2023届重庆市万州第二高级中学高三下学期第三次诊断测试英语试题（含解析）

这是一份2023届重庆市万州第二高级中学高三下学期第三次诊断测试英语试题（含解析），共23页。试卷主要包含了阅读理解，七选五，完形填空，用单词的适当形式完成短文，感谢信/祝贺信，读后续写等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2023届重庆市万州第二高级中学高三下学期第三次诊断测试英语试题
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________

一、阅读理解
Senior English news editors and reporters
Job description: Responsible for writing news stories and comments in English and editing stories
The ideal candidates should:
1. Have master degrees in journalism, mass communications, international politics, economics, foreign languages and other related majors, and overseas study experience preferred;
2. Have a strong news sensitivity, excellent English skills in listening, oral communication, reading
comprehension, writing and translation, and be able to independently conduct interviews and write news stories in English;
3. Have good communication, news planning, teamwork skills, be able to adapt to business trips and work night shifts under high working pressure.
English video editors/reporters
Job description: Video program planning, video shooting and editing, and video platform operation
The ideal candidates should:
1. Have good skills in the use of various shooting equipment, editing software such as Premiere, Final Cut, After Effects, can independently conduct interviews, shoot and edit news videos;
2. Be familiar with domestic and foreign video platforms, browsing a large number of short video programs from home and abroad;
3. Have strong communication skills, be able to adapt to greater work pressure, have strong teamwork ability;
4. Candidates are able to work under high working pressure.
Art designers
Job description: Page design, chart design and poster design
The ideal candidates should:
1. Have bachelor degrees in art, visual communication, and other related fields.
2. Be able to independently complete design tasks under high working pressure, have good understanding and communication skills.
3. Have proficiency in using InDesign, Photoshop, Illustrator and other design software;
4. Candidates are able to adapt to high working pressure.
Please send your CV or resume to zhaopinbianji@globaltimes.com.cn, with the subject of the email indicating source of recruitment information + your name + position sought.
1．If you want to apply for English video editors, you are expected to be good at _______.
A．Photoshop B．Illustrator C．Premiere D．InDesign
2．What does the requirements of candidates have in common?
A．They should speak fluent English. B．They should browse foreign websites.
C．They could work night shifts. D．They could work under high working pressure.
3．Which news agency put up this advertisement?
A．Global Times B．China Daily C．The Times D．Washington Post

The American company Walmart is offering something new to its employees: help with earning a college degree. Walmart said the program is open to both full-time and part-time workers who have been with the company for at least 90 days.
Walmart is the largest private employer in the United States. In the past, the company has helped its workers finish high school or pass the General Educational Development, or GED exam, which is designed to show one’s knowledge of high school-level skills.
Walmart hopes the new chance to earn a college degree will help it find and keep higher quality entry-level (最底层的) employees in a competitive market. Walmart is partnering with a company called Guild Education to offer employees the chance to get a bachelor’s degree (学士学位) in business or supply-chain management. The program will cost a dollar a day at one of the three schools: the University of Florida, Brandman University and Bellevue University. All three universities have had success in working with adult learners and offer programs through the Internet.
Walmart plans to develop its program further to other degrees in the future. It will also offer college-preparation classes for workers who need extra help. The company is paying for the cost of classes, books and other school-related costs so students will not need to borrow money.
This new partnership is an example of how large retail (零售) businesses are under stress and have to improve the skills of their entry-level workers. It comes at a time when the jobs of entry-level workers are getting more difficult to do partly because of the growing popularity of online sales. Two other reasons are competition from online retailer Amazon and more picky buyers.
The company also trains managers at its Walmart Training Academy, and has a program for entry-level workers.
4．What requirements you must meet to take part in Walmart’s program?
A．Passing the GED exam. B．Being able to use computers.
C．Paying a dollar a day for the program. D．Working for it for at least three months.
5．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．How the program runs.
B．What employees will learn.
C．Why Walmart carries out the program.
D．Where the entry-level employees are from.
6．How is the program?
A．Risky. B．Difficult. C．Necessary. D．Puzzling.
7．What’s the main idea of the text?
A．Walmart works with three universities.
B．Walmart pays for employees’ college degree.
C．You need a college degree to work for Walmart.
D．You can receive college education while working.

Pigs may be more intelligent than people thought, as shown in a study where pigs used a joystick (操纵杆) and played a video game. Researchers used 2-year-old Panepinto micro pigs called Ebony and Ivory, as well as Hamlet and Omelet, 3-month-old Yorkshire pigs. Researchers first taught these pigs how to play with a joystick, teaching them the word, “joystick”. Next, on the words “watch the screen”, they learned how to watch targets (目标) on the screen. Of course, praise was given to the active pigs winning a game.
During the experiment, all pigs performed well. As they became more successful, the level of difficulty increased, just like in human video games! At first, the pigs had to hit a three-walled target which was then reduced to two walls and then one wall.
All pigs did well with the three-walled targets; however, the Panepinto pigs performed better on the more difficult levels. One disadvantage for the Yorkshire pigs was that they simply grew so large that they could no longer fit in their test. After a few months, Omelet and Hamlet were taken away from the experiment.
Dr. Candace Croney, a leading animal behavior scientist in Cambridge, said, “The findings of the study are important because what we do to pigs matters to them. It would be nice for people to realize how special pigs are, and how much more intelligent they may be than we recognized. The researchers said that the pigs’ actions were deliberate (故意的). This led them to believe that pigs were able to, successfully do new tasks.
“It may encourage other researchers to use touch screens and computer technology to study pigs intelligence in the future,” Croney said. The team hopes this type of research will make people pay more attention to this farm animal and show people how they can change the lives of animals.
8．What did the researchers do to the pigs at the beginning?
A．They studied their habits. B．They gave them enough food.
C．They trained them to play a game. D．They gave them special names.
9．What could we find about the pigs in the experiment?
A．They could keep focused for a long time.
B．They tried hard to win the games for praise.
C．They did all the tasks without any difficulty.
D．They got harder tasks as their performance improved.
10．What made Omelet and Hamlet unsuitable for the experiment later?
A．Their intelligence. B．Their body size.
C．Their power. D．Their weight.
11．What is Croney’s attitude towards the results of the study?
A．Positive. B．Doubtful.
C．Uncertain D．Surprised.

Why isn’t science better? Look at career incentives.
There are often substantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.
All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not to replicate (复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them — but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.
But there are also ways in which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.
It’s not like we don’t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears. Why? Why aren’t scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.
In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.
We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure (终身教授) grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?
An oft-used metric (标准，度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.
If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system (钻空子). And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud (欺诈). If malicious (恶意的) fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.
However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.
12．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Scientists are expected to persistently devoted to exploration of reality.
B．The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.
C．Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments’ results.
D．The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.
13．What does deaf ears in the fourth paragraph probably refer to?
A．The public. B．The incentive initiators.
C．The peer researchers. D．The high-impact journal editors.
14．Which of the following does the author probably agree with?
A．Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.
B．Competition for resources pushes researchers to publish in a more productive way.
C．All the credentialed scholars and researchers will take up university professorships.
D．The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.
15．According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?
A．High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.
B．The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.
C．Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.
D．Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.


二、七选五
Mental Health Crisis Among Teens Demands a New Approach
Since the CDC released its survey results last month showing alarmingly high rates of sadness and depressive thoughts among teens, fingers have been pointed from two sides at the causes of this crisis. 16 . Others say that today’s more secular(世俗的)culture has confused our most vulnerable young people. But neither side seems to grasp the true urgency of the issue.
According to the CDC’s findings, more than one in five of the 17,000 high school students surveyed reported mental breakdown. Their rates of sadness and hopelessness are the highest in a decade, reflecting an increasing trend exacerbated by society’s isolation(隔离)and stress. 17 .
Parents as well as teachers and others who have direct contact with children must accept this preventive approach. It is crucial that they not be afraid to ask direct questions about depressive thoughts. 18 . It is also especially important that parents understand what help is available to their children.
19 . For example, we can demand equity equality, which means insurance coverage(保险范围)for behavioral illnesses health issues that is for physical , thus reducing the financial burden. We can also urge our congressmen to fund health programs and expand mental health professions. 20 . Put the politics aside. There are lives in the balance.
A．And they should resist the false idea that raising a question creates a risk that was not there before.
B．This means that we must put aside our disagreements and approach this issue as a matter of life and death.
C．Some have argued that the climate issue has created an existential threat and accompanying anxiety.
D．Hospitalization may also be appropriate when the person in question shows an immediate danger to themselves.
E．At the macro(宏观的)level, our country can do so much more to help people struggling with mental health problems and their families.
F．It’s time to stop blaming and turn our attention to this generation of struggling teenagers.
G．It’s time for those who have the power to amplify(放大)their voices and drive change to focus on helping teenagers and families access the help they need.


三、完形填空
When it came to moral reasoning, we like to think our views on right and wrong are rational. But ultimately they are grounded in emotion. Philosophers have argued over this claim for a quarter of a millennium without 21 . Time’s up! Now scientists armed with brain scanners are stepping in to settle the matter. Though reason can shape moral judgment, emotion is often 22 .
Harvard psychologist Joshua Greene does brainscans of people as they study the so-called trolley problem. Suppose a trolley is rolling down the track toward five people who will die unless you pull a lever (杠杆) that pushes it onto another track where, 23 , lies one person who will die instead. An easy call, most people say: 24 the loss of life — a “utilitarian” (实用主义的) goal, as philosophers put it — is the thing to do.
But suppose the only way to save the five people is to push someone else onto the track — a bystander whose body will bring the trolley to a stop before it hits the others. It’s still a one-for-five 25 , and you still initiate the action that dooms the one. 26 , now you are more directly involved; most people say it would be wrong to do this trade-off. Why? According to Greene’s brain scans, the second situation more thoroughly excites parts of the brain linked to 27 than does the lever-pulling situation. Apparently, the intuitive hesitation of giving someone a deadly push is more 28 than the hesitation of a deadly lever pull. Further studies suggest that in both cases the emotional concerns 29 control with more rational parts of the brain. In the second situation, the emotions are usually strong enough to win. And when they lose, it is only after a tough 30 process. The few people who approve of pushing an innocent man onto the tracks take longer to reach their decision. So too with people who approve of smothering (闷死) a crying baby rather than catching the attention of enemy troops who would then kill the baby along with other 31 . Greene explains that our intuitive dislike to the killing of an innocent gradually evolved to become especially sensitive to visions of direct physical attack.
Princeton philosopher Peter Singer argues that we should 32 our moral intuitions (本能) and ask whether they deserve respect in the first place. Why obey moral impulses that evolved to serve the “ 33 gene” — such as sympathy that moves toward relatives and friends? Why not worry more about people an ocean away whose suffering we could 34 relieve? Isn’t it better to save 10 starving African babies than to keep your 90-year-old father on life support? In the absence of a tough decision-making process, reason may indeed be a(n) “ 35 of the passions”.
21．A．comprehension B．hesitation C．resolution D．permission
22．A．reliable B．invisible C．impressive D．decisive
23．A．unfortunately B．obviously C．surprisingly D．inevitably
24．A．regretting B．minimizing C．justifying D．estimating
25．A．struggle B．deal C．loss D．mistake
26．A．Likewise B．However C．Therefore D．Moreover
27．A．memory B．reason C．emotion D．sensory
28．A．enduring B．obvious C．acceptable D．intense
29．A．compete for B．come from C．take over D．engage in
30．A．self-reflecting B．decision-making C．problem-solving D．attention-calling
31．A．innocents B．hostages C．relatives D．soldiers
32．A．trust B．apply C．examine D．ignore
33．A．superior B．stubborn C．caring D．selfish
34．A．willingly B．collectively C．deliberately D．cheaply
35．A．master B．advocate C．slave D．protester


四、用单词的适当形式完成短文
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,” says Dan Ariely, behavioural psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Lying is even considered 36 developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, with sophisticated planning and attention 37 (require). But, for most people, lying gets increasingly limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.
According to Ariely, lying takes work. In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gains while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine. Some people told the truth instantly. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal (颅腔壁的) control network, which is involved in complex thinking. It suggested that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty, and after thinking about it, 38 (choose) the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural (神经的) reward centers were 39 (active) when they won money were less likely to be among the group of liars, and the opposite was seen among those so-called habitual liars, suggesting that lying 40 have to do with the inability to resist temptation.
External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we think others are watching. “We 41 a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability of 42 happening again, influencing all of us,” Ariely said.
In a 2016 study, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people told a lie, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala, a crucial part of the brain that produces fear and guilt. But when scientists had their subjects 43 (play) a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. “Not only that,” said Ariely in an interview with National Science Channel, “ 44 people tended to lie more when they faced no consequences for dishonesty. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies, 45 get bigger over time.”


五、感谢信/祝贺信
46．假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Ann在北京冬奥会期间提供志愿者服务，并被评为优秀志愿者。请你给他写封电子邮件，表示祝贺，内容包括：
1. 表示祝贺；
2. 告知庆祝派对安排的相关事宜；
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Ann,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua

六、读后续写
47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
“Will you do me a favor, Achenyo?” Mama called as she looked up from her weaving. Beside her was a pile of wild-grass stalks (秆). Mama took a stalk, laid it along the length of the half-finished bag, and began to weave (编织). In the corner were pots of dyes (染料) she’d use to paint the finished bags. “Will you get me some water for the dyes?” “Of course, Mama!” Achenyo picked up a pot as she ran outside. She didn’t like weaving, although it was a tradition for a mother to pass on the trade to her daughter. Outside, Achenyo called to her neighbor Ajuma. Both girls, with pots balanced on their heads, made their way to the river.
Achenyo and Ajuma soon arrived at the water’s edge, and they found a huge surprise. The river was gone! In its place was a blanket of dark green leaves and lavender-colored (淡紫色的) flowers. “Oh no!” Achenyo cried. “Mama won’t have water to mix the dyes for her bags.” When the adults arrived at the riverbank, they shook their heads, saying “They’ve struck again!”
Last year, the rainy season had brought an invasion (入侵) of water hyacinths. The plants had covered the river and left no room to dip a pot to get water. And now they were back. The adults walked into the water. They began pulling up water hyacinths and throwing them onto the riverbank. When they’d cleared enough plants, the girls filled their pots with water. A pile of water hyacinths lay on the riverbank. What a shame to waste such pretty flowers, Achenyo thought. She picked some for Mama, and then the girls headed home. Each day, they found the river covered by water hyacinths as if no one had cleared the waterfront (水边地) the day before. To fill their pots, they again had to pull up and throw water hyacinths onto the riverbank. The pile on the sand grew taller.
One day, as Achenyo moved an armful of dried water hyacinths out of her way, she had an idea. Carrying the plants under her arm, she ran home.
注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
3. 参考词汇：weave vt. & vi. (wove, woven) 编织
“Mama, will you teach me to weave?” asked Achenyo eagerly.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One afternoon, Achenyo held up her finished work made from water hyacinths.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案：
1．C 2．D 3．A

【导语】本文是篇应用文。文章是一则招聘广告，主要描述了所聘岗位的工作内容和对求职人员的各项要求。
1．细节理解题。根据第四个黑体字段落的第1条“Have good skills in the use of various shooting equipment, editing software such as Premiere, Final Cut, After Effects, can independently conduct interviews, shoot and edit news videos;”（熟练使用Premiere、Final Cut、After Effects等各种拍摄设备和编辑软件，能够独立进行新闻视频的采访、拍摄和编辑。）如果你想申请英语视频编辑一职，需要擅长使用Premiere。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二个黑体字段落的第3条“Have good communication, news planning, teamwork skills, be able to adapt to business trips and work night shifts under high working pressure.”（具有良好的沟通、新闻策划、团队合作能力，能适应出差和高压力下的夜班工作。）、第四个黑体字段落的第4条“Candidates are able to work under high working pressure.”（求职者能够在高压力下工作。）和第六个黑体字段落的第4条“Candidates are able to adapt to high working pressure.”（求职者能够适应高工作压力。）可知，这几个职位对求职者的共同要求就是能够在高压力下工作。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Please send your CV or resume to zhaopinbianji@globaltimes.com.cn, with the subject of the email indicating source of recruitment information + your name + position sought.”（请将您的简历发送至zhaopinbianji@globaltimes.com.cn，邮件主题注明招聘信息来源+您的姓名+所寻求的职位。）中的邮箱地址“zhaopinbianji@globaltimes.com.cn”可知，是Global Times发布的招聘广告。故选A。
4．D 5．A 6．C 7．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国沃尔玛公司正在赞助员工获得大学学位。
4．细节理解题。根据第一自然段“Walmart said the program is open to both full-time and part-time workers who have been with the company for at least 90 days. (沃尔玛表示，该计划面向在公司工作至少90天的全职和兼职员工。)”可知，要参加沃尔玛的计划，你必须为它工作至少三个月。故选D。
5．主旨大意题。根据第三自然段“Walmart is partnering with a company called Guild Education to offer employees the chance to get a bachelor’s degree (学士学位) in business or supply-chain management. (沃尔玛正与一家名为“工会教育”的公司合作，为员工提供获得商业或供应链管理学士学位的机会。)”可知，本段主要介绍这个项目是怎么运行的。故选A。
6．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“This new partnership is an example of how large retail (零售) businesses are under stress and have to improve the skills of their entry-level workers. It comes at a time when the jobs of entry-level workers are getting more difficult to do partly because of the growing popularity of online sales. (这一新的合作关系是大型零售企业面临压力的一个例子，它们必须提高初级员工的技能。这是在入门级员工的工作变得越来越困难的时候发生的，部分原因是在线销售越来越流行。)”可知，这个项目是必要的。故选C。
7．主旨大意题。根据全文和第一自然段“The American company Walmart is offering something new to its employees: help with earning a college degree. (美国沃尔玛公司正在为其员工提供一些新东西：帮助他们获得大学学位。)”可知，本文的主旨是沃尔玛支付员工的大学学位的费用。故选B。
8．C 9．D 10．B 11．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述猪经过人们的训练和与人互动后，可以用鼻子玩电动，能够听懂人的指令，从而说明猪有很强的学习潜力，此类的研究是一个巨大的突破，这可能会鼓励人们更加关注这种农场动物，并向人们展示他们如何改变动物的生活。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers first taught these pigs how to play with a joystick, teaching them the word, “joystick”. Next, on the words ‘watch the screen’, they learned how to watch targets (目标) on the screen. Of course, praise was given to the active pigs winning a game.(研究人员首先教这些猪如何玩操纵杆，教它们“操纵杆”这个词。接下来，在‘观看屏幕’这个单词上，他们学会了如何观看屏幕上的目标。当然，在比赛中获胜的积极的猪会得到表扬。)”可知，他们一开始训练猪玩一个游戏。故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“As they became more successful, the level of difficulty increased, just like in human video games! (随着他们越来越成功，难度水平也随之提高，就像人类电子游戏一样！)”可知，随着成绩的提高，他们得到了更艰巨的任务。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段“One disadvantage for the Yorkshire pigs was that they simply grew so large that they could no longer fit in their test. After a few months, Omelet and Hamlet were taken away from the experiment.  (约克郡猪的一个缺点是它们长得太大了，以至于无法再参加测试。几个月后，蛋卷和哈姆雷特被带离了实验。)”可知，Omelet和Hamlet的体型使得它们不适合后来的实验。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Dr. Candace Croney, a leading animal behavior scientist in Cambridge, said, ‘The findings of the study are important because what we do to pigs matters to them. It would be nice for people to realize how special pigs are, and how much more intelligent they may be than we recognized. ’ (坎迪斯·克罗尼（Candace Croney）博士是剑桥大学著名的动物行为科学家，他说:“这项研究的发现很重要，因为我们对猪做的事情对它们很重要。如果人们能意识到猪有多特别，它们比我们想象的要聪明得多，那就太好了”)”可知，Croney对研究结果的态度是积极的。故选A。
12．A 13．A 14．B 15．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构。作者认为但是科学未能发展的更好的原因在于激励。大多数科学家对了解世界真的很感兴趣，而且是诚实的。激励的问题在于，它们可以在个人没有任何意图的情况下塑造文化规范。
12．细节理解他。根据第二段的“And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.(科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构)”以及最后一段的“However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest.(然而，我相信大多数科学家对了解世界是真正感兴趣的，也是诚实的)”可知，总体上来说，科学家们一直致力于对现实的探索。故选A。
13．词句猜测题。根据第五段“It’s not like we don’t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears.(并不是说我们不知道如何做得更好。研究科学方法的科学家已经知道可行的补救方法几十年了。不幸的是，他们的建议经常被置若罔闻)”可推知，deaf ears指的是大众，即大众经常对科学家的建议置若罔闻。故选A。
14．推理判断题。根据第七段的“Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. (由于对资源的这种竞争，必须对科学家进行评估和比较)”和第八段的“An oft-used metric (标准，度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different.(一个常用的指标是一个人在同行评议期刊上发表的文章数量，以及这些期刊的地位。像这样的指标可以直接比较研究人员，否则他们的工作可能会有很大的不同)”推知，作者认为资源竞争促使研究人员以更有成效的方式发表文章。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.(激励的问题在于，它们可以在个人没有任何意图的情况下形成文化规范)”可知，作者认为科学家的职业激励应该考虑他们的个人意愿。故选D。
16．C 17．F 18．A 19．E 20．G

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。当前，青少年的悲伤和抑郁情绪是一大心理问题。作者呼吁青少年的心理健康危机需要一种新的方法。
16．根据下文“Others say that today’s more secular(世俗的)culture has confused our most vulnerable young people. But neither side seems to grasp the true urgency of the issue. (还有人说，今天更加世俗的文化让我们最脆弱的年轻人感到困惑。)”可知，下文指出了其他人的看法，所以空格处应说明一些人的看法。C项“Some have argued that the climate issue has created an existential threat and accompanying anxiety. (还有人说，今天更加世俗的文化让我们最脆弱的年轻人感到困惑。)”符合语境，Some…Others…是常见句式。故选C项。
17．根据上文“Their rates of sadness and hopelessness are the highest in a decade, reflecting an increasing trend exacerbated by society’s isolation(隔离)and stress. (他们的悲伤和绝望率是十年来最高的，反映出社会的孤立和压力加剧了这一趋势。)”可知，上文反映了青少年心理健康问题的严重程度。空格处位于段末，应指出需要解决该问题。F项“It’s time to stop blaming and turn our attention to this generation of struggling teenagers. (是时候停止指责，把注意力转向这一代苦苦挣扎的青少年了。)”承上启下，符合语境。故选F项。
18．根据上文“It is crucial that they not be afraid to ask direct questions about depressive thoughts. (至关重要的是，他们不要害怕直接询问有关抑郁想法的问题。)”以及下文“It is also especially important that parents understand what help is available to their children. (同样重要的是，父母要了解他们的孩子可以得到什么帮助。)”可知，本段围绕家长的做法展开。A项“And they should resist the false idea that raising a question creates a risk that was not there before. (他们应该抵制提出问题会带来前所未有的风险的错误想法。)”说明父母应该抵制提出问题会带来前所未有的风险的错误想法，承接上文，符合语境。故选A项。
19．根据下文“For example, we can demand equity equality, which means insurance coverage(保险范围)for behavioral illnesses health issues that is for physical , thus reducing the financial burden.  (例如，我们可以要求公平平等，这意味着为身体健康问题的行为疾病提供保险，从而减轻经济负担。)”可知，下文通过举例说明空格处内容。E项“At the macro(宏观的)level, our country can do so much more to help people struggling with mental health problems and their families. (在宏观层面上，我们国家可以做更多的事情来帮助有心理健康问题的人及其家人。)”说明在宏观层面，国家应该怎么做，符合语境。故选E项。
20．根据上文“We can also urge our congressmen to fund health programs and expand mental health professions. (我们也可以敦促我们的国会议员为健康项目提供资金，并扩大心理健康专业。)”可知，上文提到敦促我们的国会议员为健康项目提供资金，并扩大心理健康专业。G项“It’s time for those who have the power to amplify(放大)their voices and drive change to focus on helping teenagers and families access the help they need. (是时候让那些有能力扩大自己的声音并推动变革的人专注于帮助青少年和家庭获得他们需要的帮助了。)”中的those who have the power to amplify(放大)their voices and drive change指代上文的congressmen，符合语境。故选G项。

21．C 22．D 23．A 24．B 25．B 26．B 27．C 28．D 29．A 30．B 31．A 32．C 33．D 34．D 35．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍当涉及道德推理时，我们喜欢认为我们对是非的看法是理性的，但实际上它们是基于情感的，科学家们通过脑部扫描证实了这一结论。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：哲学家们对这一说法争论了250年，但没有得出结论。A. comprehension理解；B. hesitation犹豫；C. resolution解决；D. permission允许。根据下文“Time’s up! Now scientists armed with brain scanners are stepping in to settle the matter.”可知，现在借助脑部扫描的科学家正在解决这一问题，所以之前哲学家们争论了很久但没有得出结论。故选C。
22．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然理性可以影响道德判断，但情感往往是决定性的。A. reliable可靠的；B. invisible看不见的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. decisive决定性的。根据上文“Though reason can shape moral judgment”可知，此处表达语义的转折，虽然理性可以影响道德判断，但是情感应该是更有决定性。故选D。
23．考查副词词义辨析。句意：假设一辆电车沿着轨道朝五个人驶去，除非你拉动杠杆把它推到另一条轨道上，不幸的是，另一条轨道上躺着一个会死的人。A. unfortunately不幸地；B. obviously显然地；C. surprisingly令人惊讶地；D. inevitably不可避免地。根据空后“lies one person who will die instead”可知，另一条轨道上会有因此而必死的人，所以是不幸的。故选A。
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数人说，这是一个简单的号召：把生命的损失降到最低——正如哲学家们所说的，这是一个“功利主义”的目标。A. regretting后悔；B. minimizing最小化；C. justifying对……作出解释；D. estimating评估。根据上文一换五的抉择和下文“a “utilitarian” (实用主义的) goal”可知，此处表达在这样的困境下，去做实用主义的决定，即把生命的损失降低到最低，决定用一个人的死亡换五个人的生命。故选B。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这仍然是一换五的交易，你仍然发起了令另一个人死亡的行动。A. struggle斗争；B. deal交易；C. loss失去；D. mistake错误。根据下文“to do this trade-off”可知，此处表达把一个旁观者推向轨道，换来五个人的生命，还是一个一换五的交易。故选B。
26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，现在你更直接地参与其中；大多数人认为这种权衡是错误的。A. Likewise相似地；B. However但是；C. Therefore因此；D. Moreover此外。根据空后“now you are more directly involved”可知，此处是在和上一段的困境进行比较，突显现在的困境的不同，强调语义的转折，所以However“但是”符合语境。故选B。
27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据Greene的脑部扫描，第二种情况比拉动杠杆的情况更能激发大脑中与情感相关的部分。A. memory记忆；B. reason理性；C. emotion情感；D. sensory感官。根据下文“the emotional concerns”可知，此处表达第二种情况下人们的决策不同，是因为这种情况与情感更相关。故选C。
28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：显然，给某人致命一推时，直觉上的犹豫比致命一拉杠杆时的犹豫更强烈。A. enduring持久的；B. obvious明显的；C. acceptable可接受的；D. intense强烈的。根据上文“giving someone a deadly push”和下文“the hesitation of a deadly lever pull”，并结合常识可知，推一个人去死和不拉动杠杆让一个人死相比，更令人愧疚，所以引起的犹豫会更强烈。故选D。
29．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：进一步的研究表明，在这两种情况下，情感上的担忧在与大脑中更理性的部分争夺控制权。A. compete for争夺；B. come from来自；C. take over接管；D. engage in参与。根据下文“In the second situation, the emotions are usually strong enough to win.”可推知，此处表达情感和理性在大脑中争取控制权。故选A。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而当它们失败时，也只是经过了艰难的决策过程。A. self-reflecting自我反思的；B. decision-making决策的；C. problem-solving解决问题的；D. attention-calling引起注意的。根据下文“take longer to reach their decision”可推知，此处表达情感败给理性的情况下，是经历了一个艰难的决策过程的。故选B。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些赞成闷死哭泣的婴儿而不是引起敌军注意的人也是如此，敌军会杀死婴儿和其他无辜的人。A. innocents无辜的人；B. hostages人质；C. relatives亲戚；D. soldiers士兵。根据空前“enemy troops who would then kill the baby along with other”可推知，敌军会杀死婴儿以及和婴儿一样无辜的人。故选A。
32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：普林斯顿大学哲学家Peter Singer认为，我们应该审视自己的道德直觉，首先问问它们是否值得尊重。A. trust信任；B. apply运用；C. examine审视；D. ignore忽视。根据下文“ask whether they deserve respect in the first place”可知，哲学家Peter Singer质疑我们的道德直觉，所以是觉得我们应该审视它。故选C。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为什么要服从那些为“自私基因”服务的道德冲动——比如对亲友的同情？A. superior更好的；B. stubborn固执的；C. caring体贴的；D. selfish自私的。根据下文“sympathy that moves toward relatives and friends”可知，这种道德冲动会让我们偏向与自己更亲近的亲友，所以应该是自私的基因。故选D。
34．考查副词词义辨析。句意：为什么不更多地担心大洋彼岸的人们呢？我们可以低廉地减轻他们的痛苦。A. willingly愿意地；B. collectively集体地；C. deliberately故意地；D. cheaply低廉地。根据下文“to save 10 starving African babies”可知，解决这些非洲婴儿的饥饿问题的花费应该是比较低廉的。故选D。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在缺乏艰难决策过程的情况下，理性可能确实是“激情的奴隶”。A. master主人；B. advocate拥护者；C. slave奴隶；D. protester抗议者。根据上文“And when they lose, it is only after a tough ____10____ process.”可知，在有艰难决策过程的情况下，情感会输给理性，所以艰难决策缺席的时候，理性会输给情感，成为激情的奴隶。故选C。

36．a 37．required 38．chose 39．less active 40．may/might 41．as 42．it/that 43．play 44．but 45．which

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究者发现撒谎可能与无法抵抗诱惑有关，而且，当人们不为不诚实承担后果时，他们往往会撒谎更多。
36．考查冠词。句意：说谎甚至被认为是一个发展的里程碑，就像爬行和行走一样，需要复杂的计划和注意力。分析句子成分可知，空处应为不定冠词表示泛指。且空后词“developmental”以辅音音素开头，故应为a。故填a。
37．考查非谓语动词。句意：说谎甚至被认为是一个发展的里程碑，就像爬行和行走一样，需要复杂的计划和注意力。分析句子成分可知，空处应为非谓语动词。且和名词“planning and attention”之间为动宾关系，故用done形式作宾补。故填required。
38．考查谓语动词。句意：这表明他们在真实和不诚实之间做出选择，经过思考后，他们选择了后者。分析句子成分可知，空处应为宾语从句的谓语动词。且照应本句时态，应为一般过去时。故填chose。
39．考查形容词。句意：在后续分析中，他发现，那些在赢钱时神经奖励中心不太活跃的人不太可能成为说谎者，而那些所谓的习惯性说谎者的情况正好相反，这表明撒谎可能与无法抵抗诱惑有关。根据句意可知，在赢钱时，神经奖励中心不太活跃的人，不太可能成为说谎者。故填less active。
40．考查情态动词。句意：在后续分析中，他发现，那些在赢钱时神经奖励中心不太活跃的人不太可能成为说谎者，而那些所谓的习惯性说谎者的情况正好相反，这表明撒谎可能与无法抵抗诱惑有关。根据句意可知，表示推测，且可能性较低，用情态动词may/might。故填may/might。
41．考查介词。句意：“作为一个社会，我们需要明白，当我们不惩罚撒谎时，我们就增加了谎言再次发生的可能性，影响到我们所有人，”艾瑞里说。根据句意可知，空处应为词义为“作为”的介词。故填as。
42．考查代词。句意：“作为一个社会，我们需要明白，当我们不惩罚撒谎时，我们就增加了谎言再次发生的可能性，影响到我们所有人，”艾瑞里说。分析句子成分可知，空处应为代词来指代前文的“lying”，故可用it，也可用that。故填it/that。
43．考查非谓语动词。句意：但是，当科学家们让他们的实验对象玩一个通过欺骗他们的搭档来赢得金钱的游戏时，他们注意到来自杏仁核的消极信号开始减少。固定搭配have sb. do sth. “让某人做某事”。故填play。
44．考查连词。句意：“不仅如此，”艾瑞里在接受国家科学频道采访时说，“而且，当人们不为不诚实承担后果时，他们往往会撒谎更多。”固定搭配not only...but (also)...“不仅……而且……”。故填but。
45．考查连词。句意：这意味着，如果你给人们很多机会为了自己的利益撒谎，他们会从小谎言开始，随着时间的推移，谎言会变得越来越大。分析句子成分可知，空处应为引导非限制性定语从句的连接代词，指代先行词“little lies”，在从句中充当主语。故填which。
46．Dear Ann，
Knowing that you have worked as a volunteer of the Beijing Winter Olympics and have been selected as an excellent volunteer, I'm really happy for you. And I'd like to offer my sincere congratulations to you.
To celebrate your achievement, I will hold a party for you this Saturday evening. I will invite some of our friends over, who have prepared surprise gifts for you and are eager to know about your experiences during the Winter Olympics. In addition, you will enjoy delicious Chinese food cooked by myself. I'm sure you will like the party. Please arrive at my home by 5: 00 pm.
I'm looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生对于你的新西兰朋友Ann在北京冬奥会期间提供志愿者服务，并被评为优秀志愿者的事情，写封电子邮件，表示祝贺。
【详解】1.词汇积累
选择：selected→ chosen
此外：In addition → what’s more
高兴：happy→ glad/pleased
渴望：be eager to→ long for
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：In addition, you will enjoy delicious Chinese food cooked by myself.
拓展句：In addition, you will enjoy delicious Chinese food, which was cooked by myself.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Knowing that you have worked as a volunteer of the Beijing Winter Olympics and have been selected as an excellent volunteer, I'm really happy for you.（运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作原因状语。）
【高分句型2】I will invite some of our friends over, who have prepared surprise gifts for you and are eager to know about your experiences during the Winter Olympics.（运用了连词who引导的非限制性定语从句。）
47．Paragraph 1:
“Mama, will you teach me to weave?” asked Achenyo eagerly. Mama laughed. It was her wish to pass on the weaving trade to her daughter. But she was doubtful about the water hyacinth stalks. Achenyo showed Mama how difficult it was to break a stalk. “I’ll teach you. But if it doesn’t turn out right, I’ll say I told you so.” Achenyo was pleased. “Thank you, Mama!” They wove together every day after school. It was a tricky job. The stalks hurt Achenyo’s palms, but she was determined to make something beautiful.
Paragraph 2:
One afternoon, Achenyo held up her finished work made from water hyacinths. “Mama, I’ve made a school bag to carry my books!” Mama looked over Achenyo’s handiwork. It was neatly woven and well decorated. She clapped her hands in pleasure. Achenyo smiled, “I told you so, Mama!” And they also showed it to their neighbors. Inspired by the delicate school bag, they also began to use the stalks to make bags and baskets. By the end of the rainy season, the villagers were eager to go to the river every morning to harvest water hyacinths. They no longer thought of the plant as an invader, but a provider.
【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了Achenyo的妈妈叫Achenyo去河里打点水来来弄染料，Achenyo跑到外面时拿起了一个锅，叫着她的邻居Ajuma一起去河边，她们发现河水不见了，取而代之的是一片深绿色的叶子和淡紫色的花朵，原来是水葫芦入侵了，大人们走进了水里，开始打捞水葫芦，扔到河岸上，Achenyo觉得花那么漂亮，扔了太可惜了，她给妈妈摘了一些，然后就回家了，河岸上的植物堆积得越来越高，一天，当Achenyo把水葫芦从她的路上移开时，她有了一个主意。她腋下夹着植物跑回家。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容““妈妈，你能教我编织吗?”Achenyo急切地问。”可知，第一段可描写Achenyo的妈妈答应教Achenyo编织。
②由第二段首句内容“一天下午，Achenyo拿着她用水葫芦做成的成品。”可知，第二段可描写妈妈看到那些成品时的反应和Achenyo激发了村民们用水葫芦编织。
2.续写线索：妈妈怀疑——妈妈答应教Achenyo——一起编织——下定决心——妈妈鼓掌——给邻居展示——邻居开始做包和篮子——村民们每天收获水葫芦——改变对水葫芦的看法
3.词汇激活
行为类
①教：teach/instruct
②鼓掌：clap/applaud
③展示：show sth. to sb./present sth. to sb.
情绪类
①高兴的：be pleased/be delighted
②快乐：pleasure/joy
【点睛】[高分句型1] But if it doesn’t turn out right, I’ll say I told you so. (由if引导的条件状语从句和that引导的宾语从句，省略了that)
[高分句型2] Inspired by the delicate school bag, they also began to use the stalks to make bags and baskets. (由过去分词作状语)