语法专题十一 被动语态-中考语法一点通

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语法专题十一、被动语态（必考）什么是被动语态？（概念理解）语态（voice），是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语和谓语动词的关系。英语语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者。【巧记】“主动，主动，主去动”被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。【巧记】“被动，被动，主被动”注意，被动语态里的谓语动词一定是及物动词。主语和谓语动词是逻辑上的动宾关系。被动语态的基本结构“主+be+及物动词的过去分词+（by sb）”，时态和数的变化体现在助动词be上。注意，主动语态有的时态，被动语态都有，时态的变化体现在系动词be上。We speak Chinese. 我们说汉语。（主动语态：主语“我们”是谓语“说”的执行者）Chinese is spoken by us. 汉语被我们说。（被动语态：主语“汉语”是谓语“说”的承受者）通俗来讲，被动语态就是表示主语和谓语存在一种被动关系，相当于汉语中的“被字句”。什么时候用被动语态？（使用情况）①     不知道动作的执行者时        Some new computers were stolen yesterday. 昨天几台新电脑被偷了。（不知道谁干的）。②     没必要说明动作的执行者时        I was born in 2008. 我是2008年(被我妈妈)生的。（我肯定是我妈生的，没必要说）③     强调动作的承受者时        The book was published in 2012. 这本书2012年（被）出版的。（被动语态强调的是这本书，而不是出版社）④     不想明确动作的执行者时        The window is broken. 窗户坏了。（具体谁弄坏的，不明说）【助记口诀】谁做的不知道，说出谁没必要；承受者需强调，执行者不明确。 主动语态与被动语态的转换 （语态转换）主+谓（及物动词）+宾 （主动语态） 主+ be+及物动词的过去分词+by+宾 （被动语态） Simon ate the dumplings. Simon吃了饺子。 The dumplings were eaten by Simon. 饺子被Simon吃了。（饺子不能吃Simon）所以主动变被动分三步（1）主语（执行者）和宾语（承受者）互换位置。（2）把主动语态的谓语动词变成被动形式（be+及物动词的过去分词）。（3）被动语态里的宾语前加by（有时可省略），by后宾语若是代词变宾格。        We produce these products→ 我们生产这些产品。These products are produced by us. 这些产品被我们生产。【助记口诀】宾变主，主变宾，宾前by；谓语变被动，be后“过分”跟。【注意】（1）有些由“动词+介词或副词”构成的动词短语，相当于及物动词，存在被动语态。在将含有这些动词短语的主动语态变换成被动语态时，不可将动词与介词或副词拆分，也不可省略介词或副词。如，ask for（请求），talk about（谈论），listen to（倾听），look after、take care of（照顾），think of（考虑），laugh at（嘲笑）put up（建造），put off（推迟），turn down（调低），turn off（关掉），give up（放弃），find out（发现）等等。        His classmates often laugh at him. 同学经常嘲笑他。（主动语态）→ He is often laughed at by his classmates，他经常被同学嘲笑。（被动语态）（2）see，hear，watch， notice等感官动词和make, let, have, help等使役动词后，在主动句里经常跟省略to的不定式作宾补，然而在变为被动语态时，切不可省略to。        I often see them play football on the playground.我经常看到他们在操场上踢足球。（主动语态 see sb do sth, 不带to）→ They were often seen to play football (by me) on the playground.他们经常被我看见在操场上踢足球。（被动语态 sb be seen to do sth 要带to） 【拓展】不可转换的情况，并不是所有主动语态的句子都可以转换成被动语态。（1）       根据语境推断，不符合逻辑的。        I have a book.我有一本书。反过来，书被我有，讲不通。（2）       谓语是不及物动词或动词短语的没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有动作的承受者。        He runs so fast. 他跑得真快。只有跑这个动作的执行者，构不成被动语态。（3）       系动词无被动语态。为什么？所谓“主系表”，它是对主语的描述，根本没有宾语。系表结构表示的就是主语的一种状态，而这种状态一般就是通过形容词或副词来呈现的。        The door is closed now.门现在关着了。虽然看上去是be done的结构，但它表示的是一种状态，这里closed是过去分词变过来的形容词。 4.一般现在时的被动语态的结构 （句型变化）肯定句主语+am/is/are+ done +（by sb）+其他.否定句主语+am/is/are+not+done +（by sb）+其他.一般疑问句Am/Is/Are+主语+done+（by sb）+其他？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+am/is/are+主语+done +（by sb）+其他？(这里我们用done表示及物动词的过去分词)        We are influenced by Confucius’ ideas today. 如今我们被（受）孔子思想影响。        We are not influenced by Confucius’ ideas today. 如今我们不被（受）孔子思想影响。        Are we influenced by Confucius’ ideas today? 如今我们被（受）孔子思想影响吗？        Why are we influenced by Confucius’ ideas today? 为什么如今我们被（受）孔子思想影响？A lot of trees _______ in our city in spring every year.A. are planted B. were planted C. plant D. planted 5.一般过去时的被动语态的结构变化：肯定句主语+ was/were + done +（by+动作执行者）+其他.否定句主语+ was/were + not + done +（by+动作执行者）+其他.一般疑问句Was/Were +主语 + done +（by+动作执行者）+其他？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+was/were +主语+done +（by+动作执行者）+其他？(这里我们用done表示及物动词的过去分词)        The picture was drawn by Simon yesterday.这幅画是Simon昨天画的。        The picture was not drawn by Simon yesterday. 这幅画不是Simon昨天画的。        Was the picture drawn by Simon yesterday? 这幅画是Simon昨天画的吗？        What was drawn by Simon yesterday? Simon昨天画了什么？（昨天什么被Simon画了？）6.一般将来时的被动语态的结构变化肯定句主语+ will/(am/is/are)going to + be + done +（by+动作执行者）+其他.否定句主语+ will not/(am/is/are)not going to + be + done+（by+动作执行者）+其他.一般疑问句Will +主语+ be + done+（by+动作执行者）+其他？Be（Am/Is/Are）+主语 + going to + be + done+（by+动作执行者）+其他？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词 +Will +主语+ be + done+（by+动作执行者）+其他？特殊疑问词 + be（Am/Is/Are）+主语 + going to + be + done+（by+动作执行者）+其他？        Books will be replaced by the Internet in the future. 未来书籍将会被互联网取代。        Books will not be replaced by the Internet in the future. 未来书籍将会被互联网取代。        Will books be replaced by the Internet in the future? 未来书籍会被互联网取代吗？        Why will books be replaced by the Internet in the future? 未来书籍为什么会被互联网取代？Primary and secondary school students _____ mobile phones to schools, according to the latest rules.A. will not allow to bring B. will not be allowed to bringC. will be not allowed to bring D. will allow not to bring7.含有情态动词的被动语态（1）含有情态动词的被动语态的定义：用来说明主语被动性动作所反映的情感和态度。（2）含有情态动词的被动语态的基本结构：“主语+情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”，常见的情态动词有can, may, must, should, could等等。        These photos can be seen on the Internet. 这些照片会在网上被看到。        Teachers should be respected. 老师应该得到尊重。（3）含有情态动词的被动语态的句式变化肯定句主语+情态动词+be+ done+（by+动作执行者）+其他.否定句主语+情态动词+not + be +done+（by+动作执行者）+其他.一般疑问句情态动词+主语+ be + done +（by+动作执行者）+其他.？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+情态动词+主语+ be+ done +（by+动作执行者）+其他.？        These photos can be seen on the Internet. 这些照片会在网上被看到。        These photos can’t be seen on the Internet. 这些照片会在网上被看到。        Can these photos be seen on the Internet? 这些照片会在网上被看到吗？        When can these photos be seen on the Internet？这些照片什么时候会在网上被看到？The old men and the children must _____ in our country. A. take good care B. be taken good care of    C. take care of    D. be taken good care 8.被动语态用法总结一般现在时主+ am/is/are + done一般过去时主+ was/were + done一般将来时主+ will + be +done主+ am/is/are going to + be + done含有情态动词的主+ 情态动词 + be + done  中考语法—被动语态专项练习（共计50小题，每小题2分，总分100分。）1. A new high speed train railway station ________ in Hechi in five years.A. will build B. will be built C. has built D. has been built2. Children under 12 years old_____ride sharing bikes. It's too dangerous.A. shouldn’t allow to B. shouldn’t allowC. shouldn’t be allowed to              D. shouldn’t be allowed3. After the boyˈs homework ________, he went out to play.A. finished B. finishes C. was finished D. is finished4.  Paper, one of the four greatest inventions in ancient China, ________by Cai Lun about 2，000 years ago.A. was invented B. is invented C. were invented D. are invented5. If the science fiction ______ into English, it will be popular around the world.A. translates B. is translated C. translated D. was translated6. No matter how many difficulties we have, I believe all the problems can ______ in the end.A. solve B. be solved C. answer D. be answered7. The Monkey King is a traditional Chinese cartoon hero. Today, he ______ by people of all ages.A. will love B. was loved C. is loved D. will be loved8. Where we should go ______ next Friday.A. is decided B. was decidedC. will be decided D. has been decided9. In our English class, many chances ______ to students to show themselves.A. offer B. are offered C. offered D. are offering10. Fishing _________ in order to protect the ecosystem of Hanjiang River.A. allows B. is allowed C. isn't allowed D. won't allow11. Today, many winter Olympic sports ______ even by children.A. enjoyed B. enjoy C. were enjoyed D. are enjoyed12. These cakes        with chocolate. Have one, please.A. fill B. filled C. are filled D. were filled13. Some people think trees____ on Tree Planting Day only．A. should plant B. should be plantedC. should be plant D. should be planting14. The telephone ______ in 1876.A. invented B. invents C. is invented D. was invented15. The plan ______ in an international meeting last year.A. discussed B. is discussingC. will be discussed D. was discussed16. We can leave two hours earlier if the work ______.A. completes B. completed C. is completed D. was completed17. —______ you ______ to Jim's birthday party last night?—Yes, I was. But I was too busy to be there.A. Did; invited B. Were; invite C. Was; invited D. Were; invited18. Gina went to the doctor's yesterday and she ______ about the importance of good living habits once more.A. told B. is told C. was told D. has told19. —Why are you leaving your job?—I can't stand it any longer. I        always        to work overtime.A. am; asking B. am; asked C. was; asking D. was; asked20. In order to make Dandong more beautiful, more trees and flowers ______ every year.A. will plant B. should plantC. should be planted D. must plant21. People in Lanzhou are glad that a modern subway ______ in several years.A. will complete B. will be completedC. has completed D. is completed22. The students in this school are made_______ school uniforms on Monday．A. to wear B. wearing C. wear D. worn23. Hurry up! Once the concert starts, nobody ______ to enter the concert hall.A. allows B. allowed C. is allowed D. is allowing24. —How clean your car is!—Thank you．It ______ very often．A. is washed B. washes C. was washed D. washed25. I learnt to swim when I was six. I ______ by my mother.A. am taught B. was taught C. will be taught D. have taught26. It's reported that Jiangsu Grand Theatre ______ in September this year.A. completes B. is completedC. will complete D. will be completed27. It is said that an A-shaped tower ______ in the center of the city next year.A. builds B. will build C. will be built D. is built28. Do you know Mo Yan? His books ______ into English a few years ago.A. were translated B. translatedC. are translated D. translates29.—Do you think teenagers          to make their own decisions?—No, I don't agree with you. They're too young to do that.A. encourage B. are encouragingC. are encouraged D. were encouraged30. Look at our new school. It ____ last year.A. built B. was built C. is built D. will be built31. When you       a difficult task, try to continue with it and finish it.A. give B. are giving C. gave D. are given32. —Do you know Earth Day?—Sure. It ________ in 1970 to tell us to protect our planet.A. sets up B. set up C. is set up D. was set up33. —Excuse me, could you please tell me if the sports meeting ______ on time?—Hard to say. If it ______ tomorrow, we'll have to put it off.A. will hold; rains B. will be held; rainsC. will be held; will rain D. holds; will rain34. Over $30,000 　　　for a children’s hospital by a British girl several months ago.A. is raised B. was raised C. will be raised D. has been raised35.—How often do I need to feed the dog?—It ________ food every day, or it will be hungry.A. must give B. must be give C. must gave D. must be given36. —Mom，where is my model plane？ —Oh，it____ to Jenny yesterday．A. is lent B. lends C. was lent D. lent37. I want to know if an English Singing Competition _____next month.A. will hold B. will be held C. holds D. is held38.—What's the meaning of the activity "Let's Save"？—Paper shouldn't ________ in everyday life.A. waste B. wasted C. be wasted D. is wasted39. —What are you watching?—The Story of China. This part         at China Block Printing Museum of Yangzhou in 2014.A. filmed B. was filmed C. has filmed D. is filmed40. —I enjoy walking on the clean streets in the morning．—You know they      by the hard-working cleaners every day．A. clean B. are cleaned C. are cleaning D. will clean41. With the development of China, Chinese ______ by a large number ​​​​of people in the world.A. speaks B. is spoken C. speak D. is speaking42. Many people believe that tea ______ first in China about 5,000years ago.A. drank B. is drunk C. was drunk D. has drunk43. My advice on how to save paper         by my class last Monday.A. accepts B. accepted C. was accepted D. is accepted44. A baby's first month birthday is a special event in China and ______ with a special party.A. is celebrated B. is celebrating C. was celebrated D. celebrates45. Let's wait and see whether books            by the Internet in the future．A. replace B. replacedC. will be replaced D. were replaced46. I have a new bike．It _____ to me as a birthday gift by my father．A. gives B. gave C. was giving D. was given47. Look at the flowers on both sides of the streets. They ______ last month.A. were planted B. are planted C. are planting D. were planting48. —Do you know the famous artist in red?—Sure. He ______ to the art festival in our city every year.A. invites B. invited C. is invited D. was invited49. —Why hasn't Tony come?—The invitation letter ________ to Toby by accident.A. was emailed B. has emailed C. is emailed D. emailed50. —Lucy, what have you learnt from this history class?—Paper ______ first ______ about 2,000 years ago in China.A. is; invented B. was; invented C. is; inventing D. was; inventing