专题7.必过语法句子成分和基本句型 ——2023年高中英语学业水平考试专项精讲+测试（译林版2020）

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　句子成分和基本句型1．句子成分的分类及用法　2.八种基本句型　3.用基本句型正确造句组篇 高频考点突破一、句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语；次要成分：宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语。考点1主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台1.定义：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句或名词化形容词等充当。当变成被动语态时，主语就被“赶下台”。 2．位置：主语一般位于句首，但若不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作主语， 常用it作形式主语，则把真正的主语放在句后。考点2谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行谓语置于主语之后，描述主语所发出的动作或主语具有的特征或状态。常用作谓语的主要有动词和动词短语等。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应，即主谓一致。 写出加黑部分在句中所做的成分①The little girl smiled happily.           ②She takes part in all kinds of after－school activities.           ③The girl can speak Chinese and Russian.           ④What he said at the meeting is reasonable.           ⑤I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside.           ⑥The water is clean in our hometown.           ⑦I can hear birds singing in the green trees.           ⑧It is impossible for him to pass the test.           考点3宾语——一直受到压迫，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”1.定义：宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在及物动词或者介词之后。有时会有双宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。2．形式宾语：不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语， 常用it作形式宾语，则把真正的宾语放在句后。考点4宾语补足语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了“主人”1.定义：宾语补足语简称宾补，是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分，一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。“宾语＋宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的结构结构注释例句宾语＋名词常用于该结构的动词有：name，call，make，find，think，leave等。We call him Peter.They made her their monitor.宾语＋形容词常用于该结构的动词有：keep，think，believe，leave，drive，make，get，want等。We can't leave him alone.She always keeps our classroom clean.宾语＋副词常用于该结构的副词有：down，up，here，there，home，in，out，anywhere等。My uncle drove us home.　　When getting there，she found him out.宾语＋介词短语介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。We found everything in good order.I regard him as my best friend. 宾语＋不定式三种情况：要求带to的不定式；要求不带to的不定式；加to或不加to皆可The farmer asked us to have dinner.She helps her mother (to) do housework.宾语＋现在分词现在分词作宾补，此时的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，与宾补有着主谓关系I saw her playing on the playground.I heard Tom singing in the classroom.宾语＋过去分词宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成I had my watch stolen yesterday.She spoke loudly to make herself heard.形式宾语＋形容词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语He found it impossible to rise.I think it no use arguing with her. 【名师指津】　句型“主语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”改为被动语态时，宾语补足语就变为主语补足语。考点5表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子脸色”1.表语位于连系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。2．常见的系动词主要有：(1)“状态”类：be(am，is，are，was，were)(2)“持续”类：keep，stay，remain，lie等(3)“表象”类：seem，appear等(4)“感官”类：look，sound，smell，taste，feel(5)“渐变”类：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall(6)“证明”类：prove3．常用作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、表语从句等。(1)形容词作表语　　You look younger than before.(2)名词作表语  My father is a teacher.(3)副词作表语  Everyone is here.(4)介词短语作表语  They are at the theatre.(5)不定式作表语  My job is to teach them English.(6)动名词作表语  Her job is training the nurses.(7)从句作表语  That is why he didn't come to school yesterday.补全句子①       He doesn't                        (喜欢游泳)．②       He                                  (似乎为那件事担心)．③       Mother                                  (昨天给我买了一件衬衫)．④       The doctor                                  (劝我多锻炼)．⑤       I heard Mary                                  (在她房间里正在唱歌).考点6定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵1.定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语时，往往放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。2．常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等。(1)形容词作定语　The black bike is mine.(2)代词作定语　What's your name?(3)名词作定语　They made some paper flowers.(4)介词短语作定语　The boys in the room are in Class Three，Grade One.(5)不定式作定语　I have no time to travel in spring.(6)从句作定语　The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.(7)过去分词作定语　There are fallen leaves on the ground.考点7状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”1.状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子，用来表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、伴随等。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。2．状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。He did it carefully.(副词用作程度状语)Without his help, we couldn’t have worked it out.(介词短语用作条件状语)To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(不定式作目的状语)The girls entered the room, talking and laughing.(现在分词作伴随状语)When I was young, I could swim well.(时间状语从句)He helped me although he didn’t know me. (让步状语从句)考点8同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是显露原形同位语用于对名词或代词的进一步解释说明，且与其前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位，常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。单句语法填空①A boy entered the room,            (cry)．②She listened to me           (careful) while we were talking.③The girl            is wearing a red dress is my cousin.④He told me the news            our team won the game.⑤The fact            Columbus discovered America is known to all.二、基本句型常见的句子结构有八种：①主语＋谓语；②主语＋连系动词＋表语；③主语＋谓语＋宾语；④主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语；⑤主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语；⑥主语＋谓语＋状语；⑦主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语；⑧存现句。The door opened.(SV)门开了。She teaches English.(SVO)她教英语。The flower smells sweet.(SP)这朵花闻起来很香。Mr Smith lent me his car.(S V IO DO)→Mr Smith lent his car to me.史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。The news made us very surprised.(SVOC)这消息使我们很吃惊。They lived in Beijing.(SVA)他们住在北京。She put all the books on the desk.(SVOA)她把所有的书都放在桌上了。There is a small pool at the foot of the mountain.山脚下有一个小池塘。(存现句)【名师指津】1．S V IO DO句子结构可以是：“主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾”或“主＋谓＋直宾＋to/for＋间宾”。2．There be 结构中，There在该结构中是个引导词，本身无词义。动词be是谓语，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语取得单复数方面的一致。3．分辨S V IO DO和S V O C诀窍：如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，则该动词接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。根据句型知识，选择正确答案①“The news makes me feel very happy.” The structure of this sentence is“________”．A．SVO   B．SV  C．SVP D．SVOC②The sentence structure of “The high temperature makes people sleepy.” is ________．A．SVP   B．SVOC  C．SVO D．SV IO DO③What’s the sentence structure of “She found her seat easily.”？A．SV   B．SVP  C．SVOA D．SVOC④The sentence “Mum bought me some nice presents” is ________ .A．SVP   B．SVOC  C．SV IO DO D．SVO①D　②B　③C　④C综合精练一.分析下列句子的成分(主语“____”；谓语“　　”；宾语“　　”； 表语“　　　”；宾补“　　” ; 状语“[　]”)1．She　smiled．2．The expert could speak several languages as she was young．3．Mary showed me her birthday present．4．Finally, setting goals makes you more confident．5．Goals are important [in many ways]．6．You should listen [more carefully ]．7．Aunt__Wang helped me [in many ways]．8.  Beijing,_ the capital of China, is a beautiful city．二.单句写作1．赛跑在上午9点开始。                                                       .2．他赚了很多钱。                                                       .3．我的朋友约翰英语很好。                                                       .4．她建议我多做体育锻炼。                                                       .5．老师给了我们一些关于如何保护自己不受伤害的建议。                                                                                                              .三.语法填空Battling coronavirus is an experience that will forever stay in my mind.I had what was considered a mild case, but even in its weakest form, this virus was 1.____________ (violence) and cruel.My husband, Louis, and I have been trying to figure out where we first came into contact 2.____________ the virus, and we think it was the Friday night when we went out 3.____________ (celebrate) his sister’s birthday in early March.We went to a Mexican restaurant, 4.____________ we shared lots of laughs and food.We didn’t think anything of it at the time.5.____________ (look) back now, we think that must have been the start of it all.Sharing food and drinks 6.____________ (be) one of the everyday habits that should change forever after coronavirus.Louis began showing symptoms on Monday, but we assumed it was 7.____________ typical cold.It didn’t seem a cause for concern.Then it took 8.____________(I) down.The doctor was certain I would test positive for coronavirus, but gave me the option to test 9.___________ I wanted to know for sure.I opted to be tested.Now that I 10.____________ (recover), I’m sharing my story because I want people to take this situation seriously.We have to fight this battle together and we have to win.