专题6.重难点，易错点归纳及精练（必修第三册） ——2023年高中英语学业水平考试专项精讲+测试（译林版2020）

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重难点，易错点归纳及精练（必修第三册）
Unit1 Nature in the Balance
1.harm n．& vt.伤害，损害
※do harm to...对……有害
cause harm to...对……造成危害
There is no harm in doing sth.做某事并无害处。
※harmful adj.有害的
be harmful to...对……有害
※harmless adj.无害的
2.variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
※a variety of/varieties of各种各样的
※various adj.各种各样的；不同的
※vary v．改变；变化
vary from...to...由……到……不等
3.mass n．大量；团，块，堆；一大群；群众；大众 adj.大批的，广泛的
※a mass/masses of大量
the mass of大多数
注意：(1)在“the mass of＋名词”作主语的句子中，后面的谓语动词与of后面的名词保持数的一致。
(2)在“a mass/masses of＋名词”作主语的句子中，谓语动词的数与mass的数一致。
a mass/masses of既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。
※massive adj.非常大的；巨大的
4.survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难
※survive sth.幸免于；从……活过来
survive on依靠……生活
survive sb.by...比某人多活……
※survival n．生存；幸存
※survivor n．生还者，幸存者
注意：不能说survive from/after/in the earthquake。
5.in turn相应地，转而；轮流，依次
turn around转身；好转
turn down调小；拒绝
turn into变成
turn off关闭
turn out结果是
6.break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成)；停止运转，出故障；(谈判等)失败；打破，消除；情不自禁地哭起来
break up打碎；分裂，解体；结束；(关系等)破裂
break away (from sb./sth.)突然离开；脱离
break into破门而入；闯入
break out(战争、火灾等)爆发
7.due to由于，因为
※be due to do sth.预期做某事
be due to sb.应支付/归于某人
※表示“由于，因为”的短语还有：
because of，owing to，thanks to，on account of等。
8.in danger of 处于……的危险中
常见的“in＋n.＋of”短语
in need of需要
in case of万一
in place of代替
in spite of尽管
in advance of在……前面
9.damage vt.& n．损坏，破坏；损害，伤害
do/cause damage to...对……造成损害
damage one’s health损害某人的健康
10.“介词＋which” 引导的定语从句
※“介词＋关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，不能用that代替which。
※类似的结构：“介词＋whom”引导的定语从句修饰的先行词是人。
※介词的确定根据以下方面来选择：
(1)根据句意确定介词；
(2)定语从句中谓语动词或形容词与介词的搭配；
(3)表示所属关系或者表示“整体中的一部分”都用of。
(1)I bought many books about climate，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多关于气候的书，这些书花了我积攒的所有钱。
(2)The school in which he once studied is very famous.
他以前上学的学校非常有名。
(3)I don’t know the person about whom you talked just now.
我不认识你刚才谈论到的那个人。
(4)The reason for which he left the band was that he hated the busy life.
他离开乐队的原因是他讨厌忙碌的生活。
(5)We had bought an old map without which we would have lost our way.
我们买了一张旧地图，要是没有它我们就会迷路。
11.※过去分词短语作定语表示“被动含义”，必须后置，相当于一个定语从句；单个的过去分词作定语，常位于被修饰词之前，表示“被动或完成”。
(1)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington，D.C.
加入一个有导游引领的自行车旅行，参观华盛顿的一些最受欢迎的纪念碑。
(2)I have something important to say.Can those seated(seat) at the back hear me?
我有重要的事情要说。坐在后面的那些人能听见我说话吗？
(3)The person questioned(question) by the police gave a detailed description.
被警察询问的那个人给出了详细的描述。
12.※Above that is the mass of leaf litter...是倒装结构。正常语序为：The mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that.
※有时为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，可将用作地点状语的介词短语置于句首，此时句中主语和谓语完全倒装。这类句子所涉及的动词通常是表示姿势的不及物动词(如crouch，hang，lie，sit，stand等)和表示行动的不及物动词(如come，die，go，run，live，rise等)。
(1)Among the students was an old professor studying wildlife.
在学生们当中有一位研究野生动物的老教授。
(2)All of a sudden，over the wall came(come) a shower of stones.突然，一阵石块从墙后倾泻而出。
(3)Under the road run pipes for gas and water.在马路下面铺着煤气管道和自来水管道。
(4)On the back wall hang two old paintings.在后墙上挂着两幅古画。
13.come up with想出，想到
come about发生，产生
come across偶遇
come out出版；开花；出现
come to共计，达到
come up升起；被提出；发生
注意：come up with为及物动词短语；come up为不及物动词短语。
14.call for(公开)要求；需要
call up 使回忆起；给……打电话
call in 叫来；召来；下令收回
call off取消；停止
call on/upon拜访(某人)；号召
call at 拜访(某个地点)
15.spring to mind突然记起(或想到)
make up one’s mind下定决心
change one’s mind改变主意
bear/keep...in mind/bear/keep in mind that...将……记在心中
come into one’s mind进入某人的脑海
16.protest vi.反对，抗议 vt.坚持声称，申辩 n．抗议，反对
※protest against...抗议……
※make a protest提出抗议
in protest against...抗议……
without protest顺从地
under protest不情愿地；认为不公平地
17.defence n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
※in defence of 保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护
come to one’s defence 出来保护某人
in one’s defence 为某人辩护；站在某人一边
※defend vt.保卫；保护
defend...against/from(doing...)防御；保护……以免受……
defend oneself自卫；为自己辩护
18.consequence n.结果，后果；重要性
※as a consequence＝in consequence结果；因此
as a consequence of＝in consequence of由于……的缘故
※consequent adj.作为结果的；随之发生的
※consequently adv.所以；因此；结果
19.What if nobody goes？如果没人去怎么办？
What if...？意为“如果……怎么办？”，可以看作“What will happen if...？”的省略形式。
What about...？/How about...？……怎么样？
What (...) for？为什么？/(……)是干什么用的？
So what？那又怎么样？
Guess what！猜猜看！你猜怎么着！
How come...？……是怎么发生的？
20.“so＋助动词＋主语”结构。
※“so＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”是一个倒装结构，表示上述的肯定情况也适用于后者，意为“……也一样；……也是”。
※“neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”也是一个倒装结构，表示前面的否定情况也适用于后者，意为“……也不……”。
※“so＋正常语序”表示说话人同意对方的看法或对前文内容给予一种强调性的肯定，意为“……的确如此”。
※如果前一分句里有不同类型的谓语动词，那么后一分句要用so it is with...或it is the same with...，意为“……也一样”。
(1)I adored this movie and so did all my friends.
我喜欢这部电影，我所有的朋友们也喜欢。
(2)I hadn’t been to the continent before and neither/nor had Jane.
我以前没有去过那个大洲，简也没去过。
(3)—He looks very young.
—So he does.
——他看起来很年轻。
——确实如此。
(4)Tom enjoys singing，but he doesn’t like dancing.So it is with Mary/It’s the same with Mary.
汤姆喜欢唱歌但不喜欢跳舞。玛丽也是一样。
21.With pollution levels on the rise是with复合结构，在句中作伴随状语。with复合结构在句中可作定语和状语(表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等)。
※“with＋复合宾语”结构的构成：
(1)with＋宾语＋介词短语/形容词/副词
(2)with＋宾语＋现在分词
(3)with＋宾语＋过去分词
(4)with＋宾语＋动词不定式
(1)The woman stood at the road，with some brochures in her hand.
这个女人站在路边，手里拿着一些小册子。
(2)With the books he needed bought(buy)，he left the bookstore happily.
买了需要的书，他快乐地离开了书店。
(3)With so many essays to write(write)，he won’t have time to go shopping this morning.
有那么多文章要写，他今天早上没有时间去购物。
随堂精练
一.单词拼写
1．As we all know，there are seven in the world.
2．He has returned to South Africa from his long (海外的) trip.
3．We don’t own the building. ，we have no right to enter it.
4．As a matter of fact，what you do has a great on wildlife.
5．I’m looking forward to seeing his (出色的)performance.
6．The strong wind blew away the good ，leaving only sand.
7．As we all know，this plant draws (营养素)from the soil.
8．She enjoyed feeling the warm sand (在……下面) her feet.
9．Later he had to make a by selling newspapers in that region.
10．They were so lucky that they the terrible earthquake.
二.单词拼写
1．Old papers should be by us in order to save energy.
2．As we all know，getting fit again is a long slow (过程)．
3．The local government is trying to get the poor villagers out of .
4．It is said that the large company has a lot of all over the world.
5．Some of the animals’ (栖息地) were damaged by some farmers.
6．In fact，the (居民) in this region were against the new policy.
7．After arriving there，he joined an aiming to help the homeless.
8． can you find a more beautiful place than this old town.
9．In the (以前的) case，I won’t give up my dream so easily.
10．He told me that the new book referred to some useful learning (策略)．
三.单句语法填空
1．The smoke rising from the factory will do damage your health.
2．To be honest，what you said had no impact the children here.
3．He is looking into the (disappear) of the species.
4．The children stood up to recite the poem turn that day.
5．Most of us were surprised at his (survive) in that situation.
6．He often told us the (variety) insects he saw in the forest.
7．The villagers stayed in the shelter enough food was offered.
8．Among the people (be) a little boy surviving the earthquake.
9．The workers went to repair the houses (damage) in the heavy rain.
10．He has some money in his pocket，with he will buy her some books.
四.单句语法填空
1．He decided to send his son abroad for (far) education.
2．The (consequent) of global warming will be very terrible.
3．The expert talked of the (apply) of the new technology.
4．When I’m reading a book， (absolute) nothing can get my attention.
5．Towns only a few miles apart can have (entire) different dialects.
6．He advised me to try my best to get rid my bad habits as soon as possible.
7．You mustn’t take something that is (poison) to that centre.
8．It is natural that a mayor should pay more attention to the (economy) development.

Unit2Natural Disasters
1.injury n．伤害，损害
※do sb.an injury伤害某人
※injure vt.伤害，使受伤；损害
※injured adj.受伤的
get injured 受伤
the injured伤者
2.reaction n．反应，回应；抗拒；化学反应
※reaction to...对……的反应
※react v．作出反应；回应
react to对……作出反应；回应……
react with...与……起反应
react against反抗
3.signal vi.& vt.发信号，示意；标志 n．信号，暗号；标志；信号灯
signal sb.to do sth.示意某人做某事
signal to sb.that...向某人示意……
4.occur vi.发生，出现；存在于
※sth.occurs/occurred to sb.某人突然想起某事；某人发生某事
It occurs to sb.that.../to do...某人突然想到……
※occurrence n．出现；发生，事件
5.keep one’s head(在困境中)保持冷静
use your head动脑筋
hold one’s head high昂首；趾高气扬
shake one’s head摇头
head for朝着……方向走
6.relief n．宽慰，轻松；解脱；减轻，消除
※to one’s relief令某人欣慰的是
with relief欣慰地；如释重负地
It’s a relief to do sth.做某事是令人欣慰的。
※relieve vt.减轻；解除；救援
relieve sb.of...减轻某人的……；将某人从……中解脱出来
※relieved adj.感到宽慰的
7.inform vt.通知；了解，熟悉
※inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事
inform sb.that...通知某人……
keep sb.informed of sth.随时告知某人某事
※information n．信息
8.※when用作并列连词，表示“这时”之意，还用于以下三种句型：
(1)be about to do...when...正要做……，这时……
(2)be on the point of doing...when...正要做……，这时……
(3)had just done...when...刚做完……这时……
(1)The firefighters were rescuing the residents when it began to rain.
消防队员正在救那些居民，这时开始下雨了。
(2)The woman was about to signal when the telephone rang.
这个女人刚要发信号，这时电话响了。
(3)The man was about to leave/was on the point of leaving when someone rushed in.
这个人正打算离开，这时有人冲了进来。
(4)She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to play the piano.
她刚刚做完作业，妈妈就让她弹琴。
9.in case万一……；以防，以备
in case of (＋n./pron./v.­ing)如果；万一
in any case无论如何，总之
in no case决不(置于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
in this/that case如果这样/那样的话
注意：(1)当in case引导目的状语从句时，意为“以备，以防”；引导条件状语从句时，意为“如果，万一”；也可作副词性短语置于句末，意为“以防万一”。
2)当in (no/any) case后接的从句为虚拟语气时，谓语部分要用“should＋动词原形”，且should不可省略。
10.※the moment……一……就……，在句中引导时间状语从句。
※“一……就……”的表达方式有：
(1)由as soon as，immediately，instantly，directly，the moment/minute/second/instant等引导的时间状语从句。
(2)hardly...when...，no sooner...than...句型，其中主句用过去完成时，when和than引导的从句用一般过去时。当hardly，no sooner置于句首时，主句需用部分倒装，即将助动词、系动词、情态动词提到主语之前。
(3)on/upon＋名词/v.­ing形式。
(1)The moment/instant/minute/second I closed my eyes，I fell asleep.
我一闭上眼睛就睡着了。
(2)Immediately/Instantly/Directly the boy saw his mother，he ran away.
小男孩一看见他妈妈就跑开了。
(3)On/Upon arriving(arrive) at the station，he called me up.
他一到车站就给我打了电话。
(4)Hardly had we begun the climb when the snow began to come down.
我们刚一开始爬山就下起雪来了。
11.shock n．震惊，惊愕；剧烈震动 vt.使震惊；使气愤
※shocked adj.感到震惊的
be shocked by/at...对……感到震惊
be shocked to do sth.因做某事而感到震惊
be shocked that...对……感到震惊
※shocking adj.令人震惊的
12.scare vt.&vi.惊吓，害怕 n．恐慌；惊吓
※scare...away/off把……吓跑
scare sb.into doing sth.恐吓某人做某事
※scared adj.害怕的，吓坏了的
(be) scared to death吓得要死
be scared to do sth.害怕/不敢做某事
be scared of sb./sth.害怕某人/某事
※scary adj.恐怖的，吓人的
13.power n．电，电力；权力；政权；控制力；能力；能量；力量
※in power当权
come to power上台
beyond one’s power某人力所不能及
※powerful adj.效能高的；强有力的；强壮的
14.run out of用完；耗尽
use up 用光，是及物动词短语
run out用光，是不及物动词短语(不能用于被动语态)
give out用光，是不及物动词短语(不能用于被动语态)
15.supply n．补给，补给品；供应；供应量，储备 vt.供应，供给，提供
※in short supply缺少
relief supplies救援物资
※supply sth.to sb.(＝supply sb.with sth.)提供给某人某物
16.donate vt.捐赠，赠送；献(血)
※donate sth.to...向……捐赠某物
※donation n．捐赠；捐赠物；捐款
give/make a donation to...向……捐赠
※donor n．捐赠者
17.curious adj.好奇的；奇特的
※be curious about sth.对某事好奇
be curious to do sth.好奇地做某事
※curiously adv.好奇地
※curiosity n．好奇心
out of curiosity出于好奇
with curiosity＝curiously好奇地
18.take the form of...呈现……的形状；采取……的形式
※in the form of...以……的形式
fill in/out a form填写表格
※form an opinion形成看法
19.beyond prep.在(或向)更远处；超出；晚于；无法；超出……之外 adv.在(或向)较远处；在另一边
be beyond sb.使人无法理解
beyond one’s power超出某人的能力范围
beyond one’s reach某人够不到
beyond description/expression无法形容
20.distance n．遥远，久远；距离；差异；疏远
※in the distance在远处
from a distance从远处
at a distance (of)在……远的地方；距离稍远
keep sb.at a distance对……冷淡；同……保持距离
keep one’s distance from...与……保持距离；疏远……
※distant adj.遥远的
21.rescue n．& vt.救援，营救，抢救
※come/go to one’s rescue来/去营救某人
※rescue sb./sth.from...把某人/某物从……营救出来
※rescuer n．救助者
22.while引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……时候”。
※while作从属连词还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”。
※while作并列连词，表示“然而，而”。
※while作名词，表示“一会儿，一段时间”。
(1)She lives on the ground floor，while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
她住在一楼，而他和妻子以及两个女儿住在楼上。
(2)While she was poor，she tried to donate some money to the poor child.
虽然她很穷，但她还是尽量捐一些钱给那个可怜的孩子。
(3)The man found a hole while he was traveling in the mountain.
这个人在山中旅行时发现了一个山洞。
(4)The girl worked in a bank for a while before studying law.
这个女孩在学习法律之前在银行工作过一段时间。
23.might have done结构，意为：过去可能做了某事。
※其他的类似结构：
may have done sth.或许做了某事。
should have done sth.过去本该做某事但没有做。其否定式表示“过去本不该做而做了。”
must have done 表示 “过去一定做了……”， 是对过去发生的动作的肯定推测。
might/might not have done可能做过/可能没做过
could have done...(肯定句)表示“本能够做……但没有做……”
couldn’t have done...不可能做过……
needn’t have done...不需要做……但是做了……
(1)Our teacher was a little shocked.She might have known the truth.
我们的老师有些震惊， 她或许是知道真相了。
(2)You should have stayed at home last Sunday，but you didn’t.
上周日你本该待在家里的， 但是你没有。
(3)You are sleepy.You must have gone to bed late last night.
你在打瞌睡。你昨晚肯定睡得很晚。
(4)We could have won the match，but we were too careless.
我们本可以赢得比赛， 但是我们太粗心了。
(5)You needn’t have bought so much food，for there’s a lot in the fridge.
你本不需要买那么多食物的，因为冰箱里有很多。
24.※as if/though意为“似乎，好像”，可以位于系动词look，seem，feel，sound，smell等后引导表语从句，以及act，treat等之后引导方式状语从句。
若表示与现在事实相反的假设，从句谓语动词用一般过去时；
若表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句谓语动词用过去完成时；
若表示与将来相反的情况，从句谓语动词用would/could/might do。
※如果as if/though引导的从句所表示的内容与事实相符，则使用陈述语气。
※as if/though引导的从句可用省略形式，后面直接跟名词、不定式、形容词、介词短语或分词。
(1)Look at the dark clouds! It looks as if it’s going to rain.
看那些乌云！好像是要下雨了。
(2)I always read，using different voices，as though I were(be) acting out the stories with my voice.
我经常用不同的声音阅读，好像我在用自己的声音表演故事。
(3)It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I had done(do) it?
是约翰打破了玻璃。为什么你说得好像是我打破的似的？
(4)Suddenly the man stood up as if he were to say(say) something to us.
突然这个人站了起来，好像是要和我们说什么。
随堂精练
一.单词拼写
1．The first thing she did after the match was to her coach.
2．To earn more money，he did some jobs after work.
3．Later the old tradition disappeared in this small (郡)．
4．The brave soldier was badly in the battle that year.
5．When he was young，he did some research on natural (灾害)．
6．As a matter of fact，making a complaint is quite a simple (程序)．
7．You can’t imagine the (破坏性的) impact of unemployment on them.
8．He gave me a call to that the tickets had been booked.
二.单词拼写
1．The knife is a little old，but it is very .
2．I would like the new magazine to have three (专栏) at least.
3．The local resident told the writer when the volcano had .
4．For such a little child，studying in an odd room is .
5．At the time the man was so scared that he forgot to hold the (树干)．
6．She entered the room to look for the furniture from a distant country.
7．When he began his work，he found the (全体职工) very friendly.
8．When we got close to the old wall，we saw the (图案) on it clearly.
三.单句语法填空
1． (inform) of the meeting several times，he still forgot it.
2． her relief，her husband returned home，safe and sound.
3．Traffic lights are there to give guide traffic in an (order) way.
4．He still remembered the disaster (occur) in that country.
5．It (confirm) that a new policy will take effect soon.
6．I’m not sure what his (react) to the incident would be.
7．They were searching for the plane crashing in the sky it began to rain.
8．He took some food with him case the restaurant was closed.
四.单句语法填空
1．The goods (export) overseas were checked again and again.
2．The volcano’s (erupt) scared away all the residents living nearby.
3．The new star refused to enter the hall (flood) with fans.
4．Most of the residents praised him for his (donate) to the homeless.
5．The books (supply) by that library were sent to the children.
6．If you want to cut the wood into pieces，you’d better (sharp) the knife first.
7．He took out an old map and began to look for the village’s (locate)．
Unit3 The world Online
1.take off突然大受欢迎，迅速流行；脱下；(飞机)起飞；(事业)腾飞；休假
take away拿走；使离开；消除(病痛等)
take down记下来；拿下；拆掉
take up占据；从事
take out拿出
take on呈现；雇用
take over接收，接管，取代
take in吸收；理解；欺骗
2.access n．机会，权利；路径，通道 vt.到达，进入，使用
※have/obtain/gain access to...拥有……的机会；可以接近；可以进入
give access to使接近；准许进入
※accessible adj.可接近的，可进入的；可使用的
be accessible to...对于……可接近的，可靠近的；可使用的
3.extent n．程度，限度；范围
to some extent在某种/一定程度上
to a great/large extent在很大程度上
to such an extent达到如此程度
to what extent...在多大程度上
注意：表示“在某种程度上”的短语还有：
in some/a/one way；to some/a certain degree
4.bring up使显示在计算机屏幕上，调出；提出；抚养；呕吐
bring in引入；赚得
bring down减少，降低；击败
bring back恢复；使想起
bring about引起；导致
bring sth.on sb.给某人招来(不愉快的)事情，使某人遭受……
bring out使显现；阐明；出版
5.majority n．大部分，大多数；多数票
※in a/the majority 占大多数
※major adj.重要的，主要的 n．主修科目 vi.主修，专攻
major in 主修……
※minority n．少数；少数民族
in a/the minority占少数
注意：the majority作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。a/the majority of ＋n.作主语时，谓语动词则常与of后的名词保持一致。
6.deliver vt.递送，传送；发表，宣布；交出
※deliver sth.to sb.把某物递送给某人
deliver a speech发表演讲
※delivery n．传递，递送
7.arrangement n．安排；布置；约定；排列
※make arrangements/an arrangement for...为……做安排
※arrange vt.安排；准备
arrange to do sth.安排做某事
arrange for sb.to do sth.安排某人做某事
8.above all else最重要的是，尤其是
all in all总而言之
in all总共；共计
at all根本；全然(常用于否定句、条件句中加强语气)
above all首先；最重要的是
after all毕竟，终究，不管怎么说
first of all首先
9.comment n．议论，评论；批评，指责 vi.& vt.表达意见
※comment on/upon对……进行评论
※make a comment/comments on...对……进行评论
make no comment on...对……不进行评论
no comment无可奉告(常用于回答记者的提问)
10.aware adj.知道，意识到；察觉到，发觉；有……意识的
※be/become aware of意识到；觉察；了解
be aware that...意识到/知道……
as far as I’m aware据我所知
※awareness n．意识
raise awareness提高认识
※unaware adj.没有意识到的，不知道的
11.have sth.done结构。表示“使某事被做，请/让/叫别人做某事”，可翻译成“请人做某事”或“主语遭遇到某事”。其中过去分词done在句中作宾语补足语，表示被动意义。
[易混辨析]　have sth.done，have sb./sth.doing，have sb./sth.do
结构
含义
宾语与宾语补足语的关系
have sth.done
使/让别人做某事；使遭受……
动宾
have sb./sth.doing
使/让某人(物) 持续地做某事
主谓
have sb./sth.do
使/让某人(物) 去做某事
主谓

12.“no matter ＋特殊疑问词”引导让步状语从句。
※no matter常与what/who/when/where/how/whether/which等连用，表示“无论……；不管……”。
※no matter＋what/who/where/when/how等，可以改为“what/who/where/when/how等＋­ever”的形式。但是“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，而“wh­ever”不仅可以引导让步状语从句，还可以引导名词性从句。
(1)No matter how hard the situation，carry out the plan.
不管情况多么艰难，都要执行这个计划。
(2)No matter where/Wherever he goes，he always donates some money to the homeless.
无论他去哪里，他总是捐些钱给无家可归的人。
(3)No matter who/Whoever breaks the law，he or she will be punished.
无论谁触犯了法律都会受到惩罚的。
(4)You can take whatever you like when you get there.
你到了那里，喜欢什么就拿什么。
13.belong to属于，归……所有
※belonging n．归属
belongings n．[pl.]财物；动产
※belong vi.属于
注意：belong to 不用于进行时和被动语态。
14.set up创建，建立
set aside把……留出
set down记下；放下；登记；让某人下车
set about (doing) sth.开始/着手(做)某事
set out出发，动身；开始(后跟不定式)
set off出发，动身，启程；使……爆炸；引发
15.take advantage of 利用
※to one’s advantage对某人有利
gain/have/win an advantage over优于，胜过
at an advantage处于优势
have the advantage of有……的优势
※take notice of 注意到
take one’s time不着急；慢慢来
take it easy不紧张
take action采取行动
take...for example以……为例
16.request vt.要求，请求 n．要求，请求；要求的事
※request sb.to do sth.要求某人做某事
request sth.from sb.(正式或礼貌地)向某人请求或要求某物
※make a request for请求；要求
at sb.’s request＝at the request of sb.应某人的请求/要求
注意：request后跟宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。
17.addict n．对……入迷的人；瘾君子
※addicted adj.上瘾的
be addicted to对……上瘾
※addiction n．瘾；入迷
※addictive adj.使人上瘾的
18.knock sb.off one’s feet撞倒某人，使某人双脚离地
knock at/on敲(门、窗等)
knock down击倒，撞倒
knock into撞在……上；偶然遇到
knock...over(开车)撞倒，撞死；打翻
19.appreciate vt.欣赏，赏识；感谢
※appreciate doing sth.愿意做某事
appreciate (one’s) doing sth.感激(某人)做某事
I would appreciate it if...如果……我将不胜感激。
※appreciation n．欣赏；理解；鉴赏；感激；评价
in appreciation of感谢……
注意：thank意为：感谢，后面接人作宾语；appreciate意为：感谢，后面接事物作宾语。
20.cut back on减少；削减
cut down 砍倒；削减；删节；缩短
cut across 穿过(某地)(尤指抄近路)
cut in 插嘴
cut off 中止，切断；使隔绝
cut out 裁剪；删去
cut up 切碎
21.※“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构的常见类型：
find＋宾语＋名词/介词短语/副词/形容词
find＋宾语＋to be...
find＋宾语＋doing
find＋宾语＋done
(1)After a long time，I found that experience very scary.
很长一段时间之后，我发现那种经历是可怕的。
(2)When she arrived home，she found her pet cat lying(lie) in the yard.
她到家时，发现宠物猫躺在院子里。
(3)The boy ran to his pet dog，only to find it killed(kill)．
男孩跑向他的宠物狗，却发现它被杀死了。
22.常见的独立主格结构有以下几种：
※逻辑主语＋v.­ing，表示逻辑主语与后面的动作是主动关系。
※逻辑主语＋v.­ed，表示逻辑主语与后面的动作是被动关系。
※逻辑主语＋to do，表示还未发生的动作或状态。
※逻辑主语＋形容词/副词/介词短语，表示逻辑主语所处的状态或位置等。
(1)Weather permitting，we will go camping next Sunday.若天气许可，下周日我们就去野营。
(2)He turned to me，his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。
(3)His mother to come(come) tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
他妈妈今晚要来，他正忙着准备晚饭。
随堂精练
一.单词拼写
1．In his spare time，he is fond of the Internet.
2．The girl asked me whether I would pay in or by card.
3．In my opinion，he is (知道) of what has occurred in this region.
4．In an (瞬间)，he took off his coat and jumped into the water.
5．They were all curious about your on the latest news.
6．The doctors were still not aware of the full (程度) of his injuries.
7．The dancer (摘下) her jewellery carefully before the performance.
8．I have sent someone to deliver your (商品) to your house already.
9．He was so experienced that he could deal with many international .
10．He spent most of his time developing a new (软件) for the company.
二.单词拼写
1．On my birthday，my parents bought me a nice phone.
2．We offer free (技术的) support for those buying our software.
3．The (百分率) of girls in engineering has increased greatly.
4．Climate change is likely to have a (覆盖面广的) impact on human health.
5．The Department of Education has issued new national (指导方针) for teachers.
6．When he was young，his father often took him to the old (歌剧院)．
7．A survey of the American diet has (透露) that a growing number of people are overweight.
8．When you are free，you can some soft music from the Internet.
9． (不知怎么地)，the majority of the team didn’t turn up at the party.
10．To finish the work ahead of time，we have to buy some modern (设备)．
三.单句语法填空
1．Suddenly the man (deliver) a speech let out a cry.
2．He was so busy that he had no time to make some (arrange)．
3．Only when he got home (do) he realize that he had left his keys at the office.
4．To her relief，the members in favour of her plan were in the (major)．
5．It is said that the resources here are not (access) to most citizens.
6．The thief ran away (instant) when he saw the policeman in the corner.
7． (establish) in 2020，the park is a popular destination for the visitors.
8． (obvious)，the village located at the foot of the mountain was in danger.
9．The boy was so careless that he had his head (injure) while playing that game.
10．What she will do is to raise the residents’ (aware) of the danger of smoking.
四.单句语法填空
1．I’ll appreciate if you can reply to my letter at your earliest convenience.
2． (glue) to the new novel，she didn’t see the man walking to her.
3．The valuable vase，which (belong) to Tom，was stolen one night.
4．That dark room was really (scare)，so no one dared to enter it at night.
5． the scientist’s request，each student made a comment on that experiment.
6．They decided to upload the photo in (appreciate) of her help.
7．He quitted (carry) on his plan，which shocked the majority of his classmates.
8． (addict) to WeChat，the woman had little time taking care of her children.
9．As a matter of fact，the young star has suffered a lot in the (entertain) world.
10．It is said that a lot of netizens have seen the picture (upload) by a young girl.
Unit4 Scientists Who Changed the World
1.intend vi.& vt.想要，计划；意指
※be intended for专门为……准备/打算
be intended to do sth.专为做某事而设计的；旨在做某事
intend sb.to do sth.打算让某人做某事
intend to do/doing sth.打算做某事，计划做某事
※intention n．用意；目的；意图
with the intention of为了，以……为目的/意图
2.refer to查阅，参考；提到，谈及；有关；指的是；提交
reference n.提及；谈到；参考
in/with reference to关于
for reference以备查阅；以供参考
3.limited adj.有限的
※be limited to...受限制于……
※limit vt.限制；限定 n．界限；限度
limit to...对……的限制
limit...to...把……限定在……之内
without limit无限地，无限制地
※limiting adj.局限的，限制性的
4. speed up(使)加速
at a speed of...以……的速度
at low/high/full/top speed 以低/高/全/最高速
pick up speed 加速
slow down 减速
5. pay off成功，奏效，达到目的；还清
pay for付钱买；付出代价
pay back还钱；报复
注意：pay off表示“得到回报”时，是不及物动词短语，无被动语态，且一般用表示事物的名词作主语；表示“偿清”时，是及物动词短语，用人作主语，有被动语态。
6. draw on/upon凭借，利用
draw up起草，草拟
draw near(时间、空间的)临近
draw in(车、船等)到站
draw one’s attention引起某人的注意
draw back收回；后退；取消(建议、计划、诺言等)
draw near临近；靠近(＝be approaching＝be around the corner)
draw...from...从……中得到/推断出……
7. beneficial adj.有益的，有用的
※be beneficial to对……有益，对……有用
※benefit v．对……有用，使受益；得益于 n．益处
benefit from/by得益于，受益于
be of benefit to对……有利
for sb.’s benefit＝for the benefit of sb.为了某人的利益
8.※be likely to do sth.可能做某事
It is likely that...可能……
※unlikely adj.不大可能的
9.※强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分(若被强调的是人，可用that或who；若被强调的部分是其他时，一律用that)。另外要注意：本句型不能用于强调原句的谓语动词，如要强调谓语动词，可在动词前加do，does或did。
※强调句型的一般疑问句结构为：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who...?
※强调句型的特殊疑问句结构为：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that...?
※对not...until...句型中的时间状语(从句)进行强调时的结构为：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分。
(1)It was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.
正是当我回到公寓时，我第一次偶然遇见了我的新邻居们。
(2)Why is it that smoking is not allowed here?
为什么不允许在这儿吸烟？
(3)It was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.
他的音乐才能一直到19世纪早期才完全被认可。
10.surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
※surround...with...用……环绕/包围
be surrounded with/by...被……包围
※surrounding adj.附近的，周围的
※surroundings n．环境，周围的事物
11.favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
※ask sb.a favour请某人帮忙
do sb.a favour帮某人的忙
in favour of 赞同，支持
show favour to...偏袒……
※favorable adj.赞成的；有利的；讨人喜欢的
12.charge vt.&vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管
※charge sb.some money for sth.就某事向某人索取费用
charge sb.with sth.因某事而谴责/控告某人
※in charge of负责/掌管(表状态)
in the charge of由……负责/掌管
take charge of接管，控制(表动作)
free of charge (＝for free)免费
13.involve vt.牵涉，影响；包含；(使)参加
※involve sb.in (doing) sth.把某人牵涉到某事；让某人参与(做)某事
involve doing...包含做……
※be/get involved with涉及；与……有关
be/get involved in卷入；专注于；参与……中
14.apply vt.&vi.应用；申请；涂；适用；有关；使专注于
※apply to (doing) sth.适用于(做)某事
apply for sth.申请某物
apply sth.to sth.把……应用于……
apply oneself to (doing) sth.致力于(做)某事
※application n．申请(书)；应用
※applicant n．申请人
15.take it for granted想当然认为，认为……是理所当然
take it easy从容，不紧张，放松
take one’s time不匆忙，不急，慢慢来
take sth.seriously认真对待某事
take advantage of利用
take...by surprise使某人吃一惊；出其不意地攻击
16.permit vt.&vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能
※permit sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事
permit doing sth.允许做某事
※permission n．许可；允许
ask for permission请求许可
without permission未经许可，擅自
with one’s permission经某人允许
17.responsibility n．责任，负责；职责，义务
※take responsibility for为……负责任
a sense of responsibility责任感
It is one’s responsibility to do sth.做……是某人的职责。
※responsible adj.有责任的；负责的；可靠的
be responsible for为……负责任
18.put forward提出，提议，建议；推举；往前拨(钟表指针)；将……提前
put up张贴(布告等)；举起；搭建；留宿
put off推迟，延期
put on穿上，戴上；上演
put out熄灭，扑灭；伸出
put up with忍受
put down写下，记下；放下；镇压
19.“be＋of＋n.”结构，这类抽象名词包含两类：
※be of＋抽象名词＝be＋抽象名词相对应的形容词，用来说明人或事物的性质或特征。这类名词有：value，use，importance，help，interest，benefit，beauty，wealth等，它们可用no，some，any，little，much，great等词修饰。
※“be of＋抽象名词”用来描述人或事物的属性，这类名词没有相应的形容词形式。这类名词有：size，weight，height，color，shape，age，opinion，price，kind，type等；用在这类名词前的限定词常是a，an，the，the same，my，your等。
(1)The fact is that doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health.
事实是，做早操对你的健康有利。
(2)He intended to tell you that he and his partner are of the same age.
他打算告诉你：他和他的搭档是同龄人。
20.not...but...结构，意为：不是……而是……。
※not...but...连接两个主语时，谓语的数要遵循“就近原则”。
※not only...but (also)...不但……而且……，连接两个主语时，谓语的数也要遵循“就近原则”。
(1)His lecture will not make the children relieved，but make them more nervous.
他的话将不会使孩子们放松，而是使他们更加紧张。
(2)Not the passengers but the driver is(be) to take responsibility for the accident.
不是乘客而是司机要为这起事故负责任。
(3)Not only the girl but also her parents are(be) fond of the film.
女孩和她的父母都喜欢这部电影。
随堂精练
一.单词拼写
1．Many people do not like the idea of (实验) on animals.
2．Earthquakes are the most dangerous and (致命的) of all natural events.
3．As scheduled，they will their exploration in two weeks.
4．They requested us to offer them (足够的) modern devices.
5．The young man has been to more than 20 (省份) up to now.
6．More than a hundred pictures and photos this new book.
7．In front of their house was a street full of cars and passengers.
8．He is an old man full of ，so I turn to him for advice when I get into trouble.
9．An average US (家庭) produces about 150 pounds of CO2 a day by driving cars.
二.单词拼写
1．In ，his plan is really modern，but it is not very practical.
2．It was purely by that I knew something about that province.
3．When the experiment failed，he ran to cut off the (电) at once.
4．Unfortunately，their (婚姻) just lasted two years，which shocked us all.
5．The area has been (宣布) a national park，which is now very popular.
6．The study that some housewives were addicted to shopping online.
7．The mother often her only son，which makes her daughters annoyed.
8．Among the students was a young boy who is very (聪明的) and hard­working.
9．Obviously，the people were unwilling to talk about some (道德的) questions.
10．Ten years ago，he worked in a small ，but now he owns a large company.
三.单句语法填空
1．We offered a (limit) number of free places on the course.
2．The person (refer) to in his speech was a famous astronaut.
3．The young man decided to draw the money to set up a factory.
4．All his debts paid ，he sank into his chair，smiling with relief.
5．When his mother was young，she worked as a (conduct) on a train.
6．The man jumped off a train which was going a high speed and was badly injured.
7．When we talked about our future，he mentioned his (intend) of being a lawyer.
8．After retiring from his position，he decided to do something (benefit) to the villagers.
9．She has a firm (intend) within herself to be the best swimmer.
10．In my opinion，you can take this brochure for (refer)．
11．They all came up to me to congratulate me on my (survive)．
12．The lecture，which was (benefit) to all parents，was a big success.
13．He didn’t tell us why he had postponed (reveal) the secret.
14．The new furniture in the (contain) was for the old people there.
四.单句语法填空
1．The injured’s (national) isn’t known to us all.
2．They have been fighting for (free) for many years.
3．No one is to explore the new park without (permit)．
4．The scientist spent most of his time on some (science) research.
5．He did some experiments to study a person’s (intelligent) quotient.
6．He walked to the girl (surround) by some fans and said hello to her.
7．He is satisfied with your work，so he is likely to make (favour) comments.
8．Don’t you consider it your (responsible) to conduct the project?
9．A young girl walked out of the hall and said something to the (apply)．
10．How do you think our head teacher will deal with the students (involve) in the theft?