专题05 阅读理解之说明文（解析版）2023年中考英语一模试题分项汇编

这是一份专题05 阅读理解之说明文（解析版）2023年中考英语一模试题分项汇编，共20页。试卷主要包含了B．4等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题05 阅读理解之说明文
（2023·江苏无锡·江苏省锡山高级中学实验学校校考一模）

Back in Brisbane, Australia, for the Christmas break, I found myself in a public transport dead zone. Bikeless, 7 kilometers from where I was meeting friends and unwilling to get a taxi, I decided to borrow an electric scooter. The trip took far longer than it would have by bike, mainly because of a major spill halfway there. A rock, hit at speed, is a terrible thing: weeks later, I still had the red knees of a primary schooler.
In the UK, they are legal (合法的) only on private land, but the Department for Transport is discussing how to control them on public roads and pathways, with the possibility for legalization later this year. Other cities that have e-scooter rental programs have had problems in the early period. In Paris, Mayor Anne Hidalgo described the situation last year as messy. She has announced that the city is reducing its number of e-scooters to 15,000 and plans to create laws forbidding them from pavements (人行道). France has put into force laws limiting e-scooter speeds to 25 kilometres per hour.
Similar to dockless (无桩的) hire bicycles, e-scooters are parked on pavements and people leave them up trees or throw them into rivers. Wild treatment shortens their lifetime, which is bad for both profitability (盈利) and the environment. Analysis suggests that the average e-scooter’s lifetime is just three months.
I think e-scooters are an basic part of the effort to make city transport greener. They are seen as a key to the “last mile” problem—a potential way to reduce transport jam by rapidly getting someone to their final goal. Cars can take up 28 times the space of a person riding a bicycle. As far as the environmental effect goes, recent research suggests that e-scooters are not as green as walking or cycling, but they are still better than cars. And though there are still many reports of serious accidents, scooting is about as safe as cycling. Stephen Gossling at Lund University in Sweden has suggested we build car-free “micromobility” streets, where cyclists, pedestrians (行人) and e-scooters could share the road. He thinks this will reduce accident risks and invite more vulnerable (易受伤害的) traffic participants, such as children, to become active transport users. If more e-scooters mean fewer cars on roads, an improvement in local air quality is also a likely result. When 20 kilometers of roads in central London closed for World Car-Free Day last September, the air quality was greatly improved according to the report.
1．What does the underlined part “a major spill” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．A serious fall. B．A sudden illness. C．A legal reaction. D．A terrible breakdown.
2．What do we know about e-scooters in Paris?
A．They are illegal on pavements. B．They are already out of fashion.
C．They are facing more limits. D．They are more common on private land.
3．What is the writer’s opinion of e-scooters?
A．They are not as safe as cycling. B．They always cause the traffic jams.
C．They are as green as cycling or walking. D．They play a big role in the “last mile” problem.
4．What is Stephen Gossling’s suggestion?
A．To set up more care-free days. B．To invite more cyclists to use e-scooters.
C．To get vulnerable pedestrians off the road. D．To separate cars from e-scooters on the road.
【答案】1．A    2．C    3．D    4．D
【导语】本文主要介绍了一些城市出现电动踏板车后出现的一些问题。但作者认为电动摩托车是城市交通绿化的重要组成部分。很多的电动滑板车意味着道路上汽车的减少，那么当地的空气质量可能也会改善。
1．词义猜测题。根据“The trip took far longer than it would have by bike”可知作者花费了比骑自行车更久的时间，再由“A rock, hit at speed, is a terrible thing: weeks later, I still had the red knees of a primary schooler.”可知电动车在路上撞到了石头上，作者摔了一跤，a major spill意为“摔了一跤”。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据“In Paris, Mayor Anne Hidalgo described the situation last year as messy. She has announced that the city is reducing its number of e-scooters to 15,000 and plans to create laws forbidding them from pavements.”可知在巴黎电动踏板车受到了诸多限制。故选C。
3．观点态度题。根据“I think e-scooters are an basic part of the effort to make city transport greener. They are seen as a key to the ‘last mile’ problem—a potential way to reduce transport jam by rapidly getting someone to their final goal.”可知作者认为电动踏板车在“最后一英里”问题中发挥重要作用。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据“Stephen Gossling at Lund University in Sweden has suggested we build car-free ‘micromobility’ streets, where cyclists, pedestrians and e-scooters could share the road.”可知Stephen Gossling建议在路上把汽车和电动踏板车分开。故选D。
（2023·浙江温州·校联考一模）
Sweden produces about 4. 4 million tons of waste a year, but only 1% makes its way to the landfill. When it comes to waste management, Sweden is ahead of its time. How has Sweden done it?
In Sweden, everyone works hard to make the environment free of waste. People are taught to recycle from a very young age. They are asked to return cans and bottles to supermarkets. The government places recycling stations no more than 300 meters from homes, schools, and offices. These all help waste management in Sweden much easier and more practical.
The country also rewards those who recycle. In 1984, Sweden started the panta system. It encourages people to recycle bottles in exchange for money. The process is very simple. People put their items into a machine. Each piece has a small barcode that tells the machine how much it is worth. People can collect a voucher for that amount by pressing a green button, or they can donate the money to charity by pressing a yellow button. In 2021, the Swedish recycled 1.8 billion bottles and cans by using panta system.
Sweden recycles nearly 50% of what it throws away. But what about the other half? ________ Altogether Sweden has 34 waste-to-energy plants that provide 1, 445, 000 homes with heat and 780, 000 homes with electricity. Changing waste into energy has reduced Sweden’s CO2 emissions by 2.2 million tons a year. In 2016, Sweden had started running out of trash, so it began importing waste from other countries. It not only keeps the plants working, but also lets Sweden make much money. That is what makes Sweden different from the other countries.
Sweden’s waste management has made a great success. But still, the country is wondering how it can do more. They hope to see a day when landfills are a thing of the past.
5．The word “These” in Para. 2 refers to the ________ that help to recycle the waste.
A．plans B．meanings C．actions D．reasons
6．In the panta system, people can ________.
A．find recycling stations easily B．sell bottles to supermarkets
C．change the waste into energy D．get rewards from machines
7．Which of the following can be best filled in the ________ in Para. 4?
A．This waste is recycled by Swedish at home.
B．This waste goes to landfills and is burnt there.
C．This waste is put into machines and is sold abroad.
D．This waste goes to plants and is changed into energy.
8．The purpose of this passage is to ________.
A．celebrate the success of waste recycling in Sweden
B．advise other countries to ask for help from Sweden
C．introduce the Swedish method of waste management
D．show Sweden earns much money by recycling waste
【答案】5．C    6．D    7．D    8．C
【导语】本文主要讲了瑞典处理垃圾的方法。
5．词义猜测题。根据“In Sweden, everyone works hard to make the environment free of waste. People are taught to recycle from a very young age. They are asked to return cans and bottles to supermarkets. The government places recycling stations no more than 300 meters from homes, schools, and offices.”可知此处讲人们帮助回收垃圾的行为，此处的“These”指的是上文的种种行为，故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据“In 1984, Sweden started the panta system. It encourages people to recycle bottles in exchange for money.”可知在panta系统中，人们可以从机器中获得奖励。故选D。
7．推理判断题。根据后文“Altogether Sweden has 34 waste-to-energy plants that provide 1, 445, 000 homes with heat and 780, 000 homes with electricity. Changing waste into energy has reduced Sweden’s CO2 emissions by 2.2 million tons a year.”可知此处讲的是将废物转化为能源，D选项“这些废物进入发电厂并转化为能源。”符合语境。故选D。
8．推理判断题。通读全文及“Sweden’s waste management has made a great success.”可知本文主要介绍瑞典的废物管理方法。故选C。
（2023·山东日照·校考一模）TOKYO, JAPAN — What do you do when you see a cockroach (蟑螂)? Do you hit it with a newspaper? Do you step on it?
When researchers at Tokyo University see a cockroach, they take the remote control and make the cockroach turn around, run left or right, or go forward. These scientists are changing the cockroaches into robots. Each cockroach has a very small packet that has in it a microprocessor(微处理器). Then researchers can send signals from the remote control to the packet. The signals control the movements of the cockroaches.
Why does anyone want to control a cockroach? “Insects can do many things that people can’t,” says Isao Shimoyama, head of robot research at Tokyo University. In a few years, he says, these robot insects will carry very small cameras. They will be able to move through earthquake rubble(瓦砾) to look for people or move under doors to find information about someone.
This may seem strange, but the Japanese government thinks the research is very important. The government is giving the scientists $ 5 million for this research.
First, the researchers breed (培育) hundreds of cockroaches. They use only the American cockroach because it is bigger and stronger than other cockroaches. Then they choose the best cockroaches and remove their wings and antennae(触须). They put small packs where the antennae were. The packs weigh about three grams, or about two times the weight of the cockroaches themselves. “Cockroaches are very strong,” says Ralph Holzer, who is a researcher at Tokyo University. “They can lift 20 times their own weight.”
With a remote control, the scientists send signals to the packs. When a cockroach gets the signal, it moves. The problem is that the cockroaches don’t always move in the right direction.
9．The scientists are changing the cockroaches into robots because ________.
A．they want cockroaches to do things people can’t in the future
B．they want to control the movements of the cockroaches
C．they want cockroaches to take photos of the earthquakes
D．they want to send signals to the packs on the cockroaches
10．What can cockroaches do to help people?
A．They can lift 20 times their own weight.
B．They can help people to carry very small cameras.
C．They can breed hundreds of cockroaches.
D．They can search for those people in rubble after an earthquake.
11．Scientists control cockroaches’ movements ________.
A．by removing their wings B．by sending signals from the remote control
C．by using very small cameras D．by removing their antennae
12．What problem do the researchers meet with?
A．The cockroaches sometimes don’t move.
B．The cockroaches sometimes move in the wrong direction.
C．The cockroaches arc too big to move through earthquake rubble.
D．The cockroaches can only lift 20 times their own weight.
13．What’s the object of this article?
A．The cockroaches B．The signals C．The cockroach robot D．The researchers
【答案】9．A    10．D    11．B    12．B    13．A
【导语】本文介绍了日本东京的科学家们想要发明的蟑螂机器人以及它的作用。
9．细节理解题。根据“Why does anyone want to control a cockroach? “Insects can do many things that people can’t,” says Isao Shimoyama”可知，因为蟑螂能做很多人不能做的事情，故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据“They will be able to move through earthquake rubble(瓦砾) to look for people or move under doors to find information about someone.”可知，蟑螂能够在地震废墟中搜寻人员，故选D。
11．细节理解题。根据“Then researchers can send signals from the remote control to the packet. The signals control the movements of the cockroaches.”可知，研究人员可以从遥控器向数据包发送信号，这些信号控制着蟑螂的行动，故选B。
12．细节理解题。根据“The problem is that the cockroaches don’t always move in the right direction.”可知，问题是蟑螂并不总是朝着正确的方向移动，故选B。
13．主旨大意题。根据“TOKYO, JAPAN — What do you do when you see a cockroach (蟑螂)? Do you hit it with a newspaper? Do you step on it?”以及整个文章的理解可知，文章主要是介绍日本东京的科学家们想要发明的蟑螂机器人以及它的作用，故选A。
（2023·浙江温州·校联考一模）
Humans are getting away from the nature gradually because of the developing technology. But now Digital Technology is offering us an opportunity to listen to the sounds in the nature in powerful ways, making us get closer to the worlds of animals and plants.
All around the nature, there are sounds that we struggle to pick up and understand. Elephants, for example, communicate with each other using infrasound, a sound far below our human hearing range. Coral in the ocean also communicates with each other through sound waves, with one purpose of attracting baby coral to areas where it can successfully grow. This is a shocking fact as coral doesn’t have any ears!
To pick up sounds humans are normally unable to hear, scientists have placed listening devices in these environments. Researchers have attached tiny microphones to honeybees and turtles, and stuck listening posts that can receive different sound waves from coral reefs and trees. These devices are controlled by computers and networked with digital sensors and satellites. When interconnected, these digital devices work like a hearing aid: enabling humans to observe and record nature’s sounds beyond the limits of our own listening ability. After the sounds are recorded, AI is then able to determine their meanings.
With this technology, humans can not only understand the animals, but also communicate back to them. For example, a team of researchers in Germany decoded the honeybees’ behavior with AI. Then they taught tiny robots how to do the honeybee dance. Using these dancing machines, the scientists were able to order the honeybees to stop moving, and to communicate where to fly to collect a specific nectar. In addition to the possibility of speaking with animals, the research could also be used to create a form of healing for animals and plants. That’s to say, in the near future, scientists might be able to get coral to grow in certain areas by playing “healthy reef” sounds, which could help to heal some of the damage we have caused.
Now, Digital Technology provides a new way for humans to listen to the vivid sounds all around us. The dream of allowing humans to socialize with different animals and plants throughout the nature is being on its way.
14．According to the passage, now people can use Digital Technology to ________.
A．see coral’s ears B．listen to the sounds of trees
C．play with elephants D．dance with honeybees themselves
15．Which is the right order to pick up the sounds from the nature for scientists?
a. Analyze the meanings with the help of AI.     b. Place listening devices into the nature world.
c. Collect the sounds from the animals or plants.     d. Connect the devices with computers and networks.
A．b→d→c→a B．b→c→d→a C．c→b→a→d D．c→d→b→a
16．What could most probably happen with the help of Digital Technology?
A．More people will choose to live in the nature.
B．There will be much fewer animals in the nature.
C．People can protect the environment more easily.
D．Robots can be used to communicate with anything.
17．What’s the best title of this passage?
A．Digital-tech: An Invention to Change People’s Life
B．Digital-tech: A Suggestion to Rebuild the Nature World
C．Digital-tech: An Aid to Enable People to Hear Everything
D．Digital-tech: A Skill to Help People to Talk with the Nature
【答案】14．B    15．A    16．C    17．D
【导语】本文介绍了科学家通过放置监听设备来倾听生物的声音，为我们提供一个强有力的方式倾听非人类的声音的机会，让我们更接近动物和植物世界。
14．推理判断题。根据“But now Digital Technology is offering us an opportunity to listen to the sounds in the nature in powerful ways, making us get closer to the worlds of animals and plants.”可知数字技术为我们提供了一个机会，让我们以强有力的方式倾听大自然的声音，故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段“To pick up sounds humans are normally unable to hear, scientists have placed listening devices in these environments.”可知先将听力设备放在大自然中，a项应排第一；根据第三段“These devices are controlled by computers and networked with digital sensors and satellites.”可知要将设备与计算机和网络连接，d项应排第二；根据第三段“When interconnected, these digital devices work like a hearing aid: enabling humans to observe and record nature’s sounds beyond the limits of our own listening ability.”可知将设备与计算机和网络连接后，要收集记录声音，c项应排第三；根据第三段“After the sounds are recorded, AI is then able to determine their meanings.”可知声音记录下来后，借助人工智能分析意义，a项排第四。故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据“That’s to say, in the near future, scientists might be able to get coral to grow in certain areas by playing “healthy reef” sounds, which could help to heal some of the damage we have caused.”可知在数字技术的帮助下，人们可以更容易地保护环境。故选C。
17．最佳标题题。根据“But now Digital Technology is offering us an opportunity to listen to the sounds in the nature in powerful ways, making us get closer to the worlds of animals and plants.”（但现在，数字技术为我们提供了一个机会，让我们以强有力的方式倾听大自然的声音，让我们更接近动物和植物的世界。）及“With this technology, humans can not only understand the animals, but also communicate back to them.”（有了这项技术，人类不仅可以理解动物，还可以与它们进行交流。）可知选项D“数字技术：帮助人们与自然对话的技能”符合本文主题，故选D。
（2023·广东珠海·珠海市文园中学校考一模）For middle and primary school students, being able to cook has become a must. They will also need to learn how to plant vegetables, raise poultry (家禽) and maintain home appliances (维修电器) under new requirements for labor (劳动) education.
The Ministry of Education (MOB) brought out a new standard for labor education in schools last year. Starting from 2022 fall semester, students in primary and middle schools have to take courses on labor skills at least once a week.
The new standards include three types of labor tasks. The first is basic life skills like everyday household chores, including cleaning, cooking, using and maintaining home appliances. Next is industry and agriculture (农业) labor practice, including new technologies like 3D printing, and traditional crafts (工艺) learning. The third type is service work such as community volunteer services.
Schools in China have traditionally placed more focus on studying, and many have regarded household chores as a waste of children’s time. But according to the MOE, labor education must be built up to help students enrich their life experience, cultivate(培养) a positive view of labor, value hard work, and develop an interest in labor.
Online people have been busy discussing the new standards on social media.
Li Ting, a mother of 6-year-old twins in Shanghai strongly supports labor education. For the past year, she trained her daughters to do chores and make simple dishes for the family.
“The main idea is to let kids share responsibility and become independent as early as they can,” said Wang Peng, a father from Guangdang.
“Children’s hand-eye coordination(协调) time management and organization skills can be trained by doing housework,” said Sun Yunxiao, a parenting expert.
They all agree that children will find fun in doing chores through such education.
18．What can a ninth-grade student learn through labor education?
a. How to plant vegetables.
b. How to raise chicken or ducks.
c. How to be more careful in class.
d. How to repair computers or fridges.
A．a b c B．a b d C．b c d D．a c d
19．The meaning of the underlined word “enrich” in Paragraph 4 is ________.
A．improve B．teach C．achieve D．value
20．What does Sun Yunxiao think of labor education?
A．It lets students share responsibility and become independent.
B．It helps students enrich life experience.
C．It takes up too much of students’ free time.
D．It helps students manage their time better.
21．What is the main idea of this passage?
A．New courses of household chores for primary school students.
B．Labor education for primary and middle school students.
C．People’s opinions on labor education.
D．New technological skills used in primary and middle schools.
22．If we put the passage into three parts, which of the following is best ? (①=Para.1)
A．①②; ③④; ⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ B．①; ②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧; ⑨
C．①; ②③④; ⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨ D．①②③④; ⑤⑥⑦⑧; ⑨
【答案】18．B    19．A    20．D    21．B    22．C
【导语】本文主要介绍了教育局的新规定——中小学生必须每周至少上一次劳动技能课程，介绍了课程的内容，以及家长们对此规定的看法。
18．细节理解题。根据“They will also need to learn how to plant vegetables, raise poultry (家禽) and maintain home appliances (维修电器) under new requirements for labor (劳动) education”可知，学习如何种植蔬菜，饲养家禽和维修电器，故选B。
19．词义猜测题。根据“labor education must be built up to help students enrich their life experience”可知，劳动教育帮助学生丰富他们的生活经验，所以划线单词与improve词义接近，故选A。
20．细节理解题。根据“Children’s hand-eye coordination(协调) time management and organization skills can be trained by doing housework”可知，可以帮助学生们更好地时间管理，故选D。
21．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了教育局的新规定——中小学生必须每周至少上一次劳动技能课程，故选B。
22．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段引出“新规定”；第二段，第三段和第四段介绍新规定包括哪些内容以及它的好处；第五段到最后一段是人们在网上发表的对此的看法。故选C。
（2023·河北衡水·校考二模）Hello, everyone. Here’s NBTV-1. I’m Wang Yi. The Chinese government provides free COVID-19 vaccines (疫苗) for all Chinese people. It’s really of great help but some may still have some questions about the COVID-19 vaccines. I collected some main questions —“How does the vaccine work?”, “Are you allowed to get it? And how?” and “What do you need to do before getting it?” Now let’s ask the doctor, Mr. Zhang about it.
Wang Yi: How does the vaccine work?
Mr. Zhang: The vaccines China is now using are called “inactivated (灭活) vaccines”. There are “dead” viruses in these vaccines. They cannot cause the disease, but can show your body what the virus looks like and make you immune (免疫) to it. Studies show that China’s vaccines are 79. 34 percent effective. This means that for every 100 people who get vaccinated, about 79 people will become immune to the virus. If 79 percent of the whole population becomes immune, the possibility of COVID-19 spreading will be very low.
Wang Yi: How is the vaccine given?
Mr. Zhang: The vaccine is given by injection (注射). It’s suggested to get two periods. You should wait about two weeks after the first injection to get the second one.
Wang Yi: Can people of all ages get vaccinated?
Mr. Zhang: The vaccines have been tested among three different age groups: 3 to 17, 18 to 59, and 60 and above. The 18-to-59 age group has the most data (数据)—the vaccines have shown that it’s safe to this group. The other two groups are expected to be included soon.
Wang Yi: Thanks a lot. I have the last question…
23．Who’s Wang Yi?
A．A doctor. B．A leader. C．A patient. D．A reporter.
24．What does Wang Yi think of the vaccine?
A．Valuable. B．Useless. C．Expensive. D．Dangerous.
25．Which of the following is right according to the text?
A．The vaccines the Chinese are using now are called “activated vaccines”.
B．According to the vaccine test, the 3 to 17 age group has the least data.
C．If 79 people become immune, COVID-19 might be stopped spreading.
D．Before getting the second injection, you should wait for about 14 days.
26．What may the last question be?
A．Why should people get the vaccine?
B．How long can people keep the vaccine?
C．Can people drink before they get the vaccine?
D．Can the vaccine make people avoid COVID-19?
【答案】23．D    24．A    25．D    26．C
【导语】本文主要是记者和医生的谈话，谈论了新冠疫苗相关的一些话题。
23．推理判断题。根据文章开头的“Here’s NBTV-1. I’m Wang Yi. ”可知这是NBTV-1。我是王毅。结合后文的谈话可知他是一名记者。故选D。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The Chinese government provides free COVID-19 vaccines (疫苗) for all Chinese people. It’s really of great help but some may still have some questions about the COVID-19 vaccines.”可知中国政府为所有中国人提供免费的COVID-19疫苗。这确实有很大帮助，但有些人可能仍然对 COVID-19 疫苗有一些疑问。由此可知他认为疫苗是有用的，有价值的。故选A。
25．细节理解题。根据文章“You should wait about two weeks after the first injection to get the second one.”可知您应该在第一次注射后等待大约两周才能进行第二次注射。因此选项D正确。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第一段的“I collected some main questions —“How does the vaccine work?”, “Are you allowed to get it? And how?” and “What do you need to do before getting it?”可知收集了一些主要问题：“疫苗是如何工作的”，“你可以接种它吗？“怎样接种”，以及“在接种它之前你需要做什么”，因此最后一个问题应该是与接种前的事情相关，选项C“人们可以在接种疫苗前喝酒吗”符合。故选C。
（2023·河北沧州·校考一模）Why did Chinese people have more than one name in ancient times?
In ancient China, people’s names had three parts, their family name, given name and courtesy name. Take famous poet Li Bai for example. His family name, which came from his father’s name, was Li. His given name was Bai, and his courtesy name was Taibai.
People used their given names when they were among family members. But in social life, they called each other by their courtesy names to show respect. This was mostly done among people of similar age. If you were talking about yourself, or if your elders were talking about you, the given name would be used instead of the courtesy name.
Men would get their courtesy names when they turned 20. It was a symbol of adulthood (成年礼). Women would get their courtesy names after getting married.
One’s courtesy name often had something to do with one’s given name. For example, the name of Mencius was Meng Ke. His courtesy name was Ziyu. Both Ke and Ziyu mean “carriage (马车)”. Zhuge Liang’s given name was Liang, which means “bright”. His courtesy name was Kongming, which means “very bright”.
27．How many parts are there in people’s names in ancient China?
A．3. B．4. C．5. D．6.
28．What does the underlined word “courtesy” in Paragraph 2 mean in Chinese?
A．名 B．姓氏 C．字 D．昵称
29．Why did people call each other by their courtesy names in social life?
A．To show their love. B．To show their good relationship.
C．To show their kindness. D．To show their respect.
30．What would be used if your elders were talking about you according to the passage?
A．Family name. B．Nickname. C．Given name. D．Courtesy name.
【答案】27．A    28．C    29．D    30．C
【导语】本文介绍了中国古代的人的名字的三部分：姓、名、字。文中介绍了人们如何使用姓名中的字。
27．细节理解题。根据“In ancient China, people’s names had three parts, their family name, given name and courtesy name.”可知，在中国古代人的名字有三部分，故选A。
28．词义猜测题。根据“Take famous poet Li Bai for example. His family name, which came from his father’s name, was Li. His given name was Bai, and his courtesy name was Taibai.”可知，family name表示姓；given name表示名，courtesy name表示字，故选C。
29．细节理解题。根据“But in social life, they called each other by their courtesy names to show respect.”可知，在社会生活中，人们互相称对方的字是为了表示尊敬，故选D。
30．细节理解题。根据“If you were talking about yourself, or if your elders were talking about you, the given name would be used instead of the courtesy name.”可知，如果你的长辈谈论你会用名字，故选C。
（2023·广东茂名·统考一模）Kenya(肯尼亚), a country in East Africa, is a land of natural beauty.
Kenya lies along the equator on Africa’s east coast. The Indian Ocean is to the east of Kenya. Highlands rise in the western part of Kenya. Mount Kenya, at 5,199 meters, is Kenya’s highest mountain. East of the highlands, the land goes down toward the coast.
Kenya’s most important river, the Tana, starts from the highlands to the Indian Ocean. Most of the country’s other rivers are short and shallow. They sometimes dry up when there is little rainfall.
Kenya has two wet seasons and two dry seasons. Rainfall is usually heavy from April to May and from November to December, while some areas are more cloudy without much rain between July and August and from January to March. Temperatures are generally warmer in the north and cooler in the highlands.
Kenya is home to many national parks. Green forests and bamboo grow in the highlands. The country’s animals include elephants, lions, giraffes, zebras and many rare(稀有的) animals. The Kenyan government has set up more than 50 nature parks. Inside the parks, the wildlife is protected from hunting. This makes them excellent places to take a journey.
31．From Paragraph 2 we can know that ________.
A．the western part of Kenya is level land
B．Mount Kenya is Kenya’s highest mountain
C．Kenya lies along the equator on Africa’s west coast
D．the land goes down toward the coast in the west of the highlands
32．What does the underlined word “shallow” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．not safe B．not deep. C．not wide. D．not dirty.
33．What is Kenya famous for according to Paragraph 5?
A．Hunting. B．Fishing. C．Tourism. D．Growing trees.
34．What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To invite people to visit Kenya. B．To introduce the country Kenya.
C．To give advice on how to travel Kenya. D．To call on people to protect the wildlife.
35．What is the structure of the passage?
A． B． C． D．
【答案】31．B    32．B    33．C    34．B    35．C
【导语】本文主要介绍了肯尼亚的情况，包括了它的地理情况，天气情况以及旅游情况。
31．细节理解题。根据“Mount Kenya, at 5,199 meters, is Kenya’s highest mountain”可知，肯尼亚山高5199米，是肯尼亚最高的山，故选B。
32．词句猜测题。根据“Most of the country’s other rivers are short and shallow. They sometimes dry up when there is little rainfall”可知，大多数其他河流都很短很浅，雨水少的时候就会干涸，所以划线单词表示“not deep”，故选B。
33．细节理解题。根据“This makes them excellent places to take a journey.”可知，因旅游而出名，故选C。
34．主旨大意题。根据“Kenya(肯尼亚), a country in East Africa, is a land of natural beauty”及全文的描述可知，本文主要介绍了肯尼亚的情况，故选B。
35．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一空总结概括；第二段到最后一段是分别从地理情况，天气情况以及旅游情况进行介绍，所以本文是“总—分”的结构，故选C。
（2023·山东济南·山东大学附属中学校考一模）Do you drink water that’s been left sitting out overnight or even for another day? Have you noticed it tastes different? What has happened to it?
Tap water(自来水) that has been left to sit out slowly begins to get an off taste. Many people think that this is because of microorganisms(微生物). But that’s not what makes old water taste not fresh. For that we can think of carbon dioxide(二氧化碳). After about 12 hours, tap water starts to go flat as carbon dioxide in the air starts to mix with the water in the glass, lowering its PH and giving it an off taste. But it’s most likely not harmful to drink.
However, if you drink with a glass, let’s come back to those microorganisms. If you use a dirty glass day after day, there will be more chances to get bacteria(细菌). The risk will increase if you share the glass with another mouth as well. But supposing you use a fresh glass every few days, you probably won’t have a problem unless the glass has been touched by dirty fingers, and especially if those dirty fingers went unwashed after using the bathroom.
As for plastic water bottles that have been left out in the sun or in the car, step away from the bottle, warns Dr. Kellogg Schwab, director of the Johns Hopkins University Water Institute. “A chemical named biphenyl-A, or BPA, along with other things used to make plastic can leach(过滤) into your water if the bottle heats up or sits in the sun,” he explains. BPA, as you probably know, has been linked to everything from heart disease to cancer. Schwab also adds that plastic used for commercial bottled water isn’t meant to be washed or refilled, so use only one time and recycle. Or don’t buy them at all; use refillable water bottles instead.
36．Tap water begin to have an off taste because of ________.
A．carbon dioxide B．BPA C．the glass D．the microorganism
37．What will happen if tap water has been left sitting out for 12 hours?
A．It will have few microorganisms. B．It will be still safe to drink.
C．It may taste better than before. D．It will be possibly undrinkable.
38．What is the right way to drink with a glass?
A．To share the glass with another person. B．To hold the clean glass with dirty hands.
C．To keep your hands and glass clean. D．To drink after using the bathroom.
39．What should we do with plastic water bottles that are left out in the sun or in the car?
A．Use them after they cool down. B．Clean them and use them again.
C．Throw them away. D．Refill them with fresh water.
40．What is the best title of the passage?
A．How people drink water healthily. B．Shall we drink the water left a long time?
C．How to drink water with glasses. D．Don’t drink the water left overnight.
【答案】36．A    37．B    38．C    39．C    40．A
【导语】本文主要讲述了陈水味道变化的原因以及给了一些关于水杯的建议，告知人们要健康地喝水。
36．细节理解题。根据第二段的“After about 12 hours, tap water starts to go flat as carbon dioxide in the air starts to mix with the water in the glass, lowering its PH and giving it an off taste. But it’s most likely not harmful to drink.”可知大约 12 小时后，空气中的二氧化碳开始与玻璃杯中的水混合，降低其 PH 值并使其具有异味。故选A。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段的“After about 12 hours, tap water starts to go flat as carbon dioxide in the air starts to mix with the water in the glass, lowering its PH and giving it an off taste. But it’s most likely not harmful to drink.”可知大约 12 小时后，自来水仍是安全的饮用水。故选B。
38．细节理解题。根据第三段的“But supposing you use a fresh glass every few days, you probably won’t have a problem unless the glass has been touched by dirty fingers, and especially if those dirty fingers went unwashed after using the bathroom.”可知但是假设你每隔几天使用一个干净的玻璃杯，除非玻璃被脏手指触摸过，特别是如果那些脏手指在使用浴室后没有洗过，否则你可能不会有问题。因此要保持手和杯子干净。故选C。
39．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“As for plastic water bottles that have been left out in the sun or in the car, step away from the bottle, ”可知应该丢弃被放在阳光下或车内的塑料水瓶。故选C。
40．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，主要讲述了陈水不如新水好喝的原因以及健康饮水的建议。故选A。
（2023·江苏无锡·江苏省锡山高级中学实验学校校考一模）As people all over the world struggled with higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety this past year, many turned to their favorite comfort foods: ice cream, pizza, hamburgers. But studies in recent years suggest that the high-sugar and high-fat foods when we are stressed or depressed, as comforting as they may seem, are the least likely to be good for our mental (精神上的) health. Instead, whole foods such as vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs, nuts may be a better bet.
Historically, nutrition research has paid much attention to how the foods we eat influence our physical (身体上的) health, rather than our mental health, though. Over the years, large population studies have found that people who are asked to follow a Mediterranean diet for three months had greater reductions in symptoms of depression after three months compared to a control group. Public health professors around the world have started encouraging people to take and use lifestyle behaviors like exercise, sound sleep, a heart-healthy diet and avoiding smoking that may reduce inflammation (发炎) and have advantages for the brain. Individual clinicians (临床医师) are already including nutrition into their work with patients. Dr. Drew Ramsey, a clinical professor at the Columbia University, begins his meetings with new patients by exploring their diet. He asks what they eat, learns their favorite foods, and finds out if foods that he considers important for the connection are missing from their diets, such as plants, seafood.
Dr. Ramsey said he didn’t want people to think that the only factor involved in brain health is food. “Lots of people get their food exactly right, live very active lives, and still have many troubles with their mental health,” he said. But he also teaches people that food can be empowering. “We can’t control our genes,” he said. “But we can control how we eat, and that gives people actionable things that they can do to take care of their brain health on a daily basis.”
41．What do previous (以前的) nutrition studies mainly pay attention to?
A．How our diets influence our mental health. B．How our diets influence our physical health.
C．How our mental health influences our diets. D．How our physical health influences our diets.
42．Why are individual clinicians including nutrition into their work with patients?
A．They try to satisfy their patients’ needs.
B．They are questioning public health professors.
C．They want to prove the value of healthy diets.
D．They have accepted the findings of large population studies.
43．Which of the following might Dr. Ramsey agree with?
A．Some connection lives between our diets and mental health.
B．People can control their genes as well as how they eat.
C．People living active lives will not have mental problems.
D．Eating a healthy diet is going to cure depression.
【答案】41．B    42．D    43．A
【导语】本文讲述最近几年的研究表明，饮食和心里健康之间存在某种联系，控制饮食方式可能有益于人们的心理健康。
41．细节理解题。根据“Historically, nutrition research has paid much attention to how the foods we eat influence our physical health, rather than our mental health, though.”可知，以前的营养研究主要关注我们的饮食如何影响我们的身体健康。故选B。
42．推理判断题。根据“Over the years, large population studies have found that people who are asked to follow a Mediterranean diet for three months had greater reductions in symptoms of depression after three months compared to a control group.”可知多年来，大规模人群研究发现，与对照组相比，被要求遵循地中海饮食三个月的人在三个月后抑郁症状的减轻程度更大。再由“Public health professors around the world have started encouraging people to take and use lifestyle behaviors like exercise, sound sleep, a heart-healthy diet and avoiding smoking that may reduce inflammation and have advantages for the brain.”可知世界各地的公共卫生教授已经开始鼓励人们采取和使用生活方式，如锻炼、健康睡眠、心脏健康饮食和避免吸烟，这些行为可能会减少炎症，对大脑有好处。由此推出临床医生个人要将营养纳入他们与患者的工作中是因为他们已经接受了大规模人口研究的结果。故选D。
43．观点态度题。根据“Drew Ramsey, a clinical professor at the Columbia University, begins his meetings with new patients by exploring their diet. He asks what they eat, learns their favorite foods, and finds out if foods that he considers important for the connection are missing from their diets, such as plants, seafood.”可知Drew Ramsey认为我们的饮食和心理健康之间存在某种联系。故选A。
（2023·山东泰安·统考一模）If you have brothers or sisters, the order in which you were born may make a big difference to choosing your job. A group of British scientists studied 500 people from 11 different career groups.
They found that elder children are more likely to become astronauts and scientists. NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong is the eldest child in his family. That’s probably because parents usually treat elder children more strictly than younger children. This gives them a more disciplined(遵守纪律的）personality.
The scientists also found that middle children are 30 percent more likely to become CEOs. The scientists said that this could be because middle children need to do more to get attention from their parents. This makes them more flexible(灵活的). Bill Gates, the former CEO of Microsoft, is the middle child.
Younger children, on the other hand, get attention by learning to pay attention to other people’s thoughts. This makes them sensitive(善解人意的）to others’ feelings. Therefore, younger children are more likely to become musicians. German musician Johann Sebastian Bach and Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are both the youngest children in their families.
The study results also suggested that an only child is more likely to become an artist. He or she gets full attention from his or her parents and is freer to develop himself or herself. This makes him or her more creative.
44．According to the research in this article, British scientists studied_________
A．11 career groups with 500 people B．11 age groups with 500 people
C．500 successful people D．500 career groups
45．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Middle children get the most in the family.
B．Middle children get less and do more in the family.
C．Middle children do better in study than any other child in the family.
D．Middle children do more to get attention from parents in the family.
46．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Neil Armstrong is the youngest child in his family.
B．Bill Gates is a middle child in his family.
C．Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is the eldest child in his family.
D．Johann Sebastian Bach is the only child in his family.
47．What is the best title for the passage?
A．How Do Your Parents Influence Your Future Job?
B．What Do You Want to Be When You Grow Up?
C．Does Your Birth Order Influence Your Future Job?
D．Do You Need More Attention From Your Parents?
【答案】44．A    45．D    46．B    47．C
【导语】本文以一些名人的职业为例，论述了一个观点：在有多个孩子的家庭里，出生顺序对孩子未来工作的选择可能有着很大的影响。|
44．细节理解题。根据“A group of British scientists studied 500 people from 11 different career groups.”可知，英国科学家研究了来自11个不同职业群体的500人。故选A。
45．词义猜测题。根据“The scientists said that this could be because middle children need to do more to get attention from their parents.”可知，科学家说排行中间的孩子需要做更多的事情来获得父母的关注。而“这”使他们变得更加灵活，故D项表述与文意一致。故选D。
46．细节理解题。根据“Bill Gates, the former CEO of Microsoft, is the middle child.”可知，Bill Gates在家中排行中间，故B项表述符合原文。故选B。
47．最佳标题题。 根据“If you have brothers or sisters, the order in which you were born may make a big difference to choosing your job.”可知，本文论述的是出生顺序与职业的关系，故最佳标题是C项。故选C。
（2023·山东济南·统考一模）At school, students learn different subjects like English, maths, art and so on. They learn these subjects in the classroom. These days, a new subject becomes popular in many schools! That is school gardening. Students learn it outside the classroom. It is not only an interesting subject, but also a great way to keep healthy.
In the gardening class, students can go outside and get fresh air. More importantly, they can learn a lot. When some young students have food, they always ask, “Where does the rice come from?” In this class, they can get the answer. And they can learn to do things with their own hands. They can also learn some teamwork-skills and care about nature, others and themselves.
Keeping a school garden is difficult, but teachers are trying to make it work. Some schools can have gardens inside, but other schools are small. So teachers turn to gardens and parks near the school.
The school garden doesn’t have to be very big. Students can have a lot of fun in it. At first, teachers decide what vegetables to grow. Then they grow them with students. Carrots and tomatoes are their favorites because it is nice for them to get a carrot or a tomato, wash it and eat it right in the garden. Some vegetables are easy to grow, but others need a long time. This can teach students hard work pays off.
Gardening is as important as any other subject. Students should learn it at school.
48．Students learn school gardening ________.
A．in the classroom B．in a library C．under a tree D．outside the classroom
49．According to the passage the gardening class is a(n) ________ subject.
A．interesting B．difficult C．sleepy D．tiring
50．Which of the following sentence is NOT TRUE according to Paragraph 2?
A．Students can go outside in the gardening class.
B．Students can get fresh air in the gardening class.
C．Students never get the answer in the gardening class.
D．Students can learn some teamwork skills in the gardening class.
51．Teachers and students like to grow carrots and tomatoes because ________.
A．they are really easy to grow B．they can eat them right in the garden
C．they can have fun when eating them D．they don’t need a long time like others
52．What can we infer from the passage?
A．Most students don’t like gardening very much.
B．The garden in the school must be big enough.
C．Schools are supposed to have gardening as a subject.
D．There will be more outdoor subjects for students.
【答案】48．D    49．A    50．C    51．B    52．C
【导语】本文主要讲述了学校流行的新的科目——学校园艺。这不仅是一门有趣的科目，也是保持健康的方法。因此学生在校应该学习这门科目。
48．细节理解题。根据“hat is school gardening. Students learn it outside the classroom.”可知，是在教室外学习。故选D。
49．细节理解题。根据“It is not only an interesting subject, but also a great way to keep healthy.”可知，是一门有趣的科目。故选A。
50．细节理解题。根据“When some young students have food, they always ask, ‘Where does the rice come from?’ In this class, they can get the answer.”可知，在这课上，他们可以得到答案。选项C“学生从来在课上得不到答案”不对。故选C。
51．细节理解题。根据“because it is nice for them to get a carrot or a tomato, wash it and eat it right in the garden.”可知，在花园里就可以吃到它们。故选B。
52．推理判断题。根据“Gardening is as important as any other subject. Students should learn it at school.”可知，园艺是重要的，学校应该在校学习它。故选C。