【暑假高三预备】新高考地区英语高二（升高三）暑假专项-第01讲 名词 讲学案

这是一份【暑假高三预备】新高考地区英语高二（升高三）暑假专项-第01讲 名词 讲学案，共9页。学案主要包含了学习目标，基础知识，考点剖析，真题演练，过关检测等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第01讲 名词讲与练【学习目标】1．认识名词的形和数。2．掌握名词的运用。【基础知识】一．名词的数1.名词复数变化规律规则名词变复数的6种形式(1)一般情况下，在词尾直接加－s：book→books, mouth→mouths, house→houses, girl→girls(2)以－s, －x, －ch, －sh结尾的名词，在词尾加－es：glass→glasses, box→boxes, match→matches, brush→brushes(3)以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，变y为i再加－es：city→cities, country→countries, party→parties, factory→factories(4)以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，在词尾直接加－s：holiday→holidays, monkey→monkeys(5)以o结尾的名词常在词尾加－s：radio→radios, zoo→zoos, piano→pianos, kilo→kilos, photo→photos；加－es的有：hero→heroes, Negro→Negroes, tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes(6)以－f, －fe结尾的名词①少数直接加－s：roof→roofs, belief→beliefs②一般以－f或－fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加－es：self→selves, life→lives, thief→thieves, wife→wives, knife→knives, leaf→leaves, shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, half→halves2．不规则名词变复数的常见形式(1)单复数同形：deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft(2)变内部元音：foot→feet, tooth→teeth, man→men, woman→women(3)外来名词：medium→media 媒体， phenomenon→phenomena 现象， analysis→analyses 分析3．不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, knowledge, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。二．名词的格所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词。有三种形式：-‘S所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。1.’s 所有格的构成规则单数名词词尾通常加-'s;复数名词词尾没有-s时，也要加-'s如 the children's toy 那些孩子的玩具 ，the boy’s schoolbag那个男孩的书包。以-s结尾的复数名词后 直接加“‘”teachers’office 教师们的办公室。以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“”或-'s如my boss's/boss ’plan 我老板的计划;James’/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加-’s 如my brother-in-law's birthday我姐夫的生日 。表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助-'s表示所有关系a week's holiday一周的假;thirty minutes ’ride三十分钟的车程 作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加-'s如an hour and a half’s walk步行一个半小时的路程不定代词后接else时，’s加在 else之后somebody else's bag别人的包2.of所有格的几种情况：无生命的事物   The window of the room 表示部分与整体的关系  Some of them表示主谓关系  the arrival of visitor表示同位关系  the city of shanghai表示内容      the cost of living3.双重所有格即名词+of+名词或名词+of+名词性物主代词     表示“其中之一”可用a,any,some, a few, 等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the Some books of Tom’s三．抽象名词具体化及名词构词法1．抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件困难的事(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事(4)success成功；a success一位成功者；一件成功的事(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(6)honour荣誉；an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preference等。2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料rain雨a heavy rain一场大雨coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper纸张a paper一张报纸；一篇论文tea茶two teas两杯茶wind 风a cold wind一阵冷风 2.名词的构词法1．动词变名词的后缀后缀例词－ion/－tion/－sion/－ationcorrect→correction 改正celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会attract→attraction 吸引graduate→graduation 毕业conclude→conclusion 结论；结束discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论decide→decision 决定admit→admission 接纳；准许入学invite→invitation 邀请explain→explanation 解释expect→expectation 期望－er/－ordrive→driver 司机；驾驶员gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者teach→teacher 老师announce→announcer 广播员conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员－mentpunish→punishment 惩罚achieve→achievement 功绩；成就argue→argument 辩论；论据treat→treatment 对待；治疗equip→equipment 装备；设备govern→government 政府－ance/－enceappear→appearance 出现；外貌guide→guidance 指引；指导perform→performance 表演；演出exist→existence 存在；生存prefer→preference 偏爱refer→reference 参考；查阅－inghear→hearing 听力；听觉begin→beginning 开始－ure/－turefail→failure 失败；倒闭press→pressure 压力depart→departure 离开；出发mix→mixture 混合；混合物－yrecover→recovery 恢复；痊愈discover→discovery 发现其他choose→choice 选择vary→variety 多样化；种类tend→tendency 趋向；趋势2．形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词－ageshort→shortage 不足；短缺－cyefficient→efficiency 效率；功效fluent→fluency 流利；流畅accurate→accuracy 准确性private→privacy 隐私；私密－domfree→freedom 自由；自主wise→wisdom 明智；智慧－encedifferent→difference 差异silent→silence 沉默－nessweak→weakness 虚弱；弱点kind→kindness 仁慈；好意careless→carelessness 粗心大意－thstrong→strength 力气；强项warm→warmth 温暖；热情－y/－ty/－ityhonest→honesty 诚实difficult→difficulty 困难cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴safe→safety 安全disable→disability 无能；伤残responsible→responsibility 责任3．表示“人”的后缀后缀例词－erclean→cleaner 清洁工report→reporter 记者strange→stranger 陌生人－orinvent→inventor 发明者visit→visitor 游客direct→director 导演－arlie→liar 说谎者beg→beggar 乞讨者，乞丐－eeemploy→employee 雇员interview→interviewee 参加面试者train→trainee 受训者，学员－esshost→hostess 女主人act→actress 女演员－ianmusic→musician 音乐家politics→politician 政治家history→historian 历史学家－istart→artist 艺术家science→scientist 科学家piano→pianist 钢琴家－antserve→servant 仆人participate→participant 参加者assist→assistant 助手，图书管理员 四．名词的功能1.作主语、宾语、表语、补足语The activity is to be held in our school.The affair is still a complete mystery.She is considered to be a good mother. 2.作定语 名词作定语经常表示类别，身份，用途，材料等。body language a safety measureDoctor Lisports filedwoman teacher3.作状语The war lasted eight years.4.作同位语Tom, our monitor,left school last year.【考点剖析】考点1.名词变复数1.My mother would sit by the window, watching the falling_______(leaf) from the trees floating in the air.【答案】leaves【解析】考查名词变复数。一般以－f或－fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加－es2.. Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese_________(dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 【答案】dishes【解析】考查名词变复数。以－s, －x, －ch, －sh结尾的名词，在词尾加－es。3.Later, they learned to work with the _________(season),planting at the right time and , in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate their fileds.【答案】seasons【解析】考查名词变复数，一般在后面直接加s。4.A number of ________(company) are now working on bringing 5G to the market.【答案】companies【解析】考查名词变复数，以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，变y为i再加－es。5.Our local government awards 5,000 dollars to four_________(woman) nurses and two ________(man) doctors. 【答案】women，men【解析】考查不规则名词变化，变内部元音。考点2.名词的格①The ________ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before she got into ________ (Tom) car.答案： girls'; Tom's　【解析】考查名词所有格。这个小女孩的鞋子上都是泥巴，因此在她进入汤姆的车子之前把鞋子脱掉。②Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at the ________ (Turner)．答案：Turners'　【解析】考查名词所有格。昨天我被邀请去Turner家吃晚饭。③When I see the scene, it reminds me of a picture ________ my ________ (father)．答案：of; father's【解析】考查名词所有格。当我看到这个场景时，我想起了我父亲的一张照片。【真题演练】1. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The far side of the moon is of particular ________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 答案：interest【解析】考查名词。Particular特别的，后面应加名词。2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Chinese New Year is a ________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.答案：celebration【解析】考查名词。中国新年是一种标志着冬天的结束和春天的开始的庆祝。3．(2020·江苏高考)Wilson received several international ________ (award) for his great contributions.答案：awards【解析】考查名词复数。威尔逊因为他的极大贡献收到了一些国际性的奖励。4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ________ (believe) that populations are increasing.答案：belief【解析】考查名词。belief信念。5．(2018·江苏高考)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the ________ (assume) you've made.答案：assumption【解析】考查名词。尝试了解实际发生的情况，而不是根据你所做的假设采取行动。6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.答案：crowds【解析】考查名词复数。它的长度不到7公里，使人们在上下班时可以避开上面道路上可怕的人群。7.The ________ (express) in her eyes told me something was wrong.答案：expression【解析】考查名词。她眼中的表情告诉我有些不对劲。8.Due to the ________ (apply) of this medical technology, some diseases can be treated at an early stage.答案：application【解析】考查名词。由于这种医疗技术的应用，一些疾病可以在早期阶段得到治疗。9.She was unable to attend the meeting because of the ________ (press) of work.答案： pressure【解析】考查名词。因为工作的压力他没能参加这个会议。10.________ (curious) is part of children's nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.答案：Curiosity　【解析】考查名词。好奇是儿童天性的一部分。他们总是坚持要弄清所有事情的真相。【过关检测】1．Two          (German) were seen enter the building an hour ago.答案：Germans【解析】考查名词复数。一个小时前两个德国人被看见进入了这栋楼。2．Whoever chooses to be happy must help others to find          (happy), for the welfare of each is bound up with the welfare of all.答案：happiness【解析】考查名词。任何一个选择快乐的人都必须帮助他人找到快乐。3．The          (soldier) heroic deed earned him a medal.答案：soldier's【解析】考查名词所有格。这个战士的英雄事迹为他挣得一枚奖牌。4．We have two          (week) vacation for Christmas.答案：weeks'【解析】考查名词所有格。我们圣诞节有两周的假期。5．Without the proper treatment, minor          (injury) or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives.答案：injuries【解析】考查名词复数。没有恰当的治疗，最小的伤口或者烧伤都可能导致更多的伤害甚至失去生命。6．The stores were overrun with rats and          (mouse)．答案：mice【解析】考查名词复数。这个商店里面到处都是老鼠。7．She was at her          (dentist) for two hours yesterday.答案：dentist's【解析】考查名词所有格。昨天她在牙医那待了两个小时。8．You are working too hard. You'd better keep a balance between work and          (relax)．答案：relaxation【解析】考查名词。你工作太努力了。你最好劳逸结合。9．She had views quite different from her          (father)．答案：father's【解析】考查名词所有格。她和她父亲的观点有很大不同。10．I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond          (recognize)．答案：recognition【解析】考查名词。自从Sara是小女孩以来我就没在见过她了，现在变得已经认不出了。