高考英语总复习语法专题2第1讲名词和数词学案

这是一份高考英语总复习语法专题2第1讲名词和数词学案，共12页。学案主要包含了可数名词的数，不可数名词，与名词有关的词形转化等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第1讲　名词和数词考点1　名词的数名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分。1. 名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加­smap→maps；girl→girls；house→houses；mouth→mouths以­s, ­x, ­sh, ­ch结尾的名词加­esclass→classes；box→boxes；brush→brushes；match→matches注意：stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的名词变y为i加­escity→cities；country→countries；party→parties；factory→factories注意：以“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词则直接加­s，如boy→boys；toy→toys以­o结尾的名词许多加­estomato→tomatoes；potato→potatoes；echo→echoes；hero→heroes；Negro→Negroes；mango→mangoes；volcano→volcanoes但是，注意以下这些以­o结尾的名词直接加­s：radio→radios；zoo→zoos；bamboo→bamboos；piano→pianos；kilo→kilos；photo→photos以­f，­fe结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加­eshalf→halves；leaf→leaves；shelf→shelves；thief→thieves；wolf→wolves；wife→wives；life→lives；knife→knives但是有的名词直接加­s，如roof→roofs；handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves；chief→chiefs合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数sons­in­law女婿；passers­by过路人；story­tellers讲故事的人；go­betweens中间人；grown­ups成年人2. 名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例词特殊变化child→children；foot→feet；tooth→teeth；mouse→mice；man→men；woman→women注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是­men和­women，如anEnglishman→two Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故其复数形式为Germans单复数同形deer, sheep, fish, Chinese，Japanese, means集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数people, police, cattle有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium(单数)→bacteria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单数)→data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)→phenomena(复数)媒介medium→media二、不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1. 常考的不可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富，富裕knowledge知识jewellery珠宝change零钱(注：作“变化”讲时可数)2. 抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事honour荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情delight高兴令人高兴的事情surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情pleasure快乐令人快乐的事情3. 物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper(纸)→papers(证件，论文)custom(风俗习惯)→customs(海关)arm(胳膊)→arms(武器，装备)air(空气)→airs(摆架子，装腔作势)(2)有些物质名词用复数形式表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand(沙子)→sands(沙滩，沙漠)water(水)→waters(水域，水体)time(时间)→times(时代)wood(木头，木材)→woods(树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world. 法国的葡萄酒在世界上名列前茅。三、与名词有关的词形转化1. 名词后缀­(t)ion表示行为或状态；­ment表示行为或结果；­er/or表示人物；­ist/ian表示专家或从事……的人；­ice表示性质、状态；­dom表示集体、领域或状态。The Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month，signalling the end of the Spring Festival celebrations.正月十五是元宵节，标志着春节庆祝活动的结束。2. 名词与形容词之间的转化(1)“名词＋y”构成形容词。例如：rain→rainy；cloud→cloudy等。(2)“名词＋ly”构成形容词。例如：friend→friendly；mother→motherly等。(3)“名词＋ish”构成形容词。例如：fool→foolish；child→childish等。(4)“名词＋en”构成形容词。例如：gold→golden；wood→wooden等。考点2　名词的固定搭配和所有格一、固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词＋名词＋介词”和“介词＋名词”。常考的高频短语有：1. 介词＋名词with patience耐心地　by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措　in advance提前in favour of支持，赞成　on purpose故意地beyond recognition无法辨认in great demand需求量很大2. 动词＋名词＋介词have/gain access to可以获得take advantage of利用， 趁……之机make use of利用find fault with挑……的错keep pace with与……同步put an end to结束……take notice of注意到catch sight of看见do damage to损害……attach importance to重视……take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以……自豪take possession of占有make preparations for为……做准备make contributions to对……做出贡献二、名词的所有格1. 有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加's。his father's boss 他爸爸的老板2. 表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加's，表示其所有格。today's paper 今天的报纸England's shore 英国的海岸the car's design 这辆车的设计We accepted the invitation without a moment's hesitation. 我们毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。3. 在某些习惯用语中，也需要加's表示所有格。for friendship's sake 为了友情at a stone's throw 一步之遥at one's finger's tip 手头上有at arm's length 保持距离；在伸手可及处at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷4. 无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。the window of the room 房间的窗户5. 如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加's；如果不是共有，则两个名词后都要加's。Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)6. 双重所有格：“a/two/some ... ＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of hers 她的两张照片【技巧点拨】1. 根据语境标志词判断名词(1)看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时， 要想到名词； (2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词； (3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。2. 根据规则确定名词单复数形式(1)如果空格处被these, several,  many和数词等修饰时， 要考虑用名词的复数形式； (2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are, 要考虑用名词的复数形式； (3)在平时学习中要熟记名词单数形式变复数形式的规则， 方能解决好此类问题。考点3　数词一、基数词1. 常用基数词表ⅠⅡⅢoneeleventhirtytwotwelvefortythreethirteenfiftyfourfourteensixtyfivefifteenseventysixsixteeneightysevenseventeenninetyeighteighteenhundredninenineteenthousandtentwentymillion/billion2. 使用基数词的几点注意事项(1)one and a half后的名词用复数形式，谓语动词一般用单数形式，不过事实上也可用复数形式。(2)①当hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有基数词时，用单数形式，词尾不加­s；前面有many, several, a few修饰时，仍用单数形式。如：several billion years。②表示概数时，用ten, hundred, thousand, billion的复数形式加of，后面接复数名词。如：thousands of lakes and forests。(3)表示某人的大约年龄，即“几十多岁”时，使用基数词的复数形式。“in sb.'s＋整十的基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十多岁时”。如：in his fifties。(4)表示世纪年代表示“在……世纪……年代”时在数字后加­'s或­s。the early 1920s/1920'sthe early twentiesthe mid­eighties二、序数词1. 常用序数词表ⅠⅡⅢfirstelevenththirtiethsecondtwelfthfortieththirdthirteenthfiftiethfourthfourteenthsixtiethfifthfifteenthseventiethsixthsixteentheightiethseventhseventeenthninetietheightheighteenthhundredthninthnineteenththousandthtenthtwentiethmillionth/billionth 21及以上的多位数词，只将末位数变为序数词，前面的其他位数仍用基数词。如：21st→twenty­first；22nd→twenty­second；33rd→thirty­third；100th→one hundredth2. 序数词前冠词的使用(1)序数词前一般要加定冠词the。January is the first month in the solar calendar.一月是阳历中的第一个月。(2)序数词前有时可用不定冠词a/an，此时不强调顺序。“a/an＋序数词”相当于another，表示“又一个，再一个”。You'd better try a third time.你最好再试一次。(3)序数词用作副词时，不用冠词。First come, first served.近水楼台先得月。(4)序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时，不再用定冠词。I'll never forget that first lesson taught by Mr Wang.我将不会忘记王老师教我的第一堂课。(5)序数词用在由“序数词＋名词”构成的形容词中时，不用定冠词。There is a first­class hotel over there.那里有一家一流的宾馆。三、分数和百分数1. 分数的表示法(1)分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用复数。分数特殊表示法： a/one half； a/one quarter three quarters；2 two and a quarter1 one and a half；2 two and three fifths三分之一既可说one third，也可说a third。(2)分子与分母之间加in/out of，分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如one in/out of ten十分之一。2. 百分数的表示法表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可。如twenty percent百分之二十。分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/百分数＋of＋冠词/限定词＋名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致。Two­thirds of the books are about science.三分之二的书是关于科学的。Only 30 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只完成了百分之三十的工作。【技巧点拨】1. 需要使用数词时，要先看清是使用该词的基数词形式还是序数词形式。2. 使用序数词时，注意前面要有定冠词the。3. 注意固定用法中的数词的使用以及与冠词、介词的搭配。 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1. (2021·全国乙卷)Activities (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.2. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans (human) are.3. (2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Historical accuracy (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.4. (2019·全国Ⅰ卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief (believe) that populations are increasing.5. (2019·全国Ⅲ卷)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.6. (2019·浙江卷6月)Other American studies showed no connection/connections (connect) between uniforms and school performance.Ⅱ. 语法填空(2021·福建泉州高三模拟)It isn't unusual for foreigners to experience some level of culture shock in China. The country is famed for 1. its (it) unique culture, and you will have no shortage of new things 2. to explore (explore) and learn about. China's fast development is likely to make the adjustment more 3. comfortable (comfort) for most new arrivals.The language barrier can be 4. a big challenge for foreigners. There are a few reasons for this. Apart 5. from Chinese Mandarin, hundreds of other dialects exist. In some rural areas, 6. disappointingly (disappointing), some people can't even speak Mandarin.The second reason is 7. that even though young people learn English nowadays, the education system doesn't give them many 8. opportunities (opportunity) to use it. This means that while many people can understand easy phrases, they're often quite shy when it comes to 9. speaking (speak)．People generally don't bother translating things into English outside big cities, where the biggest numbers of foreigners 10. are found (find). As such, it's a good idea for foreigners to learn a few useful phrases in Chinese before arriving in the country.Ⅲ. 写作运用根据汉语提示补全作文， 注意名词和数词的运用。NoticeAiming to promote traditional Chinese culture, the Student Union is to hold Poetry Recitation Contest.There is no doubt that 1. reading poetry reflects on the appreciation of beauty (读诗反映了对美的欣赏) in ancient literature. As scheduled, 2. the contest is supposed to launch on December 6th (比赛应该于12月6日开始) at the school Lecture Hall. 3. Students from international department (国际部的学生) are expected to take part. Additionally, it is recommended that you should prepare Tang and Song poetry. Not only can the contest cultivate the habit of reading classic works, but also it can 4. arouse the interest in traditional Chinese literature (激发对中国传统文学的兴趣)．Hopefully, you will benefit a lot and be immersed in the world of fascinating poetry. 5. Your participation will surely make a difference (你的参与肯定会有很大的影响). The Student Union