2022北京育英学校高二（上）期末英语（教师版）

这是一份2022北京育英学校高二（上）期末英语（教师版），共19页。试卷主要包含了5分，共15分）， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022北京育英学校高二（上）期末
英 语
（本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时长90分钟。）
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）
第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Outside our hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, a seemingly ancient woman waited beside the door with her hand outstretched (伸出). Every day I put my hand in hers as our eyes met. She never ____1____ to return my smile, my grasp, and my greeting.
On the last day of our visit, I found myself ____2____ on a busy corner across the street from our hotel. Bicycles and motorbikes rushed in front of me. We had been advised to walk straight through the heavy traffic without looking right or left. Let them ____3____ us. But tonight I was by myself and felt ____4____ to face the stream of vehicles. As I hesitated on the sidewalk, I felt a hand on my elbow and looked down to see the smile of my small beggar friend looking up at me. She nodded her head toward the street, indicating that she would take me across. Together, we moved slowly into the chaos.
Then we moved on towards the sidewalk, where she pulled my face down to hers, kissed me on both cheeks, and then walked away, still smiling and waving back to me. I had not given her a single coin. We had ____5____ something vastly more important — a warming of hearts in friendship.
Traveling in poorer nations, I have witnessed a variety of ways to deal with beggars. The most common response of tourists faced with those extremely poor people is to ignore them and focus their eyes elsewhere. I have seen people push away an outstretched hand in ____6____. A few may hurriedly drop a few coins, and then make a quick getaway in hopes that another 20 ragged beggars won’t immediately appear on the ____7____.
For many reasons, giving money is not the best response to an outstretched hand. The greatest gift is time and respect. To look beggars in the eye and smile, thus acknowledging their existence, is a small thing. Putting your hand into another’s outstretched hand and grasping it ____8____ for a moment is also a small thing. But these are important. Everyone needs ____9____, to be seen as worthy of being _____10_____, to feel appreciated and loved. And I believe that everyone is worthy and worth knowing.
1. A. attempted B. wanted C. managed D. failed
2. A. free B. alone C. lost D. exposed
3. A. avoid B. stop C. lead D. direct
4. A. unwilling B. inadequate C. inappropriate D. unfit
5. A. earned B. shared C. expected D. undertaken
6. A. anxiety B. desperation C. annoyance D. sadness
7. A. street B. corner C. way D. scene
8. A. firmly B. casually C. cautiously D. eagerly
9. A. motivation B. encouragement C. recognition D. commitment
10. A. liked B. trusted C. accepted D. known
第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分, 共15分）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
By the time Michael Phelps retired at 31, he ____11____ (collect) a total of 23 golds, three silvers and two bronzes at the Olympics, a record ____12____ looks unlikely to be broken for many years to come. Phelps suffered hyperactivity disorder as a child and ____13____ (encourage) to take up swimming at seven to control his energy. Over the years he developed into a champion swimmer, beating record after record. “I was trying to see ____14____ I could really do and where my potential could go”, said Phelps.
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空，在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
In most big cities, it is easier to hire a taxi at a moment’s notice when the weather is good. But when it’s raining, people have a much harder time ___15___(find) one. One obvious reason is that many people who walk short distances during good weather prefer to take a taxi in the rain. ___16___, taxis tend to be more fully occupied on rainy days. Besides, the supply of available taxis is also smaller because taxi drivers can ___17___ (easy) reach the target fares and go home early.
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
____18____ (develop) by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system, which has become an ____19____ (influence) part of Chinese culture.
Today, mottos from Confucianism are frequently used by foreign officials in their speeches or talks. People around the globe can have access ____20____ Confucianism in Confucius Institutes and Chinese Culture Centers abroad. Up to now, China has opened about 500 Confucius Institutes in 140 countries and regions, introducing China by opening training classes, building libraries, and holding cultural activities.
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Get involved with our research

Some of our research projects rely on the generosity of people like you. Whether it’s using your home PC, taking part in a clinical trial, or simply volunteering your time for a study, you may be able to contribute to some of the ground-breaking projects which make the University of Oxford a world leader in research. Watch this space for ways in which you could get involved.
Seeking poor sleepers for insomnia research
Trouble sleeping? Researchers from the Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute at the University of Oxford are evaluating different interventions aimed at improving sleep. We are looking for poor sleepers between the ages of 18 and 65. Participation will involve spending overnights in the sleep laboratory at Oxford, monitoring your sleep/wake cycle, and completing computerised tasks. Depending on the study you volunteer for, you will either undergo an online self-help treatment programme or lab-based non-invasive brain stimulation sessions prior to bedtime. You will be reimbursed for your time.
If you are interested in taking part or would like more information please contact the research team directly at insomnia@ndcn.ox.ac.uk
Volunteers with lazy eye wanted
We are looking for volunteers with a history of lazy eye to take part in our brain scanning study on how binocular(双眼的) vision relates to brain chemistry. We are looking for healthy, fluent English volunteers aged 18-45 with a history of lazy eye. You will also be asked questions about your medical history to check your suitability for an MRI scan.
Call 01865 223622 for more information.
Oxford Vaccine Group
The Oxford Vaccine Group is an independent multi-disciplinary clinical trials and epidemiology group. OVG works towards the goal of developing new and improved vaccines for the prevention of infection in adults and children, enhancing the understanding of immunity and studying the epidemiology of infectious diseases.
To find out which research projects are currently recruiting volunteers, please see the OVG website or email info@ovg.ox.ac.uk .
Oxford Experimental lab for the Social Sciences
The Oxford Internet Institute, together with the Business School, is recruiting individuals to participate in computer-based experiments involving online surfing behavior as well as economic and political decision-making. We pay our subjects well, there are no special skills required and you don’t have to be a student to take part!
Contact us at socialscience.study@ox.ac.uk for more information.
21. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To offer medical help to patients
B. To look for experienced researchers
C. To introduce new research programs
D. To recruit volunteers for research projects
22. The goal of OVG is to _______.
A. carry out clinical trials
B. produce vaccines against viruses
C. learn more about the immune system
D. study the occurrence of infectious diseases

23. You can finish the experiment on your home PC if you join __________.
A. Oxford Vaccine Group
B. Insomnia research group
C. Oxford Experimental lab
D. Brain Scanning study group
B
Dramatized Thoughts on Public Speaking
As the crowd gathered, I could feel my heart beating. I wondered if they could hear it. Against my will, I could feel my face turning hot and knew that I was blushing. Even if they cannot hear my heart thumping with every beat, I thought, they can surely see it in my eyes. My eyes are always a dead give-away. They well up with fear and often even hot with tears, every time I get nervous. That and my stupid old face turning a bright shade of red… I knew that by now I probably looked like a sunburned tomato. They would never take me seriously.
I began to wish that I was more like my sister. She is always so confident and proud of herself. It seemed like she hardly ever gets nervous when it really counts. Either that or she hid it better than I. I wished I had never even thought of this stupid idea of running for student body president. That was a month ago, before I found out that I would have to speak in front of the entire school. It was too late to back out now pretty soon the speeches would begin. It would only be a few hours before the embarrassing results would come out, and that wasn't even the worst of my worries. What would everyone say? What would my parents think when I told them that I lost the election? They were so proud of me; I would never be able to tell them. Everyone was counting on me, my teachers, my friends, even the principal. I was sure that I would fail miserably now that I had gotten myself into such a negative state of mind. I reread my speech. All the great hopes and ideas I had, all written on that awful piece of paper. I realized why I had written those words and an air of anticipation (预感) ran through my body. Just in time, too.
I heard my name only seconds later. Those few feet to the podium ( 讲 台 ) felt like a mile. My knees were shaking, but somehow I managed to keep my ground. Although I knew that I probably wouldn't need it, I placed my well-rehearsed speech on the podium. Then, like a gymnast about to plunge into a tumbling pass, I looked up at the audience. And as I delivered that speech, a new and strange realization came to me. I had captured their attention and for a moment---they belonged to me.
24. Why did the author think it stupid to attend the election?
A. People wouldn’t take her seriously. B. Her sister was much better than her.
C. She didn’t expect such a large audience. D. There wasn’t enough time for her to prepare.
25. What was the author’s worst worry?
A. Her efforts would be in vain. B. She would disappoint others.
C. The results would come out soon. D. She would suffer from stage fright.
26. What can we learn from the author’s experience?
A. Great efforts pay off.
B. Always look on the bright side.
C. Never lose heart when you fail.
D. Things may not be as bad as you think.
C
Although it has been revealed in recent years that plants are capable of seeing, hearing and smelling, they are still usually thought of as silent. But now, for the first time, they have been recorded making ultrasonic cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen for water-starved crops.
Itzhak Khait and his colleagues at Tel Aviv University in Israel found that tomato and tobacco plants made cries at frequencies humans cannot hear when stressed by a lack of water or when their stem is cut.
Microphones placed 10 centimetres from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to 100 kilohertz, which the team says insects and some mammals would be capable of hearing and responding to from as far as 5 metres away. A moth may decide against laying eggs on a plant that sounds water-stressed, the researchers suggest. Plants could even hear that other plants are short of water and react accordingly, they speculate.
On average, drought-stressed tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour, while tobacco plants made 11. When plant stems were cut, tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour, and tobacco plants 15. Unstressed plants produced fewer than one sound per hour, on average.
It is even possible to distinguish between the sounds to know what the stress is. The researchers trained a machine-learning model to discriminate between the plants’ sounds and the wind, rain and other noises of the greenhouse, correctly identifying in most cases whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut, based on the sound’s intensity and frequency. Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco, for example.
Enabling farmers to listen for water-stressed plants could “open a new direction in the field of precision agriculture”, the researchers suggest. They add that such an ability will be increasingly important as climate change exposes more areas to drought.
“The suggestion that the sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision agriculture seems feasible if it is not too costly to set up the recording in a field situation,” says Anne Visscher at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK.
She warns that the results can’t yet be broadened out to other stresses, such as salt or temperature, because these may not lead to sounds. In addition, there have been no experiments to show whether moths or any other animal can hear and respond to the sounds the plants make, so that idea remains speculative（推测的）for now, she says.
27. The experiment by researchers at Tel Aviv University shows that_______.
A. tobacco plants make louder sounds than tomato plants when hurt
B. water-hungry tomato plants are more sensible than tobacco plants
C. unstressed plants produced sounds of laughter when being watered
D. plants respond to the sounds the plants make and protect themselves
28. What is Anne Visscher’s attitude towards the finding of the experiment?
A. Appreciative B. Doubtful
C. Cautious D. Optimistic
29. It can be learnt from the research that ________.
A. greenhouse effects can be avoided
B. soil condition can be adjusted in time.
C. plant condition can be diagnosed faster.
D. insects can be detected and removed easily.
30. What is the best title for the article?
A. Plants Get Stressed Just Like Us
B. Plants Scream in Presence of Stress
C. Sounds of Plants Detected Far Away
D. Sounds of Plants Break Farmers’ Hearts
D
Collaboration at work is generally seen as a good thing. The latest survey by the Financial Times of what employers want from MBA graduates found that the ability to work in a team, to work with a wide variety of people and to build, maintain and expand a network of people were three of the top five skills that managers wanted.
But managers always have to balance the merits of teamwork, which help ensure that everyone is working towards the same goal, with the dangers of “groupthink”, when some don’t point out the faults of a plan to fit in with others. When people are aware of the views of others, there is a tendency for them to follow, as participants are reluctant to look foolish by deviating from the majority view. The same effect may lead to stock-market bubbles.
Modern communication methods mean that collaboration is more frequent. Workers are constantly in touch with each other via e-mail, messaging groups or mobile calls. But does that improve or worsen performance?
A new study by Ethan Bernstein, Jesse Shore and David Lazer, three American academics, tried to answer this question. They set a logical problem (devising the shortest route for a travelling salesman visiting various cities). Three groups were involved: one where subjects acted independently; another where they saw the solutions posted by team members at every stage; and a third where they were kept informed of each other’s views only intermittently (间歇地).
The survey found that members of the individualist group reached the best solution more often than the constant collaborators, but had a poorer average result. The intermittent collaborators found the right result as often as the individualists, and got a better average solution.
When it comes to idea generation, giving people a bit of space to find a solution seems to be a good idea. Occasional collaboration can be a big help; most people have benefited from a colleague’s wise advice to avoid a particular course of action.
Close teamwork may be vital in the lower reaches of a group, but at the top, someone has to make a decision. At this stage, intense collaboration may be less helpful. Fashion houses with co-creative directors are rated as less creative by industry experts than brands that were individually led. Co-led teams of Himalayan climbers are more likely to suffer deaths than those with single leaders. Experts think that co-leadership “creates uncertainty over who is really in charge”. The battles between Sandy Weill and John Reed when they were co-chief executives of Citigroup in the late 1990s were infamous. Less than 5% of companies in the Fortune 500 have used a co-CEO structure since 1989. In short, collaboration may be a useful tool, but it doesn’t work in every situation.
31. What does the underlined word “deviating” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Suffering. B. Differing.
C. Varying. D. Ranging.
32. In the new study conducted by three American academics, ______.
A. constant collaborators had the poorest average solution
B. all subjects had the chances to visit a variety of cities
C. individualists found the right result the most often
D. occasional collaboration promoted performance
33. From the last paragraph, we can learn that ______.
A. fashion houses were more likely creative with a single authority
B. Himalayas climbers work together to avoid potential deaths
C. Sandy Weill and John Reed were not so creative leaders
D. successful companies have one Chief Executive Officer
34. What is the best title for the passage?
A. What is collaboration? B. When does collaboration work?
C. Why collaboration is highly valued? D. How to callborate with others in a team?
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
I work at a community library. Many people are under the assumption that public libraries are no longer needed because of the Internet. Nothing could be further from the truth. ___35___
A simple Internet search for “cats” produces approximately 2. 98 billion results in less than one second. It is a huge number! How do you even begin to sort through all of those results? We hear so much about “false news”. ___36___ Librarians are there to help. They have been trained, through special classes and workshops, to sort through all of the results and find credible sources. Author Neil Gaiman said, “Google can bring you back 100, 000 answers. A librarian can bring you back the right one.”
___37___ It helps connect people with the resources they need to find a job, continue their education, and learn new skills. It helps seniors find the resources they need to keep up with the “modern” world. It helps new parents develop a love for literacy in their children and bond with them. It helps local artists and craftsmen display their work. It helps students find the answers to those seemingly impossible homework questions. It allows people to meet and exchange ideas.
Libraries are so much more than books and information. Yes, there are public computers, Internet access, movies, music, programs and a thousand other things. ___38___ They are places where people feel safe and welcomed. They are places where someone who has limited resources can freely access materials and equipment they wouldn’t otherwise be able to. They can, at times, be a harbor for someone who needs a quiet place to work or study.
Some of the best memories of my childhood involve going to the local library and in speaking with many others in the neighborhood, they too have those same memories. They are presently making those same memories with their children and their grandchildren. ___39___ I don’t see the Internet doing that.
A. We don’t know what sources to trust.
B. The public library helps people better their lives.
C. The importance of library staff comes to the surface.
D. However, libraries’ meaning and relevance goes even beyond that.
E. The public library brings people together to build a strong community.
F. In fact, it is because of the Internet that public libraries are needed now more than ever.
G. Every day children, students and adults use libraries to learn, grow and achieve their dreams.
第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）
第一节 阅读表达（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分）。
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容完成对该问题的回答。
Shared Services Need More Imagination
Suppose you need to drill a hole in the wall to hang an item but do not own a power drill. You may regard it as expensive to buy a power drill and consider renting one. Sharing is the solution. The sharing industry is an emerging. highly flexible economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
The important idea of the sharing industry is that people might only need an item for a relatively short period. The private part of shared services has been moving towards this area since the beginning of the 1980s, and then the public part has taken note of the benefits and continued for best practice. The United States and Australia among others have had shared services in government since the late 1990s.
With the rise of the sharing industry, the best-known shared bikes and shared cars have got a lot of public attention. This kind of transportation is so environmentally-friendly that it is increasingly popular among people in many cities.
Of course shared services don’t need to be limited to machines. The real pay-off in shared services probably lies in renting out smaller, less heavy items. For example, in today’s casual environment, you don’t need a tie unless you’re going to a wedding or a job interview. So some companies, would let you pick up a tie when you needed it and only when you needed it. Another example is an umbrella-sharing service. Since visitors don’t want to be carrying umbrellas all the way, it would be cheaper and easier to simply borrow an umbrella on one street corner and drop it off on another.
Recently organizations that have centralized their IT functions have begun to take a close look at the technology services that their IT departments provide for customers, evaluating where it makes sense to provide technology components. E-mail and scanning (扫描) operations were obvious early candidates. Many organizations are now offering their document-intensive operations as a shared service. There is no doubt that people are calling for the expansion of shared services to more and more areas.
40. What is the sharing industry?
41. Why does shared transportation receive attention from people?
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Shared services are getting increasingly popular for their convenience, but there are still calls for expansion to wider areas because they are currently restricted to machines.
43. Please provide another example of shared services and explain your reason. (about 40 words)
第二节 应用文（20分）
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友 Jim 在做关于“中学生做家务”的调查，想了解你做家务的情况。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括：
1）你平时做哪些家务；
2）你对中学生做家务的看法。
注意: 1.词数不少于 50；
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua

参考答案
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）
第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者在越南遇到的一个女乞丐，在对女乞丐给予施舍的同时，乞丐也回馈作者的帮助。让作者感到每个人都需要认可，需要被了解，需要被欣赏和被爱。作者也相信每个人都有价值，值得了解。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：她总是回应我的微笑、握手和问候。A. attempted试图，尝试；B. wanted想要；C. managed设法，努力做；D. failed失败、未能。根据上文“Every day I put my hand in hers as our eyes met.”（每天，当我们的目光相遇时，我都会把手放在她的手中）可知，作者主动去招呼女人，以及下文女乞丐的友好可知，她从来没有不回应作者的微笑、握手和问候。故选D项。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在我们参观的最后一天，我发现自己独自一人在酒店对面一个繁忙的街角。A. free免费的，自由的；B. alone独自的；C. lost迷失的；D. exposed暴露的。根据下文“tonight I was by myself ”可知，作者独自一人。故选B项。
【3题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有人建议我们径直穿过拥挤的车流，不要看左右。让他们避开我们。A. avoid避开；B. stop阻止；C. lead带领；D. direct引导。 由上文解析“被告知在穿过拥挤的车流时不要看左右”，结合句意，“他们避开我们”，为递进关系。故选A项。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但今晚，我独自一人，面对车流感到力不从心。A. unwilling不情愿的；B. inadequate信心不足的；不充分的；C. inappropriate不合适的；D. unfit不合适的。由“But tonight I was by myself”可知今晚是作者一个人过马路，结合句意可知，作者是感到力不从心了。故选B项。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们分享了更重要的东西——友谊之心的温暖。A. earned挣钱；B. shared分享；C. expected期望；D. undertaken进行。根据上文“I had not given her a single coin.”可知作者没给她钱，结合句意分享了更重要的东西。故选B项。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我见过有人恼怒地推开别人伸出的手。A. anxiety焦虑；B. desperation绝望；C. annoyance恼怒；D. sadness悲伤。根据上文“ignore them and focus their eyes elsewhere”可知，人们忽视他们，对他们感到很厌烦。故选C项。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后迅速走开，希望不会再出现另外20个衣衫褴褛的乞丐。A. street街道；B. corner拐角；C. way方式，方法；D. scene场景。由句意可知，on the scene“在现场”为固定短语。故选D项。
【8题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：把你的手放在别人伸出的手里，紧紧地握一会儿，这也是小事。A. firmly牢固地；B. casually随意地；C. cautiously小心地；D. eagerly热切地。此处为副词修饰动词grasp。根据句意，结合选项意思应为“紧紧地握着”，BCD与句意不符。故选A项。
【9题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：每个人都需要认可。A. motivation动机；B. encouragement鼓励；C. recognition认可；D. commitment承诺。根据上文“thus acknowledging their existence”可知，承认他们的存在和认可意思一致。故选C项。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：每个人都需要认可，需要被了解，需要被欣赏和被爱。A. liked喜欢；B. trusted信任；C. accepted接受；D. known了解。根据下文“worth knowing.”可知，每个人都值得被了解。故选D项。
第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分, 共15分）
【答案】11. had collected
12. which##that
13. was encouraged
14. what
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍美国著名游泳运动员菲利普斯。
【11题详解】
考查过去完成时。句意：到菲尔普斯31岁退役时，他已经在奥运会上获得了23枚金牌，3枚银牌和2枚铜牌，这一纪录在未来很多年都不太可能被打破。该句是复合句，含By the time“到……时候”引导的时间状语从句，从句是一般过去时态，主句动作先于从句动作，所以用过去完成时。故填had collected。
【12题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：到菲尔普斯31岁退役时，他已经在奥运会上获得了23枚金牌，3枚银牌和2枚铜牌，这一纪录在未来很多年都不太可能被打破。此处a record是先行词，指物，后面的定语从句没有主语，定语从句由关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
【13题详解】
考查一般过去时的被动语态和主谓一致。句意：菲尔普斯小时候患有多动症，7岁时就被鼓励去游泳以控制自己的精力。Phelps是句子主语，第三人称单数形式，和谓语动词encourage之间是被动关系，是一般过去时的被动语态。故填was encouraged。
【14题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：我试着去看我真正能做什么，我的潜力可以在哪里。动词see后面是宾语从句，从句既缺少引导词，其谓语动词do缺少宾语，所填词要其双重作用，连接代词what符合句意。故填what。
【答案】15. finding
16. So/Therefore/Thus
17. easily
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，分析了在雨天很难打到出租车的原因。
【15题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：但是在雨天，人们很难打到出租车。have a hard time (in) doing表示“ 做……有困难”，故填finding。
16题详解】
考查副词/连词。句意：因此，在雨天，乘坐出租车的人更多。根据句意可知“人们喜欢在雨天打车”与“在雨天，乘坐出租车的人更多”是因果关系，此处表示结果，故填So/Therefore/Thus。
【17题详解】
考查副词。句意：此外，拉客的出租车也较少，因为很多出租车司机赚够了钱提前回家了。修饰动词reach用副词，故填easily。
【答案】18. developed
19. influential
20. to
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了儒家思想是由孔子在春秋时期发展起来的一套哲学和伦理体系以及它国内外文化产生的影响。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：儒家思想是由孔子在春秋时期发展起来的一套哲学和伦理体系。分析句子可知，该空为非谓语动词形式，又由develop和Confucianism为被动关系，应用过去分词，表被动。故填developed。
19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：儒家思想是一种哲学和伦理体系，它已成为中国文化的重要组成部分。此处修饰名词part，应用形容词。故填 influential。
【20题详解】
考查介词。句意：世界各地的人们都可以在国外的孔子学院和中国文化中心接触到儒家思想。固定短语have access to“接近，获得”。故填to。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。旨在通过介绍一些医药公司以便招募一些作医药研究的人。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。考查此类题型中的目的意图。首段首句Some of our research projects rely on the generosity of people like you.和尾句Watch this space for ways in which you could get involved.我们的一些研究项目需要你这样大方的人来参与；看看适合你的空缺位置。下文最后一段也有说明recruiting，招募新人。说明此篇文章的目的意图是为研究项目招募志愿者。故选D。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。审题得知关键词是OVG的目的是。可定位于此：OVG works towards the goal of developing new and improved vaccines for the prevention of infection in adults and children, OVG目标指向培育新的改进了的疫苗以便阻止成人和小孩被感染。可知OVG的目标是生产抗病毒疫苗。故选B。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。审题定位于此：The Oxford Internet Institute, together with the Business School, is recruiting individuals to participate in computer-based experiments involving online surfing behavior as well as economic and political decision-making.这里关键词信息是recruiting和participate in computer-based experiments可知，牛津互联网研究所和商学院，正在招募个人参与基于计算机的实验。 所以如果你加入牛津实验室，就可以在家用电脑上完成实验。故选C。
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了自己参加学生会主席竞选演讲的经历。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的 “I wished I had never even thought of this stupid idea of running for student body president. That was a month ago, before I found out that I would have to speak in front of the entire school.”可知，作者之前没想到参加竞选还需要在全校面前发表演讲，所以她感到自己当初参加竞选很傻。所以故为什么作者认为参加选举是愚蠢的是因为她没有想到会有这么多观众。C项正确。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的 “It would only be a few hours before the embarrassing results would come out, and that wasn't even the worst of my worries. What would everyone say? What would my parents think when I told them that I lost the election? They were so proud of me; I would never be able to tell them. Everyone was counting on me, my teachers, my friends, even the principal.”可知，只要几个小时，尴尬的结果就会出来，这还不是我最担心的。 大家会怎么说？ 如果我告诉我父母我竞选失败了，他们会怎么想？ 他们为我感到骄傲，我永远无法告诉他们。 每个人都指望着我，我的老师，我的朋友，甚至是校长。所以作者最担心的是如果自己演讲失败会让关心她的人失望，故B项正确。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 “And as I delivered that speech, a new and strange realization came to me. I had captured their attention and for a moment---they belonged to me.”而知，当作者走上讲台演讲时，她发现观众认真聆听，事情没有她原以为的那么糟糕。由此我们能从作者的经历中学到事情可能没有你想的那么糟。故D项正确。
【答案】27. B 28. C 29. C 30. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，一项研究表明，植物在压力下会发出超声波叫声，这可能会开辟一个精确农业的新领域，让农民们倾听缺水作物的声音。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。由第四段中的“On average, drought-stressed tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour, while tobacco plants made 11.”（平均来说，干旱压力下的番茄植株每小时发出35个声音，而烟草植株每小时发出11个声音。），可知缺水番茄比烟草更敏感，干旱条件下，番茄植株发声多。故选B项。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。由倒数第二段“The suggestion that the sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision agriculture seems feasible if it is not too costly to set up the recording in a field situation”（干旱压力下植物发出的声音可以用于精准农业的建议，如果在田间条件下设置录音成本不太高的话，这一建议似乎是可行的。）和最后一段中的“She warns that the results can’t yet be broadened out to other stresses, such as salt or temperature, because these may not lead to sounds. In addition, there have been no experiments to show whether moths or any other animal can hear and respond to the sounds the plants make, so that idea remains speculative（推测的）for now, she says.”（她警告说，研究结果还不能扩大到其他压力，如盐或温度，因为这些可能不会导致声音。此外，她还说，目前还没有实验证明飞蛾或其他动物是否能听到并对植物发出的声音做出反应，所以这个想法目前仍然是推测性的。），可推断出Anne Visscher对实验的发现抱有谨慎的态度。故选C项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。由第一段中的“But now, for the first time, they have been recorded making ultrasonic cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen for water-starved crops.”（但现在，有人首次记录到它们在压力下会发出超声波叫声，研究人员说，这可能会开辟一个精确农业的新领域，让农民们倾听缺水作物的声音。）和第五段中的“The researchers trained a machine-learning model to discriminate between the plants’ sounds and the wind, rain and other noises of the greenhouse, correctly identifying in most cases whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut, based on the sound’s intensity and frequency.”（研究人员训练了一个机器学习模型来区分植物的声音和温室里的风、雨和其他噪音，根据声音的强度和频率，在大多数情况下正确地识别出压力是由干燥还是割伤引起的。），可推断出此研究可以帮助人们更快地诊断出植物状况。故选C项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。由第一段中的“But now, for the first time, they have been recorded making ultrasonic cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen for water-starved crops.”（但现在，有人首次记录到它们在压力下会发出超声波叫声，研究人员说，这可能会开辟一个精确农业的新领域，让农民们倾听缺水作物的声音。）和第二段“Itzhak Khait and his colleagues at Tel Aviv University in Israel found that tomato and tobacco plants made cries at frequencies humans cannot hear when stressed by a lack of water or when their stem is cut.”（以色列特拉维夫大学的伊扎克•哈伊特和他的同事们发现，番茄和烟草植物在缺水或茎被割下时发出的叫声频率是人类听不到的。），可知文章讲的是植物会在压力下发出人类听不到的超声波叫声，所以B选项“植物在压力下尖叫”，为短文最佳标题。故选B项。
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. A 34. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了团队合作并不总是凑效，研究发现其只有在人们偶尔合作情况下才能奏效。
【31题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“But managers always have to balance the merits of teamwork, which help ensure that everyone is working towards the same goal, with the dangers of “groupthink”, when some don’t point out the faults of a plan to fit in with others. When people are aware of the views of others, there is a tendency for them to follow, as participants are reluctant to look foolish”可知，但是，管理者总是必须平衡团队合作的优点，这有助于确保每个人都朝着同一个目标努力，同时也有群体思维的危险，因为有些人为了与他人保持一致而没有指出计划中的不足之处，当人们了解到他人的观点时，他们就有一种追随的倾向，此处解释原因——因为他们不愿意偏离多数人的观点（与别人的观点不同）而显得愚蠢，由此可知画线词词义为“不同于”，故B项正确。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The intermittent collaborators found the right result as often as the individualists, and got a better average solution.”可知，这三位美国学者在研究中发现间歇性的合作者和个体主义者一样经常找到正确的结果，并得到更好的平均解决方案，也就说他们发现偶尔的合作可以提升绩效，故D项正确。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 “Fashion houses with co-creative directors are rated as less creative by industry experts than brands that were individually led.”可知，行业专家认为，与单人领导的品牌相比，拥有联合创意总监的时装公司的创意更少，由此可知，单人领导（单一权威）的时装公司更具创意，故A项正确。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是团队合作并不总是凑效，研究发现其只有在人们偶尔合作情况下才能奏效，故B项（团队合作何时凑效？）适合作文章标题。故B项正确。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
【答案】35. F 36. A 37. B 38. D 39. E
【解析】
【分析】本文是一片议论文，主要通过作者自己的经历来说明公共图书馆不可取代。
【35题详解】
根据上文，Nothing could be further from the truth.这个（观点）离谱得很。作者不同意上面的观点，继而表明自己的观点：事实上，就是因为网络，公共图书馆才比以往更被需要。故选F项。
【36题详解】
根据上文We hear so much about “false news”.我们听到那么多“错误的新闻”，再根据下文Librarians are there to help.图书管理员可以帮助我们。可知，我们在网络上会获得很多信息，但是我们不知道这些信息是否准确，但是我们可以到公共图书馆去，那里的信息来源很可信。故选A项。
【37题详解】
根据下文It helps connect people with the resources they need to find a job, continue their education, and learn new skills.它帮助人们连接找工作，继续教育以及学习新技能所需要的资源。可知，这一段是表明公共图书馆对人们生活的积极影响，即帮助改善人们的生活，而且放在首句，起中心句的作用。故选B项。
【38题详解】
根据本段第一句话（中心句）可知，本段的大意是公共图书馆不仅仅只是书本和信息。结合上文Yes, there are public computers, Internet access, movies, music, programs and a thousand other things.确实，那儿有公用电脑，网络联网，电影，音乐，节目以及其他好多东西，结合下文They are places where people feel safe and welcomed.他们也是让人们感到安全，感到受欢迎的地方。上文讲的是有形的方面，下文将无形的方面，中间缺少一个过渡，表明公共图书馆不仅仅是有形的，他们的意义和关联性不仅仅如此。故选D项。
【39题详解】
根据上文Some of the best memories of my childhood involve going to the local library and in speaking with many others in the neighborhood, they too have those same memories. They are presently making those same memories with their children and their grandchildren.我童年时期的一些最好的回忆涉及的是去公共图书馆，并且跟附近的许多人闲谈，那些人也有（跟我一样的）回忆。他们现在也在跟他们的后代创造类似的回忆。可知，公共图书馆连接了人与人之间的关系。故选E项。
第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）
【答案】40. The sharing industry is an economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
41. Because it offers environmentally-friendly means of transportation to people in cities.
42. Shared services are getting increasingly popular for their convenience, but there are still calls for expansion to wider areas because they are currently restricted to machines.
According to the passage, presently shared services include not only machines but also smaller, less heavy items, such as ties and umbrellas.
43. (1) Sharing books is a good type of shared services. People can share and read the books they like without pay or with only a little money, so that they will improve their knowledge and enrich their life. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
(2) Sharing platforms is a good type of shared services. For example, resources can be shared there. Another example is that in a community, old people can learn how to use computers and smartphones with the help of it. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了共享服务的理念及发展，指出共享服务需要更多的想象力，人们正在呼吁将共享服务扩展到越来越多的地区。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“The sharing industry is an emerging. highly flexible economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee. (共享产业是一个新兴的、高度灵活的经济网络，允许人们免费或收费共享资源)”可知，共享产业是一个经济网络，允许人们免费或收费共享资源。故答案为The sharing industry is an economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“This kind of transportation is so environmentally-friendly that it is increasingly popular among people in many cities. (这种交通工具非常环保，在很多城市越来越受欢迎)”可知，因为共享交通为城市里的人们提供了环保的交通工具，所以受到了人们的关注。故答案为Because it offers environmentally-friendly means of transportation to people in cities.
【42题详解】
考查推理判断。根据文章第四段中的“The real pay-off in shared services probably lies in renting out smaller, less heavy items. (共享服务的真正回报可能在于出租较小、较轻的物品)”和“So some companies, would let you pick up a tie when you needed it and only when you needed it. (因此，一些公司会让你在需要的时候挑选领带，而且只在你需要的时候)”以及“Another example is an umbrella-sharing service. (另一个例子是雨伞共享服务)”可知，共享服务并不仅仅是局限于机器，因为现在的共享服务不仅包括机器，还包括较小、较轻的物品，如领带和雨伞。所以题干中的“they are currently restricted to machines (它们目前仅限于机器)”错误，应在此处画下划线，原因是现在的共享服务不仅包括机器，还包括较小、较轻的物品，如领带和雨伞。故答案为According to the passage, presently shared services include not only machines but also smaller, less heavy items, such as ties and umbrellas.
【43题详解】
主观题。答案不唯一，有理有据即可。答题时应先举出一个文中并未提及的共享服务的例子，再解释原因。参考答案为(1) Sharing books is a good type of shared services. People can share and read the books they like without pay or with only a little money, so that they will improve their knowledge and enrich their life. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
(2) Sharing platforms is a good type of shared services. For example, resources can be shared there. Another example is that in a community, old people can learn how to use computers and smartphones with the help of it. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
第二节 应用文（20分）
44. 【答案】Dear Jim,
Knowing you are conducting a survey of the housework that high school students do at home, I’m writing to tell you about what I do.
Although my school schedule is rather tight, I still manage to help with the housework from time to time. I will clean up after dinner. I also help with other things like sweeping and dusting. Every once in a while, I will cook something for my family. So far, my spaghetti has been the most delicious dish.
I think high school students should do some housework. For one thing, by doing housework we learn to take responsibility at home, and in the longer term, in society. For another, I find the time spent doing housework with my parents really fun and rewarding; we chat with each other and sometimes even sing together. Doing housework can be a great break from my busy school work.
Good luck with your survey.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一封邮件，回复Jim关于你做家务的情况。
【详解】第一步：审题
体裁：应用文；
人称：第一、二人称为主；
时态：根据提示，时态应为一般现在时；
要点：
1）你平时做哪些家务；
2）你对中学生做家务的看法。
第二步：列提纲 （重点词组）
at home；manage to do；from time to time；clean up；a survey of；so far；do some housework；in the longer term；take responsibility；chat with；school work等
第三步：连词成句
1. Knowing you are conducting a survey of the housework that high school students do at home, I’m writing to tell you about what I do.
2. Although my school schedule is rather tight, I still manage to help with the housework from time to time.
3. I also help with other things like sweeping and dusting.
4. Every once in a while, I will cook something for my family.
5. I think high school students should do some housework.
6. By doing housework we learn to take responsibility at home, and in the longer term, in society.
7. I find the time spent doing housework with my parents really fun and rewarding.
8. Doing housework can be a great break from my busy school work.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表转折对比关系：Although；For one thing…For another…；
2.表并列补充关系：still；also；and；even；
3.表示时间关系：Every once等
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
第五步：润色修改
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了较多高分句型，如：Knowing you are conducting a survey of the housework that high school students do at home, I’m writing to tell you about what I do.使用了现在分词作原因状语；Although my school schedule is rather tight, I still manage to help with the housework from time to time.使用了由although引导的让步状语从句；For one thing, by doing housework we learn to take responsibility at home, and in the longer term, in society. For another, I find the time spent doing housework with my parents really fun and rewarding; we chat with each other and sometimes even sing together.使用了For one thing…For another…引导并列句；Doing housework can be a great break from my busy school work.使用了动名词作主语等。还使用了一些固定短语，如：manage to do；from time to time；clean up；so far；do some housework；in the longer term；take responsibility；chat with等。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。