Unit 1 People of Achievement——【期末复习】高二英语单元知识点梳理学案（人教版2019选择性必修第一册）

这是一份Unit 1 People of Achievement——【期末复习】高二英语单元知识点梳理学案（人教版2019选择性必修第一册），共15页。学案主要包含了句式剖析，词汇拓展，句式拓展，要点归纳，写作试题，写作策略，参考范文等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022-2023学年高二英语同步必备知识清单（人教版2019）
选择性必修第一册 Unit 1
词汇知识清单
1

Part I Reading and Thinking
重点
词汇
1.physiology n.生理学;生理机能 
2.crucial adj.至关重要的;关键性的 
3.vital　　adj.必不可少的;极其重要的;充满生机的 
4.commit　vt.承诺;保证(某个人、机构等) 
vi.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
5.academic　adj.学业的;学术的 
6.objective　　n.目标;目的　adj.客观的 
7.botanical　 adj.植物学的 
8.evaluate　　vt.评价;评估 
9.property　　n.性质;特征;财产 
10.distinct　　adj.清晰的;清楚的;有区别的 
11.boil　　　　vt.&vi.(使)沸腾;煮开;烧开 
n.沸腾;沸点
12.liquid　　　n.液体 adj.液体的;液态的 
13.obtain　　　vt.(尤指经努力)获得;赢得 
vi.(规章、习俗等)存在;流行
14.acknowledge　vt.承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢 
15.defeat　　　　n.失败;挫败　vt.击败;战胜 
16.analyse　　　 vt.分析 
17.apparently　　adv.显而易见;看来;显然 
18.substance　　n.物质;物品;事实根据 
19.insist　　　　vi.&vt. 坚持;坚决要求 
20.scientific　　adj.科学(上)的;关于科学的 
21.mostly　　　adv.主要地;一般地 
重点
短语
1.make a discovery　发现　　　　　　　　 
2.lead to　　　　 导致；引导　　　　　 
3.die from　　　　 死于......　　　　　 
4.graduate from　　　从......毕业　　　　　　 
5.in the fight against　同.....作斗争　　　　　　　　 
6.by chance　　　 偶然地　　　　　　 
7.draw out　　 取出；拟定；导致　　　　　　　 
8.insist on　　　　 坚持　　　 
9.be tested on　　 接受检测　　　　　　 
10.according to　　　根据　　　　　　 
重点
句式
1.Later,the medicine was tested on malaria patients,most of whom recovered.
2.Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize,she said,“The honour is not just mine...”
I.重点词汇
1. crucial adj.至关重要的；关键性的
用法：be crucial to/for... 对……至关重要
play a crucial part in/role in... 在……中起至关重要的作用
2. vital adj. 必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的
用法：be vital to/for ... 对……极其重要
It is vital to do sth. 做某事很重要
It’s vital that... …… 极为重要
3. committed adj. 尽心尽力的，坚定的；坚信的
转化：← commit vt.承诺：保证（某个人、机构等）
vi.忠于；全心全意投入（工作、活动等）
用法：commit oneself to (doing) sth 承诺做某事
be committed to (doing) sth 承诺做某事
committed a crime/a mistake 犯罪/犯错误
commit ... to ... 投入……于……
4. evaluate vt.评价；评估 转化：→ evaluation 评价；评估
例句：
Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.
我们的研究试图评估不同药物的有效性。
It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality.
人们普遍认为应该从综合素质的角度来评价学生。
5. distinct adj. 清晰的；清楚的：有区别的
用法：be distinct from 与……不同
转化：→ distinction
6. acknowledge 承认（属实;权威、地位等）；（公开）感谢；告知收悉
用法：acknowledge having done sth. 承认做了某事
acknowledge that 承认……
acknowledge to be 认为是……
It is generally/widely acknowledged that…… 普遍认为……
7. defeat n.失败;挫败 vt.击败；战胜
用法：suffer a defeat 遭受失败
acknowledge defeat 承认失败
8. insist vt. 坚持;坚决要求 insist on坚决要求
例句：
She insisted on going to the cinema alone.
她坚持自己去看电影。
My friend insisted on my going to her birthday party.
我的朋友坚持让我参加她的生日聚会。
9. conclusion n.结论; 推论
用法：come to/arrive at/reach/draw a conclusion 得出结论
jump to conclusions 匆忙下结论
in conclusion 最后（用于文章或讲话的末尾）
bring to a conclusion 使……结束。
转化：conclude vt.得出结论，推断出 vi. &vt.（使）结束，终止
II.重点句型
1. Later,the medicine was tested on malaria patients,most of whom recovered.
后来,用这种药物在疟疾患者身上做试验,大部分患者都康复了。
【分析】本句是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。 主句是 “the medicine was tested on malaria patients”, “most of whom recovered”是“不定代词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句。“不定代词/数词/名词+ of + 关系代词”引导的定语从句在关系分句中作主语,说明整体中的一部分。当先行词指人时, 关系代词用whom; 先行词指物时, 用which。
2. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize,she said,“The honour is not just mine.”
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时,她说,“荣誉不只是属于我自己的。”
【分析】在本句中, she said, ...是主句, that引导的句子作hearing的宾语。Upon hearing...是“upon+动词-ing形式”构成介词短语,在句中作时间状语。upon还可换为介词on,表示一件事情紧接着另一件事情发生。这种用法常见于正式文体中,根据语境,可翻译为“当……时;一……就……”。例如：
Upon graduating from college,he first worked as a teacher,and then in a government office.
有时也可用“upon/on+名词”形式表达相同的意思。
On his return from his vacation,he began writing his first novel.
他休假回来后,就开始写他的第一部小说。
Part II Learning About Language
重点
词汇
1.conclusion　　n.结论;推论 
2.penicillin　　 n.青霉素;盘尼西林 
3.flee　　　　　vi.&vt.迅速离开;逃跑 
4.circumstance　n.[usually pl.]条件;环境;状况 
5.novelist　　　n.小说家 
6.novel　　　　n.(长篇)小说 
7.flow　　　　 n.流;流动;流畅;供应 vi.流;流动 
8.chart　　　　n.图表 vt.记录;制订计划 
重点
短语
1.wear and tear　　　 磨损；损耗 　 
2.flow chart　　 流程图　　 
3.with great effort　 努力地　　 
4.be distinct from　　 与......不同　　 
5.be well known for　　以......而著名　　 
6.come to a conclusion　得出结论　　　 
7.with the objective of　带着......的目的　　　 
8.change one’s mind 　 改变某人的主意　　　 
9.care about　　　　  关心；在乎
10.show promise in　 在......显示出潜力 　　　 
11.beyond one’s control 失去控制　　　 
12.under construction　　在建设中　　　 
重点
句式
It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen.
I’d like to try that Chinese herbal medicine again,which seems to work best for my cough.
I.重点词汇
1.conclusion n.结论;推论
例：Your information is inaccurate and your conclusion is therefore wrong.
你的信息不准确,所以你的结论是错误的。
I drew a conclusion from my own experiences that a friend in need is a friend indeed.
我从我自己的经历中得出结论:患难见真情。
2.circumstance n.条件;环境;状况
例：Obviously we can’t deal with the problem until we know all the circumstances.
显然,我们只有了解全部情况后才能处理这个问题。
I wish we could have met under happier circumstances.
我真希望我们是在更愉快的情况下相识的。
II.重点句式
1.It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen.他感到惊讶的是,照片中的其他中国男人显然不在乎同胞们发生了什么。
【句式剖析】it是形式主语,that引导的句子是真正的主语,what引导的句子作介词about的宾语。 It strikes sb that...某人突然想到……,某人感到惊讶的是……
It struck me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team.我突然意识到和另一支球队比赛对队里所有的女孩来说都是一个很好的学习机会。
2.I’d like to try that Chinese herbal medicine again,which seems to work best for my cough.我想再试一次那种中草药,它似乎对我的咳嗽最有效。
【句式剖析】本句是一个复合句。主句是I’d like to try...,which引导的是非限制性定语从句。would like意为“愿意;想要”,后接名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语。
She asked me what I would like to do and mentioned a particular job.
她问我想干什么,然后提到了一份特别的工作。
I would like to thank them for allowing me to develop their original idea.
我想感谢他们允许我深入完善他们最初的想法。
Part II Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
重点
词汇
1.found　　　　 vt.创建;建立;把……建立在 
2.infer　　　　　vt.推断;推定 
3.politician　　　n.从政者;政治家;政客 
4.numerous　　　adj.众多的;许多的 
5.theory　　　　 n.理论;学说 
6.relativity　　　 n.相对论;相对性 
7.genius　　　　 n.天才;天资;天赋 
8.gentle　　　　　adj.温柔的;文静的 
9.patent　　　　　n.专利;专利证书;获得专利　adj.有专利的;受专利保护的 
10.passion　　　　n.酷爱;激情 
11.extraordinary　　adj.不一般的;非凡的;意想不到的 
12.gradually　　　 adv.逐渐地;逐步地 
13.institution　　　 n.社会公共机构;制度;习俗 
14.institute　　　　n.(教育、专业等)机构;机构建筑 
15.consequence　　 n.结果;后果 
16.draft　　　　　 n草稿;草案 vt.起草;草拟 
17.peculiarity　　　n.个性;特点;怪异的性质 
18.encounter　　　 vt.偶然碰到;遇到　n.邂逅;遭遇 
19.professor　　　　n.教授 
20.mourn　　　　　vt.&.vi.哀悼;忧伤 
21.remarkable　　 adj.非凡的;显著的 
22.device　　　　　n.方法;技巧;装置;仪器 
23.sum　　　　　 vi.总结;概括　n.金额;款项;总数;总和 
重点
短语
1.make great advancement in　　在......取得进展　 　 
2.give reasons for　　　 给出......的原因　 
3.at other time　 　在另一些时候　　 
4.for a moment　　 　一会儿　 
5.hold on a moment　　　　 请稍等 
6.on the tip of my tongue　　 就在我嘴边　　 
7.bring happiness to　　　　  给......带来快乐
8.make great contributions to　 　为......做出巨大贡献　 　 
9.come to power　　　 （开始）掌权；上台　 
10.take up a position　　 　 担任；任职　 
11.sum up　　　　  总结；概括
12.due to　　　　  由于
13.out of a strong passion　　　 出于强烈的爱好　 
14.as a consequence　　　　 因此 
15.stand on end　　　　  倒立
16.be mistaken for　　　 被误认为是　 
17.pass away　　　　  去世
18.put forward　　　　 提出 
18.be based on　　　 以......为基础　 
20.play a key role in　 在......起重要作用　　　 
重点
句式
1.He made numerous contributions to the world,the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2.
2.On 18 April 1955,it was reported that Einstein had passed away,and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
I.重点词汇
1.found vt.创立;建立;把……建立在
例：He founded the Centre for Journalism Studies at University College Cardiff.
他在加的夫大学学院成立了新闻学研究中心。
The village was founded by settlers from the Volga region.
来自伏尔加地区的移民建了这个村庄。
Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is one of the best universities in China.
清华大学建立于1911年,是中国最好的大学之一。
2.infer vt.推断;推定
例：I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave.
从她的表情我可以推断出,她想离开。
Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.
大部分含意必须从上下文中推断。
3.come to/into power(开始)掌权;上台
例：After he came into power,the President delivered a wonderful speech.
总统上台之后,发表了一篇精彩的演说。
It is said that the new mayor will come into power next month.
据说,新市长下个月执政。
4.consequence n.结果;后果
例：Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
许多人认为贫穷是人口过剩的直接后果。
If climate changes continue,we will suffer the consequences.
如果气候变化继续下去,我们将自食其果。
5.take up a position担任;任职
例：After graduating,he took up a position in a computer company.
毕业后,他去了一家电脑公司任职。
He left to take up a new position with another company.
他走了,在另一家公司谋得了一个新职位。
【词汇拓展】
take up还有“占用(时间);占据(空间);继续;开始;接受;拿起;从事”等含义。
例：I know how busy you must be and naturally I wouldn’t want to take up too much of your time.
我知道您肯定特别忙,我当然不想占用您太多的时间。
He will take up his post as the head of the civil courts at the end of next month.
他将在下个月底就任民事法庭庭长一职。
6.encounter vt.偶然碰到;遇到　n.邂逅;遭遇
例：They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition were injured.
当探险队的两名队员受伤时,他们遇到了严重的问题。
It was the encounter with Mary that delayed him.
就是由于同玛丽的邂逅而耽搁了他。
7.sum vi.总结;概括　n.金额;款项;总数;总和
例：To sum up,for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise.
总之,为了有一个健康的心脏,你必须经常锻炼。
They presented a sum of money to the college in memory of their son.
为了纪念他们的儿子,他们向学院赠送了一笔钱。
The city’s problem can be summed up in three words: too many people.
城市的问题可以概括为三个字:人太多。
II.重点句式
1.He made numerous contributions to the world,the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2.他为世界做出了许多贡献,最著名的是广义相对论和著名的E=mc2公式。
【句式剖析】本句中的the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2是独立主格结构。其基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+动词-ing形式。
例：The floor being wet and slippery,we had to stay outside for a while.
地板湿滑,我们不得不在外面待一会儿。
So many students being absent,the meeting had to be put off.
那么多学生缺席,会议不得不延期。
【句式拓展】独立主格还可以用“名词/代词+过去分词/动词不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语”表示。
例：The job not finished,we couldn’t see the film.
工作没有完成,我们不能去看电影。
These are the first two books,the third one to come out next month.
这是前两本书,第三本下个月出版。
Many people joined in the rescue work,some of them women and children.
许多人加入了救援工作,其中一些是妇女和儿童。
2.On 18 April 1955,it was reported that Einstein had passed away,and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.据报道,1955年4月18日,爱因斯坦逝世,全世界哀悼这位杰出科学家的逝世。
【句式剖析】本句是一个并列句。在第一个分句中,it是形式主语,后面的that从句是真正的主语。It was reported that...意为“据报道……”。
例：It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.
据报告在一两天内气温将急剧下降。
It is reported that the production has been put into use.
据报道,这种产品已投入使用。
语法知识清单
2

非限制性定语从句
一、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是指在复合句中对某些名词、代词或主句等被修饰部分作进一步说明的定语从句。在一般情况下, 非限制性定语从句都由一个逗号将其与句子的其他部分分开, 在译成汉语时多译成一个并列句。
In around 80 A. D. , the Romans built the Colosseum, which remains the world’s best known stadium.
大约在公元80年, 罗马人建造了斗兽场, 它仍然是世界上最著名的体育场。
My name is Li Hua, whom you taught oral English when I was in Senior 1.
我叫李华, 高一的时候你教过我英语口语。
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so cool.
我想成为一名消防员, 消防员的制服看起来很酷。
【注意】(1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时, 常用for which代替why。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系词作宾语时, 不可省略。
1. who, whom, whose引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)关系代词who, whom引导的非限制性定语从句修饰人。
(2)关系代词who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语; whom作宾语; 介词后用whom, 不用who。
(3)whose作定语, 先行词是人时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of whom。先行词是物时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of which。
(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2, 000 productions this year.
一个监督电影中处理动物的方法的非营利组织, 正在密切关注今年2 000多部电影的制作。
(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)“Nicolo, ” whose real name(=the real name of whom) cannot be exposed to the public because of Italy’s privacy laws, finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
因为意大利的隐私法, “Nicolo”的真实名字不能被透露给公众, 他在都灵的一家工厂完成了一整夜的工作。
【要点归纳】非限制性定语从句的关系词及用法一览表
非限制性定语从句
关系词
用法说明
who, whom,
whose, which
指人时可用who(主语), whom(宾语); 指物时可用which(主语或宾语); whose既可以指人, 也可以指物, 在从句中作定语
when, where,
when指时间, where指地点, 它们都在句中作状语
as
as引导非限制性定语从句时, 常指代整个主句, 有“正如, 就像”之意
(代词+)介词+
which/whom
关系代词which或whom前可以有(复合)介词, 如: in which, most of which, none of whom等
2. when, where的用法
(1)关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语, 指代主句中表示时间的词语。
(2)关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语, 指代主句中表示地点的词语。
(3)when/where有时可以换成“介词+which”。
(2021·全国甲卷改编)Southbank is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. 南岸是英国滑板运动的中心, 那里滑板不断地撞击让你的脑袋嗡嗡作响。
The Mid-autumn festival falls on August 15th of the Chinese lunar calendar, when people of a family get together and enjoy the dinner together. 中秋节在中国农历八月十五, 家人们会在这一天聚在一起享用晚餐。
3. which, as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
关系代词
as
which
指代
指代整个主句
①指代整个主句
②指代主句的一部分
从句位置
主句之前、之中或之后
不能位于主句之前
意义
正如
这, 那
Thank you for your letter, which really made me happy.
谢谢你的信, 这真的让我很高兴。
As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago, they eat great food and never gain weight.
正如几周前有人在本报刊登的文章中指出的那样, 他们爱吃美食, 而且从不发胖。
4. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”中, 关系代词用whom指人, 用which指物。
Selfie is a popular way of showing themselves, through which some teenagers may gain more confidence.
自拍是一种很受欢迎的展示自我的方式, 通过这种方式一些青少年可以获得更多的自信。
I’d like to recommend Peking Opera Club to you, from which I believe you will learn a lot.
我想向你推荐京剧俱乐部, 我相信你可以从中学到很多。
Our class consists of 40 students, all of whom are working hard at their lessons.
我们班由40名学生组成, 他们都学习很努力。
二、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别
项目
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
作用
起限定作用, 限制或约束先行词, 是先行词不可缺少的定语, 不可去掉, 否则主句意义不完整
对先行词或整个主句附加说明, 可以省略
结构
不用逗号与主句隔开
用逗号与主句隔开
引导
词
1. 作宾语时可省略, 介词之后的关系词不能省略
2. 可用that
1. 作宾语时不可省略
2. 不可用that
Just by scanning the QR code that/which appears behind the seat, one can unlock a shared bicycle.
仅仅扫描座位后的二维码, 就能够解锁共享单车。
Worse still, some games are full of violence, which will be harmful to your mental health.
更糟糕的是, 一些游戏充满了暴力, 这对你的精神健康有害。
Later, he worked in Africa, where many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment.
后来, 他在非洲工作, 那里的许多人因为缺乏适当的治疗而失明。
语篇知识清单
3

写作指导
【写作试题】
假定你是李华, 你的澳大利亚笔友Jenny来信,让你介绍一位你最崇拜的中国科学家,请你根据下列表格中的内容提示给她写一封回信。
姓名
梁建英
出生年份
1972年
职务
中国高铁总设计师
主要经历
(1)1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作
(2)研制出时速300—350千米高速动车组
(3)2015年获奖
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
参考词汇:高速动车组high-speed EMU
【写作策略】
一、审题定调
1.确定体裁:本次写作要求是一封信件,内容为介绍一位自己最崇拜的中国科学家。
2.确定人称:本文介绍的是一位科学家,所以要用第三人称。
3.确定时态:时态以一般现在时和一般过去时为主。
二、谋篇布局
本文分为三个段落。
第一段:首先介绍自己最崇拜的科学家的名字及其职务;
第二段:介绍梁建英的出生年份,再介绍其主要经历;
第三段:表达自己对人物的看法。
三、常用语块
general designer of
……的总设计师
was born in
出生于
graduate from university
大学毕业
devote all one’s time to
致力于……
outstanding contributions
杰出的贡献
play a leading role in
在……起主导作用
as a consequence
结果
set a good example to us
给我们树立了好的榜样
realize our dreams
实现我们的梦想
四、遣词造句
普通表达
高级表达
◆Since she graduated from university in 1995,she has been doing research into the development of the China high-speed railway.
◆She invented the 300-350 km/h high-speed EMU,which makes it more convenient for us to get around quickly.
◆Because of her outstanding contributions to our country,China is playing a leading role in high-speed railways all over the world.
◆Since she graduated from university in 1995,she has been devoting all her time to researching into the development of the China high-speed railway.
◆Afterwards,she invented the 300-350 km/h high-speed EMU,making it more convenient for us to get around quickly.
◆It is because of her outstanding contributions to our country that China is playing a leading role in high-speed railways all over the world.
【参考范文】
Dear Jenny,
The Chinese scientist I admire most is Liang Jianying,general designer of the China high-speed EMU.
Liang Jianying was born in 1972.Since she graduated from university in 1995,she has been devoting all her time to researching into the development of the China high-speed railway.Afterwards,she invented the 300-350km/h high-speed EMU,making it more convenient for us to get around quickly.It is because of her outstanding contributions to our country that China is playing a leading role in high-speed railways all over the world.As a consequence,she was awarded in 2015.
Liang Jianying has set a good example to us.From her,I realize that we should keep on trying until we realize our dreams.
Yours,
Li Hua