高考英语总复习语法专题3第2讲冠词和介词学案

这是一份高考英语总复习语法专题3第2讲冠词和介词学案，共14页。学案主要包含了技巧点拨等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第2讲　冠词和介词考点1　不定冠词不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。1. 不定冠词的基本用法(1)用在可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。—Excuse me, would you please give the book to John?——打扰一下，请你把这本书给约翰好吗？—Sorry, but I don't think there's a John in our class.——对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。(3)用在“be＋of＋a/an＋名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于“of the same＋名词”。The two plants look different, but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind)．这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。2. 不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。First impressions are the most lasting. After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression.最初的印象最持久。毕竟， 你绝没有机会再给别人留下一个第一印象。(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of ... 时， 前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of ... “精通……”； have a (clear/good) understanding of ... “了解……”。If you don't have a good knowledge of English，it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently!如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！3. 用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上be/go on a diet节食pay a visit to参观；拜访make a fool of 愚弄in a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生a waste of ... 浪费once in a while偶尔keep an eye on 留意；留神give sb. a lift让某人搭便车at a loss不知所措；困惑have a gift for在……方面有天赋have a word with与……谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a result/consequence 因此考点2　定冠词1. 定冠词的基本用法(1)用在表示特定的人或事物，或者双方都知道的人或事物，或者上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级和only, very, same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。As is known to all, the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world. 众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。This book is the better one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最……的”。(4)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前、乐器前、世纪年代前。如：the sun; in the 21st century。(5)“the＋姓氏复数”表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。The Smiths are coming to dinner.史密斯一家要来赴宴。(6)用于“by＋the＋表计量的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中， 表示“按……计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore, that is, by the kilogramme.他惊奇地发现这家书店的书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按千克来卖的。(7)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词”结构中， 其中的the不可用物主代词代替。hit sb. on the head 打某人的头pull/take sb. by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb. in the face打某人的脸2. 用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻，目前 by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路in the distance在远处not in the least 一点也不 on the contrary与此相反the other day 几天之前 on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯； 切题 take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theatre去看电影/戏剧in the habit of有……的习惯make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话for the time being 暂时考点3　零冠词1. 零冠词的基本用法(1)不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前，一般不加冠词。Human life is regarded as part of nature and，therefore, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此，我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天，他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。(2)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。Each student must hand in his/her exercise book by the end of this week.每个学生必须在本周末交其作业本。(3)表示头衔、职务或家庭成员的称呼的名词作表语、同位语或补语时， 其前通常不加冠词。Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(4)表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词以及球类、棋类和学科名词前，一般不加冠词。Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解过去许多有益的知识。2. 用于固定搭配中on/catch fire着火by mistake错误地by chance/accident碰巧in history在历史上under repair在维修中hand in hand 手拉手do harm to对……有害on purpose故意地in place在正确的位置in danger在危险中in return作为回报at present 目前ahead of time 提前in advance 提前lose heart 灰心out of control失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黄昏/夜晚make room for为……让出空间3. 有无冠词意义不同的搭配【技巧点拨】1. 注意是泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。(1)如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是上文已经提到过的，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。(2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语很可能填the。2. 注意固定搭配考点4　常考介词的用法1. 表示时间的介词介词意义或用法at表示时间的点、时刻等。at 6：00 o'clock在6点钟； at daybreak在黎明 on表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午； on a rainy morning在一个雨天的上午in表示在某段较长的时间内。in the 20th century在 20世纪； in winter在冬季； in September在9月； in the morning在上午since＋时间点自从……以来续表介词意义或用法for＋时间段长达……during在……期间until/till直到……by 到……为止；不迟于……；表示增减的量in/after＋时间段在……之后。“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用；“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用before 在……之前over在……期间；直到……结束Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.简很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。In Britain，it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.在英国，早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。(1)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。(2)“on/upon＋名词或动词­ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。2. 表示方位的介词介词用法at后常接相对较小的地方in后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内on表示“在……上”。(反义词beneath)across表示“从……的表面穿过；在……对面”through表示“从……的内部穿过”over表示“从……的上面跨过”。(反义词under)above指离开物体表面而在其上方，但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过，多于，大于”。(反义词below)The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little stream.狗跳过一些灌木丛看到了小溪。The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光透过天窗，照亮了整个房间。3. 表示方式的介词表示使用的工具、手段、材料时，with, by, in, on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。by train乘火车； on the radio通过收音机； on TV通过电视； with a pencil用铅笔4. 表示“除……之外”的介词(短语)介词(短语)意义或用法besides意为“除……之外(还有)”，相当于in addition to except意为“除……之外(别无)”，可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句but意为“除……之外”(＝except)apart from既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except forother than意为“除……之外(别无)”Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。(1)but常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。接不定式时，如果前有实义动词do，则不定式中的to省略。(2)besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”。5. 表示原因的介词(短语)表示原因的介词(短语)：for, because of, due to, thanks to, owing to, on account of, as a result/consequence of。The open­air celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝活动被推迟了。Owing to the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。上述表示原因的短语都可作状语，due to还可作表语。thanks to 表示“多亏，幸亏”，多位于句首。6. 其他常考的介词介词意义against违背，反对；倚靠；以……为背景，衬托beyond(范围、限度)超出，为……所不能及by程度或增减的幅度；按……计despite尽管for(表示目的)为了；(表示对象或用途)给；因为；从……来看；赞成，支持with和……在一起；和，跟；具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着within(范围、程度)在……内without没有off(表示位置)在……的外面；(表示方向)偏离；从……离开She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。考点5　常考介词短语及搭配高考中的语法填空将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配：1. 与名词的搭配at a time每次，一次at a loss 困惑，不知所措at first sight乍一看at table在吃饭by mistake错误地by the way顺便说in charge主管，看管in return作为回报in turn依次，转而in shape健康状况良好in trouble 处于困境中on purpose故意地on holiday在度假in time及时，迟早on time准时on average 平均in place of代替in addition to 除了by hand 手工on the contrary相反地on account of 由于on behalf of 代表approach to ……的方法visit to 到……的访问for the sake of为了by means of 借助reason for ……的原因(a) lack of ……的缺乏2. 与动词的搭配answer for 对……负责apply for申请call at 拜访(地点)call on 拜访(某人)refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅result from 由于result in/lead to导致suffer from遭受approve of赞成complain of 抱怨consist of 由……组成dream of 梦到think of 想起；考虑到depend/rely on 依靠belong to 属于date from/back to 追溯到succeed in 在……方面成功protect ... from ... 保护……不受……伤害keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事3. 与形容词的搭配 be aware of 意识到be proud of 以……为荣be tired of厌倦be angry with 对……生气be eager for 渴望be absent from 缺席be ashamed of对……感到羞耻be sure of 对……有信心；确信be familiar with 熟悉……be familiar to 为……所熟悉be patient with 对……有耐心be pleased/satisfied with 对……满意be popular with 受……欢迎be strict with 对……严格be addicted to 对……上瘾；沉溺于be available to 对……可用；可供……使用be beneficial to 对……有益处be devoted to 致力于，献身于be similar to 与……相似be confident in 对……有信心be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心be crazy about 热衷；着迷be curious about 对……好奇be particular about 挑剔be suitable for/to适合于4. 其他搭配far from 远非once in a while 偶尔after all 毕竟，终究in spite of 尽管；虽然up to 达到；由……决定ahead of (时间，空间)在……前面；领先【技巧点拨】“四种方法”确定介词1. 根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系。2. 根据语境含义结合介词的用法。3. 根据特殊的结构关系， 如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。4. 根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is a must to visit!2. (2021·全国乙卷)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally­related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 3. (2021·浙江卷6月)The Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.4. (2021·浙江卷6月)In 1844 they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.5. (2021·全国甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored  (修复) .6. (2021·浙江卷1月)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men. 7. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Bamboo plants are associated with health, abundance and a happy home.8. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist on earth, Mother Nature.Ⅱ. 语法填空(2021·辽宁沈阳高三一模)IN DENMARK you're never more than 30 miles from the sea. Aside from Jutland's boundary with Germany, Denmark is 1. entirely (entire) surrounded by water, with a total of 5，437 miles of coastline. “This made it perfect for the Viking society, 2. where/whose sailing was the most important way to get around，” says Rikke Johansen, director at the Viking Ship Museum, in Roskilde. “Land divided people; water connected 3. them (they)．” Fishing was a necessity for 4. survival (survive) long before Denmark, which is made up of 406 islands, 5. became (become) an agricultural nation, but today, Johansen says, water means leisure for most Danes. “We take it 6. for granted; it's a way of life. For many of us, 7. looking (look) out at water every day is key.” The whole of Denmark is lowland, formed by Ice Age glaciers and glacial streams. With 8. the highest point just 558 feet above sea level, the country is easily influenced by floods and storms. Sea levels are expected to rise three feet by 2100, and 9. scientists (scientist) are worried that historical sites on the coast will disappear altogether. In 2019 the 120­year­old Rubjerg Knude light­house, originally 10. built (build) 656 feet from the sea, had to be wheeled back, as coastal erosion (侵蚀) had reduced that distance to just 19 feet.Ⅲ. 写作运用根据汉语提示补全下面写作， 注意冠词和介词的运用。Dear teachers and friends，I feel greatly honoured to give a speech here 1. on behalf of all the exchange students (代表所有交换生)．Living and studying here makes us very fulfilled. During our stay, we 2. have a better understanding of the British life, culture, society (更好地了解英国的生活、文化、社会) and so on, which have not only enriched our knowledge but also broadened our horizons. 3. Apart from that (除此之外), our abilities including listening, speaking and writing English have also got greatly improved. And it is all the English teachers and classmates here that we should owe many thanks to. 4. Without your help (没有你们的帮助), we couldn't have achieved so much.True friendship never ends, so I hope we 5. can keep in touch with each other (能彼此保持联系) even after we go back home. And I also sincerely hope that someday you can come to China for a visit.That's all! Thank you!