more natives, ____8____ home-made food, and dancing the night away”可知，作者是在体验当地人的文化。故选C。
【7题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：就这样，我被欣然接受了。A. visited参观；B. respected尊敬；C. praised称赞；D. embraced欣然接受，拥抱。根据下文“they wanted to make me feel welcome and they undeniably did”可知，作者是被接受了。故选D。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我见到了更多的当地人，品尝了一些食物，然后我们跳了一夜舞。A. wasting浪费；B. tasting品尝；C. stuffing填料，填满；D. packing包装，打包。根据下文“home-made food”可知，此处指作者品尝了当地人自制的食物。故选B。
【9题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然他们拥有的很少，但他们还是慷慨地与我分享。A. generosity慷慨；B. integrity正直，诚实；C. loyalty忠诚；D. creativity创造力。根据上文“shared it with me”可知，他们是慷慨地与作者分享。故选A。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不禁想到的就是大公司的旅游收入每年都会大幅增长，而当地居民如果能找到一份最低工资的工作，就必须心存感激。A. adjusts调整；B. limits限制；C. varies变化；D. rises上升。根据下文“while the local people have to be thankful if they manage to get a job that pays minimum wage”可知，此处指大公司旅游收入大幅增长，与下文当地居民微薄工资形成鲜明对比，突出作者感慨牙买加贫富不均的现状。故选D。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Recently, researchers announced that they had found tiny pieces of plastic in water samples from around the world. These pieces of plastic have been found in drinking water across the world, ___11___means that we are drinking plastic every day. It is not yet clear what level of harm this ___12___(cause) us in the future. Some scientists are now appealing to the governments and corporations to consider spending money ___13___ the equipment and other resources that help deal with the problem.
【答案】11. which
12. will cause
13. on
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。最近，研究人员宣布，他们在来自世界各地的水样中发现了微小的塑料碎片，这意味着我们每天都在饮用塑料。
【11题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：这些塑料碎片已经在世界各地的饮用水中发现，这意味着我们每天都在饮用塑料。分析句子结构，这是一个包含定语从句的复合句，先行词为空白处前面整个句子，因先行词在定语从句中做主语且代替前面整个句子表达的内容，使用which引导定语从句，故填which。
【12题详解】
考查时态。句意：目前尚不清楚这将在未来对我们造成多大程度的伤害。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作谓语，根据时间状语 in the future可知句子表达的是一个发生在将来的动作，使用一般将来时，故填will cause。
【13题详解】
考查介词。句意：一些科学家现在呼吁政府和企业考虑在设备和其他资源上花钱，以帮助解决这个问题。分析句子结构，spend…on为固定句型，含义为：在……上花钱，与句子表达的含义一致，故填on。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
At the Nobel Prize Lecture on 7 December, 2015, an 84-year-old Chinese woman walked slowly on to the stage. The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist ___14___ (award) a Noble Prize for her work. Since the discovery of artemisinin, millions of ___15___ (life) have been saved. When thanking the Committee for the honor Tu Youyou said, “This is not only an honor for myself, but also recognition and ___16___ (encourage) for all scientists in China.” In 2019, she ___17___(select) by the BBC as one of the most influential figures of science in the 20th century.
【答案】14. to be awarded
15. lives 16. encouragement
17. was selected
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了2015年12月7日中国诺贝尔奖获得者屠呦呦登上诺贝尔奖领奖台的盛况。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这名女子是屠呦呦，她是第一位因其工作获得诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。当名词被序数词修饰，作后置定语的非谓语动词使用动词不定式，又因与其逻辑主语scientist之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，使用动词不定式的被动式，故填to be awarded。
【15题详解】
考查名词的数。句意：自从发现青蒿素以来，已经挽救了数百万人的生命。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中做主语，根据空白处前面的millions of可知空白处填名词的复数形式，故填lives。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：这不仅是我自己荣誉，也是对中国所有科学家的认可和鼓励。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中做表语，根据并列连词and前面为名词可知空白处应填名词，故填encouragement。
【17题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：2019年，她被英国广播公司评选为20世纪最具影响力的科学人物之一。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作谓语，与主语之间为被动关系，使用被动语态，根据时间状语In 2019可知句子表达的是发生在过去的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，故填was selected。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The Starry Night is among Vincent van Gogh’s most famous works. It was painted in June 1889 ___18___ he was staying at a home for the mentally ill. ___19___ makes this painting special is that Vincent did not just painted the massive circles of white and yellow ___20___(race) across the sky. The stars and the moon hang bright in the night sky. Beneath this amazing sky, we see sleeping village and a dark, lonely tree.
【答案】18. when
19. What 20. racing
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章对文森特·梵高的最著名作品《星夜》做了简要介绍。
【18题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：这幅画画于1889年6月，当时他住在一个精神病患者的家里。分析句子结构，这是一个包含定语从句的复合句，先行词为June 1889，因空白处在定语从句中作状语表示时间，应使用when引导定语从句，故填when。
【19题详解】
考查名词性从句。句意：这幅画的特别之处在于，文森特不仅仅画了划过天空的巨大的白色和黄色圆圈。分析句子结构，这是一个包含主语从句的复合句，空白处在从句中作主语指内容，应使用what引导主语从句，故填What。
【20题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作定语，使用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语 circles of white and yellow之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，使用现在分词，故填racing。
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题：每小题2分，共28分
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
When I was growing up, my family kept chickens. We always had about a dozen of them at any given time and whenever one died—taken away by hawks or foxes or by some obscure chicken illness—my father would replace the lost chicken.
He’d drive to a nearby poultry farm and return with a new chicken in a bag. The thing is, you must be very careful when introducing a new chicken to the general flock. You can’t just throw it in there with the old chickens, or they will see it as an invader. What you must do instead is to slip the new bird into the chicken house in the middle of the night while the others are asleep. Place her beside the flock and walked away quietly. In the morning, when the chickens wake up, they don’t notice the newcomer, thinking only, “She must have been here all the time since I didn’t see her arrive.”The clincher of it is, awaking within this flock, the newcomer herself doesn’t even remember that she’s a newcomer, thinking only, “I must have been here the whole time...”
My arrival in India does likewise.
My plane landed in Mumbai around 1:30 AM. It was December 30. I found my luggage, and then found the taxi that would take me hours hours out of the city to the Ashram, located in a remote rural village. I fell asleep on the drive through nighttime India, sometimes waking up to look out the window, where I could see thin women in saris walking alongside the road with bundles of firewood on their heads. Buses with no headlights passed us, and we passed cattle carts.The banyan trees spread their elegant roots throughout the ditches.
21. The author writes Paragraph 1 to __________ .
A make a summary of his childhood
B. tell readers about his family members
C. arouse readers’ interest in the passage
D. To introduce the following paragraphs
22. What does the underlined word “flock” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. house B. group C. farm D. chicken
23. What is the author most probably going to talk about next?
A. His working plans in the new place
B. The uniqueness of the village culture.
C. How he quickly adjusted to local life.
D. Why he traveled to Ashram in India.
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者借助小时候爸爸养鸡的故事，讲述了自己到达印度，在陌生的环境中快速适应新的生活的故事。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。结合第二段讲述作者的父亲如何让新来的鸡仔适应原有的鸡群，以及第三段“My arrival in India does likewise.(我抵达印度也是如此)”推知，第一段是为了引入后续段落，故选D项。
【22题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段划线词下文“You can’t just throw it in there with the old chickens or they will see it as an invader (你不能把它扔进老母鸡里面去，否则的话它们会认为它是入侵者)”可推理出，划线词的含义应为“群体”，即“当你把一只新鸡带入普通鸡群时，你必须非常小心”。故选B项。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Place her beside the flock and walked away quietly. In the morning, when the chickens wake up, they don’t notice the newcomer, thinking only, “She must have been here all the time since I didn’t see her arrive.”The clincher of it is,awaking within this flock, the newcomer herself doesn’t even remember that she’s a newcomer(把她放在鸡群旁边，静静地走开。早上，当鸡醒来时，它们没有注意到新来的，只想着：“我没看到她来，她一定一直在这里。”关键是，在这群鸡中，新来的鸡自己都不记得自己是新来的)”可知，作者用新来的鸡能迅速适应环境来比喻自己，结合作者也是晚上来到印度推知，接下来作者会叙述自己如何快速地适应当地生活，故选C项。
B
About a quarter of the world drives on the left, and the countries that do so are mostly old British colonies (殖民地) like Australia, and Ireland. But Thailand, Indonesia and Japan have also developed this habit.
This strange phenomenon puzzles the rest of the world; however, there is a perfectly good reason. Up to the late 1700s, everybody travelled on the left side of the road because it was the sensible option for violent, feudal societies of mostly right-handed people. Soldiers with their swords under their right arms naturally passed on each other’s right, and if you passed a stranger on the road, you walked on the left to ensure that your protective sword arm was between you and him.
Revolutionary France, however, got rid of this practice as part of its sweeping social rethink, and thanks to Napoleon, this change was carried out all over continental Europe. Since he was left-handed, his armies had to march on the right so he could keep his sword arm between him and any opponent. From then on, any country colonized by the French took to driving on the right.
After the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), the US became independent and decided to make traffic drive on the right in order to cut all remaining links to its British colonial past. Once America became the center of the car industry, if you wanted a good reliable vehicle, you bought an American car with right-hand drive. From then on, many countries changed out of necessity.
Today, the EU would like Britain to fall into line with the rest of Europe, but this would cost billions of pounds to change everything round. The last European country to convert to driving on the right was Sweden in 1967. This ironically caused a reduction in car accidents because everyone drove carefully while getting used to the new system.
24. Why did people travel on the left before the late 18th century?
A. They were required to do so.
B. They were mostly left-landed.
C. It was easier to cross the street.
D. They could feel safer from attacks.
25. What was Napoleon’s attitude about walking on the left?
A. Supportive. B. Indifferent. C. Doubtful. D. Disapproving.
26. For Americans, driving on the right was a way to show _________ .
A. the connection with France was broken
B. the US was no longer ruled by the UK
C. the American Revolution War had ended
D. America was the center of the car industry
27. What is the main reason for UK’s resistance to the European system?
A. It would cost too much to change.
B. Its increasing traffic accidents.
C. Its influence on the colonies
D. Its fast-developing car industry.
【答案】24. D 25. D 26. B 27. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。世界上大约四分之一的人靠左边开车，本文分析了在这些国家人们靠左开车的原因。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Up to the late 1700s, everybody travelled on the left side of the road because it was the sensible option for violent, feudal societies of mostly right-handed people. Soldiers with their swords under their right arms naturally passed on each other’s right, and if you passed a stranger on the road, you walked on the left to ensure that your protective sword arm was between you and him. (直到18世纪末，每个人都走左边的路，因为这是暴力封建社会的明智选择，这些社会大多是右撇子。右臂下夹着剑的士兵自然会从对方的右边经过，如果你在路上经过一个陌生人，你会从左边走，以确保你的护剑手臂挡在你和他之间)”可知，走左边的路是为了免受攻击，确保安全，故选D项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“thanks to Napoleon, this change was carried out all over continental Europe. Since he was left-handed, his armies had to march on the right so he could keep his sword arm between him and any opponent(多亏了拿破仑，这种改变在整个欧洲大陆都得到了实施。由于他是左撇子，他的军队必须靠右行进，这样他才能将剑臂挡在他和任何对手之间)”可推理出，拿破仑对靠左走路持反对态度，故选D项。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“After the American Revolutionary War(1775-1783), the US became independent and decided to make traffic drive on the right in order to cut all remaining links to its British colonial past.( 美国独立战争（1775-1783）后，美国独立并决定交通靠右行驶，以切断与英国殖民历史的所有联系)”可知，美国人靠右行驶是为了展示美国已经不再被英国统治，故选B项。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Today, the EU would like Britain to fall into line with the rest of Europe, but this would cost billions of pounds to change everything round.(今天，欧盟希望英国与欧洲其他国家保持一致，但这将花费数十亿英镑来改变一切)”可知，英国对欧洲体系抵制的主要原因是改变的代价太大了，故选A项。
C
In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen. They are also studying how best to analyze and communicate this information once it is obtained.
On September 29, 1998, Hurricane Georges made landfall in Bilxi, Mississippi, after damaging Haiti, Dominic Repubic, PueroRico, and several islands of the Caribbean badly with per hour. Few people lost their lives along the Gulf Coast of the United States, although hundreds died in the Caribbean.
This was a very different outcome from 1900, when a powerful Gulf Coast hurricane made an unexpected direct hit on Galveston, Texas, killing at east 6,000 people.
Vastly improved hurricane warnings explain the different circumstances at either end of the 20th century-residents of Galveston had no advance warning that a storm was approaching, while residents of Biloxi had been warned days in advance, allowing for extensive safety precautions.
At the same time that people in Biloxi were thankful for the advance warning some residents of New Orleans, Louisiana were less satisfied.A day before Georges made landfall, forecasters were predicting that the hurricane had a good chance of striking New Orleans. Because much of New Orleans lies below sea level, the city is at risk for flooding. Emergency management officials must begin evacuations well before a storm strikes. But evacuation costs money: businesses close, tourists leave, and citizens take precautionary measures.The mayor of New Orleans estimated that his city’s preparations for Georges cost more than 50 million. After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.
The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters. Disaster prediction is a process of providing scientific information to the government officials and other decision makers who must respond to those predictions.
28. What is the purpose of disaster prediction according to the passage?
A. To identify the cause of disasters.
B. To save people’s lives and property.
C. To prevent natural disasters from happening.
D. To apply advanced technology to disaster prediction.
29. The city residents of New Orleans were unsatisfied because ________ .
A. their preparations were made in vain
B. the hurricane warning arrived rather late
C. the forecast hurricane did not hit the city
D. they suffered from a heavy hurricane attack
30. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The different ways of disaster prediction.
B. Technological advances in disaster prediction.
C. The benefits and preparations of disaster prediction.
D. The importance and uncertainty of disaster prediction.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过多飓风乔治的预警，表明了与预测灾害有关的一些复杂性。文章认为灾害预测是向政府官员和其他决策者提供科学信息的过程，他们必须对这些预测做出反应。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.( 在自然灾害中——飓风、洪水、火山爆发或其他灾难——几分钟甚至几秒钟的变暖都会决定生死。正因为如此，科学家们正致力于利用最新的技术进步来预测灾难何时何地发生)”可知，灾难预警的目的是为了拯救人的生命和财产，故选B项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.( 乔治错过新奥尔良之后，面对如此高昂的成本，一些居民质疑飓风预报的价值)”可知，新奥尔良居民的准备工作白费了，故选A项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.( 在自然灾害中——飓风、洪水、火山爆发或其他灾难——几分钟甚至几秒钟的变暖都会决定生死。正因为如此，科学家们正致力于利用最新的技术进步来预测灾难何时何地发生)”、倒数第二段最后一句“After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.( 乔治错过新奥尔良之后，面对如此高昂的成本，一些居民质疑飓风预报的价值)”以及最后一段“The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters.( 对乔治飓风预警的不同看法表明了与预测灾害有关的一些复杂性)”可知，本文主要讲了灾难预警的重要性和不可预测性，故选D项。
D
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers... Nearly 40％of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll (民意调查) said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them to communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning,” one respondent said.
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons.They reimagined the 300-year-old score (乐谱总谱) by integrating the latest climate prediction data for each season — provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll. However, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements; nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result powerful art.
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light — hence the ”visual studies“ in the name. Light was something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the center was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but to make a collaboration work,both sides need to invest time and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science collaborations needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention; challenge and critique are essential to both, too.
31. According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have __________ .
A. caught the attention of critics
B. received favorable responses
C. promoted academic publishing
D. sparked heated public disputes
32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that __________ .
A. art can offer audiences easy access to science
B. science can help with the expression of emotions
C. art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
D. public participation in science has a promising future
33. Some artists seem to worry about the possibility that in the art-science partnership, _________
A. their role may be underestimated
B. their reputation may be damaged
C. their creativity may be restricted
D. their work may misguided
34. As for CAVS, which would the author agree with?
A. Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
B. Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
C. It demonstrates valuable art-science cooperation.
D. It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
【答案】31. B 32. A 33. A 34. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。《自然》杂志的研究发现，科学家们越来越多地寻找艺术家来帮助他们将自己的作品传达给新的观众。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers(启迪、挑战、刺激、有趣,《自然》杂志的读者在一系列关于艺术家和研究人员合作的文章中用这些词来描述他们在艺术科学合作中的经历)”可推知，艺术和科学合作已经收到了好评。故选B项。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning(艺术家帮助科学家接触更广泛的受众，建立情感联系，促进学习)”可知，艺术可以让观众更容易地接触到科学。故选项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“However, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements; nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.( 然而，一些受访者指出，艺术家并不是简单地帮助科学家满足他们的沟通要求；他们的工作也不应该仅仅被视为一个研究对象)”可推知，一些艺术家似乎担心在艺术科学合作中他们的作用被低估，故选A项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Light was something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the center was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.( 光是艺术家和科学家都感兴趣的东西，因此可以成为合作的基础。随着科学技术的进步，并被划分为更多的子学科，该中心同时也在展望一个领先的研究人员也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人的时代，反之亦然)”可知，对于 CAVS来说，它展示了宝贵的艺术与科学合作。故选C项。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Many people don’t treat themselves very well. They break promises to themselves, eat poorly, don’t get enough sleep, are self-critical or fail to take good care of their bodies.
A great technique for treating yourself better is by developing your Inner Nurturing Parent. Imagine you had a little child. You’d make every effort to keep her healthy and safe; to love and support her; to be forgiving her mistakes and her inevitable slips; and to let her know how precious and important she is.____35____Only, in this case, you’re the parent and the child.
____36____Tell yourself, “I love you and appreciate who you are.” When you do something well, give yourself a pat on the back. Say, “Great job! I’m so proud of you.” When you’re struggling or feeling low, be supportive by saying, “I’m here for you. You’re not alone,”
Take good care of yourself. A loving parent would make sure you eat right and get plenty of rest sleep, fresh air and exercise. ____37____ Practicing good self-care is an essential part of this process.
Set healthy boundaries with others. Let people know what you want and don’t want. Tell them what’s okay for you and what’s not. If you have a friend who’s always late and you end up waiting for her and feeling annoyed, tell her how you feel.____38____
Be concerned about yourself.____39____You’re human and you’re going to make mistakes. Don’t punish or blame yourself. Reassure yourself. Comfort yourself. Accept yourself unconditionally.
A. Cheer yourself up constantly.
B. A nurturing parent. wouldn’t let someone treat you badly.
C. Have sympathy for your humanity and your weaknesses.
D. That’s what a loving parent does.
E. You should always regard yourself as a child.
F. Send loving messages to yourself.
G. Keep yourself healthy and fit.
【答案】35. D 36. F 37. G 38. B 39. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章就如何善待及爱护自己给出了一些建议，并形象地用“父母爱孩子一样”的比喻，说明了如何善待自己。
【35题详解】
根据前文“Imagine you had a little child. You’d make every effort to keep her healthy and safe; to love and support her;to be forgiving her mistakes and her inevitable slips; and to let her know how precious and important she is.( 想象一下你有一个小孩。你会尽一切努力让她健康平安;爱她，支持她，原谅她的错误和不可避免的失误；让她知道她是多么的珍贵和重要。)”可知，要把自己想象成小孩，然后像父母那样爱护她/他。这都是作为父母为自己的小孩做的。D项“Imagine you had a little child.( 这就是慈爱的父母所做的。)”是对上句的总结。后文“Only, in this case, you’re the parent and the child.(只不过，在这种情况下，你是父母和孩子。)”中“in this case”指的就是“Imagine you had a little child. ”和D项中的“That’s what a loving parent does.”的统一。故选D项。
【36题详解】
空处是本段主旨句。后文“Tell yourself, “I love you and appreciate who you are.” When you do something well, give yourself a pat on the back. Say, “Great job! I’m so proud of you.” When you’re struggling or feeling low, be supportive by saying, “I’m here for you. You’re not alone.”(告诉自己：“我爱你，欣赏现在的你。”当你做得很好时，给自己一点鼓励。说：“干得好！我为你感到骄傲。”当你挣扎或感到沮丧时，通过说“我在这里支持你。你并不孤单。”)”表达了“对自己要传递积极的爱的信息”。F项“Send loving messages to yourself.(要给自己传递爱的信息。)”的意思符合语境，适合作本段主题句。故选F项。
【37题详解】
根据主题句“Take good care of yourself. (照顾好自己)”和前文“ A loving parent would make sure you eat right and get plenty of rest sleep, fresh air and exercise.(慈爱的父母会确保你吃得好，得到充足的休息、睡眠、新鲜空气和锻炼。)”说明自己，对自己好的 的具体方法。G项“Keep yourself healthy and fit.(保持身体健康)”是对前一句的总结，且后文“Practicing good self-care is an essential part of this process.(良好的自我护理是这个过程的重要组成部分。)”中的“this process”指代的就是G项“Keep yourself healthy and fit.”。故选G项。
【38题详解】
根据本段主题句“Set healthy boundaries with others. (与他人设定健康的界限。)”可知，本段主要讲要和他人设立界限。前文“If you have a friend who’s always late and you end up waiting for her and feeling annoyed, tell her how you feel.(如果你有一个总是迟到的朋友，你等她等得很烦，告诉她你的感受。)”说明不要让周围的人伤害你。B项“A nurturing parent wouldn’t let someone treat you badly.(慈爱的父母不会让别人对你不好。)”进一步说明了要善待自己（就像父母对待孩子一样），就不要让别人伤害自己，即保持界限。故选B项。
【39题详解】
根据后文“You’re human and you’re going to make mistakes. Don’t punish or blame yourself. (你是人，你会犯错误。不要惩罚或责备自己。)”可知，我们要对自己的仁慈和弱点表示理解，因为人都会犯错。C项“Have sympathy for your humanity and your weaknesses.(要理解你的人性和弱点)”与后文意义一致，且与主题句“Be concerned about yourself.(关心你自己。)”相符。故选C项。
第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题：第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
At the 2020 Grammy Award Show, 20-year-old Lil Nas X took the stage to perform his mega-hit, “Old Town Road” Wearing a cowboy outfit, he was joined by some top artists. Together, they created a show-stealing moment. As he danced across the stage to thunderous applause, it was hard to believe that just a year before, few people had even heard of Lil Nas X. It had been quite the year.
Lil Nas X was born in 1999 near Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was young, and he spent his lonely teenage years on the Internet, especially Twitter. He was always into music, but he never saw himself doing music.
That changed after high school. At 19, Lil Nas was a college dropout working at a fast-food restaurant. One night, he found a beat online that made him think of a “loner cowboy runaway”. He bought the beat for $30 and built a song around it. Soon after, he released “Old Town Road”. It was a strange song-a mix of hip-hop and country-and it was about to take the world by storm.
Thanks to Lil Nas’ social-media promotion, “Old Town Road” went viral on TikTok, racked up massive streams, and started climbing the charts. Within a few months, Lil Nas X had a great number of fans, and a deal with Columbia Records.
The spotlight brought challenges, though. Billboard pulled “Old Town Road” from the country charts, arguing that it didn’t sound enough like country, a move that some criticized as having racial overtones. Then Lil Nas came out as gay-a difficult and brave decision considering that country music and hip-hop hadn’t always been welcoming to gay artists.
But Lil Nas emerged stronger from the hurdles. He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” that shot to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for a record-breaking 19 weeks.
Lil Nas X’s unusual path to superstardom has inspired a new generation of musicians. Other rappers have since landed major record deals after promoting their music on social media. As Billy Ray Cyrus put it, think a lot of artists out there can look at this and say, “Hey man, this is a green light.”
As for Lil Nas himself, he shows no signs of slowing down. He has more music on the way, and he says although his newfound fame can be overwhelming, he’s enjoying the ride. “Everything lined up for this moment to take me to this place?”
40. What inspired Lil Nas to create the song “Old Town Road”?
_________________________________________________
41. How did Lil Nas overcome the challenges brought by the spotlight?
_________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Lil Nas says his newfound fame is so overwhelming that he wishes he had done things quite differently.
_________________________________________________
43. What personal quality do you see in Lil Nas? Support your point with evidence from the text. (In about 40 words)
_________________________________________________
【答案】40. The beat he found online.
41. He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road”.
42. Lil Nas says his newfound fame is so overwhelming that he wishes he had done things quite differently. Because he’s enjoying the ride.
43. He is creative, because he created a song from a beat found online. He is determined because he recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” to solve the problem brought by spotlight.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Lil Nas X成名的经历和他的奋斗历程。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第三段的“One night, he found a beat online that made him think of a “loner cowboy runaway” He bought the beat for $30 and built a song around it. Soon after, he released “Old Town Road”. (一天晚上，他在网上发现了一个节奏，让他想到了一个“孤独的牛仔逃跑”。他花了30美元买下了这个节奏，并围绕它创作了一首歌。不久之后，他发行了Old Town Road。)”可知，激发了Lil Nas创作“Old Town Road”的是他在网上找到的节奏，故答案为The beat he found online.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段的“But Lil Nas emerged stronger from the hurdles. He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” that shot to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for a record-breaking 19 weeks. (但Lil Nas克服了重重障碍，变得更加坚强。他找来一位乡村歌手和他一起混音Old Town Road，这首歌登上了公告牌百强单曲榜的榜首，并破纪录地保持了19周。)”可知，Lil Nas通过请来一位乡村歌手和他一起混音Old Town Road来克服聚光灯带来的挑战，故答案为He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road”.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据最后一段的“He has more music on the way, and he says although his newfound fame can be overwhelming, he’s enjoying the ride. (他有更多的音乐在路上，他说，虽然他的新名声可能是压倒性的，他很享受这个过程。)”可知，他很享受这个过程，并没有希望自己当初的做法完全不同，因此错误的部分的“he wishes he had done things quite differently”，故答案为Lil Nas says his newfound fame is so overwhelming that he wishes he had done things quite differently. Because he’s enjoying the ride.
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“One night, he found a beat online that made him think of a “loner cowboy runaway”. He bought the beat for $30 and built a song around it. Soon after, he released “Old Town Road”. (一天晚上，他在网上发现了一个节奏，这让他想到了一个“孤独的牛仔逃跑”。他花了30美元买下了这个节奏，并围绕它创作了一首歌。不久之后，他发行了Old Town Road。)”可知，他从一个网上发现的节奏创作了一首歌，说明他有创造力；根据倒数第三段的“But Lil Nas emerged stronger from the hurdles. (但Lil Nas克服了重重障碍，变得更加坚强。)”可知，他意志坚定，故答案为He is creative, because he created a song from a beat found online. He is determined because he recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” to solve the problem brought by spotlight.
第二节(20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高一学生李华。你所在年级将于五月份组织一次赴西安的游学活动（go on cultural tour to Xi’an）。你对此很感兴趣。请给活动负责人写一封邮件，咨询更多信息，内容包括：
(1)北京到西安的交通方式：
(2)西安游学的主要内容；
(3)其它想要咨询的信息。
注意：(1)词数100左右：
(2)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Sir or Madam,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to ask for information about the cultural tour to Xi’an. I am interested in it but I would like to ask for some more details so that I can make adequate preparations in advance.
Firstly, I wonder whether you could send me information about the mode of transportation from Beijing to Xi’an. Secondly, I know that there will be various kinds of activities. Would it be possible to tell me more about them? In addition, I am slightly worried about the expenses. I would be grateful if you could send me a price list introducing expenses for items like travel and accommodation.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给赴西安的游学活动的负责人写一封邮件，咨询更多信息。
【详解】1.词汇积累
足够的：adequate→enough
各种各样的：various→a variety of
提前：in advance→ahead of time
另外：in addition→what’s more
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Would it be possible to tell me more about them?
拓展句：Would it be likely that you can tell me more about them?
【点睛】[高分句型1] Firstly, I wonder whether you could send me information about the mode of transportation from Beijing to Xi ’an. (运用了whether引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2] I would be grateful if you could send me a price list introducing expenses for items like travel and accommodation. (运用了if引导的条件状语从句)
第四部分：阅读理解。(每小题2分，共20分)
A
Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. We are capable of outstanding feats of technology and engineering. Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.
In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys. Monkeys were selected for the test because, as distant relatives of humans, they are intelligent and have the capacity to learn. However, they are not influenced by any of the technological or cultural environments which affect human decision-making. The team wanted to test whether the capuchin monkeys, when put into similar situations as humans, would make the same mistakes.
[A] Of particular interest to the scientists was whether monkeys would make the same mistakes when making financial decisions. [B] In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money. [C] The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish “bargains” — If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option. [D] Interestingly, when the data about the monkey’s purchasing strategies was compared with economist’s data on human behavior, there was a perfect match.
So, after establishing that the monkey market was operating effectively, the team decided to introduce some problems which humans generally get wrong. One of these issues is risk-taking. Imagine that someone gave you $1000. In addition to this $1000, you can receive either A) an additional $500 or B) someone tosses a coin and if it lands “heads”, you receive an additional $1000, but if it lands “tails”, you receive no more money. Of these options, most people tend to choose option A. They prefer guaranteed earnings, rather than running the risk of receiving nothing. Now imagine a second situation in which you are given $2000. Now, you can choose to either A) lose $500, leaving you with a total of $1500, or B) toss a coin; if it lands “heads” you lose nothing, but if it lands “tails” you lose $1000, leaving you with only $1000. Interestingly, when we stand to lose money, we tend to choose the more risky choice, option B. And as we know from the experience of financial investors and gamblers, it is unwise to take risks when we are on a losing streak.
So would the monkeys make the same basic error of judgement? The team put them to the test by giving them similar options. In the first test, monkeys had the option of exchanging their disc for one grape and receiving one bonus grape, or exchanging the disc for one grape and sometimes receiving two bonus grapes and sometimes receiving no bonus. It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty. Then the experiment was reversed. Monkeys were offered three grapes, but in option A were only actually given two grapes. In option B, they had a fifty-fifty chance of receiving all three grapes or one grape only. The results were that monkeys, like humans, take more risks in times of loss.
The implications of this experiment are that because monkeys make the same irrational judgements that humans do, maybe human error is not a result of the complexity of our financial institutions, but is imbedded in our evolutionary history. If this is the case, our errors of judgement will be very difficult to overcome. On a more optimistic note however humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognizing them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.
45. What was the aim of the experiment outlined above?
A. To investigate where human mistakes come from.
B. To study whether monkeys could learn to use money
C. To find out whether it is better to take risks in times of loss.
D. To determine whether monkeys make more mistakes than humans
46. Where in Paragraph 3 could the sentence below be best placed?
The team distributed metal discs to the monkeys, and taught them that the discs could be exchanged with team-members for food.
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
47. The underlined words “cottoned on” are closest in meaning to __________ .
A. learnt B. knew C. completed D. concluded
48. Which of the following statements is the best paraphrase of the underlined sentence?
On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them.
A. Hopefully, humans will soon be able to solve these problems.
B. Fortunately, humans can solve problems that we know about.
C. Luckily, humans do not have many limitations which have been identified.
D. We are happy to note that we can solve the problem which we’ve identified.
49. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Monkeys were chosen for the test as they adapted to new surroundings quickly
B. The purchasing strategies of humans and those of the monkeys vary greatly.
C. The complexity of financial institutions causes humans to make mistakes.
D. Humans opt for the less risky alternative when resources are abundant.
【答案】45. A 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是用棕色卷尾猴所进行的关于人类为什么容易犯错误，且一次又一次地犯同样的错误的研究。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.(那为什么我们这么容易犯错误呢？为什么我们会一次又一次地犯同样的错误呢？当耶鲁大学比较认知实验室的灵长类心理学家Laurie Santos向她的团队提出这个问题时，他们特别考虑的是导致最近金融市场崩溃的错误判断。Santos对这个问题给出了两个可能的答案。要么是人类设计的环境太过复杂，我们无法完全理解，要么是我们天生就容易做出错误的决定。)”和第二段的“In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys.(为了验证这些理论，研究小组选择了一组棕色卷尾猴)”可推知，上述实验的目的是调查人类的错误从何而来。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money.(为了找到答案，他们不得不让猴子接触金钱)”和“The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish “bargains” —If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option.(猴子们很快就学会了，并学会了简单的交换技巧，很快就能区分“讨价还价”——如果一个团队成员用两颗葡萄交换一个金属圆盘，另一个团队成员用一颗葡萄交换，猴子们会选择两颗葡萄的选项)”可知，C所在的地方应该引出金属圆盘，“The team distributed metal discs to the monkeys, and taught them that the discs could be exchanged with team-members for food.(研究小组给猴子分发了金属圆盘，并告诉它们，这些圆盘可以与团队成员交换食物)”提到了圆盘，也说到了圆盘所起的作用，因此承上启下，符合语境，可放在C处，故选C。
【47题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段的“and as well as learning simple exchange techniques(以及学会简单的交换技巧)”可知，猴子很快学会了研究人员给它们教的东西，因此划线短语cottoned on的意思是“学会”，和learnt意思相近，故选A。
【48题详解】
词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“On a more optimistic note however humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognizing them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.(然而，从更乐观的角度来看，一旦我们发现了局限性，人类完全有能力克服它们。通过认识到它们，我们可以设计出有助于我们在未来做出更好选择的技术)”可知，此处的意思是我们能解决我们所知道的问题，这是好事，和B选项“Fortunately, humans can solve problems that we know about.(幸运的是，人类可以解决我们所知道的问题。)”意思相近，故选B。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty.(事实证明，猴子和人类一样，在食物充足的时候会选择风险较小的选择)”可知，当资源丰富时，人类会选择风险较小的替代方案，故选D。
B
The personal grievance provisions (个人申诉条款) of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary (随意的) conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure, between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary worker may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly-paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
50. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to __________ .
A. free employers from certain duties
B. improve traditional hiring procedures
C. protect the rights of ordinary workers
D. punish questionable corporate practices
51. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may ___________ .
A. slow down business development
B. weaken managers’ authority
C. affect the firms’ public image
D. worsen labor-management relations
52. Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?
A. Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
B. Enforcing employment protection laws.
C. Limiting the powers of business owners.
D. Dismissing poorly performing managers
53. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
A. Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
B. Employees suffer from salary cuts
C. Society sees a rise in overall well-being
D. Employers need to hire new staff.
54. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia __________ .
A. has secured managers’ earnings
B has produced undesired results
C. is beneficial to business owners
D. is difficult to put into practice
【答案】50. C 51. A 52. D 53. B 54. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。 作者针对新西兰《雇佣关系法》的个人申诉条款禁止雇主没有正当理由的情况下解雇员工的条款发表个人观点，他认为这一条款有利于保护普通工人的利益，但是对企业和社会的发展也带来一定的阻碍作用。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. (新西兰《2000年雇佣关系法》(ERA)的个人申诉条款禁止雇主在没有正当理由的情况下解雇雇员。)”可知，个人申诉程序的目的是保护普通工人的权益。故选C。
【51题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. (但这些条款在适用于高薪经理和高管时，给企业带来了困难。正如无数董事会和企业主所证实的那样，限制公司解雇表现不佳、收入高的经理会抑制生产率和整体业绩。)”可知，这些条款可能会减缓业务发展，故选A。
【52题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record. (就业保护法在一定程度上限制企业主不得解雇表现不佳的管理人员，如果不将工作置于危险之中，这些法律就会约束企业的生产率，从而约束工人的工资。事实上，Productivity Commission在2014年的一篇文章中指出，管理能力质量低下是该国生产率增长记录不佳的一个原因。)”可知，Productivity Commission会支持的措施是解雇表现不佳的经理，故选D。
【53题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. (而且，企业给员工的薪水减少了，因为企业承担了就业安排出错的负担。)”可知，ERA不合理的解雇程序可能会使雇员遭受减薪之苦，故选B。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。 根据最后一段“Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. (澳大利亚通过将收入超过特定“高收入门槛”的员工排除在不公平解雇法的保护之外，来处理不合理解雇悖论。)”以及“However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year. (然而，所提出的机制很笨拙，该法案在当年晚些时候政府更迭后被否决。)”可知，澳大利亚的高收入门槛很难付诸实践。故选D。
2023北京人大附中高一(下)期中
英语
说明：本试卷共四部分，共10页，满分120分，考试间110分钟
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节(共10小题：每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A，B，C，D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
One of my first international trips as an adult was traveling around the Caribbean. I___1___ my hotel in Jamaica and asked for a recommendation for a local place to eat. The receptionist told me that under no circumstances should I go into the town because it was unsanitary and posed a significant risk to safety.
I ___2___ my opinions: Did I really want to spend all my time on the beach without getting to local? I was a very ___3___ traveler and very young, but there was only one answer to my question: Absolutely not. So out I went.
The poverty hit me in the face. After only seeing fancy resorts, the reality was ___4___ to swallow. A few locals ___5___ me and were super curious as to what I was doing there alone, since most tourists did not go there! I told them I was I was interested in meeting them and experiencing their ___6___ . And just like that, I was ___7___ . After meeting more natives, ___8___ home-made food, and dancing the night away, I realized how they wanted to make me feel welcome and they undeniably did. With having so little, they still shared it with me in a gesture of ___9___.
I could not resist thinking about how tourist income ___10___ sharply for big companies every year while the local people have to be thankful if they manage to get a job that pays minimum wage. From then on, I always looked for locally owned hotels, restaurants, and shops. Sustainable development, with everything it involves, has become a motto for me and changed the very way I travel.
1. A. checked on B. checked into C. checked out D. checked off
2. A. considered B. interpreted C. perceived D. marked
3. A. unqualified B. impatient C. inexperienced D. disrespectful
4. A. difficult B. mysterious C. frightening D. confusing
5. A. recognized B. approached C. identified D. forgave
6. A. pain B. careers C. culture D. hobbies
7. A. visited B. respected C. praised D. embraced
8. A. wasting B. tasting C. stuffing D. packing
9. A. generosity B. integrity C. loyalty D. creativity
10. A. adjusts B. limits C. varies D. rises
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为记叙文。讲述了一次在牙买加的旅游经历，让作者感受到了当地人的热情款待，改变了作者旅行方式的本质。
【1题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：我住进了我在牙买加的酒店，要求推荐一个当地吃饭的地方。A. checked on核实，检查；B. checked into入住；C. checked out退房，结账离开；D. checked off核对。根据下文“asked for a recommendation for a local place to eat”可知，此处表示作者入住酒店。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我仔细地想了想：我真的想把所有的时间都花在沙滩上而不认识一个当地人吗？A. considered考虑；B. interpreted解释；C. perceived感知；D. marked标记。根据下文“Did I really want to spend all my time on the beach without getting to local”可知，作者是在认真考虑自己的选择。故选A。
【3题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我是一个非常缺乏经验的旅行者，非常年轻，但我的问题只有一个答案：绝对不能这样。A. unqualified不合格的；B. impatient不耐烦的；C. inexperienced没有经验的；D. disrespectful不尊敬的。根据下文“very young”可知，作者很年轻，所以是非常没有经验的旅行者。故选C。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在只看到了豪华的度假胜地之后，现实让人难以接受。A. difficult困难的；B. mysterious神秘的；C. frightening令人害怕的；D. confusing令人困惑的。根据上文“The poverty hit me in the face”可知，那儿很穷，现实让人难以接受。故选A。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有几个当地人走到我身边，对我在他们镇上做什么感到非常好奇，因为大多数游客都没有来他们这里。A. recognized认可；B. approached接近；C. identified识别；D. forgave宽恕。根据下文“were super curious as to what I was doing there alone”和“I told them I was I was interested in meeting them”可知，作者与当地人交流，说明当地人走近了作者。故选B。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我告诉他们我有兴趣认识他们，体验他们的文化。A. pain疼痛；B. careers职业；C. culture文化；D. hobbies爱好。根据下文“After meeting more natives, ____8____ home-made food, and dancing the night away”可知，作者是在体验当地人的文化。故选C。
【7题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：就这样，我被欣然接受了。A. visited参观；B. respected尊敬；C. praised称赞；D. embraced欣然接受，拥抱。根据下文“they wanted to make me feel welcome and they undeniably did”可知，作者是被接受了。故选D。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我见到了更多的当地人，品尝了一些食物，然后我们跳了一夜舞。A. wasting浪费；B. tasting品尝；C. stuffing填料，填满；D. packing包装，打包。根据下文“home-made food”可知，此处指作者品尝了当地人自制的食物。故选B。
【9题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然他们拥有的很少，但他们还是慷慨地与我分享。A. generosity慷慨；B. integrity正直，诚实；C. loyalty忠诚；D. creativity创造力。根据上文“shared it with me”可知，他们是慷慨地与作者分享。故选A。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不禁想到的就是大公司的旅游收入每年都会大幅增长，而当地居民如果能找到一份最低工资的工作，就必须心存感激。A. adjusts调整；B. limits限制；C. varies变化；D. rises上升。根据下文“while the local people have to be thankful if they manage to get a job that pays minimum wage”可知，此处指大公司旅游收入大幅增长，与下文当地居民微薄工资形成鲜明对比，突出作者感慨牙买加贫富不均的现状。故选D。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Recently, researchers announced that they had found tiny pieces of plastic in water samples from around the world. These pieces of plastic have been found in drinking water across the world, ___11___means that we are drinking plastic every day. It is not yet clear what level of harm this ___12___(cause) us in the future. Some scientists are now appealing to the governments and corporations to consider spending money ___13___ the equipment and other resources that help deal with the problem.
【答案】11. which
12. will cause
13. on
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。最近，研究人员宣布，他们在来自世界各地的水样中发现了微小的塑料碎片，这意味着我们每天都在饮用塑料。
【11题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：这些塑料碎片已经在世界各地的饮用水中发现，这意味着我们每天都在饮用塑料。分析句子结构，这是一个包含定语从句的复合句，先行词为空白处前面整个句子，因先行词在定语从句中做主语且代替前面整个句子表达的内容，使用which引导定语从句，故填which。
【12题详解】
考查时态。句意：目前尚不清楚这将在未来对我们造成多大程度的伤害。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作谓语，根据时间状语 in the future可知句子表达的是一个发生在将来的动作，使用一般将来时，故填will cause。
【13题详解】
考查介词。句意：一些科学家现在呼吁政府和企业考虑在设备和其他资源上花钱，以帮助解决这个问题。分析句子结构，spend…on为固定句型，含义为：在……上花钱，与句子表达的含义一致，故填on。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
At the Nobel Prize Lecture on 7 December, 2015, an 84-year-old Chinese woman walked slowly on to the stage. The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist ___14___ (award) a Noble Prize for her work. Since the discovery of artemisinin, millions of ___15___ (life) have been saved. When thanking the Committee for the honor Tu Youyou said, “This is not only an honor for myself, but also recognition and ___16___ (encourage) for all scientists in China.” In 2019, she ___17___(select) by the BBC as one of the most influential figures of science in the 20th century.
【答案】14. to be awarded
15. lives 16. encouragement
17. was selected
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了2015年12月7日中国诺贝尔奖获得者屠呦呦登上诺贝尔奖领奖台的盛况。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这名女子是屠呦呦，她是第一位因其工作获得诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。当名词被序数词修饰，作后置定语的非谓语动词使用动词不定式，又因与其逻辑主语scientist之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，使用动词不定式的被动式，故填to be awarded。
【15题详解】
考查名词的数。句意：自从发现青蒿素以来，已经挽救了数百万人的生命。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中做主语，根据空白处前面的millions of可知空白处填名词的复数形式，故填lives。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：这不仅是我自己荣誉，也是对中国所有科学家的认可和鼓励。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中做表语，根据并列连词and前面为名词可知空白处应填名词，故填encouragement。
【17题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：2019年，她被英国广播公司评选为20世纪最具影响力的科学人物之一。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作谓语，与主语之间为被动关系，使用被动语态，根据时间状语In 2019可知句子表达的是发生在过去的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，故填was selected。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The Starry Night is among Vincent van Gogh’s most famous works. It was painted in June 1889 ___18___ he was staying at a home for the mentally ill. ___19___ makes this painting special is that Vincent did not just painted the massive circles of white and yellow ___20___(race) across the sky. The stars and the moon hang bright in the night sky. Beneath this amazing sky, we see sleeping village and a dark, lonely tree.
【答案】18. when
19. What 20. racing
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章对文森特·梵高的最著名作品《星夜》做了简要介绍。
【18题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：这幅画画于1889年6月，当时他住在一个精神病患者的家里。分析句子结构，这是一个包含定语从句的复合句，先行词为June 1889，因空白处在定语从句中作状语表示时间，应使用when引导定语从句，故填when。
【19题详解】
考查名词性从句。句意：这幅画的特别之处在于，文森特不仅仅画了划过天空的巨大的白色和黄色圆圈。分析句子结构，这是一个包含主语从句的复合句，空白处在从句中作主语指内容，应使用what引导主语从句，故填What。
【20题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作定语，使用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语 circles of white and yellow之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，使用现在分词，故填racing。
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题：每小题2分，共28分
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
When I was growing up, my family kept chickens. We always had about a dozen of them at any given time and whenever one died—taken away by hawks or foxes or by some obscure chicken illness—my father would replace the lost chicken.
He’d drive to a nearby poultry farm and return with a new chicken in a bag. The thing is, you must be very careful when introducing a new chicken to the general flock. You can’t just throw it in there with the old chickens, or they will see it as an invader. What you must do instead is to slip the new bird into the chicken house in the middle of the night while the others are asleep. Place her beside the flock and walked away quietly. In the morning, when the chickens wake up, they don’t notice the newcomer, thinking only, “She must have been here all the time since I didn’t see her arrive.”The clincher of it is, awaking within this flock, the newcomer herself doesn’t even remember that she’s a newcomer, thinking only, “I must have been here the whole time...”
My arrival in India does likewise.
My plane landed in Mumbai around 1:30 AM. It was December 30. I found my luggage, and then found the taxi that would take me hours hours out of the city to the Ashram, located in a remote rural village. I fell asleep on the drive through nighttime India, sometimes waking up to look out the window, where I could see thin women in saris walking alongside the road with bundles of firewood on their heads. Buses with no headlights passed us, and we passed cattle carts.The banyan trees spread their elegant roots throughout the ditches.
21. The author writes Paragraph 1 to __________ .
A make a summary of his childhood
B. tell readers about his family members
C. arouse readers’ interest in the passage
D. To introduce the following paragraphs
22. What does the underlined word “flock” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. house B. group C. farm D. chicken
23. What is the author most probably going to talk about next?
A. His working plans in the new place
B. The uniqueness of the village culture.
C. How he quickly adjusted to local life.
D. Why he traveled to Ashram in India.
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者借助小时候爸爸养鸡的故事，讲述了自己到达印度，在陌生的环境中快速适应新的生活的故事。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。结合第二段讲述作者的父亲如何让新来的鸡仔适应原有的鸡群，以及第三段“My arrival in India does likewise.(我抵达印度也是如此)”推知，第一段是为了引入后续段落，故选D项。
【22题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段划线词下文“You can’t just throw it in there with the old chickens or they will see it as an invader (你不能把它扔进老母鸡里面去，否则的话它们会认为它是入侵者)”可推理出，划线词的含义应为“群体”，即“当你把一只新鸡带入普通鸡群时，你必须非常小心”。故选B项。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Place her beside the flock and walked away quietly. In the morning, when the chickens wake up, they don’t notice the newcomer, thinking only, “She must have been here all the time since I didn’t see her arrive.”The clincher of it is,awaking within this flock, the newcomer herself doesn’t even remember that she’s a newcomer(把她放在鸡群旁边，静静地走开。早上，当鸡醒来时，它们没有注意到新来的，只想着：“我没看到她来，她一定一直在这里。”关键是，在这群鸡中，新来的鸡自己都不记得自己是新来的)”可知，作者用新来的鸡能迅速适应环境来比喻自己，结合作者也是晚上来到印度推知，接下来作者会叙述自己如何快速地适应当地生活，故选C项。
B
About a quarter of the world drives on the left, and the countries that do so are mostly old British colonies (殖民地) like Australia, and Ireland. But Thailand, Indonesia and Japan have also developed this habit.
This strange phenomenon puzzles the rest of the world; however, there is a perfectly good reason. Up to the late 1700s, everybody travelled on the left side of the road because it was the sensible option for violent, feudal societies of mostly right-handed people. Soldiers with their swords under their right arms naturally passed on each other’s right, and if you passed a stranger on the road, you walked on the left to ensure that your protective sword arm was between you and him.
Revolutionary France, however, got rid of this practice as part of its sweeping social rethink, and thanks to Napoleon, this change was carried out all over continental Europe. Since he was left-handed, his armies had to march on the right so he could keep his sword arm between him and any opponent. From then on, any country colonized by the French took to driving on the right.
After the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), the US became independent and decided to make traffic drive on the right in order to cut all remaining links to its British colonial past. Once America became the center of the car industry, if you wanted a good reliable vehicle, you bought an American car with right-hand drive. From then on, many countries changed out of necessity.
Today, the EU would like Britain to fall into line with the rest of Europe, but this would cost billions of pounds to change everything round. The last European country to convert to driving on the right was Sweden in 1967. This ironically caused a reduction in car accidents because everyone drove carefully while getting used to the new system.
24. Why did people travel on the left before the late 18th century?
A. They were required to do so.
B. They were mostly left-landed.
C. It was easier to cross the street.
D. They could feel safer from attacks.
25. What was Napoleon’s attitude about walking on the left?
A. Supportive. B. Indifferent. C. Doubtful. D. Disapproving.
26. For Americans, driving on the right was a way to show _________ .
A. the connection with France was broken
B. the US was no longer ruled by the UK
C. the American Revolution War had ended
D. America was the center of the car industry
27. What is the main reason for UK’s resistance to the European system?
A. It would cost too much to change.
B. Its increasing traffic accidents.
C. Its influence on the colonies
D. Its fast-developing car industry.
【答案】24. D 25. D 26. B 27. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。世界上大约四分之一的人靠左边开车，本文分析了在这些国家人们靠左开车的原因。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Up to the late 1700s, everybody travelled on the left side of the road because it was the sensible option for violent, feudal societies of mostly right-handed people. Soldiers with their swords under their right arms naturally passed on each other’s right, and if you passed a stranger on the road, you walked on the left to ensure that your protective sword arm was between you and him. (直到18世纪末，每个人都走左边的路，因为这是暴力封建社会的明智选择，这些社会大多是右撇子。右臂下夹着剑的士兵自然会从对方的右边经过，如果你在路上经过一个陌生人，你会从左边走，以确保你的护剑手臂挡在你和他之间)”可知，走左边的路是为了免受攻击，确保安全，故选D项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“thanks to Napoleon, this change was carried out all over continental Europe. Since he was left-handed, his armies had to march on the right so he could keep his sword arm between him and any opponent(多亏了拿破仑，这种改变在整个欧洲大陆都得到了实施。由于他是左撇子，他的军队必须靠右行进，这样他才能将剑臂挡在他和任何对手之间)”可推理出，拿破仑对靠左走路持反对态度，故选D项。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“After the American Revolutionary War(1775-1783), the US became independent and decided to make traffic drive on the right in order to cut all remaining links to its British colonial past.( 美国独立战争（1775-1783）后，美国独立并决定交通靠右行驶，以切断与英国殖民历史的所有联系)”可知，美国人靠右行驶是为了展示美国已经不再被英国统治，故选B项。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Today, the EU would like Britain to fall into line with the rest of Europe, but this would cost billions of pounds to change everything round.(今天，欧盟希望英国与欧洲其他国家保持一致，但这将花费数十亿英镑来改变一切)”可知，英国对欧洲体系抵制的主要原因是改变的代价太大了，故选A项。
C
In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen. They are also studying how best to analyze and communicate this information once it is obtained.
On September 29, 1998, Hurricane Georges made landfall in Bilxi, Mississippi, after damaging Haiti, Dominic Repubic, PueroRico, and several islands of the Caribbean badly with per hour. Few people lost their lives along the Gulf Coast of the United States, although hundreds died in the Caribbean.
This was a very different outcome from 1900, when a powerful Gulf Coast hurricane made an unexpected direct hit on Galveston, Texas, killing at east 6,000 people.
Vastly improved hurricane warnings explain the different circumstances at either end of the 20th century-residents of Galveston had no advance warning that a storm was approaching, while residents of Biloxi had been warned days in advance, allowing for extensive safety precautions.
At the same time that people in Biloxi were thankful for the advance warning some residents of New Orleans, Louisiana were less satisfied.A day before Georges made landfall, forecasters were predicting that the hurricane had a good chance of striking New Orleans. Because much of New Orleans lies below sea level, the city is at risk for flooding. Emergency management officials must begin evacuations well before a storm strikes. But evacuation costs money: businesses close, tourists leave, and citizens take precautionary measures.The mayor of New Orleans estimated that his city’s preparations for Georges cost more than 50 million. After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.
The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters. Disaster prediction is a process of providing scientific information to the government officials and other decision makers who must respond to those predictions.
28. What is the purpose of disaster prediction according to the passage?
A. To identify the cause of disasters.
B. To save people’s lives and property.
C. To prevent natural disasters from happening.
D. To apply advanced technology to disaster prediction.
29. The city residents of New Orleans were unsatisfied because ________ .
A. their preparations were made in vain
B. the hurricane warning arrived rather late
C. the forecast hurricane did not hit the city
D. they suffered from a heavy hurricane attack
30. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The different ways of disaster prediction.
B. Technological advances in disaster prediction.
C. The benefits and preparations of disaster prediction.
D. The importance and uncertainty of disaster prediction.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过多飓风乔治的预警，表明了与预测灾害有关的一些复杂性。文章认为灾害预测是向政府官员和其他决策者提供科学信息的过程，他们必须对这些预测做出反应。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.( 在自然灾害中——飓风、洪水、火山爆发或其他灾难——几分钟甚至几秒钟的变暖都会决定生死。正因为如此，科学家们正致力于利用最新的技术进步来预测灾难何时何地发生)”可知，灾难预警的目的是为了拯救人的生命和财产，故选B项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.( 乔治错过新奥尔良之后，面对如此高昂的成本，一些居民质疑飓风预报的价值)”可知，新奥尔良居民的准备工作白费了，故选A项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.( 在自然灾害中——飓风、洪水、火山爆发或其他灾难——几分钟甚至几秒钟的变暖都会决定生死。正因为如此，科学家们正致力于利用最新的技术进步来预测灾难何时何地发生)”、倒数第二段最后一句“After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.( 乔治错过新奥尔良之后，面对如此高昂的成本，一些居民质疑飓风预报的价值)”以及最后一段“The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters.( 对乔治飓风预警的不同看法表明了与预测灾害有关的一些复杂性)”可知，本文主要讲了灾难预警的重要性和不可预测性，故选D项。
D
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers... Nearly 40％of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll (民意调查) said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them to communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning,” one respondent said.
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons.They reimagined the 300-year-old score (乐谱总谱) by integrating the latest climate prediction data for each season — provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll. However, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements; nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result powerful art.
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light — hence the ”visual studies“ in the name. Light was something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the center was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but to make a collaboration work,both sides need to invest time and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science collaborations needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention; challenge and critique are essential to both, too.
31. According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have __________ .
A. caught the attention of critics
B. received favorable responses
C. promoted academic publishing
D. sparked heated public disputes
32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that __________ .
A. art can offer audiences easy access to science
B. science can help with the expression of emotions
C. art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
D. public participation in science has a promising future
33. Some artists seem to worry about the possibility that in the art-science partnership, _________
A. their role may be underestimated
B. their reputation may be damaged
C. their creativity may be restricted
D. their work may misguided
34. As for CAVS, which would the author agree with?
A. Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
B. Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
C. It demonstrates valuable art-science cooperation.
D. It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
【答案】31. B 32. A 33. A 34. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。《自然》杂志的研究发现，科学家们越来越多地寻找艺术家来帮助他们将自己的作品传达给新的观众。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers(启迪、挑战、刺激、有趣,《自然》杂志的读者在一系列关于艺术家和研究人员合作的文章中用这些词来描述他们在艺术科学合作中的经历)”可推知，艺术和科学合作已经收到了好评。故选B项。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning(艺术家帮助科学家接触更广泛的受众，建立情感联系，促进学习)”可知，艺术可以让观众更容易地接触到科学。故选项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“However, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements; nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.( 然而，一些受访者指出，艺术家并不是简单地帮助科学家满足他们的沟通要求；他们的工作也不应该仅仅被视为一个研究对象)”可推知，一些艺术家似乎担心在艺术科学合作中他们的作用被低估，故选A项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Light was something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the center was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.( 光是艺术家和科学家都感兴趣的东西，因此可以成为合作的基础。随着科学技术的进步，并被划分为更多的子学科，该中心同时也在展望一个领先的研究人员也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人的时代，反之亦然)”可知，对于 CAVS来说，它展示了宝贵的艺术与科学合作。故选C项。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Many people don’t treat themselves very well. They break promises to themselves, eat poorly, don’t get enough sleep, are self-critical or fail to take good care of their bodies.
A great technique for treating yourself better is by developing your Inner Nurturing Parent. Imagine you had a little child. You’d make every effort to keep her healthy and safe; to love and support her; to be forgiving her mistakes and her inevitable slips; and to let her know how precious and important she is.____35____Only, in this case, you’re the parent and the child.
____36____Tell yourself, “I love you and appreciate who you are.” When you do something well, give yourself a pat on the back. Say, “Great job! I’m so proud of you.” When you’re struggling or feeling low, be supportive by saying, “I’m here for you. You’re not alone,”
Take good care of yourself. A loving parent would make sure you eat right and get plenty of rest sleep, fresh air and exercise. ____37____ Practicing good self-care is an essential part of this process.
Set healthy boundaries with others. Let people know what you want and don’t want. Tell them what’s okay for you and what’s not. If you have a friend who’s always late and you end up waiting for her and feeling annoyed, tell her how you feel.____38____
Be concerned about yourself.____39____You’re human and you’re going to make mistakes. Don’t punish or blame yourself. Reassure yourself. Comfort yourself. Accept yourself unconditionally.
A. Cheer yourself up constantly.
B. A nurturing parent. wouldn’t let someone treat you badly.
C. Have sympathy for your humanity and your weaknesses.
D. That’s what a loving parent does.
E. You should always regard yourself as a child.
F. Send loving messages to yourself.
G. Keep yourself healthy and fit.
【答案】35. D 36. F 37. G 38. B 39. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章就如何善待及爱护自己给出了一些建议，并形象地用“父母爱孩子一样”的比喻，说明了如何善待自己。
【35题详解】
根据前文“Imagine you had a little child. You’d make every effort to keep her healthy and safe; to love and support her;to be forgiving her mistakes and her inevitable slips; and to let her know how precious and important she is.( 想象一下你有一个小孩。你会尽一切努力让她健康平安;爱她，支持她，原谅她的错误和不可避免的失误；让她知道她是多么的珍贵和重要。)”可知，要把自己想象成小孩，然后像父母那样爱护她/他。这都是作为父母为自己的小孩做的。D项“Imagine you had a little child.( 这就是慈爱的父母所做的。)”是对上句的总结。后文“Only, in this case, you’re the parent and the child.(只不过，在这种情况下，你是父母和孩子。)”中“in this case”指的就是“Imagine you had a little child. ”和D项中的“That’s what a loving parent does.”的统一。故选D项。
【36题详解】
空处是本段主旨句。后文“Tell yourself, “I love you and appreciate who you are.” When you do something well, give yourself a pat on the back. Say, “Great job! I’m so proud of you.” When you’re struggling or feeling low, be supportive by saying, “I’m here for you. You’re not alone.”(告诉自己：“我爱你，欣赏现在的你。”当你做得很好时，给自己一点鼓励。说：“干得好！我为你感到骄傲。”当你挣扎或感到沮丧时，通过说“我在这里支持你。你并不孤单。”)”表达了“对自己要传递积极的爱的信息”。F项“Send loving messages to yourself.(要给自己传递爱的信息。)”的意思符合语境，适合作本段主题句。故选F项。
【37题详解】
根据主题句“Take good care of yourself. (照顾好自己)”和前文“ A loving parent would make sure you eat right and get plenty of rest sleep, fresh air and exercise.(慈爱的父母会确保你吃得好，得到充足的休息、睡眠、新鲜空气和锻炼。)”说明自己，对自己好的 的具体方法。G项“Keep yourself healthy and fit.(保持身体健康)”是对前一句的总结，且后文“Practicing good self-care is an essential part of this process.(良好的自我护理是这个过程的重要组成部分。)”中的“this process”指代的就是G项“Keep yourself healthy and fit.”。故选G项。
【38题详解】
根据本段主题句“Set healthy boundaries with others. (与他人设定健康的界限。)”可知，本段主要讲要和他人设立界限。前文“If you have a friend who’s always late and you end up waiting for her and feeling annoyed, tell her how you feel.(如果你有一个总是迟到的朋友，你等她等得很烦，告诉她你的感受。)”说明不要让周围的人伤害你。B项“A nurturing parent wouldn’t let someone treat you badly.(慈爱的父母不会让别人对你不好。)”进一步说明了要善待自己（就像父母对待孩子一样），就不要让别人伤害自己，即保持界限。故选B项。
【39题详解】
根据后文“You’re human and you’re going to make mistakes. Don’t punish or blame yourself. (你是人，你会犯错误。不要惩罚或责备自己。)”可知，我们要对自己的仁慈和弱点表示理解，因为人都会犯错。C项“Have sympathy for your humanity and your weaknesses.(要理解你的人性和弱点)”与后文意义一致，且与主题句“Be concerned about yourself.(关心你自己。)”相符。故选C项。
第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题：第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
At the 2020 Grammy Award Show, 20-year-old Lil Nas X took the stage to perform his mega-hit, “Old Town Road” Wearing a cowboy outfit, he was joined by some top artists. Together, they created a show-stealing moment. As he danced across the stage to thunderous applause, it was hard to believe that just a year before, few people had even heard of Lil Nas X. It had been quite the year.
Lil Nas X was born in 1999 near Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was young, and he spent his lonely teenage years on the Internet, especially Twitter. He was always into music, but he never saw himself doing music.
That changed after high school. At 19, Lil Nas was a college dropout working at a fast-food restaurant. One night, he found a beat online that made him think of a “loner cowboy runaway”. He bought the beat for $30 and built a song around it. Soon after, he released “Old Town Road”. It was a strange song-a mix of hip-hop and country-and it was about to take the world by storm.
Thanks to Lil Nas’ social-media promotion, “Old Town Road” went viral on TikTok, racked up massive streams, and started climbing the charts. Within a few months, Lil Nas X had a great number of fans, and a deal with Columbia Records.
The spotlight brought challenges, though. Billboard pulled “Old Town Road” from the country charts, arguing that it didn’t sound enough like country, a move that some criticized as having racial overtones. Then Lil Nas came out as gay-a difficult and brave decision considering that country music and hip-hop hadn’t always been welcoming to gay artists.
But Lil Nas emerged stronger from the hurdles. He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” that shot to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for a record-breaking 19 weeks.
Lil Nas X’s unusual path to superstardom has inspired a new generation of musicians. Other rappers have since landed major record deals after promoting their music on social media. As Billy Ray Cyrus put it, think a lot of artists out there can look at this and say, “Hey man, this is a green light.”
As for Lil Nas himself, he shows no signs of slowing down. He has more music on the way, and he says although his newfound fame can be overwhelming, he’s enjoying the ride. “Everything lined up for this moment to take me to this place?”
40. What inspired Lil Nas to create the song “Old Town Road”?
_________________________________________________
41. How did Lil Nas overcome the challenges brought by the spotlight?
_________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Lil Nas says his newfound fame is so overwhelming that he wishes he had done things quite differently.
_________________________________________________
43. What personal quality do you see in Lil Nas? Support your point with evidence from the text. (In about 40 words)
_________________________________________________
【答案】40. The beat he found online.
41. He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road”.
42. Lil Nas says his newfound fame is so overwhelming that he wishes he had done things quite differently. Because he’s enjoying the ride.
43. He is creative, because he created a song from a beat found online. He is determined because he recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” to solve the problem brought by spotlight.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Lil Nas X成名的经历和他的奋斗历程。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第三段的“One night, he found a beat online that made him think of a “loner cowboy runaway” He bought the beat for $30 and built a song around it. Soon after, he released “Old Town Road”. (一天晚上，他在网上发现了一个节奏，让他想到了一个“孤独的牛仔逃跑”。他花了30美元买下了这个节奏，并围绕它创作了一首歌。不久之后，他发行了Old Town Road。)”可知，激发了Lil Nas创作“Old Town Road”的是他在网上找到的节奏，故答案为The beat he found online.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段的“But Lil Nas emerged stronger from the hurdles. He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” that shot to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for a record-breaking 19 weeks. (但Lil Nas克服了重重障碍，变得更加坚强。他找来一位乡村歌手和他一起混音Old Town Road，这首歌登上了公告牌百强单曲榜的榜首，并破纪录地保持了19周。)”可知，Lil Nas通过请来一位乡村歌手和他一起混音Old Town Road来克服聚光灯带来的挑战，故答案为He recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road”.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据最后一段的“He has more music on the way, and he says although his newfound fame can be overwhelming, he’s enjoying the ride. (他有更多的音乐在路上，他说，虽然他的新名声可能是压倒性的，他很享受这个过程。)”可知，他很享受这个过程，并没有希望自己当初的做法完全不同，因此错误的部分的“he wishes he had done things quite differently”，故答案为Lil Nas says his newfound fame is so overwhelming that he wishes he had done things quite differently. Because he’s enjoying the ride.
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“One night, he found a beat online that made him think of a “loner cowboy runaway”. He bought the beat for $30 and built a song around it. Soon after, he released “Old Town Road”. (一天晚上，他在网上发现了一个节奏，这让他想到了一个“孤独的牛仔逃跑”。他花了30美元买下了这个节奏，并围绕它创作了一首歌。不久之后，他发行了Old Town Road。)”可知，他从一个网上发现的节奏创作了一首歌，说明他有创造力；根据倒数第三段的“But Lil Nas emerged stronger from the hurdles. (但Lil Nas克服了重重障碍，变得更加坚强。)”可知，他意志坚定，故答案为He is creative, because he created a song from a beat found online. He is determined because he recruited a country singer to join him in a remix of “Old Town Road” to solve the problem brought by spotlight.
第二节(20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高一学生李华。你所在年级将于五月份组织一次赴西安的游学活动（go on cultural tour to Xi’an）。你对此很感兴趣。请给活动负责人写一封邮件，咨询更多信息，内容包括：
(1)北京到西安的交通方式：
(2)西安游学的主要内容；
(3)其它想要咨询的信息。
注意：(1)词数100左右：
(2)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Sir or Madam,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to ask for information about the cultural tour to Xi’an. I am interested in it but I would like to ask for some more details so that I can make adequate preparations in advance.
Firstly, I wonder whether you could send me information about the mode of transportation from Beijing to Xi’an. Secondly, I know that there will be various kinds of activities. Would it be possible to tell me more about them? In addition, I am slightly worried about the expenses. I would be grateful if you could send me a price list introducing expenses for items like travel and accommodation.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给赴西安的游学活动的负责人写一封邮件，咨询更多信息。
【详解】1.词汇积累
足够的：adequate→enough
各种各样的：various→a variety of
提前：in advance→ahead of time
另外：in addition→what’s more
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Would it be possible to tell me more about them?
拓展句：Would it be likely that you can tell me more about them?
【点睛】[高分句型1] Firstly, I wonder whether you could send me information about the mode of transportation from Beijing to Xi ’an. (运用了whether引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2] I would be grateful if you could send me a price list introducing expenses for items like travel and accommodation. (运用了if引导的条件状语从句)
第四部分：阅读理解。(每小题2分，共20分)
A
Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. We are capable of outstanding feats of technology and engineering. Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.
In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys. Monkeys were selected for the test because, as distant relatives of humans, they are intelligent and have the capacity to learn. However, they are not influenced by any of the technological or cultural environments which affect human decision-making. The team wanted to test whether the capuchin monkeys, when put into similar situations as humans, would make the same mistakes.
[A] Of particular interest to the scientists was whether monkeys would make the same mistakes when making financial decisions. [B] In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money. [C] The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish “bargains” — If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option. [D] Interestingly, when the data about the monkey’s purchasing strategies was compared with economist’s data on human behavior, there was a perfect match.
So, after establishing that the monkey market was operating effectively, the team decided to introduce some problems which humans generally get wrong. One of these issues is risk-taking. Imagine that someone gave you $1000. In addition to this $1000, you can receive either A) an additional $500 or B) someone tosses a coin and if it lands “heads”, you receive an additional $1000, but if it lands “tails”, you receive no more money. Of these options, most people tend to choose option A. They prefer guaranteed earnings, rather than running the risk of receiving nothing. Now imagine a second situation in which you are given $2000. Now, you can choose to either A) lose $500, leaving you with a total of $1500, or B) toss a coin; if it lands “heads” you lose nothing, but if it lands “tails” you lose $1000, leaving you with only $1000. Interestingly, when we stand to lose money, we tend to choose the more risky choice, option B. And as we know from the experience of financial investors and gamblers, it is unwise to take risks when we are on a losing streak.
So would the monkeys make the same basic error of judgement? The team put them to the test by giving them similar options. In the first test, monkeys had the option of exchanging their disc for one grape and receiving one bonus grape, or exchanging the disc for one grape and sometimes receiving two bonus grapes and sometimes receiving no bonus. It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty. Then the experiment was reversed. Monkeys were offered three grapes, but in option A were only actually given two grapes. In option B, they had a fifty-fifty chance of receiving all three grapes or one grape only. The results were that monkeys, like humans, take more risks in times of loss.
The implications of this experiment are that because monkeys make the same irrational judgements that humans do, maybe human error is not a result of the complexity of our financial institutions, but is imbedded in our evolutionary history. If this is the case, our errors of judgement will be very difficult to overcome. On a more optimistic note however humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognizing them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.
45. What was the aim of the experiment outlined above?
A. To investigate where human mistakes come from.
B. To study whether monkeys could learn to use money
C. To find out whether it is better to take risks in times of loss.
D. To determine whether monkeys make more mistakes than humans
46. Where in Paragraph 3 could the sentence below be best placed?
The team distributed metal discs to the monkeys, and taught them that the discs could be exchanged with team-members for food.
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
47. The underlined words “cottoned on” are closest in meaning to __________ .
A. learnt B. knew C. completed D. concluded
48. Which of the following statements is the best paraphrase of the underlined sentence?
On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them.
A. Hopefully, humans will soon be able to solve these problems.
B. Fortunately, humans can solve problems that we know about.
C. Luckily, humans do not have many limitations which have been identified.
D. We are happy to note that we can solve the problem which we’ve identified.
49. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Monkeys were chosen for the test as they adapted to new surroundings quickly
B. The purchasing strategies of humans and those of the monkeys vary greatly.
C. The complexity of financial institutions causes humans to make mistakes.
D. Humans opt for the less risky alternative when resources are abundant.
【答案】45. A 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是用棕色卷尾猴所进行的关于人类为什么容易犯错误，且一次又一次地犯同样的错误的研究。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.(那为什么我们这么容易犯错误呢？为什么我们会一次又一次地犯同样的错误呢？当耶鲁大学比较认知实验室的灵长类心理学家Laurie Santos向她的团队提出这个问题时，他们特别考虑的是导致最近金融市场崩溃的错误判断。Santos对这个问题给出了两个可能的答案。要么是人类设计的环境太过复杂，我们无法完全理解，要么是我们天生就容易做出错误的决定。)”和第二段的“In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys.(为了验证这些理论，研究小组选择了一组棕色卷尾猴)”可推知，上述实验的目的是调查人类的错误从何而来。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money.(为了找到答案，他们不得不让猴子接触金钱)”和“The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish “bargains” —If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option.(猴子们很快就学会了，并学会了简单的交换技巧，很快就能区分“讨价还价”——如果一个团队成员用两颗葡萄交换一个金属圆盘，另一个团队成员用一颗葡萄交换，猴子们会选择两颗葡萄的选项)”可知，C所在的地方应该引出金属圆盘，“The team distributed metal discs to the monkeys, and taught them that the discs could be exchanged with team-members for food.(研究小组给猴子分发了金属圆盘，并告诉它们，这些圆盘可以与团队成员交换食物)”提到了圆盘，也说到了圆盘所起的作用，因此承上启下，符合语境，可放在C处，故选C。
【47题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段的“and as well as learning simple exchange techniques(以及学会简单的交换技巧)”可知，猴子很快学会了研究人员给它们教的东西，因此划线短语cottoned on的意思是“学会”，和learnt意思相近，故选A。
【48题详解】
词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“On a more optimistic note however humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognizing them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.(然而，从更乐观的角度来看，一旦我们发现了局限性，人类完全有能力克服它们。通过认识到它们，我们可以设计出有助于我们在未来做出更好选择的技术)”可知，此处的意思是我们能解决我们所知道的问题，这是好事，和B选项“Fortunately, humans can solve problems that we know about.(幸运的是，人类可以解决我们所知道的问题。)”意思相近，故选B。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty.(事实证明，猴子和人类一样，在食物充足的时候会选择风险较小的选择)”可知，当资源丰富时，人类会选择风险较小的替代方案，故选D。
B
The personal grievance provisions (个人申诉条款) of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary (随意的) conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure, between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary worker may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly-paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
50. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to __________ .
A. free employers from certain duties
B. improve traditional hiring procedures
C. protect the rights of ordinary workers
D. punish questionable corporate practices
51. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may ___________ .
A. slow down business development
B. weaken managers’ authority
C. affect the firms’ public image
D. worsen labor-management relations
52. Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?
A. Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
B. Enforcing employment protection laws.
C. Limiting the powers of business owners.
D. Dismissing poorly performing managers
53. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
A. Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
B. Employees suffer from salary cuts
C. Society sees a rise in overall well-being
D. Employers need to hire new staff.
54. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia __________ .
A. has secured managers’ earnings
B has produced undesired results
C. is beneficial to business owners
D. is difficult to put into practice
【答案】50. C 51. A 52. D 53. B 54. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。 作者针对新西兰《雇佣关系法》的个人申诉条款禁止雇主没有正当理由的情况下解雇员工的条款发表个人观点，他认为这一条款有利于保护普通工人的利益，但是对企业和社会的发展也带来一定的阻碍作用。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. (新西兰《2000年雇佣关系法》(ERA)的个人申诉条款禁止雇主在没有正当理由的情况下解雇雇员。)”可知，个人申诉程序的目的是保护普通工人的权益。故选C。
【51题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. (但这些条款在适用于高薪经理和高管时，给企业带来了困难。正如无数董事会和企业主所证实的那样，限制公司解雇表现不佳、收入高的经理会抑制生产率和整体业绩。)”可知，这些条款可能会减缓业务发展，故选A。
【52题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record. (就业保护法在一定程度上限制企业主不得解雇表现不佳的管理人员，如果不将工作置于危险之中，这些法律就会约束企业的生产率，从而约束工人的工资。事实上，Productivity Commission在2014年的一篇文章中指出，管理能力质量低下是该国生产率增长记录不佳的一个原因。)”可知，Productivity Commission会支持的措施是解雇表现不佳的经理，故选D。
【53题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. (而且，企业给员工的薪水减少了，因为企业承担了就业安排出错的负担。)”可知，ERA不合理的解雇程序可能会使雇员遭受减薪之苦，故选B。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。 根据最后一段“Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. (澳大利亚通过将收入超过特定“高收入门槛”的员工排除在不公平解雇法的保护之外，来处理不合理解雇悖论。)”以及“However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year. (然而，所提出的机制很笨拙，该法案在当年晚些时候政府更迭后被否决。)”可知，澳大利亚的高收入门槛很难付诸实践。故选D。
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