专题08 谓语动词的时态和语态（零基础详解版 练习）——2023年高中英语学业水平考试专项精讲+测试（新教材北师大版）

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2022-2023年高中英语学业水平考试必备考点归纳与测试（新教材北师大版）谓语动词的时态和语态汉语借助词汇手段而非词的形态变化来表示动作的发生,而英语主要通过谓语动词时态变化来表现.任何句子都要先注意时态. 时是时间；态是状态。表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态。英语的常见时态：
动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下16种时态形式：       时态过去现在将来过去将来一般一般过去时    did一般现在时 do/does一般将来时will do过去将来时would do进行过去进行时was/were doing现在进行时am/is/are doing将来进行时will be doing过去将来进行时would be doing完成过去完成时had done现在完成时have/has done将来完成时will have done过去将来完成时would have done完成进行过去完成进行时had been doing现在完成进行时have/has been doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing  一、 一般现在时 (The Simple Present tense )1. 结构: do/does2.用法: 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用，如often, usually, always, every day/year, sometimes, on Sunday等。I study hard every day and I get along well with my classmates, but sometimes I miss my families.2)表示不受时间限制的科学事实或客观真理。 The earth moves around the sun.3）表示主语的特征、性格、能力等Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. Mary speaks both English and French very well.4）按计划、规定，时间表(如汽车、飞机、会议)等将要发生的动作或存在的状态, 一般用于be, come, go, start, begin, leave, arrive, return等位移/终止性动词，常与时间状语连用．The train leaves at three this afternoon. The meeting starts at 2:00 p.m.5）在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时,即主将从现。If it is fine tomorrow ,we  will go to the countryside.If he comes this afternoon，we  will have a meeting.二、一般过去时 ( The Simple Past Tense )1. 结构: 谓动用动词过去式 (V-ed)2. 用法: 一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last night ,some years ago, in 1990,in those days，the other day.等连用。1)表示过去发生的，和现在没有联系的动作或状态I met an old friend of mine the other day. We invited Mr. Du to give us a lecture.They had a good time at the party yesterday.2) 用一般过去时表示过去经常发生的动作 (也可用 “used to do”或 “would do” 代替)。1. During the vacation she often swam / would swim / used to swim in the sea.2. I used to smoke. 注意：①used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。②would 注重过去习惯性发生的动作。三./四 一般/过去将来时 （future tense/past future tense）
表示将来时的四种形式① will / shall + 动词原形 ② be going to do ③ be about to do ④ be to do 1. be going to 有很强的计划性，打算干什么，而will表示谈话时临时决定的意图，具有临时性和偶然性。① ----The telephone is ringing. ----I _____ answer it.A. will B. am going to C. am to D. am about to② ---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday? ---I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor.A. had B. would C. was going to D. did 2. be going to 可用来表达某种迹象要发生的事。 而will 不能表示Look at the clouds! It              rain.3. be to 表示因约定、计划，职责、义务要求即将发生的动作, 或客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.4．be about to do 表示“正要干什么…”，1)表示即将发生的动作，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。2)常与when 连用，when 此时意思： 就在这时，是并列连词.3)构成句型： ①… be about to do …when…. ②…was / were doing… when…③be on the point of doing…when… ④had just done sth…when…e.g. I was about to leave when it rained. 五./六 现在/过去进行时 (present continuous tense) be (am, are, is)+ doing1．表示(现在/过去)说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态You are listening to me carefully now. Look! They are dancing.It’s raining hard now.2. 表示(过去)目前这段时间内正在进行的动作,但说话时动作未必正在进行。We are studying English at present .3.与always，constantly(不断地；时常地), usually, frequently, all the time等连用，表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。如： He is always helping others. He was always thinking of others，never thinking of himself.4. 现在进行时用来表示按计划即将发生的动作（现在进行时表将来）,多用于位移/终止性动词,如: come, go, arrive, leave, stay, fly, take off. I                (leave) tomorrow.5.“系动词＋介词或副词”, 也表示进行时的意义The bridge is/was under construction = is/was being constructed.The problem is under discussion = is being discussed注意： 一般情况下，下面4类动词无进行时态：
(1)表心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(2) 表存在的状态动词：have, appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。(3) 瞬间动词：begin/start, allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(4)感官动词：see, hear, notice, feel摸起来/感觉起来, smell, sound, taste, look看起来。七. 现在完成时(The present Perfect Tense) 1. 结构: have (has) + done2.用法: 1). 现在完成时表示过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态, 通常用于延续性动词. 常与表示延续性的时间状语连用, 如: so far, up to now, in the past/last +一段时间；recently, since, for , over time(随着时间的推移）等．I have lived in Zhuhai for 3 years.2).表示过去的某一完成或者发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语有: just ,already, yet, ever, never, once，twice，many times等.We                (finish) our lunch already.________ you ever          (try) this method?区分：since +______ , 用来说明动作起始时间 for+_______ , 用来说明动作延续时间。
I have lived here       at least twenty years. I have lived here           I was born.
固定的特殊句型：1. It is (has been) +一段时间 +since-clause.2. This (That/It) is the first (second…) time + that-clause (现在完成时). 3. This (That/It) is the best/ finest /most interesting … + that-clause (现在完成时).3). 过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与不确定的或包括现在在内的时间状语连用，或无时间状语. I            (study) in Zhongshan university in 2000.I               (study) in Zhongshan university since 2000. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1). 一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态, 不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作或状态一直延续到现在, 或强调过去的事情对现在的造成的影响。My family lived in Zhuhai 10 years ago. （现在不在珠海了)My family have lived in Zhuhai for 10 years. (目前还在珠海)I have bought the book for 3 days.错He has joined the army for 3 years.错He has died for 2 years.错注：含有终止意义或短暂意义的动词不能与 for, since 引导的时间状语连用。非延续性动词不能与表示延续时间的状语(since…;for…)连用。但其否定形式则可以。
1)They have married for ten years. 2) I have received his letter a month ago.
3) I haven't received his letter for a month.have been后加形容词,副词或动词的现在进行时,表示已经处于某种状态,或从过去某个时间点开始到现在一直在做某事.have done表示已经完成的动作，后面可加副词进行修饰，它只能表示一个已经完成的动作，而不能表示一直延续的动作。 I have received his letter for a month. 我已收到他的信一个月了( 错 )请改用三个正确的表达法:1.I received his letter a month ago. 2.I have kept his letter for a month.3.It is a month since I received his letter.八.过去完成时 (The past perfect Tense)1. 表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by the end, by the time, by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。如：By the end of last term we had learnt 20 units.2. 表示未曾实现的愿望、打算、意图、承诺等。意为 “本来打算”， “本来想”。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected(＋that…/to do)或用上述动词的过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned… ＋ to (have done)。I had hoped to see more of ShangHai. I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. I had thought you would come tomorrow. 3、常用于下列句型中：1) Hardly /No sooner…(过去完成时)when /than…（一般过去时）。2) It /This /That was the time that…(从句用过去完成时)。3) It was +一段时间+since(从句用过去完成时)。九、现在完成进行时 主语 + has / have + been +doing….1.表示过去某一时间发生一直持续到现在还会继续下去的动作（动作未完成），动词必须用延续性动词。He has been working here for three years.The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities has been rising steadily since 1990. 2.有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.语态 （voice）英语语态指的是主语与谓语动词之间的关系，如果是主动关系（主语是动作的执行者），句子就是主动语态；如果是被动关系（主语是动作的承受者），句子就是被动语态。1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁，或没有必要指出动作的执行者时。如：The glass is broken. Letters are collected at eight every morning. 2. 为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。如：The desk was made by Master Wang. The bag was taken away by his sister. 3. 在上下文中，为了使句子间连接紧密时。如：I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 4. 在新闻报道中，为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透露时。如：A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event.被动语态的基本形式 be+done（done是表示动词的过去分词形式）常见的7种时态谓语形态表（长下面这样） 下面我们来一一解读一下被动语态的组成过程。1.一般现在时：主动语态是 am/is/are; do/does（这个别问为啥了，你背就完了）eg: The students clean their classroom everyday.学生们每天都打扫教室。被动语态中：be+done（动词的过去分词形式，不要把它看作一个单词）be随时态变化，done并不发生改变First step：找句子中的谓语动词：clean Second step ：套公式（be变化，done不变） 翻译回来：教室每天都被学生们打扫。 eg: The classroom is cleaned(done：clean的过去分词形式) by the students everyday.这句话中classroom变成了主语，且是现在时，所以用is，套用be+done的公式就变成了上述的样子。2.一般过去时： 主动语态是 was/ were ; did be+done模式was/were不变+done即可eg. The students cleaned their classroom yesterday. The classroom was cleaned by the students yesterday.3.现在进行时：am/is/are+doing (同理过去进行时）am/is/are+being+done(doing是动词的ing形式，此时是doing部分发生be+done的变化，因为是进行时，所以be变成了being，done仍不发生变化）eg: My friend is repairing the bike. The bike is being repaired by my friend. 4.现在完成时：have/has + done have/has + been + done此部分不变 be变成了been+doneeg. My friend has repaired the bike.The bike has been repaired by my friends.语法知识随堂练：1. Jack _______(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.2. I _______(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend. 3. The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _________(reward) with success in the end. 4. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it _________(come) on the market in 1973. 5. This is the first time we __________(see) a film in the cinema together as a family.6. It was raining lightly when I _________(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.7. More efforts, as reported, _________(make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform. 8. I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. 9. Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________(work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 10. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________(trap) in the mountains for two days. 11. Since 2011, the country __________(grow) more corn than rice. 12.Last year, every employee in our company __________(offer) a physical examination free of charge.         13.Upon arriving home, Lily found that her husband _________ (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.       14. I ___________(walk) toward the door to go outside when suddenly Jim opened it unexpectedly.15. The Palace Museum has put on many attractions since it ________ (rebuild) in 2017.16. Rent usually ________ (go) up in the summer, when college graduates are moving out of their dormitories and seeking for new places to move in.17. Over the last few decades, economic globalization ________ (contribute) greatly to global growth.18. When I came back from my 10-day holiday, I found the fish tank was broken and the fish ________ (die).19. — How can I apply for an online course? — Just fill out this form and we ________ (see) what we can do for you.20. Shakespeare’s play Hamlet ________ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.21. The pianist ________ (develop) a love for music when he was a little boy. 22. I know little about the accident because not much ________ (say) about it up to now. 23. The church tower which ________ (restore) will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.24. — Are the repairs finished yet?— Yes, they ________ (complete) when I came back home.25. I didn’t get in touch with David yesterday, since he ________ (chair) a meeting when I called.26.—Were you surprised by the ending of the film?—No, I _______ (read) the book, so I already knew the story. 27. This coastal area __________(name) a national wildlife reserve last year. 28. I walked slowly through the market, where people ________ (sell) all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. 29. Up to now, the program ________ (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died. 30. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ________ (do) for me.31.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ______(be) often acceptable. 32. When fat and salt _________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.33. Progress ______ (be) so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.34. If their marketing plans succeed，they _________(increase) their sales by 20 percent.35. The moment I got home, I found I ________(leave) my jacket on the playground.36. Judy is going to marry the sailor she ________(meet) in Rome last year. 37. Teenagers __________(damage) their health because they play computer games too much. 38. So far this year we ________(see) a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.39. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ________(go) there several years ago.40. Cathy didn’t go to the cinema with us last night, for she _______(do) her homework.41. The doctors ______ (refuse) to operate on Sam because his parents had not given permission．42. John says he’s 80 years old, but nobody ________(believe) him．43. I found the lecture hard to follow because it _______ (start) when I arrived.44. —Hi, let’s go skating.—Sorry, I’m busy right now. I _______ (fill) in an application form for a new job.45. When you are home, give a call to let me know you _________ (arrive) safely.46.—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?—Not really. She ___________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.47. —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around.—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just ___________ (start) on Monday.48. Having a glass of water first thing in the morning helps rid your body of poisonous substances that ____________ (store) overnight. 49. The first time I saw Todd, he ______________ (talk) to some students at the English corner.50. Life teaches us not to regret over yesterday, for it ___________ (pass) and is beyond our control.