专题02 必修第一册 必过语法点清单——2023年高中英语学业水平考试专项精讲+测试（新教材北师大版）

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2022-2023年高中英语学业水平考试必备考点归纳与测试（新教材北师大版Book1）必过语法清单Unit1动词不定式 语法图解 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。一、动词不定式的结构1．基本结构：to＋动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。2．否定形式：not to＋动词原形。3．不定式有形式和语态变化，通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例)：形式主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing 完成进行式to have been doing 二、动词不定式的用法1．作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)不定式置于句首。◆To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.这样做是削足适履。(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，特别是不定式短语较长时，这样可以避免句子的“头重脚轻”。◆It is important to master the knowledge of computer.掌握电脑知识很重要。 (2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋不定式复合结构”句型中，当其中的形容词是说明逻辑主语的性质、品质时，要由of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这类形容词主要有clever、careless、foolish、kind、nice、polite、silly、stupid、wise等。◆It was careless of him to make such a mistake.＝He was careless to make such a mistake.犯了这样的错误，他太粗心了。2．作表语不定式在系动词后作表语，往往说明主语的具体内容，且含有将来意义。◆My dream is to become a dancer.我的梦想是成为一名舞蹈家。3．作宾语(1)直接作及物动词的宾语，常见接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree(同意)、aim(旨在)、choose(选择)、decide(决定)、demand(要求)、expect(期待)、fail(未履行)、help(帮助)、hope(希望)、learn(学会)、plan(计划)、prepare(准备)、refuse(拒绝)、tend(往往会)、want(想要)、wish(希望)等。◆I hope to have a new type of cellphone.我希望有一部新款手机。◆My father finally agreed to help us.最终，我的父亲同意帮我们。(2)用于“疑问词＋不定式”结构，不定式前可带what、who、which、where、when、how、whether等疑问词。◆(2019·江苏卷)Li Jiang and Su Hua are discussing what to wear when receiving the British students next month.李江和苏华正在讨论下个月接待英国学生时穿什么。◆Please tell us how to deal with the haze.请告诉我们如何应对雾霾。(3)常用于句型“主语＋v.＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.”，其中，it为形式宾语，to do sth.为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有：believe、consider、feel、find、make、suppose、think等。◆I think it very necessary to protect the animals.我认为保护动物非常有必要。4．作定语(1)动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。 ◆I want to get something to read during the vacation.我想找一些在假期里读的东西。(2)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。◆He is a pleasant person to work with.和他一起工作很愉快。(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。◆He was the last one to arrive here.他是最后一个到达这里的人。◆He is the only person to know the truth.他是唯一了解真相的人。5．作状语(1)表示目的。◆(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e­4 to find and study areas of the South Pole­Aitken basin.中国研究人员希望利用嫦娥四号探测器上的仪器，寻找和研究南极艾特肯盆地地区。◆(2020·天津卷7月)To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议我们通读笔记。 (2)表示结果。动词不定式作结果状语时常用如下结构：①enough＋名词＋to do　　　 足够……②名词/形容词/副词＋enough＋to do   足够……③too＋形容词/副词＋to do   太……以至于不能……◆The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.加利福尼亚号来得太晚了，以至于没能挽救更多的人。 (3)表示原因。①不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等形容词后。◆I have enjoyed my visit to China. I'll be very sorry to leave.我非常享受这次中国之旅，但遗憾的是我要离开了。②用于“be＋形容词(表示性质)＋不定式”结构中，常见的形容词有：easy、hard、difficult、interesting、good、comfortable、safe、dangerous、impossible等。此句型中to do不定式用主动形式表被动意义。◆The box is not easy to carry.这个箱子不易携带。6．作宾语补足语(1)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补：ask、advise、allow、cause、encourage、expect、invite、notice、order、teach、tell、warn等。◆She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她要我在她不在的时候接电话。◆Who taught you to play the music?谁教你弹这首曲子的？ (2)当动词不定式在使役动词 let、have、make后和感官动词(短语)see、watch、look at、notice、hear、listen to、feel等后作宾补时，常省略to。get除外(get sb. to do sth.)。◆The teacher had us recite the text every day.老师让我们每天背诵课文。◆The boss made his men work all the night.老板让他的工人整夜工作。语法知识随堂练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They are easy to care(care) for and make great presents.2．The teacher made him say(say) the word like this.3．It would be better for you to go there.4．My brother asked me to bring him something to eat(eat)．5．To keep(keep) up with others, he has been working very hard.6．She went to the hospital to see(see) her grandfather yesterday.7．Attention，please! I have something important to say(say)．8．She is hard­working and is always the first one to come(come) every day. 9．The next step is to make(make) sure that you know exactly what is required.10．As the saying goes, to know oneself is(be) true progress.Ⅱ.语法与写作(用动词不定式完成句子)1．爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek.2．这张地图可以告诉你往哪儿走。The map can show you where to go．3．人们为钱而结婚是错误的。 It would be wrong for people to marry for money.4．这项交流计划旨在促进两国之间的相互了解。The purpose of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries．5．她找不到可交朋友的人。She can find no one to make friends with．6．他为抢救那个儿童献出了自己的生命。To save the child, he laid down his life.7．他们似乎相处得很好。They seem to be getting along quite well．8．他已经安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station．9．占用了你那么多宝贵时间，真抱歉。I'm sorry to have taken up so much of your valuable time．10．在这种情况下，她只能改名。She could do nothing but change her name under the circumstances. Unit2 定语从句 语法图解 一、定语从句的基本概述1．定语从句的定义：在复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。限制性定语从句不能省略，否则句意就不完整。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。2．关系词的作用：①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当句子成分。3．关系词的分类：①关系代词：who、whom、whose、which、that、as(本单元讲前五个的用法)；②关系副词： when、where、why。二、关系代词的基本用法关系代词用于替代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。1．who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。◆Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。(who在从句中作主语)◆He is the man who I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见到的人。(who在从句中作宾语)2．whom指人，在定语从句中只作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。若whom前有介词，则不能用who代替，也不可省略。◆Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after.　罗丝是你应该照顾的人。◆When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom I can go for help.　当我有困难时，他是我唯一可以求助的人。3．whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。◆They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　那个人的车坏了，他们冲过去帮忙。◆Please pass me the book whose cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。4．which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时一般可省略。◆China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。(which在从句中作主语)◆The package (which) you are carrying is about to fall.你拿的包快掉了。(which在从句中作宾语)5．that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时一般可省略。 指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用which代替。◆The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.　每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。(that/who在从句中作主语)◆The chair (that/which) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.　你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修。(that/which在从句中作宾语)三、关系代词的选择1．宜用that不用which的情况(1)当先行词是all、much、anything、something、everything、nothing、little、none等不定代词时。◆She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。(2)当先行词被all、no、few、any、little、some、much、last、only、very等修饰时。◆I've read all the books that were borrowed from others.我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。◆Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows.史密斯先生是她唯一认识的外国人。(3)当先行词为序数词、形容词最高级或被这两者修饰时。◆This is the most exciting football game that I have ever seen.　这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。◆The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。◆I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里所见到的人和一些照片。◆The foreign visitors spoke highly of the young pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace.　外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。2．宜用which不用that的情况(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。◆The bookstore provides us with all the books we need，which makes us moved.　这家书店给我们提供了所有我们需要的书，这使我们感动。(2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。◆I'm looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches. 　我正在找一个能放下所有这些桃子的容器。(3)在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个的关系代词是that，那么后一个的关系代词宜用which。◆Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened.我给你看看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。3．宜用who不用that的情况(1)先行词为指人的不定代词时，如one、anyone、no one、all、nobody、anybody、none等，或先行词为those或被其修饰且指人时。◆The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.你应该向那个努力学习而且学习好的学生学习。(2)一个句子中含有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个一般用who。◆The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.　昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是那个学习非常努力的小组组长。四、定语从句中的主谓一致一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。◆The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom.　两周内卖光的那些书都是汤姆写的。◆I'm fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny.　我喜欢珍妮演奏的那首曲子。语法知识随堂练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．The first place that I advise you to visit is the Great Wall.2．The building whose doors are white is an office building.3．Anyone who has helped to save the old man is worth praising.4．Do you know he is the boy of whom we are proud in our school?5．She is the only one of the children who is(be) good at music here.6．Those who want to go to the party must be at the school gate by 5 pm.7．The young teacher is not the man who/that visited our school last year.8．He told me that it was the most interesting book that he had ever read.9．He is the man who/that has offered some useful advice to learn English.10．The film that/which you are looking forward to seeing will be on next week.Ⅱ.语法与写作(用定语从句完成句子)1．这是他参观过的最美丽的地方。This is the most beautiful place that he has ever visited. 2．她是公司里唯一一个受教育不多的员工。She is the only one of the employees that has received little education. 3．你要买那本内容非常鼓舞人的书吗？ Would you like to buy that book whose content is very inspiring?4．你正在看的那幅画是一个盲人女孩画的。The picture (that/which) you are looking at was drawn by a blind girl.5．正在和我妈妈交谈的那个女孩是我的一个同学。The girl with whom my mother is talking is one of my classmates. Unit3被动语态 语法图解 一、被动语态的构成英语有两种语态： 主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，其构成是： 助动词be＋过去分词。在被动语态中，by后常跟动作的执行者，且通常只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。1．被动语态的时态、形式表(本单元出现的)形式构成例句现在时一般式am/is/are doneRice is grown in the south of the US.美国南部种植水稻。进行式am/is/arebeing doneEnglish lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.广播里正在播放英语课。完成式has/have been doneThe case has recently been tried.这桩案子最近已经审过了。过去时一般式was/weredoneThey were given a warm send­off.他们受到了热烈的欢送。进行式was/were being doneWe had to take a detour.The road was being repaired.我们得绕行。这条路在维修。2.被动语态的特殊情况(1)情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态的构成： 情态动词＋ be ＋及物动词的过去分词。◆All the letters should be answered immediately.所有信件均应立刻回复。◆This can be done by hand.这可以手工制作。(2)不定式的被动语态①一般式(to be done)：不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生或与其(几乎)同时发生。②完成式(to have been done)：不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。◆The book is said to be published soon.据说这本书很快就会出版。◆The book is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这本书已被译成很多种语言。二、被动语态的使用场合 使用场合例句注意事项不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者Do you know when the new railway will be put to use？你知道新的铁路什么时候投入使用吗？不带by引导的短语强调动作的承受者；或既关心动作的承受者，又关心动作的执行者The novel was written by the high school student. 这部小说是由这个中学生写的。带by引导的短语表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作的执行者You are warmly invited to a party to be held at the Workers' Club at 7 pm on May 1.　热情邀请您参加5月1日晚上7点在工人俱乐部举行的派对。不必说明动作的执行者修辞需要，为了避免更换主语，使句子简练She stepped onto the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.　她走上舞台，观众给予了她热烈的掌声。只有一个主语在文章标题、公告、科技报告、新闻中Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity.核能已被用于发电。用于书面语三、主动形式表示被动意义的情况1．连系动词(如look、sound、smell、feel、taste、remain 等)后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。◆Your advice sounds practical.你的建议听起来是可行的。◆Whether we can have a holiday remains unknown.我们还不知道能否放假。2．当open、close、shut、lock、move、read、wash、clean、cook、sell、cut、wear、carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。◆The door doesn't shut.这门关不上。◆The book sells well.这书卖得不错。3．在want、need、require、deserve 等少数动词后的v.­ing形式，用主动形式表示被动意义。其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。◆The house needs cleaning.＝The house needs to be cleaned.这所房子需要打扫。◆This wall requires repairing.＝This wall requires to be repaired.这面墙需要修理。四、使用被动语态时应注意的问题1．不及物动词(短语)无被动语态。常见的不及物动词(短语)有appear、belong、disappear、happen、remain、break out、come true、fall asleep、keep silent、lose heart、take place、run out等。◆We cannot say for sure what will happen.我们无法确切地说会发生什么事。2．在主动语态里，动词see、make、hear、watch、notice等后面作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态时，to必须补上。◆They made him go there alone.(主动语态)◆He was made to go there alone.(被动语态)他们让他独自去那里。3．接双宾语的动词变被动语态。有些动词在主动语态中常接双宾语，即直接宾语(一般指物) 和间接宾语(一般指人)。在变为被动语态时，如果间接宾语被提前作主语，那么直接宾语保留不变； 如果直接宾语被提前作主语，那么间接宾语前一般要加上相应的介词to或for。◆We gave him the letter.＝He was given the letter by us.＝The letter was given to him by us.我们把那封信给他了。◆She bought her mother a new coat.＝Her mother was bought a new coat by her.＝A new coat was bought for her mother by her.她给她妈妈买了一件新大衣。4．将含有“动词＋介词/副词”类动词短语(如look after、put on、pay attention to)的主动句变为被动句时，原动词短语中的介词或副词应保留下来。◆She often looks after the old. (主动语态)◆The old are often looked after by her.(被动语态)她经常照看老人。语法知识随堂练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．—May I help you, Madam?—How terrible! The things in my shop are being stolen(steal) frequently these days.2．Visitors are requested(request) not to touch the exhibits.3．The accident is reported to have occurred(occur) on the first Sunday in February.4．The house belonging(belong) to an old lady is in good condition.5．—I saw your uncle take a taxi to the airport. Why didn't you drive him there?—Because my car was being fixed(fix)．6．We had great fun playing on the beaches and it felt(feel) comfortable to bath in the sunlight.7．The company believes the products will sell(sell) well.8．The number of deaths of cancer will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded(persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables.9．I don't know what is being drawn(draw) by the children in the room now.10．Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has been reached(reach) so far by the two sides.Ⅱ.语法与写作 (用被动语态完成句子)1．我不知道到目前为止他受雇于这个工作多久了。I don't know how long he has been employed at this job so far.2．据说，现在会议上正在讨论那个问题。It is said that the question is being discussed at the meeting now.3．每年在九月份或十月份，全世界的中国人都庆祝中秋节。Every year in September or October, the Mid­Autumn Festival is__celebrated__by__the____Chinese____people__all__over__the__world．4．元宵用水煮熟，并随热汤一起吃。Sweet dumplings are boiled and served in hot water．5．在古代，只有中国人举行龙舟比赛。In the old days, dragon boat races were organized only by Chinese people．