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2022-2023学年上海市名校高二（下）期中英语试卷（含解析）
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这是一份2022-2023学年上海市名校高二（下）期中英语试卷（含解析），共27页。试卷主要包含了 A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022-2023学年上海市名校高二（下）期中英语试卷
1.
The Real Cost of Travel
Mass tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon.The tourism industry （1） ______ （take） off in the middle of the last century and it's been growing ever since.In the last ten years especially，more and more people have been traveling to places （2） ______ we had previously only read about or seen on television.But what kind of impact does tourism have on the planet？
A voyage to the end of the earth？
A large cruise ship（邮轮）can carry as many as 6，000 passengers and there are upwards of 50 such ships currently （3） ______ （sail） the seas.Cruise ships dump about 90，000 tons of waste into the oceans every year.Any harmful effects of this are made even worse by the fact （4） ______ cruises tend to visit the same places over and over again，thus concentrating the waste in specific places.
Trash on top of the world
From remote ocean habitats to the world's highest mountain，our trash is everywhere.Though far fewer people go climbing the Himalayas than on a cruise，their impact （5） ______ （still feel）.Tourism is vital to the economy of Nepal，（ 6） ______ it is to many non-industrial countries.But for decades，climbers have been abandoning their unwanted equipment on Everest.For the last few years，clean-up teams of local and international climbers have been organizing hiking trips just （7） ______ （pick） up the waste.One group has brought over eight tons of waste down from the mountain!
When more is not better
Tourism of a different kind is causing problems in Europe.Construction on the Mediterranean coast has been （8） ______ control for years.Beach resorts form an almost unbroken line from Gibraltar to Greece，and natural habitats have disappeared under miles of concrete.And so we pollute the sea，the land，and the air.Low-cost air travel is booming，in spite of （or perhaps （9） ______ （help） by） economic problems.For many Europeans，low-cost flights allow them to take several short vacations a year.Yet curiously，short flights actually have a much bigger effect on climate change than long flights.So，are there （10） ______ （damaging） ways of seeing the world？Traveling by train，for example，is a much greener way of getting around.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
2.
A.build B.precisely C.reason D.reinvent E.relative F.social
G.survive H.theoretically I.traces J.transmission K.works
Three things that make us human
All species on Earth，including humans，are unique.Yet our intelligence and creativity go well beyond those of any other animal.Humans have long communicated through language，and invented ever more complex tools that have enabled our species to （1） ______ and develop.
＞ Our brains
Without doubt，the human trait （特征）that sets us apart the most from the animal kingdom is our extraordinary brain.Humans don't have the largest brains in the world—those belong to sperm whales.We don't even have the largest brains （2） ______ to body size—many birds have brains that make up more than 8% of their body weight，compared to only 2.5% for humans.Yet the human brain，which weighs about three pounds when fully grown，gives us the ability to （3） ______ and think on our feet beyond the capabilities of the rest of the animal kingdom.It gave us the （4） ______ of Einstein，Mozart and many other geniuses.
＞ Language
Many species communicate with vocal sounds.But language is a special form of communication.Full language，with rules for combining sounds into words，and words into sentences，probably originated at some point about 50，000 years ago.But we will probably never know （5） ______ when and where language originated.Fossils，DNA evidence，comparisons with other animals，and studies of how languages change over time all provide clues，but spoken language itself leaves few （6） ______ .It most likely evolved from a simpler form of communication.Chimpanzees use both gestures and vocal calls to communicate status and other complex （7） ______ information.It is possible that our ancestors also expressed themselves first with gestures or simple words，then developed rules for linking them into sentences.
A Learning from each other
Our unique brains and dexterity（灵巧）of our hands use of tools possible，but we also rely on the cultural （8） ______ of ideas.Culture is at the heart of being human.We put our heads together，we share ideas，and learn from each other，recognizing a past，a present，and a future.We learn from the past，（ 9） ______ on this in the present，and expect the future.Without culture，each new generation would be forced to （10） ______ the wheel.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
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(10)
One of the presents in my house this Christmas was a late 18th-century volume of the Encyclopaedia Britannica （大英百科全书）.It is a window into the discoveries and thinking of the time.The encyclopaedia is an entertaining reminder of how （1） ______ some of our current truths are bound to be.Certainties in areas we haven't yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come.And one of those we are still remarkably （2） ______ is the effect of food and exercise on our bodies.We're surrounded by confident （3） ______ on how to eat，how to avoid or reverse obesity （肥胖），and yet the advice seems pointless while the world gets fatter.Much of what we think we know is a pile of assumptions rather than （4） ______ .
Our confusion is the theme of Spoon-Fed，a book by one of Britain's leading nutrition researchers，Tim Spector of King's College London.Its subtitle is： "Why almost everything we've been told about food is wrong." It is a call for us to （5） ______ more.
One by one Spector offers answers to recent food （6） ______ .Coffee can save our lives，he says.Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 per cent.Butter does not damage our hearts，Spector argues，and salt is vital.Eggs have gone "from heroes to villains and back again".Don't say no to all red meat on （7） ______ grounds；occasional small quantities of high-quality unprocessed meat provide important vitamins and iron and are "probably good for you".Exercise is so good for longevity and happiness that it should be considered our No 1 drug，but the one thing for which it's （8） ______ useless is losing weight.Vitamin pills are a multibillion-pound industry with almost no proven （9） ______ but which can cause real harm.Even vitamin D，which Spector used to study and believe in，he now （10） ______ .
Spector also offers more than a set of currently （11） ______ tips.The science of nutrition has not been solved by him，as he would be the first to admit.His most （12） ______ point is that there is no one size that fits all.Our bodies are complex，and our reactions are （13） ______ ：yet nobody wants to pay for the research that might explain why.
Some combination of food choices，genes，environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome — the unique microbe （微生物的） combinations in our body ― yes different （14） ______ for each of us，leaving some lean and two thirds of us too fat.This is the territory Spector wants to explore further and which might just allow us to （15） ______ the global trend to obesity，with all the risks we've witnessed this year.
1）A.well-known
B.aim-oriented
C.ill-founded
D.long-lived
3. A. certain about B. ignorant of C. capable of D. worried about
4. A. decisions B. courses C. focuses D. suggestions
5. A. facts B. chances C. reasons D. features
6. A. investigate B. demand C. concentrate D. spend
7. A. supplies B. shortages C. standards D. myths
8. A. culture B. history C. economy D. health
9. A. equally B. practically C. socially D. impossibly
10. A. effectiveness B. consciousness
C. competitiveness D. emptiness
11. A. serves B. shares C. recognizes D. dismisses
12. A. pointless B. topical C. defensible D. additional
13. A. emotional B. significant C. questionable D. forgivable
14. A. individual B. unpredictable C. important D. available
15. A. changes B. outcomes C. profits D. addicts
16. A. start B. analyze C. stop D. reflect
D
The last time the horse seriously competed with man-made transport for speed was 1830，when a stagecoach won a race against America's first domestically manufactured steam locomotive （蒸汽机车）.
Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.
The contest over the gently rolling hills of the Sauerland，a pretty district in western Germany，started as a joke.
Klaus-Peter Kappest，a photographer from Oberkirchen，had been frustrated for years by the slow pace of his uploads.At 15 megabits （比特，一种信息量单位） per second，it sometimes takes him several hours to send a batch of high-resolution images to his clients.One day Mr Kappest，52，was chatting to his colleagues at Woll，a local magazine.He suggested that he would be better off delivering his photographs by horse. "That was the most reliable communications technology in the Middle Ages，" he said. "And the editor said， 'Well let's do it then，let's see which is truly faster."
Mr Kappest turned to Jakob Schutte，a rider who lives in the same village，and Favo，his horse.The photographer burnt 4.2 GB of images on to a DVD，packed it into a bag and sent it off with Favo and Mr Schutte on the 10km ride to the printer's office in Schmallenberg.
At the same time he uploaded the data through WeTransfer，a popular file-sharing service.The computer had a 20-minute head start while Mr Schutte started off down the road，past Wilzenberg mountain.Favo made the journey in 104 minutes.The file transfer，however，was not finished until the horse had returned to Oberkirchen more than two hours later.In total it took five hours.
There was a serious point behind the story.Germany has long been known for its poor broadband and mobile internet coverage，particularly in the countryside.Two years ago a report by a network regulator found that 29 per cent of internet users received less than half the speed to which they were contractually entitled.While things have improved，a global survey carried out this year found that it took on average 16 minutes and eight seconds to download a 5 GB film through a German internet connection—a little better than the UK but worse than Puerto Rico and Barbados.
In the Sauerland，Mr Kappest's area，millions of euros have been spent on a new network but the connections have yet to be switched on in dozens of towns and villages，including Oberkirchen.The horse race did its job：Mr Kappest has since been assured that his broadband will be up and running next month.
17. The story of a stagecoach is mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to ______ .
A. lead in the topic
B. introduce a new race
C. highlight a historical year
D. correct people's misunderstanding
18. Which of the following is true of Jakob Schutte and his horse？ ______
A. They were hired by WeTransfer.
B. They used to live in Schmallenberg.
C. They completed the task in less than two hours.
D. They spent five hours on the way to Oberkirchen.
19. Which of the following is a consequence of the horse race？ ______
A. Germany will realize its poor broadband service.
B. Mr Kappest will soon have a better internet connection.
C. More euros will be spent on the new network in the Sauerland.
D. Oberkirchen will be the first in Germany to stop any horse race，
20. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage？ ______
A. Germany falls behind in wifi connection
B. History hardly repeats itself in normal ways
C. Uploading photographs in a modern world is all that easy
D. Horse power still has an advantage in race with village wifi
E
A Chinese coin found in a Hampshire field suggests that medieval （中世纪） trade between England and the Far East was more extensive than previously thought，a historian has said.
The coin of the Northern Song dynasty dates from 1008-1016，but is of a type that remained in wide use in China for several hundred years.
It is the second Chinese coin found in a medieval context in England and experts said that its discovery added weight to the idea that the two coins were genuine medieval losses and not dropped by modern collectors.
The coin was found by a detectorist near Petersfield and about 20 miles from the only other Chinese work of art from medieval England：a piece of blue and white porcelain （瓷器） from a small cup or bowl，which could be placed in Winchester in the 14th century.
Caitlin Green，a historian at the University of Cambridge，suggested in a blog that the coin might have been brought to England at about the same time as the porcelain.
She said the finds of this coin and another Northern Song dynasty coin of 1066-77，unearthed in Cheshire，suggest the Winchester porcelain may have been part of the objects from the Far East in the 14th century rather than a one-off.This was centuries before imports of Chinese goods became widespread in the 1600s，but about the same time as Chinese pottery is known to have been owned by royals in France and Italy.
The history of Chinese goods in Britain goes back further，however，with rich Roman Britons known to have bought Chinese silk.
Dr Green said that goods from China would have reached England over several stages by way of the Middle East and Italy.
21. What can be learned about the two Chinese coins mentioned in the passage？ ______
A. They were unearthed at the same site.
B. They were believed to have arrived at England in the 1300s.
C. They were found to have been owned by royals in France and Italy.
D. They were dropped by modern collectors.
22. The word "one-off" （paragraph 6）most probably means ______ .
A. something that doesn't happen regularly
B. something that doesn't happen only once
C. something that happens on a small scale
D. something that happens unexpected
23. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？ ______
A. Chinese coin hints at vast medieval trade route
B. Coins and white porcelain trace back to ancient China
C. Chinese silk points at a lasting England-China relationship
D. History of Chinese goods in Britain has been redefined
F
Our lives are made up of human-machine interactions—with smartphones，televisions，computers—that have the power to delight and，often，frustrate.Into this area has stepped a new class of professional：the user-experience，or UX，designer，whose job is to see a product not from an engineer's，marketer's，or legal department's perspective but from the viewpoint of the user alone.And to insist that the customer should not have to learn to speak the company's internal language.The company should learn to speak the customer's.
According to a recent survey，the role of UX designers has become a fixture on those year-end "hottest job" lists.If you want to study UX，you now have the option at some three dozen institutions in the United States，including Carnegie Mellon and the University of Washington.But Ford is one of the few major industrial companies in the U.S.to put a UX expert，Jim Hackett，in charge.
At present，the question facing the car industry is basically whether high-tech giants such as Tesla and Google can learn car-making technology trains faster than Ford，GM，and other carmakers can learn software and algorithms.But Hackett reflects Ford's bet that the winner won't be the best chassis （底盘） maker or software maker，but the company that nails the interaction between man and machine. "One of the things that drew me to Jim was his commitment to design thinking，which puts the human being at the center of the equation，" explained Bill Ford，the company's executive chairman.
Hackett retired from Steelcase，a furniture maker，in 2014 and in 2016，Bill Ford hired him to run the automaker's Smart Mobility subsidiary，which was tasked with rethinking from the ground up how cars would be driven，powered，and owned. "This is what we call the design gap，" said Hackett in an interview，pointing to the space between two lines on a graph he'd drawn on a whiteboard.One line climbs up—this is a company's skill at making things，which goes up over time.Below it is a downward line，representing a company's understanding of the customer's experience.This，he said，can decline over time，as a company loses sight of the problems it's in the business of solving.The design gap may be noticeable when the job is，say，building a marginally better tailgate for the Ford F-150.But it becomes positively yawning when your industry is so thoroughly turned on its head that you're forced to ask some basic questions：Do people want to own their cars or share them？Drive them or have them driven？The flood of new technologies makes everything possible.
24. Which of the following statements best describes a UX designer's responsibility？ ______
A. He is devoted to designing innovative products.
B. He is devoted to making a product satisfy users' needs.
C. He is devoted to improving a company's internal language.
D. He is devoted to understanding human-machine interactions.
25. What can be inferred from the passage？ ______
A. UX designers are regarded as one of those best-paid jobs.
B. High-tech giants have taken the lead in car manufacturing.
C. Companies are laying greater emphasis on customers' feelings.
D. The UX courses provided by the US institutions are far from enough，
26. Ford hires Jim Hackett because the company believes that ______ .
A. it is currently facing the biggest challenge that needs a new perspective
B. Hackett's design thinking is quite different from other UX professionals
C. customers' experience plays a decisive role in the car-making competition
D. Steelcase gave Hackett enough time and experience to grow up into an expert
27. What is Jim Hackett most likely to agree with？ ______
A. Ford should pay less attention to new technologies.
B. Ford has long been ignoring customers' experience.
C. Ford is no longer a leading company in auto making skills.
D. Ford has made a wrong decision to build a tailgate for the F-150.
A.But the content of the Cube is so wide that it can be a symbol of logical thinking，a way of life.
B.Eventually he came up with a six-sided structure with nine interlocking cubes on each side.
C.His moment of inspiration came in the spring of 1974.
D.I am forced to admit that I haven't solved it yet.
E.Rubik was born towards the end of the Second World War to an aircraft engineer father and a poet mother.
F.The following year he was offered the chance to take his invention to a toy fair in New York.
'The Cube has his own voice'
I arrive at the Szepilona Bisztro，on a leafy road on the "Buda" side of Budapest，holding a Rubik's Cube and searching for the man who had created it almost 50 years ago.I feel unworthy to have lunch with Emo Rubik，not the least reason of which is because the Cube I am holding has never been solved.
Rubik arrives punctually.He's been coming to this restaurant since the late 1960s，when he was a graduate student，before he had invented one of the world's most successful puzzles一a cube with 43 quintillion combinations，only one of which is correct.
（ 1） ______ At that time，Rubik was living in his family's apartment on a grand avenue on the "Pest" side of the city.He was a professor of architecture，but his room was "like a child's pocket，full of marbles and treasures".
In an attempt to help students understand three-dimensional problems，he tried to build a set of cubes that stayed together but could also move independently. （2） ______ He painted each side a different colour.But after he had twisted it，he realised that he could not easily return it to its original state.
"It was a more difficult task to find a system to solve it than it had been to create the thing itself/' he says.In the end，it took him a month.And solving it gave him a "happy feeling of freedom''，he said at the time.The Rubik's Cube was born，and to date more than 450 million have been sold，the craze reaching its peak in the early 1980s.
Rubik was 29 when he "discovered" the Cube in 1974.By 1979，Rubik had sold 300，000. （3） ______ From there，it spread across the world，with some 100 Rubik's Cubes being sold in only three years.
"I can't imagine there being a higher type for it than there had been in the '80s，" he says.He motions to my Cube. （4） ______ Rubik comforts me with a Japanese slogan from the 1980s，coined for a game： "a minute to learn and a lifetime to master".
28. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
29. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
30. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
31. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
32. Small talk
Small talk is often thought of as unimportant，or perhaps worse，a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion.Nevertheless，research suggests they will benefit.
One reason for small talk's bad reputation is that it tends，for obvious reasons，to aim for the lowest common denominator （分母）.In ritualized dialogue，little information is exchanged. "Hello" signals nothing at all. "How are you？" rarely gets a fully honest answer.
However，linguists call that crucial hello，talk phatic （交流情感的） Bronislaw Malinowski，who coined the term in the 1920s；explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words. "If you know literally nothing about someone you can still safely presume they prefer sun to rain，and begin to establish a connection on that basis.If your bus or train is suddenly stuck，an even better opportunity arises.You can be sure your fellow passengers are not happy about it，and a shared grousing session makes them—and you—feel less alone with your inconvenience.
At work，small talk may seem a distraction from what employees are paid to do.But there is a spectrum between empty talk （"Hello"），social talk （"How was your holiday？"），social talk relevant to work （"Is Sarah still on holiday？"） and pure business talk （"Has Sarah finished that report？"）.A study of government departments in New Zealand by Janet Holmes shows how frequently people switch between those modes，even in brief conversations.That suggests a function beyond filling awkward gaps.Among other things，such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task.She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round （as well as to cut it off）.This is because，even without being told，a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction.
33. 这家咖啡馆让我想起了二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆。（remind）（汉译英） ______
34. 最大挑战可能在于如何重塑员工对公司的信心。（lie）（汉译英） ______
35. 这位教练既对孩子们要求严格，也不遗余力地呵护着他们对足球的热爱。（effort）（汉译英） ______
36. 50年前，这里还是人迹罕至的海滩，与今天的游人如织迥然不同。（contrast）（汉译英） ______
37. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近收到英国笔友Mike的邮件。在邮件中，他提到自己因为刚来上海读大学，生活（如饮食和同学交流）和学习（如中文授课）上都不太习惯。回复一封邮件，内容须包括：
1）你的建议；
2）你的理由。
(1)
(2)
答案和解析
1.【答案】【小题1】took
【小题2】which/that
【小题3】sailing
【小题4】that
【小题5】is still felt
【小题6】as
【小题7】to pick
【小题8】out of
【小题9】helped
【小题10】less damaging
【解析】（1）考查动词的时态。句意：旅游业从上个世纪中叶开始腾飞，此后一直在增长。根据in the middle of the last century可知，本句的时态应该用一般过去时，所以谓语动词用过去式。故填took。
（2）考查定语从句。句意：特别是在过去的十年里，越来越多的人去了我们以前只在电视上读到或看到的地方旅行。分析句式结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词是places指物，且从句中缺少宾语，所以用关系代词which或that来引导。故填which/that。
（3）考直现在分词。句意：一艘大型游轮可以搭载多达6000名乘客，目前有超过50艘这样的船在海上航行。分析句式结构可知，此处用非谓语动词作后置定语，又因为sail和ships之间是主动关系，所以用非谓语动词中的现在分词。故填sailing。
（4）考查同位语从句。句意：由于邮轮往往一遍又一遍地访问相同的地方，从而将废物集中在特定的地方，这一事实使任何有害影响变得更加严重。分析句式结构再根据抽象名词fact可知，空格后是同位语从句来解释说明fact的具体内容，且从句中不缺成分，所以用that来引导。故填that。
（5）考查动词的时态和语态。句意：尽管攀登喜马拉雅山的人远少于乘船游览的人，但人们仍能感受到它们的影响。分析句意可知，主句谓语动词feel和主句主语impact之间是被动关系，且时态为一般现在时，所以此处用一般现在时的被动语态，主语抽象概念，所以be动词用is。故填is still felt。
（6）考查连词。句意：旅游业对尼泊尔的经济至关重要，就像它对许多非工业国家一样。分析句意可知，此处用连词as表示"正如、像……一样"符合语境，引导引导方式状语从句。故填as。
（7）考查动词不定式。句意：在过去的几年里，当地和国际登山者组成的清理小组一直在组织徒步旅行，只是为了收集垃圾。分析句意可知，此处用动词不定式表目的。故填to pick。
（8）考查固定短语。句意：多年来，地中海沿岸的建设已经失去控制。分析句意可知，此处用固定短语out of control表示"失控"符合语境。故填out of。
（9）考查过去分词。句意：低成本航空旅行正在蓬勃发展，尽管有经济问题，或者可能受到经济问题的帮助。help非谓语动词，分析句意再根据空格后表被动的by可知，此处用过去分词表被动。故填helped。
（10）考查比较级。句意：那么，有没有不那么有害的看待世界的方式呢？分析句意可知，此处应该用形容词的比较级形式表示"危害较小"，又因为damaging是多音节形容词，所以用less构成比较级，less damaging作定语，修饰名词ways。故填less damaging.
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旅游业对地球环境的影响。
语法填空考查学生英语综合知识的运用，做题时要首先明确短文大意，从词语搭配，固定句型，语法，时态等方面综合考虑，结合上下文语境找出正确答案。
2.【答案】【小题1】G
【小题2】E
【小题3】C
【小题4】K
【小题5】B
【小题6】I
【小题7】F
【小题8】J
【小题9】A
【小题10】D
【解析】（1）考查动词不定式。句意：长期以来，人类一直通过语言进行交流，并发明了更复杂的工具，使我们的物种得以生存和发展。结合句意表示"生存"应用动词survive，此处为短语enable sb.to do sth.故填survive。故选G。
（2）考查形容词。句意：我们的大脑与身体的比例甚至不是最大的---许多鸟类的大脑占其体重的8%以上，而人类的这一比例仅为2.5%。结合句意表示"相对于"可知短语为relative to。故填relative。故选E。
（3）考查动词不定式。句意：然而，人类的大脑在完全发育时重约3磅，它赋予我们推理和思考的能力，这是动物界其他动物所无法比拟的。结合句意表示"推理"可知应填动词reason，此处为不定式作后置定语修饰名词ability。故填reason。故选C。
（4）考查可数名词的复数。句意：它给了我们爱因斯坦、莫扎特和许多其他天才的作品。作宾语，表示"作品"，结合后文of Einstein，Mozart and many other geniuses可知应用复数名词works。故填works。故选K。
（5）考查副词。句意：但我们可能永远无法确切地知道语言起源于何时何地。修饰动词know，结合句意表示"确切地"应用副词precisely，故填precisely。故选B。
（6）考查可数名词的复数。句意：化石、DNA证据、与其他动物的比较以及对语言如何随时间变化的研究都提供了线索，但口语本身几乎没有留下痕迹。作宾语，结合句意表示"痕迹"应用名词trace，few修饰应用复数形式。故填traces。故选I。
（7）考查形容词。句意：黑猩猩用手势和声音来交流地位和其他复杂的社会信息。作定语，结合句意表示"社会"应用形容词social。故填social。故选F。
（8）考查不可数名词。句意：我们独特的大脑和灵巧的双手使使用工具成为可能，但我们也依赖于文化观念的传播。作宾语，结合句意表示"观念"应用名词transmission，不可数。故填transmission。故选J。
（9）考查动词作谓语。句意：我们从过去学习，以现在为基础，并期待未来。作谓语，表示"以……为基础"动词短语为build on，和learn，expect并列作谓语，故填build。故选A。
（10）考查动词不定式。句意：没有文化，每一代人都将被迫重新发明轮子。结合句意表示"重新发明"可知应用动词reinvent，此处为短语be forced to do sth.故填reinvent。故选D。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了让我们成为人类的三件事。
如何做选词填空
1.根据语法，判断词性
一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性，从而正确的选词，进一步缩小词的选择范围。
2.利用语境，确定词形
当确定了一个单词的词性后，可通过上下文来帮助判断其形式，如主谓一致，动词的时态，语态，固定短语，名词的数和所有格，形容词，副词的比较级等。
3~16.【答案】C、B、D、D、A、D、D、B、A、D、C、B、A、B
【解析】（1）考查形容词及语境理解。A.well-known众所周知的；B.aim-oriented以目标为导向的；C.ill-founded缺乏根据的；D.long-lived长寿的。句意：百科全书是一个有趣的提醒，提醒我们当前的一些真理必然是多么没有根据。根据下文"Certainties in areas we haven't yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come. （我们尚未了解的领域的确定性在未来几个世纪中看起来与其中一些一样荒谬）"可知，当前的一些被认为是真理的东西可能是缺乏根据的。故选C项。
（2）考查形容词短语及语境理解。A.certain about确定；B.ignorant of无知；C.capable of有能力；D.worried about担心。句意：我们仍然非常无知的其中一个是食物和运动对我们身体的影响。根据空前"one of those"及空后"the effect of food and exercise on our bodies."可知，对于食物和运动对我们身体的影响我们仍是无知的。故选B项。
（3）考查名词及语境理解。A.decisions决定；B.courses课程；C.focuses重点；D.suggestions建议。句意：我们被关于如何饮食，如何避免或逆转肥胖的自信建议所包围，但当世界变得更胖时，这些建议似乎毫无意义。根据空后"how to eat，how to avoid or reverse obesity"可知，这些都是建议。故选D项。
（4）考查名词及语境理解。A.facts事实；B.chances机会；C.reasons原因；D.features特征。句意：我们认为我们所知道的大部分内容都是一堆假设而不是事实。根据空前"rather than（而不是）"可知，空处应为与"assumptions"相对应的词，故选A项。
（5）考查动词及语境理解。A.investigate调查；B.demand需求；C.concentrate集中；D.spend花费。句意：这要求我们进行更多调查。根据空前"Why almost everything we've been told about food is wrong.（为什么我们被告知的几乎所有关于食物的东西都是错误的）"可知，我们被告知的关于食物的东西是错误的，所以要求我们进行"调查"，故选A项。
（6）考查名词及语境理解。A.supplies供应；B.shortages短缺；C.standards标准；D.myths神话。句意：斯佩克特为最近一个接一个的食物神话提供了答案。根据下文"Coffee can save our lives，he says.Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 percent.Butter does not damage our hearts，Spector argues，and salt is vital.Eggs have gone "from heroes to villains and back again". （咖啡可以拯救我们的生命，他说。每天三到四杯可以降低患心脏病的风险，并可能将死亡风险降低8%。黄油不会伤害我们的心脏，斯佩克特认为，盐是至关重要的。鸡蛋已经"从英雄变成了恶棍，然后再回来"）"可知，食物的作用被夸大其词了，斯佩克特认为这些是食物神话。故选D项。
（7）考查名词及语境理解。A.culture文化；B.history历史；C.economy经济；D.health健康。句意：不要以健康为由对所有红肉说不，偶尔少量的优质未加工肉类提供重要的维生素和铁，"可能对你有好处"。根据下文"provide important vitamins and iron"可知，红肉提供了维生素和铁，空处表示不要以"健康"为由，故选D项。
（8）考查副词及语境理解。A.equally同等；B.practically实际上；C.socially社会；D.impossibly不可能。句意：运动对长寿和幸福是如此有益，以至于它应该被认为是我们的第一大药物，但它实际上毫无用处的一件事就是减肥。根据空后"useless is losing weight."可知，运动对减肥"实际上"是没有用处的，故选B项。
（9）考查名词及语境理解。A.effectiveness有效性；B.consciousness意识；C.competitiveness竞争力；D.emptiness空虚。句意：维生素丸是一个价值数十亿英镑的行业，几乎没有被证实的有效性，但可能会造成真正的伤害。根据空前"almost no proven"及空后"real harm"可知，维生素丸没有被证明"有效性"，可能还有害。故选A项。
（10）考查动词及语境理解。A.serves服务；B.shares股份；C.recognizes承认；D.dismisses不屑一顾。句意：即使是斯佩克特曾经研究和相信的维生素D，他现在也对他不屑一顾。根据空前"used to study and believe in"及"now"可知，空处表达的意思与前文相反，即曾经研究和相信，现在不屑一顾。故选D项。
（11）考查形容词及语境理解。A.pointless无意义；B.topical局部；C.defensible可辩护；D.additional附加。句意：斯佩克特还提供了不止一套目前可以辩护的技巧。根据"a set of currently（11）tips."可知，斯佩克特有不止一套理论来支持他的观点，可以为其辩护，故选C项。
（12）考查形容词及语境理解。A.emotional情绪化的；B.significant重要的；C.questionable可疑的；D.forgivable可原谅的。句意：他最重要的观点是没有放之四海而皆准的标准。根据空后"no one size that fits all"可知，这是他最重要观点，故选B项。
（13）考查形容词及语境理解。A.individual个人的；B.unpredictable不可预测的；C.important重要的；D.available可用的。句意：我们的身体非常复杂，反应也因人而异：然而没有人愿意为可能解释这一现象的研究买单。根据常识可知，每个人对不同的食物或运动项目的反应因人而异的。故选A项。
（14）考查名词及语境理解。A.changes变化；B.outcomes结果；C.profits利润；D.addicts成瘾者。句意：食物选择，基因，环境和我们微生物组产生的化学反应的某种组合——我们体内独特的微生物组合——是的，我们每个人的结果都不同，留下一些瘦肉和三分之二的人太胖。根据前文"Some combination of food choices，genes，environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome—the unique microbe （微生的）combinations in our body"可知，不同的食物选择，基因和环境及微生物产生的微生物组合的结果是不一样的，故选B项。
（15）考查动词及语境理解。A.start开始；B.analyze分析；C.stop阻止；D.reflect反思。句意：斯佩克特希望进一步探索，这可能使我们能够阻止全球肥胖趋势，以及我们今年目睹的所有风险。根据空后"the global trend to obesity"可知，斯佩克特想进步一的进行研究，以阻止全球的肥胖趋势。故选C项。
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了我们对食物和运动对身体的作用认识仍然存在困惑和假设，作者Spector指出了一些迄今为止的食品误解，提出了个性化营养学的重要性，并呼吁进行更多研究以解释个体之间的微生物组成的差异和其与肥胖之间的关系。最终目的是希望通过正确的饮食和锻炼习惯控制全球肥胖的趋势。
完形填空题的解题步骤：
1.通读全文，理解大意。重视首句信息，跳过空格，浏览全文，从整体上感知全文，理解文章大意，这是解题的基础。
2.瞻前顾后，避难就易。在理解文章大意的情况下，结合各选项的意义和用法，遵循先易后难的原则，先解决那些自己有把握的问题。对少数难题，暂时跳过，或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示，或许一个在前面不能解答的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。
3.复读全文，解决残敌。借助已经补全的空格，对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题。
4.再次复读，弥补疏漏，全部做好后，务必要结合自己选择的答案重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。
17~20.【答案】A、C、B、D
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据第一段The last time the horse seriously competed with man-made transport for speed was 1830，when a stagecoach won a race against America's first domestically manufactured steam locomotive （蒸汽机车）.（上一次马与人造交通工具在速度上的激烈竞争是在1830年，当时一辆公共马车赢得了与美国第一辆国产蒸汽机车的比赛）以及第二段Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.（现在，"马"战胜了理论上强大得多的对手——宽带互联网连接）可推知，第一段提到公共马车的故事主要是为了引出话题。故选A。
（2）推理判断题。根据第六段Favo made the journey in 104 minutes.（Favo只用了104分钟就走完了全程）可知，C选项"他们在不到两个小时内完成了任务"正确。故选C。
（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段The horse race did its job：Mr Kappest has since been assured that his broadband will be up and running next month.（这场"赛马"起到了它的作用：从那以后，Kappest先生得到了保证，他的宽带将于下个月投入使用）可知，比赛结果是Kappest先生很快就会有更好的网络连接。故选B。
（4）标题归纳题。根据第二段"Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.（现在，"马"战胜了理论上强大得多的对手——宽带互联网连接）"结合文章主要说明了一场通过赛马进行网速比拼的比赛，介绍了经过以及背后存在的网速问题。可知，D选项"在与乡村wifi的比赛中，马力仍然有优势"最符合文章标题。A.Germany falls behind in wifi connection德国在wifi连接方面落后；B.History hardly repeats itself in normal way.历史很难以正常的方式重演；C.Uploading photographs in a modern world is all that easy在现代社会，上传照片非常容易；D.Horse power still has an advantage in race with village wifi马力在和村村通wifi的赛跑中还是有优势的。故选D。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一场通过赛马进行网速比拼的比赛，介绍了经过以及背后存在的网速问题。
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
21~23.【答案】B、A、A
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据第四段The coin was found by a detectorist near Petersfield and about 20 miles from the only other Chinese work of art from medieval England：a piece of blue and white porcelain （瓷器）from a small cup or bowl，which could be placed in Winchester in the 14th century.（这枚硬币是由一名侦探在彼得斯菲尔德附近发现的，距离另一件来自中世纪英格兰的中国艺术品大约20英里：那是一件来自一个小杯子或碗上的青花瓷，它可能是在14世纪来到温彻斯特的）及第六段She said the finds of this coin and another Northern Song dynasty coin of 1066-77，unearthed in Cheshire，suggest the Winchester porcelain may have been part of the objects from the Far East in the 14th century（她说，这枚硬币和另一枚在柴郡出土的1066-77年北宋硬币的发现表明，温彻斯特瓷器可能是14世纪远东物品的一部分）可知，文中提到的两枚硬币被认为都是在14世纪中国与远东贸易时到达英国的。故选B项。
（2）词句猜测题。根据第六段She said the finds of this coin and another Northern Song dynasty coin of 1066-77，unearthed in Cheshire，suggest the Winchester porcelain may have been part of the objects from the Far East in the 14th century rather than a one-off.（她说，这枚硬币和另一枚在柴郡出土的1066-77年北宋硬币的发现表明，温彻斯特瓷器可能是14世纪远东物品的一部分，而不是一次one-off）中rather than表明one-off和上文be part of意思是相反的，即这些钱币是交易时常常用到的，而不是一次性的。因此划线词意为"不经常发生的事情"。A.something that doesn't happen regularly不经常发生的事情；B.something that doesn't happen only once不会只发生一次的事情；C.something that happens on a small scale小规模发生的事情；D.something that happens unexpected意外发生的事情。故选A项。
（3）标题归纳题。根据第一段A Chinese coin found in a Hampshire field suggests that medieval （中世纪）trade between England and the Far East was more extensive than previously thought，a historian has said.（一位历史学家说，在汉普郡一块土地上发现的一枚中国硬币表明，中世纪英格兰和远东之间的贸易比以前认为的要广泛）可知，本文主要讲述在英国发掘出土的一枚中国古币表明了中国在中世纪时期有着广大的贸易范围，直至远东地区。所以A.Chinese coin hints at vast medieval trade route （中国钱币暗示了中世纪广阔的贸易路线）概括了文章大意。故选A项。
这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了在英国Hampshire郡一块土地上发现了一枚中国硬币，这表明中世纪英格兰和远东之间的贸易比以前认为的要广泛。
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
24~27.【答案】B、C、C、B
【解析】（1）观点态度题。根据文章第一段Into this area has stepped a new class of professional：the user-experience，or UX，designer，whose job is to see a product not from an engineer's，marketer's，or legal department's perspective but from the viewpoint of the user alone.（进入这个领域的是一类新的专业人士：用户体验设计师，他们的工作不是从工程师、营销人员或法律部门的角度来看待产品，而是从用户的角度来看待产品）可知，UX设计师的职责是致力于使产品满足用户的需求。A.He is devoted to designing innovative products.他致力于设计创新产品；B.He is devoted to making a product satisfy users' needs.他致力于制造满足用户需求的产品；C.He is devoted to improving a company's internal language.他致力于改善公司的内部语言；D.He is devoted to understanding human-machine interactions.他致力于理解人机交互。故选B项。
（2）推理判断题。根据文章第一段And to insist that the customer should not have to learn to speak the company's internal language.The company should learn to speak the customer's.（并坚持认为，客户不应该学习说公司的内部语言。公司应该学会说客户的语言）和第二段According to a recent survey，the role of UX designers has become a fixture on those year-end "hottest job" lists.（根据最近的一项调查，用户体验设计师的角色已经成为年终"最热门工作"名单上的固定角色）可推知，公司更加重视顾客的感受。故选C项。
（3）推理判断题。根据文章第三段"One of the things that drew me to Jim was his commitment to design thinking，which puts the human being at the center of the equation，" explained Bill Ford，the company's executive chairman.（公司执行主席比尔•福特解释说："吉姆吸引我的原因之一是他对设计思维的执着，他把人放在等式的中心。"）可推知，福特雇佣吉姆•哈克特是因为公司相信在汽车制造竞争中，顾客的体验起着决定性的作用。故选C项。
（4）推理判断题。根据文章第三段But Hackett reflects Ford's bet that the winner won't be the best chassis （底盘） maker or software maker，but the company that nails the interaction between man and machine.（但哈克特反映出，福特的赌注是，赢家不会是最好的底盘制造商或软件制造商，而是能够把握人机交互的公司）和最后一段的"This is what we call the design gap，" said Hackett in an interview，pointing to the space between two lines on a graph he'd drawn on a whiteboard.One line climbs up—this is a company's skill at making things，which goes up over time.Below it is a downward line，representing a company's understanding of the customer's experience. （哈克特在一次采访中指着他在白板上画的图上两条线之间的空间说。有一条线在上升---这是一家公司制造东西的技能，随着时间的推移而上升。下面是一条向下的线，代表一家公司对客户体验的理解）推知，长期以来，福特一直忽视客户的体验。A.Ford should pay less attention to new technologies.福特应该少关注新技术；B.Ford has long been ignoring customers' experience.长期以来，福特一直忽视客户的体验；C.Ford is no longer a leading company in auto making skills.福特不再是汽车制造技术的领先公司；D.Ford has made a wrong decision to build a tailgate for the F-150.福特做出了一个错误的决定，为F-150制造尾门。故选B项。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要通过介绍UX设计师的职责，说明了企业竞争中，顾客的体验起着决定性的作用。
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
28~31.【答案】C、B、F、D
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据前文He's been coming to this restaurant since the late 1960s，when he was a graduate student，before he had invented one of the world's most successful puzzles一a cube with 43 quintillion combinations，only one of which is correct（他从20世纪60年代末开始就来到这家餐厅，当时他还是一名研究生，还没有发明出世界上最成功的谜题之一一一个有43个五分之一组合的立方体，其中只有一个是正确的）；以及后句At that time，Rubik was living in his family's apartment on a grand avenue on the "Pest" side of the city（当时，鲁比克住在城市"佩斯"一侧一条宏伟大道上他家的公寓里），可知表示"他的灵感来自1974年春天"的选项C可以承接前文的魔方话题，引出后文介绍魔方发明的过程，故选C。
（2）推理判断题。根据前句In an attempt to help students understand three-dimensional problems，he tried to build a set of cubes that stayed together but could also move independently（为了帮助学生理解三维问题，他试图构建一组保持在一起但也可以独立移动的立方体），可知表示"最后，他想出了一个六面结构，每面有九个互相连接的立方体"的选项B可以承接前文，介绍魔方的结构，故选B。
（3）推理判断题。根据后句From there，it spread across the world，with some 100 Rubik's Cubes being sold in only three years（从那里开始，它传遍了世界，仅三年内就卖出了大约100个魔方），可知表示"第二年，他有机会把他的发明带到纽约的一个玩具博览会上"的选项F可以引出后文，介绍魔方传遍了世界的过程，故选F。
（4）推理判断题。根据后句Rubik comforts me with a Japanese slogan from the 1980s，coined for a game： "a minute to learn and a lifetime to master"（Rubik用一句20世纪80年代为游戏创造的日本口号安慰我："一分钟学习，一辈子掌握"），可知表示"我不得不承认我还没有解决这个问题"的选项D可以引出后句，介绍因为作者没有学会，Rubik对他的安慰，故选D。
这是一篇说明文。作者介绍了魔方的发明者发明魔方的原因和过程。
这个题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握。所以懂得整篇文章的基本结构或段落的语篇结构对解题很有帮助。
32.【答案】Small talk is often considered meaningless because it involves no real information exchange.【高分句型一】However，linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings.【高分句型二】Research also shows that，instead of a distraction，small talk is common at work because it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer.
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，闲聊通常被认为没有意义，因为它不涉及真正的信息交流。然而，语言学家发现闲聊很重要，因为这是一种共同感受的交流。研究还表明，闲聊不仅不会分散注意力，而且在工作中很常见，因为它能把人们团结在一起，经理们经常开始闲聊，以使他们的指示更柔和。
高分句型一：Small talk is often considered meaningless because it involves no real information exchange.
翻译：闲聊通常被认为没有意义，因为它不涉及真正的信息交流。
分析：本句运用了because引导的原因状语从句。
高分句型二：However，linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings.
翻译：然而，语言学家发现闲聊很重要，因为这是一种共同感受的交流。
分析：本句运用了because引导的原因状语从句。
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
33.【答案】This cafe reminds me of the teahouses in the 1950s and 1960s.
【解析】表示"这家咖啡馆"使用名词短语this cafe在句中做主语；表示"让某人想起..."使用动词短语remind somebody of something，在句中作谓语，陈述现状应使用一般现在时单数形式；代词宾格me作宾语；表示"二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆"，使用名词teahouses作介词of的宾语，使用"in the 1950s and 1960s"作后置定语。
故填：This cafe reminds me of the teahouses in the 1950s and 1960s.
这家咖啡馆让我想起了二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
34.【答案】The biggest challenge may lie in how to rebuild employees' confidence in the company.
【解析】表示"最大挑战"短语为The biggest challenge；表示"在于"短语为lie in，may后跟动词原形；表示"如何重塑员工对公司的信心"应用"疑问词+不定式"结构，短语为how to rebuild employees' confidence in the company。
故填：The biggest challenge may lie in how to rebuild employees' confidence in the company.
最大挑战可能在于如何重塑员工对公司的信心。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
35.【答案】The coach is not only strict with the children，but also spares no effort to protect their love for football.
【解析】此处主语为coach；表示"不仅……而且……"应用not only…but also…；表示"对孩子们严格"短语为be strict with the children；表示"不遗余力地"短语为spares no effort to；表示"呵护着他们对足球的热爱"翻译为protect their love for football。为一般现在时。
故填：The coach is not only strict with the children，but also spares no effort to protect their love for football.
这位教练既对孩子们要求严格，也不遗余力地呵护着他们对足球的热爱。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
36.【答案】Fifty years ago，this area was a beach rarely visited by tourists，forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists.
【解析】50年前fifty years ago；这里this area，作主语；人迹罕至的海滩a beach rarely visited by tourists，visited by tourists为过去分词作后置定语；与今天的游人如织迥然不同forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists，作状语，句子为一般过去时。
故填：Fifty years ago，this area was a beach rarely visited by tourists，forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists.
50年前，这里还是人迹罕至的海滩，与今天的游人如织迥然不同。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
37.【答案】【小题1】Dear Mike，
Thank you for your recent email.I'm sorry to hear that you're having a difficult time adjusting to life as a university student in Shanghai.（表示理解）
In terms of food，I would suggest that you try different types of local cuisine to get a taste of what Shanghai has to offer. 【高分句型一】You might find some new dishes that you really enjoy.Also，many universities have international student associations，where you can meet students from various countries and cultural backgrounds. 【高分句型二】This is a great way to make new friends，and they might have some suggestions for places to eat or activities to do in Shanghai.In terms of language barriers and adapting to Mandarin being the primary language of instruction，I suggest that you find a language exchange partner or join a language-learning group.（建议及理由）
I hope these suggestions can help you adjust to your new life in Shanghai.Don't hesitate to reach out if you have any more questions.（希望）
Yours， Li Ming
【小题2】略
【解析】高分句型一 In terms of food，I would suggest that you try different types of local cuisine to get a taste of what Shanghai has to offer.
翻译：在食物方面，我建议你尝试不同类型的当地美食，品尝一下上海的美食。
分析：句中使用了what引导宾语从句。
高分句型二 Also，many universities have international student associations，where you can meet students from various countries and cultural backgrounds.
翻译：此外，许多大学都有国际学生协会，在那里你可以结识来自不同国家和文化背景的学生。
分析：句中使用了where引导非限制性定语从句。
这是一篇提纲类作文，需要写的内容已经给出，但是写作时不要仅仅对要点进行生硬的翻译，而是要添加些内容，使文章看起来更充实，要组成一篇通顺连贯的短文，一定要谈谈自己的看法。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括，缺一不可。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，不能出现文章脱节问题。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。同时注意要求的字数，不要太多也不要太少。
2022-2023学年上海市名校高二（下）期中英语试卷
1.
The Real Cost of Travel
Mass tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon.The tourism industry （1） ______ （take） off in the middle of the last century and it's been growing ever since.In the last ten years especially，more and more people have been traveling to places （2） ______ we had previously only read about or seen on television.But what kind of impact does tourism have on the planet？
A voyage to the end of the earth？
A large cruise ship（邮轮）can carry as many as 6，000 passengers and there are upwards of 50 such ships currently （3） ______ （sail） the seas.Cruise ships dump about 90，000 tons of waste into the oceans every year.Any harmful effects of this are made even worse by the fact （4） ______ cruises tend to visit the same places over and over again，thus concentrating the waste in specific places.
Trash on top of the world
From remote ocean habitats to the world's highest mountain，our trash is everywhere.Though far fewer people go climbing the Himalayas than on a cruise，their impact （5） ______ （still feel）.Tourism is vital to the economy of Nepal，（ 6） ______ it is to many non-industrial countries.But for decades，climbers have been abandoning their unwanted equipment on Everest.For the last few years，clean-up teams of local and international climbers have been organizing hiking trips just （7） ______ （pick） up the waste.One group has brought over eight tons of waste down from the mountain!
When more is not better
Tourism of a different kind is causing problems in Europe.Construction on the Mediterranean coast has been （8） ______ control for years.Beach resorts form an almost unbroken line from Gibraltar to Greece，and natural habitats have disappeared under miles of concrete.And so we pollute the sea，the land，and the air.Low-cost air travel is booming，in spite of （or perhaps （9） ______ （help） by） economic problems.For many Europeans，low-cost flights allow them to take several short vacations a year.Yet curiously，short flights actually have a much bigger effect on climate change than long flights.So，are there （10） ______ （damaging） ways of seeing the world？Traveling by train，for example，is a much greener way of getting around.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
2.
A.build B.precisely C.reason D.reinvent E.relative F.social
G.survive H.theoretically I.traces J.transmission K.works
Three things that make us human
All species on Earth，including humans，are unique.Yet our intelligence and creativity go well beyond those of any other animal.Humans have long communicated through language，and invented ever more complex tools that have enabled our species to （1） ______ and develop.
＞ Our brains
Without doubt，the human trait （特征）that sets us apart the most from the animal kingdom is our extraordinary brain.Humans don't have the largest brains in the world—those belong to sperm whales.We don't even have the largest brains （2） ______ to body size—many birds have brains that make up more than 8% of their body weight，compared to only 2.5% for humans.Yet the human brain，which weighs about three pounds when fully grown，gives us the ability to （3） ______ and think on our feet beyond the capabilities of the rest of the animal kingdom.It gave us the （4） ______ of Einstein，Mozart and many other geniuses.
＞ Language
Many species communicate with vocal sounds.But language is a special form of communication.Full language，with rules for combining sounds into words，and words into sentences，probably originated at some point about 50，000 years ago.But we will probably never know （5） ______ when and where language originated.Fossils，DNA evidence，comparisons with other animals，and studies of how languages change over time all provide clues，but spoken language itself leaves few （6） ______ .It most likely evolved from a simpler form of communication.Chimpanzees use both gestures and vocal calls to communicate status and other complex （7） ______ information.It is possible that our ancestors also expressed themselves first with gestures or simple words，then developed rules for linking them into sentences.
A Learning from each other
Our unique brains and dexterity（灵巧）of our hands use of tools possible，but we also rely on the cultural （8） ______ of ideas.Culture is at the heart of being human.We put our heads together，we share ideas，and learn from each other，recognizing a past，a present，and a future.We learn from the past，（ 9） ______ on this in the present，and expect the future.Without culture，each new generation would be forced to （10） ______ the wheel.
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(2)
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(10)
One of the presents in my house this Christmas was a late 18th-century volume of the Encyclopaedia Britannica （大英百科全书）.It is a window into the discoveries and thinking of the time.The encyclopaedia is an entertaining reminder of how （1） ______ some of our current truths are bound to be.Certainties in areas we haven't yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come.And one of those we are still remarkably （2） ______ is the effect of food and exercise on our bodies.We're surrounded by confident （3） ______ on how to eat，how to avoid or reverse obesity （肥胖），and yet the advice seems pointless while the world gets fatter.Much of what we think we know is a pile of assumptions rather than （4） ______ .
Our confusion is the theme of Spoon-Fed，a book by one of Britain's leading nutrition researchers，Tim Spector of King's College London.Its subtitle is： "Why almost everything we've been told about food is wrong." It is a call for us to （5） ______ more.
One by one Spector offers answers to recent food （6） ______ .Coffee can save our lives，he says.Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 per cent.Butter does not damage our hearts，Spector argues，and salt is vital.Eggs have gone "from heroes to villains and back again".Don't say no to all red meat on （7） ______ grounds；occasional small quantities of high-quality unprocessed meat provide important vitamins and iron and are "probably good for you".Exercise is so good for longevity and happiness that it should be considered our No 1 drug，but the one thing for which it's （8） ______ useless is losing weight.Vitamin pills are a multibillion-pound industry with almost no proven （9） ______ but which can cause real harm.Even vitamin D，which Spector used to study and believe in，he now （10） ______ .
Spector also offers more than a set of currently （11） ______ tips.The science of nutrition has not been solved by him，as he would be the first to admit.His most （12） ______ point is that there is no one size that fits all.Our bodies are complex，and our reactions are （13） ______ ：yet nobody wants to pay for the research that might explain why.
Some combination of food choices，genes，environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome — the unique microbe （微生物的） combinations in our body ― yes different （14） ______ for each of us，leaving some lean and two thirds of us too fat.This is the territory Spector wants to explore further and which might just allow us to （15） ______ the global trend to obesity，with all the risks we've witnessed this year.
1）A.well-known
B.aim-oriented
C.ill-founded
D.long-lived
3. A. certain about B. ignorant of C. capable of D. worried about
4. A. decisions B. courses C. focuses D. suggestions
5. A. facts B. chances C. reasons D. features
6. A. investigate B. demand C. concentrate D. spend
7. A. supplies B. shortages C. standards D. myths
8. A. culture B. history C. economy D. health
9. A. equally B. practically C. socially D. impossibly
10. A. effectiveness B. consciousness
C. competitiveness D. emptiness
11. A. serves B. shares C. recognizes D. dismisses
12. A. pointless B. topical C. defensible D. additional
13. A. emotional B. significant C. questionable D. forgivable
14. A. individual B. unpredictable C. important D. available
15. A. changes B. outcomes C. profits D. addicts
16. A. start B. analyze C. stop D. reflect
D
The last time the horse seriously competed with man-made transport for speed was 1830，when a stagecoach won a race against America's first domestically manufactured steam locomotive （蒸汽机车）.
Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.
The contest over the gently rolling hills of the Sauerland，a pretty district in western Germany，started as a joke.
Klaus-Peter Kappest，a photographer from Oberkirchen，had been frustrated for years by the slow pace of his uploads.At 15 megabits （比特，一种信息量单位） per second，it sometimes takes him several hours to send a batch of high-resolution images to his clients.One day Mr Kappest，52，was chatting to his colleagues at Woll，a local magazine.He suggested that he would be better off delivering his photographs by horse. "That was the most reliable communications technology in the Middle Ages，" he said. "And the editor said， 'Well let's do it then，let's see which is truly faster."
Mr Kappest turned to Jakob Schutte，a rider who lives in the same village，and Favo，his horse.The photographer burnt 4.2 GB of images on to a DVD，packed it into a bag and sent it off with Favo and Mr Schutte on the 10km ride to the printer's office in Schmallenberg.
At the same time he uploaded the data through WeTransfer，a popular file-sharing service.The computer had a 20-minute head start while Mr Schutte started off down the road，past Wilzenberg mountain.Favo made the journey in 104 minutes.The file transfer，however，was not finished until the horse had returned to Oberkirchen more than two hours later.In total it took five hours.
There was a serious point behind the story.Germany has long been known for its poor broadband and mobile internet coverage，particularly in the countryside.Two years ago a report by a network regulator found that 29 per cent of internet users received less than half the speed to which they were contractually entitled.While things have improved，a global survey carried out this year found that it took on average 16 minutes and eight seconds to download a 5 GB film through a German internet connection—a little better than the UK but worse than Puerto Rico and Barbados.
In the Sauerland，Mr Kappest's area，millions of euros have been spent on a new network but the connections have yet to be switched on in dozens of towns and villages，including Oberkirchen.The horse race did its job：Mr Kappest has since been assured that his broadband will be up and running next month.
17. The story of a stagecoach is mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to ______ .
A. lead in the topic
B. introduce a new race
C. highlight a historical year
D. correct people's misunderstanding
18. Which of the following is true of Jakob Schutte and his horse？ ______
A. They were hired by WeTransfer.
B. They used to live in Schmallenberg.
C. They completed the task in less than two hours.
D. They spent five hours on the way to Oberkirchen.
19. Which of the following is a consequence of the horse race？ ______
A. Germany will realize its poor broadband service.
B. Mr Kappest will soon have a better internet connection.
C. More euros will be spent on the new network in the Sauerland.
D. Oberkirchen will be the first in Germany to stop any horse race，
20. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage？ ______
A. Germany falls behind in wifi connection
B. History hardly repeats itself in normal ways
C. Uploading photographs in a modern world is all that easy
D. Horse power still has an advantage in race with village wifi
E
A Chinese coin found in a Hampshire field suggests that medieval （中世纪） trade between England and the Far East was more extensive than previously thought，a historian has said.
The coin of the Northern Song dynasty dates from 1008-1016，but is of a type that remained in wide use in China for several hundred years.
It is the second Chinese coin found in a medieval context in England and experts said that its discovery added weight to the idea that the two coins were genuine medieval losses and not dropped by modern collectors.
The coin was found by a detectorist near Petersfield and about 20 miles from the only other Chinese work of art from medieval England：a piece of blue and white porcelain （瓷器） from a small cup or bowl，which could be placed in Winchester in the 14th century.
Caitlin Green，a historian at the University of Cambridge，suggested in a blog that the coin might have been brought to England at about the same time as the porcelain.
She said the finds of this coin and another Northern Song dynasty coin of 1066-77，unearthed in Cheshire，suggest the Winchester porcelain may have been part of the objects from the Far East in the 14th century rather than a one-off.This was centuries before imports of Chinese goods became widespread in the 1600s，but about the same time as Chinese pottery is known to have been owned by royals in France and Italy.
The history of Chinese goods in Britain goes back further，however，with rich Roman Britons known to have bought Chinese silk.
Dr Green said that goods from China would have reached England over several stages by way of the Middle East and Italy.
21. What can be learned about the two Chinese coins mentioned in the passage？ ______
A. They were unearthed at the same site.
B. They were believed to have arrived at England in the 1300s.
C. They were found to have been owned by royals in France and Italy.
D. They were dropped by modern collectors.
22. The word "one-off" （paragraph 6）most probably means ______ .
A. something that doesn't happen regularly
B. something that doesn't happen only once
C. something that happens on a small scale
D. something that happens unexpected
23. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？ ______
A. Chinese coin hints at vast medieval trade route
B. Coins and white porcelain trace back to ancient China
C. Chinese silk points at a lasting England-China relationship
D. History of Chinese goods in Britain has been redefined
F
Our lives are made up of human-machine interactions—with smartphones，televisions，computers—that have the power to delight and，often，frustrate.Into this area has stepped a new class of professional：the user-experience，or UX，designer，whose job is to see a product not from an engineer's，marketer's，or legal department's perspective but from the viewpoint of the user alone.And to insist that the customer should not have to learn to speak the company's internal language.The company should learn to speak the customer's.
According to a recent survey，the role of UX designers has become a fixture on those year-end "hottest job" lists.If you want to study UX，you now have the option at some three dozen institutions in the United States，including Carnegie Mellon and the University of Washington.But Ford is one of the few major industrial companies in the U.S.to put a UX expert，Jim Hackett，in charge.
At present，the question facing the car industry is basically whether high-tech giants such as Tesla and Google can learn car-making technology trains faster than Ford，GM，and other carmakers can learn software and algorithms.But Hackett reflects Ford's bet that the winner won't be the best chassis （底盘） maker or software maker，but the company that nails the interaction between man and machine. "One of the things that drew me to Jim was his commitment to design thinking，which puts the human being at the center of the equation，" explained Bill Ford，the company's executive chairman.
Hackett retired from Steelcase，a furniture maker，in 2014 and in 2016，Bill Ford hired him to run the automaker's Smart Mobility subsidiary，which was tasked with rethinking from the ground up how cars would be driven，powered，and owned. "This is what we call the design gap，" said Hackett in an interview，pointing to the space between two lines on a graph he'd drawn on a whiteboard.One line climbs up—this is a company's skill at making things，which goes up over time.Below it is a downward line，representing a company's understanding of the customer's experience.This，he said，can decline over time，as a company loses sight of the problems it's in the business of solving.The design gap may be noticeable when the job is，say，building a marginally better tailgate for the Ford F-150.But it becomes positively yawning when your industry is so thoroughly turned on its head that you're forced to ask some basic questions：Do people want to own their cars or share them？Drive them or have them driven？The flood of new technologies makes everything possible.
24. Which of the following statements best describes a UX designer's responsibility？ ______
A. He is devoted to designing innovative products.
B. He is devoted to making a product satisfy users' needs.
C. He is devoted to improving a company's internal language.
D. He is devoted to understanding human-machine interactions.
25. What can be inferred from the passage？ ______
A. UX designers are regarded as one of those best-paid jobs.
B. High-tech giants have taken the lead in car manufacturing.
C. Companies are laying greater emphasis on customers' feelings.
D. The UX courses provided by the US institutions are far from enough，
26. Ford hires Jim Hackett because the company believes that ______ .
A. it is currently facing the biggest challenge that needs a new perspective
B. Hackett's design thinking is quite different from other UX professionals
C. customers' experience plays a decisive role in the car-making competition
D. Steelcase gave Hackett enough time and experience to grow up into an expert
27. What is Jim Hackett most likely to agree with？ ______
A. Ford should pay less attention to new technologies.
B. Ford has long been ignoring customers' experience.
C. Ford is no longer a leading company in auto making skills.
D. Ford has made a wrong decision to build a tailgate for the F-150.
A.But the content of the Cube is so wide that it can be a symbol of logical thinking，a way of life.
B.Eventually he came up with a six-sided structure with nine interlocking cubes on each side.
C.His moment of inspiration came in the spring of 1974.
D.I am forced to admit that I haven't solved it yet.
E.Rubik was born towards the end of the Second World War to an aircraft engineer father and a poet mother.
F.The following year he was offered the chance to take his invention to a toy fair in New York.
'The Cube has his own voice'
I arrive at the Szepilona Bisztro，on a leafy road on the "Buda" side of Budapest，holding a Rubik's Cube and searching for the man who had created it almost 50 years ago.I feel unworthy to have lunch with Emo Rubik，not the least reason of which is because the Cube I am holding has never been solved.
Rubik arrives punctually.He's been coming to this restaurant since the late 1960s，when he was a graduate student，before he had invented one of the world's most successful puzzles一a cube with 43 quintillion combinations，only one of which is correct.
（ 1） ______ At that time，Rubik was living in his family's apartment on a grand avenue on the "Pest" side of the city.He was a professor of architecture，but his room was "like a child's pocket，full of marbles and treasures".
In an attempt to help students understand three-dimensional problems，he tried to build a set of cubes that stayed together but could also move independently. （2） ______ He painted each side a different colour.But after he had twisted it，he realised that he could not easily return it to its original state.
"It was a more difficult task to find a system to solve it than it had been to create the thing itself/' he says.In the end，it took him a month.And solving it gave him a "happy feeling of freedom''，he said at the time.The Rubik's Cube was born，and to date more than 450 million have been sold，the craze reaching its peak in the early 1980s.
Rubik was 29 when he "discovered" the Cube in 1974.By 1979，Rubik had sold 300，000. （3） ______ From there，it spread across the world，with some 100 Rubik's Cubes being sold in only three years.
"I can't imagine there being a higher type for it than there had been in the '80s，" he says.He motions to my Cube. （4） ______ Rubik comforts me with a Japanese slogan from the 1980s，coined for a game： "a minute to learn and a lifetime to master".
28. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
29. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
30. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
31. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
32. Small talk
Small talk is often thought of as unimportant，or perhaps worse，a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion.Nevertheless，research suggests they will benefit.
One reason for small talk's bad reputation is that it tends，for obvious reasons，to aim for the lowest common denominator （分母）.In ritualized dialogue，little information is exchanged. "Hello" signals nothing at all. "How are you？" rarely gets a fully honest answer.
However，linguists call that crucial hello，talk phatic （交流情感的） Bronislaw Malinowski，who coined the term in the 1920s；explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words. "If you know literally nothing about someone you can still safely presume they prefer sun to rain，and begin to establish a connection on that basis.If your bus or train is suddenly stuck，an even better opportunity arises.You can be sure your fellow passengers are not happy about it，and a shared grousing session makes them—and you—feel less alone with your inconvenience.
At work，small talk may seem a distraction from what employees are paid to do.But there is a spectrum between empty talk （"Hello"），social talk （"How was your holiday？"），social talk relevant to work （"Is Sarah still on holiday？"） and pure business talk （"Has Sarah finished that report？"）.A study of government departments in New Zealand by Janet Holmes shows how frequently people switch between those modes，even in brief conversations.That suggests a function beyond filling awkward gaps.Among other things，such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task.She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round （as well as to cut it off）.This is because，even without being told，a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction.
33. 这家咖啡馆让我想起了二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆。（remind）（汉译英） ______
34. 最大挑战可能在于如何重塑员工对公司的信心。（lie）（汉译英） ______
35. 这位教练既对孩子们要求严格，也不遗余力地呵护着他们对足球的热爱。（effort）（汉译英） ______
36. 50年前，这里还是人迹罕至的海滩，与今天的游人如织迥然不同。（contrast）（汉译英） ______
37. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近收到英国笔友Mike的邮件。在邮件中，他提到自己因为刚来上海读大学，生活（如饮食和同学交流）和学习（如中文授课）上都不太习惯。回复一封邮件，内容须包括：
1）你的建议；
2）你的理由。
(1)
(2)
答案和解析
1.【答案】【小题1】took
【小题2】which/that
【小题3】sailing
【小题4】that
【小题5】is still felt
【小题6】as
【小题7】to pick
【小题8】out of
【小题9】helped
【小题10】less damaging
【解析】（1）考查动词的时态。句意：旅游业从上个世纪中叶开始腾飞，此后一直在增长。根据in the middle of the last century可知，本句的时态应该用一般过去时，所以谓语动词用过去式。故填took。
（2）考查定语从句。句意：特别是在过去的十年里，越来越多的人去了我们以前只在电视上读到或看到的地方旅行。分析句式结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词是places指物，且从句中缺少宾语，所以用关系代词which或that来引导。故填which/that。
（3）考直现在分词。句意：一艘大型游轮可以搭载多达6000名乘客，目前有超过50艘这样的船在海上航行。分析句式结构可知，此处用非谓语动词作后置定语，又因为sail和ships之间是主动关系，所以用非谓语动词中的现在分词。故填sailing。
（4）考查同位语从句。句意：由于邮轮往往一遍又一遍地访问相同的地方，从而将废物集中在特定的地方，这一事实使任何有害影响变得更加严重。分析句式结构再根据抽象名词fact可知，空格后是同位语从句来解释说明fact的具体内容，且从句中不缺成分，所以用that来引导。故填that。
（5）考查动词的时态和语态。句意：尽管攀登喜马拉雅山的人远少于乘船游览的人，但人们仍能感受到它们的影响。分析句意可知，主句谓语动词feel和主句主语impact之间是被动关系，且时态为一般现在时，所以此处用一般现在时的被动语态，主语抽象概念，所以be动词用is。故填is still felt。
（6）考查连词。句意：旅游业对尼泊尔的经济至关重要，就像它对许多非工业国家一样。分析句意可知，此处用连词as表示"正如、像……一样"符合语境，引导引导方式状语从句。故填as。
（7）考查动词不定式。句意：在过去的几年里，当地和国际登山者组成的清理小组一直在组织徒步旅行，只是为了收集垃圾。分析句意可知，此处用动词不定式表目的。故填to pick。
（8）考查固定短语。句意：多年来，地中海沿岸的建设已经失去控制。分析句意可知，此处用固定短语out of control表示"失控"符合语境。故填out of。
（9）考查过去分词。句意：低成本航空旅行正在蓬勃发展，尽管有经济问题，或者可能受到经济问题的帮助。help非谓语动词，分析句意再根据空格后表被动的by可知，此处用过去分词表被动。故填helped。
（10）考查比较级。句意：那么，有没有不那么有害的看待世界的方式呢？分析句意可知，此处应该用形容词的比较级形式表示"危害较小"，又因为damaging是多音节形容词，所以用less构成比较级，less damaging作定语，修饰名词ways。故填less damaging.
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旅游业对地球环境的影响。
语法填空考查学生英语综合知识的运用，做题时要首先明确短文大意，从词语搭配，固定句型，语法，时态等方面综合考虑，结合上下文语境找出正确答案。
2.【答案】【小题1】G
【小题2】E
【小题3】C
【小题4】K
【小题5】B
【小题6】I
【小题7】F
【小题8】J
【小题9】A
【小题10】D
【解析】（1）考查动词不定式。句意：长期以来，人类一直通过语言进行交流，并发明了更复杂的工具，使我们的物种得以生存和发展。结合句意表示"生存"应用动词survive，此处为短语enable sb.to do sth.故填survive。故选G。
（2）考查形容词。句意：我们的大脑与身体的比例甚至不是最大的---许多鸟类的大脑占其体重的8%以上，而人类的这一比例仅为2.5%。结合句意表示"相对于"可知短语为relative to。故填relative。故选E。
（3）考查动词不定式。句意：然而，人类的大脑在完全发育时重约3磅，它赋予我们推理和思考的能力，这是动物界其他动物所无法比拟的。结合句意表示"推理"可知应填动词reason，此处为不定式作后置定语修饰名词ability。故填reason。故选C。
（4）考查可数名词的复数。句意：它给了我们爱因斯坦、莫扎特和许多其他天才的作品。作宾语，表示"作品"，结合后文of Einstein，Mozart and many other geniuses可知应用复数名词works。故填works。故选K。
（5）考查副词。句意：但我们可能永远无法确切地知道语言起源于何时何地。修饰动词know，结合句意表示"确切地"应用副词precisely，故填precisely。故选B。
（6）考查可数名词的复数。句意：化石、DNA证据、与其他动物的比较以及对语言如何随时间变化的研究都提供了线索，但口语本身几乎没有留下痕迹。作宾语，结合句意表示"痕迹"应用名词trace，few修饰应用复数形式。故填traces。故选I。
（7）考查形容词。句意：黑猩猩用手势和声音来交流地位和其他复杂的社会信息。作定语，结合句意表示"社会"应用形容词social。故填social。故选F。
（8）考查不可数名词。句意：我们独特的大脑和灵巧的双手使使用工具成为可能，但我们也依赖于文化观念的传播。作宾语，结合句意表示"观念"应用名词transmission，不可数。故填transmission。故选J。
（9）考查动词作谓语。句意：我们从过去学习，以现在为基础，并期待未来。作谓语，表示"以……为基础"动词短语为build on，和learn，expect并列作谓语，故填build。故选A。
（10）考查动词不定式。句意：没有文化，每一代人都将被迫重新发明轮子。结合句意表示"重新发明"可知应用动词reinvent，此处为短语be forced to do sth.故填reinvent。故选D。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了让我们成为人类的三件事。
如何做选词填空
1.根据语法，判断词性
一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性，从而正确的选词，进一步缩小词的选择范围。
2.利用语境，确定词形
当确定了一个单词的词性后，可通过上下文来帮助判断其形式，如主谓一致，动词的时态，语态，固定短语，名词的数和所有格，形容词，副词的比较级等。
3~16.【答案】C、B、D、D、A、D、D、B、A、D、C、B、A、B
【解析】（1）考查形容词及语境理解。A.well-known众所周知的；B.aim-oriented以目标为导向的；C.ill-founded缺乏根据的；D.long-lived长寿的。句意：百科全书是一个有趣的提醒，提醒我们当前的一些真理必然是多么没有根据。根据下文"Certainties in areas we haven't yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come. （我们尚未了解的领域的确定性在未来几个世纪中看起来与其中一些一样荒谬）"可知，当前的一些被认为是真理的东西可能是缺乏根据的。故选C项。
（2）考查形容词短语及语境理解。A.certain about确定；B.ignorant of无知；C.capable of有能力；D.worried about担心。句意：我们仍然非常无知的其中一个是食物和运动对我们身体的影响。根据空前"one of those"及空后"the effect of food and exercise on our bodies."可知，对于食物和运动对我们身体的影响我们仍是无知的。故选B项。
（3）考查名词及语境理解。A.decisions决定；B.courses课程；C.focuses重点；D.suggestions建议。句意：我们被关于如何饮食，如何避免或逆转肥胖的自信建议所包围，但当世界变得更胖时，这些建议似乎毫无意义。根据空后"how to eat，how to avoid or reverse obesity"可知，这些都是建议。故选D项。
（4）考查名词及语境理解。A.facts事实；B.chances机会；C.reasons原因；D.features特征。句意：我们认为我们所知道的大部分内容都是一堆假设而不是事实。根据空前"rather than（而不是）"可知，空处应为与"assumptions"相对应的词，故选A项。
（5）考查动词及语境理解。A.investigate调查；B.demand需求；C.concentrate集中；D.spend花费。句意：这要求我们进行更多调查。根据空前"Why almost everything we've been told about food is wrong.（为什么我们被告知的几乎所有关于食物的东西都是错误的）"可知，我们被告知的关于食物的东西是错误的，所以要求我们进行"调查"，故选A项。
（6）考查名词及语境理解。A.supplies供应；B.shortages短缺；C.standards标准；D.myths神话。句意：斯佩克特为最近一个接一个的食物神话提供了答案。根据下文"Coffee can save our lives，he says.Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 percent.Butter does not damage our hearts，Spector argues，and salt is vital.Eggs have gone "from heroes to villains and back again". （咖啡可以拯救我们的生命，他说。每天三到四杯可以降低患心脏病的风险，并可能将死亡风险降低8%。黄油不会伤害我们的心脏，斯佩克特认为，盐是至关重要的。鸡蛋已经"从英雄变成了恶棍，然后再回来"）"可知，食物的作用被夸大其词了，斯佩克特认为这些是食物神话。故选D项。
（7）考查名词及语境理解。A.culture文化；B.history历史；C.economy经济；D.health健康。句意：不要以健康为由对所有红肉说不，偶尔少量的优质未加工肉类提供重要的维生素和铁，"可能对你有好处"。根据下文"provide important vitamins and iron"可知，红肉提供了维生素和铁，空处表示不要以"健康"为由，故选D项。
（8）考查副词及语境理解。A.equally同等；B.practically实际上；C.socially社会；D.impossibly不可能。句意：运动对长寿和幸福是如此有益，以至于它应该被认为是我们的第一大药物，但它实际上毫无用处的一件事就是减肥。根据空后"useless is losing weight."可知，运动对减肥"实际上"是没有用处的，故选B项。
（9）考查名词及语境理解。A.effectiveness有效性；B.consciousness意识；C.competitiveness竞争力；D.emptiness空虚。句意：维生素丸是一个价值数十亿英镑的行业，几乎没有被证实的有效性，但可能会造成真正的伤害。根据空前"almost no proven"及空后"real harm"可知，维生素丸没有被证明"有效性"，可能还有害。故选A项。
（10）考查动词及语境理解。A.serves服务；B.shares股份；C.recognizes承认；D.dismisses不屑一顾。句意：即使是斯佩克特曾经研究和相信的维生素D，他现在也对他不屑一顾。根据空前"used to study and believe in"及"now"可知，空处表达的意思与前文相反，即曾经研究和相信，现在不屑一顾。故选D项。
（11）考查形容词及语境理解。A.pointless无意义；B.topical局部；C.defensible可辩护；D.additional附加。句意：斯佩克特还提供了不止一套目前可以辩护的技巧。根据"a set of currently（11）tips."可知，斯佩克特有不止一套理论来支持他的观点，可以为其辩护，故选C项。
（12）考查形容词及语境理解。A.emotional情绪化的；B.significant重要的；C.questionable可疑的；D.forgivable可原谅的。句意：他最重要的观点是没有放之四海而皆准的标准。根据空后"no one size that fits all"可知，这是他最重要观点，故选B项。
（13）考查形容词及语境理解。A.individual个人的；B.unpredictable不可预测的；C.important重要的；D.available可用的。句意：我们的身体非常复杂，反应也因人而异：然而没有人愿意为可能解释这一现象的研究买单。根据常识可知，每个人对不同的食物或运动项目的反应因人而异的。故选A项。
（14）考查名词及语境理解。A.changes变化；B.outcomes结果；C.profits利润；D.addicts成瘾者。句意：食物选择，基因，环境和我们微生物组产生的化学反应的某种组合——我们体内独特的微生物组合——是的，我们每个人的结果都不同，留下一些瘦肉和三分之二的人太胖。根据前文"Some combination of food choices，genes，environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome—the unique microbe （微生的）combinations in our body"可知，不同的食物选择，基因和环境及微生物产生的微生物组合的结果是不一样的，故选B项。
（15）考查动词及语境理解。A.start开始；B.analyze分析；C.stop阻止；D.reflect反思。句意：斯佩克特希望进一步探索，这可能使我们能够阻止全球肥胖趋势，以及我们今年目睹的所有风险。根据空后"the global trend to obesity"可知，斯佩克特想进步一的进行研究，以阻止全球的肥胖趋势。故选C项。
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了我们对食物和运动对身体的作用认识仍然存在困惑和假设，作者Spector指出了一些迄今为止的食品误解，提出了个性化营养学的重要性，并呼吁进行更多研究以解释个体之间的微生物组成的差异和其与肥胖之间的关系。最终目的是希望通过正确的饮食和锻炼习惯控制全球肥胖的趋势。
完形填空题的解题步骤：
1.通读全文，理解大意。重视首句信息，跳过空格，浏览全文，从整体上感知全文，理解文章大意，这是解题的基础。
2.瞻前顾后，避难就易。在理解文章大意的情况下，结合各选项的意义和用法，遵循先易后难的原则，先解决那些自己有把握的问题。对少数难题，暂时跳过，或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示，或许一个在前面不能解答的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。
3.复读全文，解决残敌。借助已经补全的空格，对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题。
4.再次复读，弥补疏漏，全部做好后，务必要结合自己选择的答案重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。
17~20.【答案】A、C、B、D
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据第一段The last time the horse seriously competed with man-made transport for speed was 1830，when a stagecoach won a race against America's first domestically manufactured steam locomotive （蒸汽机车）.（上一次马与人造交通工具在速度上的激烈竞争是在1830年，当时一辆公共马车赢得了与美国第一辆国产蒸汽机车的比赛）以及第二段Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.（现在，"马"战胜了理论上强大得多的对手——宽带互联网连接）可推知，第一段提到公共马车的故事主要是为了引出话题。故选A。
（2）推理判断题。根据第六段Favo made the journey in 104 minutes.（Favo只用了104分钟就走完了全程）可知，C选项"他们在不到两个小时内完成了任务"正确。故选C。
（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段The horse race did its job：Mr Kappest has since been assured that his broadband will be up and running next month.（这场"赛马"起到了它的作用：从那以后，Kappest先生得到了保证，他的宽带将于下个月投入使用）可知，比赛结果是Kappest先生很快就会有更好的网络连接。故选B。
（4）标题归纳题。根据第二段"Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.（现在，"马"战胜了理论上强大得多的对手——宽带互联网连接）"结合文章主要说明了一场通过赛马进行网速比拼的比赛，介绍了经过以及背后存在的网速问题。可知，D选项"在与乡村wifi的比赛中，马力仍然有优势"最符合文章标题。A.Germany falls behind in wifi connection德国在wifi连接方面落后；B.History hardly repeats itself in normal way.历史很难以正常的方式重演；C.Uploading photographs in a modern world is all that easy在现代社会，上传照片非常容易；D.Horse power still has an advantage in race with village wifi马力在和村村通wifi的赛跑中还是有优势的。故选D。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一场通过赛马进行网速比拼的比赛，介绍了经过以及背后存在的网速问题。
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
21~23.【答案】B、A、A
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据第四段The coin was found by a detectorist near Petersfield and about 20 miles from the only other Chinese work of art from medieval England：a piece of blue and white porcelain （瓷器）from a small cup or bowl，which could be placed in Winchester in the 14th century.（这枚硬币是由一名侦探在彼得斯菲尔德附近发现的，距离另一件来自中世纪英格兰的中国艺术品大约20英里：那是一件来自一个小杯子或碗上的青花瓷，它可能是在14世纪来到温彻斯特的）及第六段She said the finds of this coin and another Northern Song dynasty coin of 1066-77，unearthed in Cheshire，suggest the Winchester porcelain may have been part of the objects from the Far East in the 14th century（她说，这枚硬币和另一枚在柴郡出土的1066-77年北宋硬币的发现表明，温彻斯特瓷器可能是14世纪远东物品的一部分）可知，文中提到的两枚硬币被认为都是在14世纪中国与远东贸易时到达英国的。故选B项。
（2）词句猜测题。根据第六段She said the finds of this coin and another Northern Song dynasty coin of 1066-77，unearthed in Cheshire，suggest the Winchester porcelain may have been part of the objects from the Far East in the 14th century rather than a one-off.（她说，这枚硬币和另一枚在柴郡出土的1066-77年北宋硬币的发现表明，温彻斯特瓷器可能是14世纪远东物品的一部分，而不是一次one-off）中rather than表明one-off和上文be part of意思是相反的，即这些钱币是交易时常常用到的，而不是一次性的。因此划线词意为"不经常发生的事情"。A.something that doesn't happen regularly不经常发生的事情；B.something that doesn't happen only once不会只发生一次的事情；C.something that happens on a small scale小规模发生的事情；D.something that happens unexpected意外发生的事情。故选A项。
（3）标题归纳题。根据第一段A Chinese coin found in a Hampshire field suggests that medieval （中世纪）trade between England and the Far East was more extensive than previously thought，a historian has said.（一位历史学家说，在汉普郡一块土地上发现的一枚中国硬币表明，中世纪英格兰和远东之间的贸易比以前认为的要广泛）可知，本文主要讲述在英国发掘出土的一枚中国古币表明了中国在中世纪时期有着广大的贸易范围，直至远东地区。所以A.Chinese coin hints at vast medieval trade route （中国钱币暗示了中世纪广阔的贸易路线）概括了文章大意。故选A项。
这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了在英国Hampshire郡一块土地上发现了一枚中国硬币，这表明中世纪英格兰和远东之间的贸易比以前认为的要广泛。
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
24~27.【答案】B、C、C、B
【解析】（1）观点态度题。根据文章第一段Into this area has stepped a new class of professional：the user-experience，or UX，designer，whose job is to see a product not from an engineer's，marketer's，or legal department's perspective but from the viewpoint of the user alone.（进入这个领域的是一类新的专业人士：用户体验设计师，他们的工作不是从工程师、营销人员或法律部门的角度来看待产品，而是从用户的角度来看待产品）可知，UX设计师的职责是致力于使产品满足用户的需求。A.He is devoted to designing innovative products.他致力于设计创新产品；B.He is devoted to making a product satisfy users' needs.他致力于制造满足用户需求的产品；C.He is devoted to improving a company's internal language.他致力于改善公司的内部语言；D.He is devoted to understanding human-machine interactions.他致力于理解人机交互。故选B项。
（2）推理判断题。根据文章第一段And to insist that the customer should not have to learn to speak the company's internal language.The company should learn to speak the customer's.（并坚持认为，客户不应该学习说公司的内部语言。公司应该学会说客户的语言）和第二段According to a recent survey，the role of UX designers has become a fixture on those year-end "hottest job" lists.（根据最近的一项调查，用户体验设计师的角色已经成为年终"最热门工作"名单上的固定角色）可推知，公司更加重视顾客的感受。故选C项。
（3）推理判断题。根据文章第三段"One of the things that drew me to Jim was his commitment to design thinking，which puts the human being at the center of the equation，" explained Bill Ford，the company's executive chairman.（公司执行主席比尔•福特解释说："吉姆吸引我的原因之一是他对设计思维的执着，他把人放在等式的中心。"）可推知，福特雇佣吉姆•哈克特是因为公司相信在汽车制造竞争中，顾客的体验起着决定性的作用。故选C项。
（4）推理判断题。根据文章第三段But Hackett reflects Ford's bet that the winner won't be the best chassis （底盘） maker or software maker，but the company that nails the interaction between man and machine.（但哈克特反映出，福特的赌注是，赢家不会是最好的底盘制造商或软件制造商，而是能够把握人机交互的公司）和最后一段的"This is what we call the design gap，" said Hackett in an interview，pointing to the space between two lines on a graph he'd drawn on a whiteboard.One line climbs up—this is a company's skill at making things，which goes up over time.Below it is a downward line，representing a company's understanding of the customer's experience. （哈克特在一次采访中指着他在白板上画的图上两条线之间的空间说。有一条线在上升---这是一家公司制造东西的技能，随着时间的推移而上升。下面是一条向下的线，代表一家公司对客户体验的理解）推知，长期以来，福特一直忽视客户的体验。A.Ford should pay less attention to new technologies.福特应该少关注新技术；B.Ford has long been ignoring customers' experience.长期以来，福特一直忽视客户的体验；C.Ford is no longer a leading company in auto making skills.福特不再是汽车制造技术的领先公司；D.Ford has made a wrong decision to build a tailgate for the F-150.福特做出了一个错误的决定，为F-150制造尾门。故选B项。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要通过介绍UX设计师的职责，说明了企业竞争中，顾客的体验起着决定性的作用。
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
28~31.【答案】C、B、F、D
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据前文He's been coming to this restaurant since the late 1960s，when he was a graduate student，before he had invented one of the world's most successful puzzles一a cube with 43 quintillion combinations，only one of which is correct（他从20世纪60年代末开始就来到这家餐厅，当时他还是一名研究生，还没有发明出世界上最成功的谜题之一一一个有43个五分之一组合的立方体，其中只有一个是正确的）；以及后句At that time，Rubik was living in his family's apartment on a grand avenue on the "Pest" side of the city（当时，鲁比克住在城市"佩斯"一侧一条宏伟大道上他家的公寓里），可知表示"他的灵感来自1974年春天"的选项C可以承接前文的魔方话题，引出后文介绍魔方发明的过程，故选C。
（2）推理判断题。根据前句In an attempt to help students understand three-dimensional problems，he tried to build a set of cubes that stayed together but could also move independently（为了帮助学生理解三维问题，他试图构建一组保持在一起但也可以独立移动的立方体），可知表示"最后，他想出了一个六面结构，每面有九个互相连接的立方体"的选项B可以承接前文，介绍魔方的结构，故选B。
（3）推理判断题。根据后句From there，it spread across the world，with some 100 Rubik's Cubes being sold in only three years（从那里开始，它传遍了世界，仅三年内就卖出了大约100个魔方），可知表示"第二年，他有机会把他的发明带到纽约的一个玩具博览会上"的选项F可以引出后文，介绍魔方传遍了世界的过程，故选F。
（4）推理判断题。根据后句Rubik comforts me with a Japanese slogan from the 1980s，coined for a game： "a minute to learn and a lifetime to master"（Rubik用一句20世纪80年代为游戏创造的日本口号安慰我："一分钟学习，一辈子掌握"），可知表示"我不得不承认我还没有解决这个问题"的选项D可以引出后句，介绍因为作者没有学会，Rubik对他的安慰，故选D。
这是一篇说明文。作者介绍了魔方的发明者发明魔方的原因和过程。
这个题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握。所以懂得整篇文章的基本结构或段落的语篇结构对解题很有帮助。
32.【答案】Small talk is often considered meaningless because it involves no real information exchange.【高分句型一】However，linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings.【高分句型二】Research also shows that，instead of a distraction，small talk is common at work because it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer.
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，闲聊通常被认为没有意义，因为它不涉及真正的信息交流。然而，语言学家发现闲聊很重要，因为这是一种共同感受的交流。研究还表明，闲聊不仅不会分散注意力，而且在工作中很常见，因为它能把人们团结在一起，经理们经常开始闲聊，以使他们的指示更柔和。
高分句型一：Small talk is often considered meaningless because it involves no real information exchange.
翻译：闲聊通常被认为没有意义，因为它不涉及真正的信息交流。
分析：本句运用了because引导的原因状语从句。
高分句型二：However，linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings.
翻译：然而，语言学家发现闲聊很重要，因为这是一种共同感受的交流。
分析：本句运用了because引导的原因状语从句。
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
33.【答案】This cafe reminds me of the teahouses in the 1950s and 1960s.
【解析】表示"这家咖啡馆"使用名词短语this cafe在句中做主语；表示"让某人想起..."使用动词短语remind somebody of something，在句中作谓语，陈述现状应使用一般现在时单数形式；代词宾格me作宾语；表示"二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆"，使用名词teahouses作介词of的宾语，使用"in the 1950s and 1960s"作后置定语。
故填：This cafe reminds me of the teahouses in the 1950s and 1960s.
这家咖啡馆让我想起了二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
34.【答案】The biggest challenge may lie in how to rebuild employees' confidence in the company.
【解析】表示"最大挑战"短语为The biggest challenge；表示"在于"短语为lie in，may后跟动词原形；表示"如何重塑员工对公司的信心"应用"疑问词+不定式"结构，短语为how to rebuild employees' confidence in the company。
故填：The biggest challenge may lie in how to rebuild employees' confidence in the company.
最大挑战可能在于如何重塑员工对公司的信心。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
35.【答案】The coach is not only strict with the children，but also spares no effort to protect their love for football.
【解析】此处主语为coach；表示"不仅……而且……"应用not only…but also…；表示"对孩子们严格"短语为be strict with the children；表示"不遗余力地"短语为spares no effort to；表示"呵护着他们对足球的热爱"翻译为protect their love for football。为一般现在时。
故填：The coach is not only strict with the children，but also spares no effort to protect their love for football.
这位教练既对孩子们要求严格，也不遗余力地呵护着他们对足球的热爱。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
36.【答案】Fifty years ago，this area was a beach rarely visited by tourists，forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists.
【解析】50年前fifty years ago；这里this area，作主语；人迹罕至的海滩a beach rarely visited by tourists，visited by tourists为过去分词作后置定语；与今天的游人如织迥然不同forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists，作状语，句子为一般过去时。
故填：Fifty years ago，this area was a beach rarely visited by tourists，forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists.
50年前，这里还是人迹罕至的海滩，与今天的游人如织迥然不同。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
37.【答案】【小题1】Dear Mike，
Thank you for your recent email.I'm sorry to hear that you're having a difficult time adjusting to life as a university student in Shanghai.（表示理解）
In terms of food，I would suggest that you try different types of local cuisine to get a taste of what Shanghai has to offer. 【高分句型一】You might find some new dishes that you really enjoy.Also，many universities have international student associations，where you can meet students from various countries and cultural backgrounds. 【高分句型二】This is a great way to make new friends，and they might have some suggestions for places to eat or activities to do in Shanghai.In terms of language barriers and adapting to Mandarin being the primary language of instruction，I suggest that you find a language exchange partner or join a language-learning group.（建议及理由）
I hope these suggestions can help you adjust to your new life in Shanghai.Don't hesitate to reach out if you have any more questions.（希望）
Yours， Li Ming
【小题2】略
【解析】高分句型一 In terms of food，I would suggest that you try different types of local cuisine to get a taste of what Shanghai has to offer.
翻译：在食物方面，我建议你尝试不同类型的当地美食，品尝一下上海的美食。
分析：句中使用了what引导宾语从句。
高分句型二 Also，many universities have international student associations，where you can meet students from various countries and cultural backgrounds.
翻译：此外，许多大学都有国际学生协会，在那里你可以结识来自不同国家和文化背景的学生。
分析：句中使用了where引导非限制性定语从句。
这是一篇提纲类作文，需要写的内容已经给出，但是写作时不要仅仅对要点进行生硬的翻译，而是要添加些内容，使文章看起来更充实，要组成一篇通顺连贯的短文，一定要谈谈自己的看法。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括，缺一不可。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，不能出现文章脱节问题。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。同时注意要求的字数，不要太多也不要太少。
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