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精品解析：北京市第二中学2022-2023学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题（解析版）
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这是一份精品解析：北京市第二中学2022-2023学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题（解析版），共24页。试卷主要包含了5分，共15分)， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
北京二中 2022——2023学年度第六学段高一年级学段考试试卷
英语
第一部分：知识运用(30分)
第一节完形填空(共10小题; 每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My mom is about to have a spinal (脊柱的) operation. The operation is___1___ minor, but does carry a risk of paralysis (瘫痪). Friends and family have reacted to this news by talking in such pessimistic terms that Mom has come to___2___ this kind of talk as “psychological theft”. It occurs when other people increase your anxiety ___3___ providing comfort.
Last week Mom ran into Geoff who works for the local school. “How are you?” he asked. “Not great,” she replied, “I have been having some trouble with my back and I’m going to need an operation.” “Oh, the back is the most ___4___ place to operate on! My mom had that and she was in terrible pain.” He responded. Geoff’s ___5___ had been kind. He’d given his own mother’s story to show sympathy, ___6___ Mom only heard danger and pain.
People could have alternative things that would be equally true, but more familiar to patients. “The specialists in our hospitals are among the best in the world.”—That’s a good one. “You’re going to feel much better ___7___ .”—That’s another.
I’m not suggesting patients should be ___8___ from the reality of the risks they’re taking. But if the decision to have an operation can’t really be ___9___, what’s the purpose of stressing the____10____? It’s just common sense to say, “Get well soon, and how can I help?”
1. A. definitely B. unusually C. relatively D. typically
2. A. choose B. label C. employ D. mistake
3. A. in need of B. in favor of C. instead of D. regardless of
4. A. secure B. dangerous C. common D. apparent
5. A. intention B. assumption C. emotion D. description
6. A. because B. as C. when D. yet
7. A. occasionally B. permanently C. initially D. ultimately
8. A. released B. deleted C. separated D. sheltered
9. A. accepted B. made C. avoided D. reached
10. A. drawbacks B. strengths C. dimensions D. procedures
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. A
【解析】
【导语】文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述母亲手术的经历来告诉我们，向病人描述疾病的风险没有意义，应该换一种更有益的，能抚慰病人的说法。
【1题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：手术相对较小，但确实有瘫痪的风险。A. definitely确定地；B. unusually特别地；C. relatively相对地；D. typically典型地。根据下文“but does carry a risk of paralysis”可知，前后句为转折关系，脊柱手术小是相对而言（relatively），但还是有高风险。故选C项。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：朋友和家人对这个消息的反应是用如此悲观的措辞说话以至于妈妈把这种谈话称为“心理盗窃”。A. choose选择；B. label贴标签，把……称为；C. employ雇用；D. mistake误解。此处考查动词短语label…as…,意为“将……称作……，把……说成是……”。作者妈妈把这种给别人悲观感觉，让别人更不舒服的谈话贴了标签，称为“心理盗窃”。故选B项。
【3题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：当别人增加你的焦虑而不是提供安慰时，就会发生这种情况。A. in need of需要；B. in favor of支持；C. instead of而不是；D. regardless of不顾。根据上文“The operation is___1___ minor, but does carry a risk of paralysis. Friends and family have reacted to this news by talking in such pessimistic terms that Mom has come to___2___ this kind of talk as ‘psychological theft’.”可知，手术有瘫痪的风险，作者妈妈本来就为此而焦虑，朋友家人对这个消息表现为言论消极，令当事人更焦虑，而不是安慰当事人。故选C项。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：背部是最危险的手术部位。A. secure安全的；B. dangerous危险的；C. common共同的；D. apparent显而易见的。根据上文“The operation is___1___ minor, but does carry a risk of paralysis.”以及下文“My mom had that and she was in terrible pain.”可知，此处表示在讲Geoff背部手术的危险（dangerous）和带来的痛苦。故选B项。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：杰夫的本意是好的。A. intention意图，目的；B. assumption假定；C. emotion情绪；D. description描述。根据下文“He’d given his own mother’s story to show sympathy, ___6___ Mom only heard danger and pain.”可知，Geoff为了表达同情才这么说，所以意图（intention）是善良的。故选A项。
【6题详解】
考查连词词义辨析。句意：为了表示同情，他讲述了自己母亲的故事，但母亲只听到了危险和痛苦。A. because因为；B. as当……时候；C. when当……时候；D. yet然而。根据空后“Mom only heard danger and pain”可知，Geoff的话让作者妈妈感到危险和痛苦，与同情的本意背道而驰了，上下文有转折关系，yet符合语境。故选D项。
【7题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终你会感觉好很多。A. occasionally偶然；B. permanently永久地；C. initially最初；D. ultimately最终。根据上文“People could have alternative things that would be equally true, but more familiar to patients. ‘The specialists in our hospitals are among the best in the world.’—That’s a good one.”可知，要说真正能抚慰到病人的话，本句中，“You’re going to”可知，说的是将要发生的事情，用来安慰当事人的比较真实的话，最终你会感觉好很多，ultimately比permanently更适合语境。故选D项。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我并不是说病人应该躲避他们所承担的现实风险。A. released释放；B. deleted删除；C. separated分开；D. sheltered躲避。根据下文“But if the decision to have an operation can’t really be ___9___, what’s the purpose of stressing the___10___? ”可知，病人不得不做手术的时候，不必强调可能的风险，故作者不认为病人应躲避做手术后的风险，不应有风险而害怕手术，此处考查动词短语be sheltered from，意为“使免遭……影响”，故选D项。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，如果真的无法避免做手术的决定，那么强调不利条件的目的是什么呢？A. accepted接受；B. made制造；C. avoided避免；D. reached抵达。根据“what’s the purpose of stressing the___10___”可知，要强调手术风险，说明病人的状况必须动手术了， 手术不可避免了（avoided）。故选C项。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，如果真的不能避免手术的决定，强调不利条件又有什么用呢？A. drawbacks不利条件；B. strengths优势；C. dimensions方面；D. procedures程序。根据上文“Geoff’s ___5___ had been kind. He’d given his own mother’s story to show sympathy, ___6___ Mom only heard danger and pain.”以及“People could have alternative things that would be equally true, but more familiar to patients.”可知，作者认为向病人描述疾病的风险没有意义，应该换一种更有益的，同样真实的，但为患者所更熟悉的说法，所以：如果手术不能避免，强调疾病的问题和风险这些不利条件没有意义，只会给当事人更加焦虑，drawbacks表示“不利条件”，符合语境。故选A项。
第二节 语法填空(共10小题; 每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When you read the writings of Confucius you will see a ___11___ (constant) recurring word, a Chinese character that represents the heart of Confucian thought: the character ren. What is ren? If you look closely at the ___12___ (write) character, you can understand what it means. The left-hand element of the character represents a person, a human being; the element on the right stands for the number two. The two elements, when joined, indicate ___13___ (relationship) between individuals, or with all of society.
【答案】11. constantly
12. written
13. relationships
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。当你阅读孔子的著作时，你会看到一个经常出现的词，一个代表儒家思想核心的汉字：人。文章介绍了“人”这个字的含义。
【11题详解】
考查副词。句意：当你阅读孔子的著作时，你会看到一个经常出现的词，一个代表儒家思想核心的汉字：人。此处应用副词constantly作状语，修饰形容词recurring(反复出现的)，故填constantly。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：如果你仔细观察这个文字，你就会明白它的意思。此处应用形容词written作定语，修饰名词character，表示“书面的”，故填written。
【13题详解】
考查名词的数。句意： 这两个要素，如果结合在一起，就表明了个人之间或者与整个社会之间的关系。此处应用名词relationship作宾语，表示“关系”，为可数名词，由between individuals可知，人与人的关系不止一种，应用复数形式，故填relationships。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
An important symbol of China is the Chinese characters—hanzi. While this unique writing system has an ancient origin, it was standardised and unified by Emperor Qinshihuang. Since then, it ___14___ (be) one of the great things ___15___ (bind) the Chinese people together, and a symbol of Chinese national pride.
Another popular symbol of China around the world is the Great Wall. It was originally built by Emperor Qinshihuang, and ___16___ (expand) afterwards. The part of the Great Wall most people are familiar with was built by the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, though.
【答案】14. has been
15. binding
16. expanded
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国的标志——汉字和长城。
【14题详解】
考查时态。句意：从那时起，它就成为了将中国人民团结在一起的伟大事物之一，也是中国民族自豪感的象征。根据时间状语Since then，句子应用现在完成时，it为主语，助动词为has。故填has been。
【15题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：从那时起，它就成为了将中国人民团结在一起的伟大事物之一，也是中国民族自豪感的象征。句子的谓语动词为has been，设空处为非谓语动词，bind与逻辑主语the great things之间为主谓关系，应用现在分词，作后置定语。故填binding。
【16题详解】
考查时态、语态和省略。句意：它最初是由秦始皇建造的，后来被扩建了。根据上下文，此处为一般过去时，expand与逻辑主语It为动宾关系，应用被动语态，and连接两个谓语动词，第一个谓语也是被动语态，故设空处只用动词过去分词，was省略。故填expanded。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
China has made significant progress in space exploration___17___ the past few years. The country’s space program has achieved several milestones, including multiple missions launched by the Chang’ e Lunar Exploration Program China has also launched its own space station, the Tiangong, which is expected ___18___ (complete) by 2022 and will be used to conduct long-term experiments in microgravity and host international collaborations. Chinese rocket manufacturers have developed new heavy-lift rockets, ___19___ (enable) more ___20___ (ambition) missions. Overall, China’s achievements demonstrate a strong commitment to advancing its space program and making significant contributions to the global space community.
【答案】17. in##during
18. to be completed
19. enabling
20 ambitious
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国在过去的几年里在太空探索方面取得的几个里程碑式的成就，及其意义。
【17题详解】
考查介词。句意：在过去的几年里，中国在太空探索方面取得了重大进展。根据句意和句子结构，此处考查介词短语in the past few years，或during the past few years，意为“在过去的几年”，用于现在完成时态。设空处应用介词in或during。故填：in / during。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：中国还发射了自己的空间站“天宫”，预计将于2022年完工，用于进行微重力下的长期实验，并举办国际合作。此处考查动词短语搭配be expected to do，设空处应用动词不定式，动词complete与逻辑主语its own space station之间为动宾关系，应用不定式的被动语态，故填：to be completed。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：中国火箭制造商已经开发出新的重型火箭，使更雄心勃勃的任务成为可能。设空处为非谓语动词，是前面整个句子产生的结果，应用现在分词，作状语。故填：enabling。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。句意：中国火箭制造商已经开发出新的重型火箭，使更艰巨的任务成为可能。根据空前的more，且修饰名词missions，设空处应用形容词原形ambitious，意为“艰巨的”。故填：ambitious。
第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题; 每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
The National Council for the Traditional Arts (NCTA) is a leading non-profit organization dedicated to the presentation and documentation of folk and traditional arts in the United States. The NCTA presents the nation’s very finest artists in festivals, tours, international cultural exchanges, workshops, demonstrations and exhibitions, media productions, school programs, and other activities. It works in partnership with communities across America to establish new, sustainable traditional arts events that deliver lasting social and cultural benefits.
The NCTA seeks Festival Support Staff for the 2020 festival season to provide office and on-site support for three large-scale festivals. Positions available include:
● Programming Administration Assistant
This is the perfect position for someone with an interest in history, arts management, cultural anthropology, and related fields.
Responsibilities include programming research, marketing and promotion, and event organization. The position may also be responsible for press and photo document management, social media updates, and customer service.
Qualified applicants will be detail-oriented and organized, with excellent people skills and a general interest in the traditional arts. Computer literacy is essential. The contract runs from May 1 to December 15．
● Festival Assistant
This is the perfect position for someone with an interest in arts, culture, and event logistics(后勤) who enjoys operating in a fast-paced, collegial small-office environment.
The position provides festival staff support. Responsibilities include document creation, travel purchase, logistics support, data entry, and database maintenance.
Qualified applicants will be outgoing and open-minded, with effective oral and written communication skills and computer literacy. Prior experience with festival planning is preferred. The contract runs from May 18 to October 30.
● Production Associate
The production associate is a key member of the production team who will work closely with the production manager on all festival audio, backline, and lighting needs, from planning through implementation (实施).
The role will contribute to the following key tasks: advancing technical needs with artists, making tech books, accurate record-keeping, and working with the NCTA and festival staff to insure smooth on-site operations.
Qualified applicants will be responsible and adaptable, with excellent people skills. Prior experience in concert production is preferred. The contract runs from June 15 to October 30．
All Positions: Experience with database entry, Microsoft Office, and Adobe Acrobat is required. Must have a clean driving record, or reliable transportation. Some evenings, weekends, and travel are required.
More details and how to apply at: http//ncta- America.com .
21. According to the passage, the NCTA ____.
A. focuses on cultural and arts education
B. keeps a record of American traditional arts
C. enjoys economic benefits from communities
D. aims to help the artists in art-related activities
22. The programming administration assistant will probably ____.
A. plan and design programs B. create social networking websites
C. deal with complaints from customers D. photograph newspapers and documents
23. What is the requirement for all the three positions?
A. Driving skills. B. Working experience.
C. Communication skills. D. Knowledge on traditional arts.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. C
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇应用文，为国家传统艺术委员会的一则招聘广告，文章介绍了美国国家传统艺术委员会，及其三个招聘岗位及相关要求。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“The National Council for the Traditional Arts (NCTA) is a leading non-profit organization dedicated to the presentation and documentation of folk and traditional arts in the United States. (国家传统艺术委员会是一个主要的，致力于展示和记录美国的民间和传统艺术的非营利组织)”可知，NCTA记录了美国传统艺术。故选B项。
【22题详解】
推理判断题。根据● Programming Administration Assistant中的第二段第二句“The position may also be responsible for press and photo document management, social media updates, and customer service.(该职位还可能负责新闻和照片文件管理，社交媒体更新和客户服务。)”可知，程序设计行政助理要负责客户服务，故可能会处理客户的投诉。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据● Programming Administration Assistant的第三段“Qualified applicants will be detail-oriented and organized, with excellent people skills and a general interest in the traditional arts. (合格的申请者将注重细节，办事高效，具有优秀的人际交往能力和对传统艺术的普遍兴趣)”；● Festival Assistant的第三段“Qualified applicants will be outgoing and open-minded, with effective oral and written communication skills and computer literacy. (合格的应聘者应性格外向，思想开放，具有良好的口头和书面沟通能力，并能熟练使用计算机。)”；●Production Associate的第三段“Qualified applicants will be responsible and adaptable, with excellent people skills. (合格的申请人将有责任心，适应性强，并具有出色的人际交往能力。)”可知，这三个职位共同的要求是沟通技巧。故选C项。
B
A blog posted Dec 7, 2018 at 12:17 PM by Alanna Mallon
Alanna Mallon is a Cambridge City Councilor.
Each year in November, I receive a flurry of emails and texts from friends who want to volunteer with their families on Thanksgiving as a way to give back. I also field phone calls from organizations who want to donate to local programs that provide Thanksgiving meals.
However, as an official who still works in the nonprofit sector, I also feel deeply anxious because I know the other 51 weeks of the year, these critical programs that provide food access to residents in need are starving for both volunteers and donations. Hunger is a year round problem, and each week volunteers are the necessary part to ensure that programs are able to serve the community.
At Food For Free, we rely on about 100 volunteers per week, and each of those volunteers is extremely important to providing fresh, healthy food to people in the Greater Boston area who need it. School children who take backpacks of food home on Fridays, community college students who rely on our Family Meals program to thrive in class, elderly and disabled residents who receive twice monthly deliveries of food to their doors through our Home Delivery program, — they all rely on us ensuring enough volunteers show up to do the work.
These volunteers don’t show up in your social media feeds, they don’t win awards and no one writes about them in the local newspapers. But they are heroes. And you can be too.
If everyone made a promise to volunteer once a month, or even once a quarter, I know that we could reduce some of the anxiety these organizations feel, as a more reliable volunteer network allows them to focus on helping people, not filling volunteer slots.
Here is a list of a few organizations who are doing critical work in Cambridge to address food insecurity. Offer your time to an organization, they will be deeply grateful—and I am going to bet that you will feel pretty good about yourself too.
Food For Free: http://foodforfree.org/volunteer.
CEOC: http://ceoccambridge.org/food-pantry.
Harvard Square Homeless Shelter: https://hshshelter.org/volunteer.
Community Cooks: https://communitycooks.org/join-us.
Margaret Fuller Neighborhood House: http://margaretfullerhouse.org
24. What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs？
A. The food safety worries the author.
B. Volunteers are needed all year round.
C. Donations can be made through the Internet.
D. People like getting together on Thanksgiving.
25. Paragraph 3 is mainly about ________.
A. the need for fresh food B. the duty of Food For Free
C. the value of voluntary work D. the difficult life of local people
26. The passage is to ________.
A. call for action B. express thanks
C. advertise programs D. introduce websites
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。社会全年都需要志愿者，这些志愿者不会出现在你的社交媒体上，他们不会获奖，也没有人在当地报纸上报道他们。但他们是英雄。文章呼吁我们行动起来。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Each year in November, I receive a flurry of emails and texts from friends who want to volunteer with their families on Thanksgiving as a way to give back.“每年11月，我都会收到一大堆朋友发来的电子邮件和短信，他们想在感恩节和家人一起做志愿者，作为回报。”和第二段最后一句each week volunteers are the necessary part to ensure that programs are able to serve the community.“每周志愿者都是确保项目能够为社区服务的必要部分。”可知，全年都需要志愿者。故选B。
25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中These volunteers don’t show up in your social media feeds, they don’t win awards and no one writes about them in the local newspapers. But they are heroes.“这些志愿者不会出现在你的社交媒体上，他们不会获奖，也没有人在当地报纸上报道他们。但他们是英雄。”故选C。
【26题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段Here is a list of a few organizations who are doing critical work in Cambridge to address food insecurity. Offer your time to an organization, they will be deeply grateful—and I am going to bet that you will feel pretty good about yourself too.“以下是一些在剑桥大学为解决粮食不安全问题而进行重要工作的组织。把你的时间奉献给一个组织，他们会非常感激你——我敢打赌你也会自我感觉很好。”可知，本文呼吁我们行动起来。故选A。
【点睛】抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心
要注意不是所有段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。本题第3小题，根据最后一段Here is a list of a few organizations who are doing critical work in Cambridge to address food insecurity. Offer your time to an organization, they will be deeply grateful—and I am going to bet that you will feel pretty good about yourself too.“以下是一些在剑桥大学为解决粮食不安全问题而进行重要工作的组织。把你的时间奉献给一个组织，他们会非常感激你——我敢打赌你也会自我感觉很好。”可知，本文呼吁我们行动起来。故选A。
C
A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.
“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.
They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.
While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.
Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”
27. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that __________.
A. they had no model in their mind
B. they did not have sufficient time
C. they had no ready-made components
D. they could not assemble the components
28. It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly __________.
A. consists of a flight device and a control system
B. can just fly in limited areas at the present time
C. can collect information from many sources
D. has been put into wide application
29. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?
A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.
B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.
C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.
D. Wood’s design can replace animals in some experiments.
30. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Father of Robotic Fly
B. Inspiration from Engineering Science
C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect
D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study
【答案】27. C 28. B 29. D 30. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。文章介绍了该项研究存在的困难，研究将要发展的方向和该研究会带来的好处。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own可知，类似这样的项目的一个额外的困难就是，这些组成部件从来就没有现成的，我们不得不靠自己去开发，从中可知，困难就是没有现成的组成部件，故选C。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield”可知，虽然第一架机器人飞行器与一个小型非机载电源相连，但最终目标是为其配备一个内置电源，以便有朝一日它可以在救援地点、农民的田地或战场上执行数据收集工作。由此推知，目前由于电池等的限制，只能在有限的区域飞行，故选B。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段的it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield可知，A项是错误的。B项中animals are not allowed 是错的，应该是difficult with animals,即有些用动物来做试验是困难的，不是不允许。C项在文中并没有提到以前方法的多少，文中只是说offers a new way to study，提供了新的方法，故排除C项。根据最后一段的 you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals，but using these robots instead，可知，用动物研究生物学会很难，但是机器人可以取代动物，所以在某些实验中，Wood的设计可以取代动物。故选D。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。由第一段“A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly”可知，短文主要介绍的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。所以短文的最佳标题是“机器苍蝇模仿现实生活中的昆虫” ，故选C。
【点睛】推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话，也可能是某几句话，所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。推理判断题的题干中通常含infer, suggest, imply, conclude indicate等标志性词语。 这种题型主要包括细节判断题、态度观点推断题、写作意图推断题、文章出处判断题和猜测想象推断题。
根据第三段的“he flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems”可知A项是错误的。根据第四段的“While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source”和“Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,”可知，目前由于电池等的限制，只能在有限的区域飞行。因此B项是正确的。根据第四段的“so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield”可知该飞行器是在someday将来的某一天才能从不同的地方收集信息，而不是现在，因此排除C项。纵观全文，讲述的是该飞行器尚处于开发的初级阶段，有很多地方需要改善，因此D项广泛投入使用是错误的。综上所述，选小题2选B项。
D
The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies—often under the control of Western multinational companies—brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake spill oat and over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and apparently homogeneous (同质的).
For some, especially the young, change may mean escape from oppressive traditions. It may also bring new opportunities for cultures to be combined in creative ways. However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures are being worn away in such a globalized world.
Perhaps by far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture, which has a disturbing impact on local people’s existing values. They are increasingly bombarded with new images, new music, new clothes and new values. The familiar and old are to be abandoned. While there was cultural change long before globalization, there is a danger that much will be lost simply because it is not valued by global markets. In West Africa for example, traditional values have been overtaken by Coca-Cola culture which the local people don’t yet have the values to deal with successfully.
Another common aspect of the globalized culture is that it pursues (追求) the same “one size fits all” American ideal. The result of this cultural process of homogenization is that a large section of the world’s population dreams of living like Cosby & Co. or like the characters in any other stereotype American soap opera. In addition, the dream of living a better life causes thousands of people to move to already overcrowded cities whose population has boomed by millions within the last decades. The majority of these new immigrants end up in slums leading to poverty, pollution and misery.
Such gradual aggression against people’s existing values and cultures has a destructive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect. It attacks spiritual values and faith traditions. The accumulative (累积的) effect in non-Western societies is a crisis of cultural confidence, combined with the increased economic uncertainty and crime which global integration (一体化) may bring. This creates real problems for social stability» whether it is at the level of nation, community or family.
In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. It is more a consequence of power concentration in the global media and manufacturing companies than the people’s own wish to abandon their cultural identity and diversity.
31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ______.
A. non-Western societies willingly accept economic globalization
B. Western culture unites the world、economies and technologies
C. the booming of Western culture destroys non-Western societies
D. despite its appeal, westernization shows an unpleasant uniformity
32 Which best serves as an example of the “one size fits all” principle in non-Western nations?
A. McDonald receives more criticism abroad than at home.
B. Many Africans dream of a middle class American lifestyle.
C. Chinese food wins great approval in the United Kingdom.
D. Some western young people fancy a visit to African countries,
33. What is the writer’s attitude towards cultural globalization?
A. Cautious. B. Critical.
C. Positive. D. Neutral.
34. The passage is mainly about _______.
A. cultural diversity in globalization
B. challenges to non-Western cultures
C. drawbacks of cultural globalization
D. disappearance of non-Western cultures
【答案】31. D 32. B 33. B 34. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述文化全球化的缺点和种种消极影响。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies—often under the control of Western multinational companies—brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake spill oat and over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and apparently homogeneous (同质的). (市场经济和通信技术的侵略拓展——往往在西方跨国公司的控制之下——给非西方社会的当地文化和价值观带来了新的挑战。有时，似乎最糟糕的西方文化的浪潮正在全球蔓延，就像一个巨大的草莓奶昔溢出燕麦，遍及地球，味道明显甜美，甜得发腻和明显同质化。)”可知，西方化给非西方社会的当地文化和价值观带来了新的挑战，但它既有明显的甜美，也有病态和同质的特征。由此可知西方化尽管受欢迎，很吸引人，同时也令人不快。故选D。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“The result of this cultural process of homogenization is that a large section of the world’s population dreams of living like Cosby & Co. or like the characters in any other stereotype American soap opera. In addition, the dream of living a better life causes thousands of people to move to already overcrowded cities whose population has boomed by millions within the last decades. (这种同质化文化过程的结果是，世界上很大一部分人梦想着像科斯比公司那样的生活，或者像任何其他刻板印象的美国肥皂剧中的角色一样生活。此外，过上更好生活的梦想导致成千上万的人搬到已经人满为患的城市，这些城市的人口在过去几十年中激增了数百万。)”可知，在非西方国家，世界上很大一部分人梦想着像科斯比公司那样生活，或者像其他刻板印象的美国肥皂剧里的人物一样，过着更好的，富足的生活，这些最能体现“一刀切”原则。故推知许多非洲人梦想着美国中产阶级的生活方式体现“一刀切”原则。故选B。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures are being worn away in such a globalized world. (然而在这样一个全球化的世界里，文化正在被损坏的速度，确实值得关注。)”及第三段“Perhaps by far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture, which has a disturbing impact on local people’s existing values. (也许到目前为止，文化全球化最重要的深远影响是文化的商业化，这对当地人民现有的价值观产生了令人不安的影响。)”及第四段“The majority of these new immigrants end up in slums leading to poverty, pollution and misery. (这些新移民中的大多数最终都生活在贫民窟，导致贫困、污染和苦难。)”及第五段“Such gradual aggression against people’s existing values and cultures has a destructive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect. It attacks spiritual values and faith traditions. (这种对人们现有价值观和文化的逐渐侵略对他们的自我意识、他们想要的和他们尊重的东西有破坏性的影响。它攻击精神价值和信仰传统。)”及最后一段“In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. (总之，文化全球化或全球麦当劳化破坏多样性，并取代了通过许多不同文化的混合来维持体面生活的机会。)”可知，作者认为文化全球化损坏文化、导致贫困、污染和苦难、攻击精神价值和信仰传统。以上观点表明作者对文化全球化表示担忧和批判，故选B。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. It is more a consequence of power concentration in the global media and manufacturing companies than the people’s own wish to abandon their cultural identity and diversity. (总之，文化全球化或全球麦当劳化破坏了多样性，并取代了通过许多不同文化的混合来维持体面生活的机会。这与其说是人民自己放弃其文化认同和多样性的愿望，不如说是权力集中在全球媒体和制造公司的结果。)”可知，文章主要讲述了文化全球化的缺点和种种消极影响。故选C。
第二节(共5小题; 每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Self-esteem is the ruling view you have of yourself. This includes your beliefs about your inner qualities and how you think others see you. ___35___ Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly functional and greatly skilled. Understanding this mysterious emotional currency might be the key to unlocking your own self-worth.
People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. People with low self-esteem may tell you how much everyone loves them, what a great job they do at work, and how amazing they are at pretty everything under the sun even though they really wonder if it's true. People may see them as obnoxious or “full of themselves”. ___36___ They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also take care of themselves without second-guessing or apologizing. They are the people who we say seem “sure of themselves”.
If you're starting to think you may have low self-esteem, you can work on the way you talk to yourself. When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor to positive reinforcements and access the courage to show different sides of yourself. It isn't going to feel good at first, though. Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help. ___37___
However, in serious cases of low or even non-existent self-esteem, you may want to call in a professional or a specialist. Good mental health is important, and professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. ___38___ It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems.
___39___ It will take some work but your entire life — from your relationships to your body image to your work habits — will be touched with the kind of power that only comes from someone believing in themselves. This is the hardest part, and the greatest leap. With some changes and support, you can improve your self-esteem and see how everything else changes as a result.
A. Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.
B. You have the power to shape a new self-perception.
C. This encourages you to speak openly without worry.
D. The real test of character is whether they can learn from their mistakes.
E. Self-esteem refers to a person's overall sense of his or her value or worth.
F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with a casual confidence.
G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth.
【答案】35. A 36. F 37. G 38. C 39. B
【解析】
【导语】文章是一篇说明文，讲述了自尊的定义，拥有健康自尊的人们的特征和低自尊人群对自身的危害，最后对于如何正确提升自尊给出了建议。
【35题详解】
空格下文“ Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly functional and greatly skilled.”（有些人即使很能干、很有技能，也可能会发展出低自尊。）这个例子与空格前没有呼应，选项A“Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.”（然而，自尊并不总是根植于现实。）与这个例子存在论点和论据的关系，故选择A。
【36题详解】
这段第一句“People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. ”（有健康自尊的人不需要向别人吹嘘自己。）可见，整一段都在讲健康自尊的人们。再者空格后“They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. ”（他们不羞于分享想法，包括对他人的建设性批评。）可知，选项F的“People with a healthy level of self-esteem ”与整段的指代一致，故选择F。
【37题详解】
根据空格前“When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor.....Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help.”(当你停止消极的自我对话时，你就能敞开心扉......继续，直到它变得越来越少，也许甚至是在镜子里的几个尴尬的笑可能会有帮助。)可知，讲述改变低自尊状态的方法，与选项G"With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth."(通过一些练习和坚持，你会赢得这场内在的斗争，看到你的自我价值。),中的练习和坚持这些方法相对应，故选G。
【38题详解】
空格前“professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. ”（做心理治疗的专业人员不会通过判断或给予纠正。）可知，这个现象与选项C中指代的this指代一致，专业人员不会判断或者纠正，所以这将鼓励你去放开说。故选择C.
【39题详解】
空格后“It will take some work but your entire life—from your relationships to your body image to your work habits”（这需要付出一些努力，但你的整个生活——从你的人际关系到你的身体形象，再到你的工作习惯），可知it 指代与选项B"You have the power to shape a new self-perception(你有能力塑造一种新的自我认知)相一致，可知新的自我认知需要一些努力，但会让你受益颇多。故选择B.
第三部分 (32分)
第一节(共3小题; 40、41题每题2分, 42题5分, 共9分)
阅读下面短文并按要求完成阅读任务。
Discovered by Amateurs
Some astronomers spend their entire careers looking for new discoveries in space, but a 10-year-old Canadian girl found one on her first try. In January, 2011, Kathryn Gray, who often studied stars, was looking at recent pictures of outer space and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier. The pictures were just thousands of tiny spots of light, but Gray spotted a star that looked different in the recent pictures. Could it possibly be a supernova (超新星)? Usually a supernova is brighter, and it becomes visible through a telescope due to the brightness. Later Gray’s discovery was confirmed, and she became the youngest person to discover a supernova.
Throughout history, important discoveries in astronomy have been made by amateurs. An early example is William Herschel, who discovered Uranus in 1781. Uranus had been observed before, but expert astronomers thought it didn’t belong to our solar system. When Herschel saw it with a telescope he had designed and built himself, he realized that it was orbiting the sun. This meant that Uranus was a planet. And so, the map of our night sky was changed forever.
Then in 1930, a major discovery was made by a 24-year-old man, a farmer’s son, with no college education or formal training in astronomy. Clyde Tombaugh had built a homemade telescope using instructions from an article in a boy’s magazine. He used to draw detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to Dr. V. M. Slipher at the Lowell Observatory, who was so impressed and offered him a job on his team. Within a year, Tombaugh discovered a ninth planet, Pluto. It was regarded as a planet for 76 years, but scientists decided in2006 that Pluto didn’t meet all of the criteria for a true planet. It was then considered to be a dwarf planet.
John Dobson is another influential amateur astronomer because he enabled so many others to take up astronomy as a hobby. In 1956, after constant attempts, he built a powerful telescope out of low-cost materials, such as paper tubes used in construction. With affordable tools like Dobson’s telescope, more amateurs today have the technology that is needed to make discoveries of their own.
40. How did Kathryn Gray discover the supernova?
___________________________________________________________________________
41. Why did Clyde Tombaugh get a job at the Lowell Observatory?
___________________________________________________________________________
42. Which of the amateur astronomers mentioned in the passage has impressed you most? Why? (about 40 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. By comparing the recent pictures of outer space to pictures taken years earlier.
41. Because his detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter impressed Dr. V. M. Slipher.
42. William Herschel has impressed me most. His discovery of Uranus was important because it redefined our understanding of the solar system. His use of a telescope he designed and built himself showcased his ingenuity and determination.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了几位业余天文爱好者做出了天文学重大发现的故事。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“In January, 2011, Kathryn Gray, who often studied stars, was looking at recent pictures of outer space and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier. (2011年1月，经常研究恒星的Kathryn Gray看着最近拍摄的外太空照片，并将它们与几年前拍摄的照片进行了比较。)”可知，Kathryn Gray通过将最近拍摄的外太空照片与几年前拍摄的照片进行比较，发现了这颗超新星。故可填：By comparing the recent pictures of outer space to pictures taken years earlier.
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“He used to draw detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to Dr. V. M. Slipher at the Lowell Observatory, who was so impressed and offered him a job on his team. (他曾经画过火星和木星表面的详细图画。他把这些图画发给了洛厄尔天文台的V. M. Slipher博士，Slipher对他印象深刻，并给他提供了一份他团队中的工作。)”可知，Clyde Tombaugh得到在洛厄尔天文台的工作是因为他对火星和木星表面的详细图画给V. M. Slipher博士留下了深刻的印象。故可填：Because his detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter impressed Dr. V. M. Slipher.
【42题详解】
开放性试题。本题答案是开放性的，言之有理即可。例如，根据Clyde Tombaugh的经历可知，他发现的天王星非常重要，重新定义了我们对太阳系的认识，而且他使用的是自己设计和制造的望远镜，他富有聪明才智和决心。故可填：William Herschel has impressed me most. His discovery of Uranus was important because it redefined our understanding of the solar system. His use of a telescope he designed and built himself showcased his ingenuity and determination.
第二节 (共4小题; 每小题4分，满分4分)
根据句意、中文提示和单词首字母，写出单词的正确形式，并将完整的单词答案书写在答题纸的相应位置上。
43. In the last two d_______(十年), the advanced technology has made people live longer. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】decades##ecades
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：在过去的二十年里，先进的技术延长了人们的寿命。根据首字母和中文提示可知，空处应用名词decade，作介词In的宾语，且空前有the last two，decade应用复数形式decades，表示“过去的二十年”。故填decades。
44. It’s usually a common practice that j_____(刊物) websites offer readers their free online editions of articles and other information. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】journal##ournal
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：期刊网站为读者提供免费的在线版本的文章和其他信息通常是一种惯例。根据首字母，“刊物”表达为名词journal，修饰名词websites，作前置定语。故填journal。
45. The chairman is quite familiar with the p________(步骤) for conducting a meeting. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】procedure##rocedure
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：主席非常熟悉开会的步骤。由汉语提示“步骤”和首字母可知，此处应用名词procedure作宾语，由the和句意可知，此处特指开会的这一步骤，应用单数，故填procedure。
46. Unfortunately, the flight was p_______(延迟) on account of the bad weather. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】postponed##ostponed
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。句意：不幸的是，由于天气不好，航班延迟了。“延迟”表达为动词postpone，与主语the flight之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态，设空处应用过去分词。故填postponed。
第三节(共4小题; 每小题1分，满分4分)
请用方框中词组的正确形式完成句子，并将答案书写在答题纸的相应位置上，每个词组只使用一次。(方框中有一个选项为多余选项)
bring about figure out judge from (be) keen on run out
47. In the future, care for the environment will become very important as Earth’s natural resources_________.
48. _______her accent, she must be from Scotland.
49. The present situation is quite complicated, so I think it will take me some time to_________ its reality.
50. If you like astronomy, you may _________ collecting stamps describing the stars, planets, space crafts, spacemen, etc.
【答案】47. are running out
48. Judging from
49. figure out
50. be keen on
【解析】
【47题详解】
考查现在进行时，动词短语，主谓一致。句意：在未来，保护环境将变得非常重要，因为地球的自然资源正在耗尽。根据所给句子提示可知，保护环境很重要，是因为自然资源即将耗尽，即此处表达资源“耗尽”，根据时间状语in the future可知，此句表达将来要发生的事，因此可使用现在进行时表示将来要发生的事。主语Earth’s natural resources为复数形式，因此谓语需使用复数。故答案为are running out。
【48题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：从她的口音判断，她一定是苏格兰人。根据所给句子提示，可知此处表达“从口音判断”她的家乡，句子谓语为must be，因此此处需非谓语动词，且与句子主语she不是同一主语，因此需独立使用现在分词形式。故填Judging from。
【49题详解】
考查动词短语。句意：目前的情况很复杂，所以我想我需要一些时间来弄清楚它的真实情况。根据所给句子提示可知，此处表达“弄清楚”这一复杂事情的真实情况。根据it takes sb. +时间+ to do sth. 结构可知，此处需使用动词原形的形式。故填figure out。
【50题详解】
考查形容词短语。句意：如果你喜欢天文学，你可能会热衷于收集描述恒星、行星、宇宙飞船、宇航员等的邮票。根据所给句子提示可知，此处表达“热衷于”收集邮票。因此句中有情态动词may，因此可直接接动词原形形式。故填be keen on。
第四节书面表达 (满分15分)
51. 假设你是红星中学高一学生李华。2023年5月30日神舟十六号（Shenzhou 16 manned spaceship）发射成功，并将于11月返航，你校电视台英文频道向学生征集以“中国航天”为主题的原创短视频。你打算邀请留学生Jim一起完成作品。请你给他写邮件，内容包括：
1．征集要求；
2．作品初步想法；
3．询问意向。
注意：1．词数 100左右；
2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
提示词：神舟十六号：Shenzhou 16 manned spaceship 航天：aerospace
Dear Jim,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
I’m writing to share some good news with you. Our school’s TV station is currently collecting original short videos with the theme of “China’s aerospace”, and I thought it would be great if we could work on it together.
Its requirements are quite simple. The video should be around 3-5 minutes long, featuring the significance of the Shenzhou 16 mission. As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, after which we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, highlighting its objectives and accomplishments.
Are you interested in collaborating with me on this video? I believe your perspective as an international student will bring a unique and valuable contribution to the project.
Looking forward to your response!
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。2023年5月30日神舟十六号发射成功，并将于11月返航，要求考生就校电视台英文频道向学生征集以“中国航天”为主题的原创短视频一事给留学生Jim写邮件，邀请他一起完成短视频，邮件内容包括征集要求，作品初步想法，并询问意向。
【详解】1.词汇积累
现时，当前：currently → presently
强调：highlight → emphasize
成就：accomplishment → achievement
视角，观点：perspective → viewpoint
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, after which we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, highlighting its objectives and accomplishments.
拓展句：As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, and then we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, which would highlight its objectives and accomplishments.
【点睛】【高分句型1】As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, after which we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, highlighting its objectives and accomplishments. （运用了“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，现在分词highlighting 作状语）
【高分句型2】I believe your perspective as an international student will bring a unique and valuable contribution to the project.（运用了省略引导词that的宾语从句）
北京二中 2022——2023学年度第六学段高一年级学段考试试卷
英语
第一部分：知识运用(30分)
第一节完形填空(共10小题; 每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My mom is about to have a spinal (脊柱的) operation. The operation is___1___ minor, but does carry a risk of paralysis (瘫痪). Friends and family have reacted to this news by talking in such pessimistic terms that Mom has come to___2___ this kind of talk as “psychological theft”. It occurs when other people increase your anxiety ___3___ providing comfort.
Last week Mom ran into Geoff who works for the local school. “How are you?” he asked. “Not great,” she replied, “I have been having some trouble with my back and I’m going to need an operation.” “Oh, the back is the most ___4___ place to operate on! My mom had that and she was in terrible pain.” He responded. Geoff’s ___5___ had been kind. He’d given his own mother’s story to show sympathy, ___6___ Mom only heard danger and pain.
People could have alternative things that would be equally true, but more familiar to patients. “The specialists in our hospitals are among the best in the world.”—That’s a good one. “You’re going to feel much better ___7___ .”—That’s another.
I’m not suggesting patients should be ___8___ from the reality of the risks they’re taking. But if the decision to have an operation can’t really be ___9___, what’s the purpose of stressing the____10____? It’s just common sense to say, “Get well soon, and how can I help?”
1. A. definitely B. unusually C. relatively D. typically
2. A. choose B. label C. employ D. mistake
3. A. in need of B. in favor of C. instead of D. regardless of
4. A. secure B. dangerous C. common D. apparent
5. A. intention B. assumption C. emotion D. description
6. A. because B. as C. when D. yet
7. A. occasionally B. permanently C. initially D. ultimately
8. A. released B. deleted C. separated D. sheltered
9. A. accepted B. made C. avoided D. reached
10. A. drawbacks B. strengths C. dimensions D. procedures
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. A
【解析】
【导语】文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述母亲手术的经历来告诉我们，向病人描述疾病的风险没有意义，应该换一种更有益的，能抚慰病人的说法。
【1题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：手术相对较小，但确实有瘫痪的风险。A. definitely确定地；B. unusually特别地；C. relatively相对地；D. typically典型地。根据下文“but does carry a risk of paralysis”可知，前后句为转折关系，脊柱手术小是相对而言（relatively），但还是有高风险。故选C项。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：朋友和家人对这个消息的反应是用如此悲观的措辞说话以至于妈妈把这种谈话称为“心理盗窃”。A. choose选择；B. label贴标签，把……称为；C. employ雇用；D. mistake误解。此处考查动词短语label…as…,意为“将……称作……，把……说成是……”。作者妈妈把这种给别人悲观感觉，让别人更不舒服的谈话贴了标签，称为“心理盗窃”。故选B项。
【3题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：当别人增加你的焦虑而不是提供安慰时，就会发生这种情况。A. in need of需要；B. in favor of支持；C. instead of而不是；D. regardless of不顾。根据上文“The operation is___1___ minor, but does carry a risk of paralysis. Friends and family have reacted to this news by talking in such pessimistic terms that Mom has come to___2___ this kind of talk as ‘psychological theft’.”可知，手术有瘫痪的风险，作者妈妈本来就为此而焦虑，朋友家人对这个消息表现为言论消极，令当事人更焦虑，而不是安慰当事人。故选C项。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：背部是最危险的手术部位。A. secure安全的；B. dangerous危险的；C. common共同的；D. apparent显而易见的。根据上文“The operation is___1___ minor, but does carry a risk of paralysis.”以及下文“My mom had that and she was in terrible pain.”可知，此处表示在讲Geoff背部手术的危险（dangerous）和带来的痛苦。故选B项。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：杰夫的本意是好的。A. intention意图，目的；B. assumption假定；C. emotion情绪；D. description描述。根据下文“He’d given his own mother’s story to show sympathy, ___6___ Mom only heard danger and pain.”可知，Geoff为了表达同情才这么说，所以意图（intention）是善良的。故选A项。
【6题详解】
考查连词词义辨析。句意：为了表示同情，他讲述了自己母亲的故事，但母亲只听到了危险和痛苦。A. because因为；B. as当……时候；C. when当……时候；D. yet然而。根据空后“Mom only heard danger and pain”可知，Geoff的话让作者妈妈感到危险和痛苦，与同情的本意背道而驰了，上下文有转折关系，yet符合语境。故选D项。
【7题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终你会感觉好很多。A. occasionally偶然；B. permanently永久地；C. initially最初；D. ultimately最终。根据上文“People could have alternative things that would be equally true, but more familiar to patients. ‘The specialists in our hospitals are among the best in the world.’—That’s a good one.”可知，要说真正能抚慰到病人的话，本句中，“You’re going to”可知，说的是将要发生的事情，用来安慰当事人的比较真实的话，最终你会感觉好很多，ultimately比permanently更适合语境。故选D项。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我并不是说病人应该躲避他们所承担的现实风险。A. released释放；B. deleted删除；C. separated分开；D. sheltered躲避。根据下文“But if the decision to have an operation can’t really be ___9___, what’s the purpose of stressing the___10___? ”可知，病人不得不做手术的时候，不必强调可能的风险，故作者不认为病人应躲避做手术后的风险，不应有风险而害怕手术，此处考查动词短语be sheltered from，意为“使免遭……影响”，故选D项。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，如果真的无法避免做手术的决定，那么强调不利条件的目的是什么呢？A. accepted接受；B. made制造；C. avoided避免；D. reached抵达。根据“what’s the purpose of stressing the___10___”可知，要强调手术风险，说明病人的状况必须动手术了， 手术不可避免了（avoided）。故选C项。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，如果真的不能避免手术的决定，强调不利条件又有什么用呢？A. drawbacks不利条件；B. strengths优势；C. dimensions方面；D. procedures程序。根据上文“Geoff’s ___5___ had been kind. He’d given his own mother’s story to show sympathy, ___6___ Mom only heard danger and pain.”以及“People could have alternative things that would be equally true, but more familiar to patients.”可知，作者认为向病人描述疾病的风险没有意义，应该换一种更有益的，同样真实的，但为患者所更熟悉的说法，所以：如果手术不能避免，强调疾病的问题和风险这些不利条件没有意义，只会给当事人更加焦虑，drawbacks表示“不利条件”，符合语境。故选A项。
第二节 语法填空(共10小题; 每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When you read the writings of Confucius you will see a ___11___ (constant) recurring word, a Chinese character that represents the heart of Confucian thought: the character ren. What is ren? If you look closely at the ___12___ (write) character, you can understand what it means. The left-hand element of the character represents a person, a human being; the element on the right stands for the number two. The two elements, when joined, indicate ___13___ (relationship) between individuals, or with all of society.
【答案】11. constantly
12. written
13. relationships
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。当你阅读孔子的著作时，你会看到一个经常出现的词，一个代表儒家思想核心的汉字：人。文章介绍了“人”这个字的含义。
【11题详解】
考查副词。句意：当你阅读孔子的著作时，你会看到一个经常出现的词，一个代表儒家思想核心的汉字：人。此处应用副词constantly作状语，修饰形容词recurring(反复出现的)，故填constantly。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：如果你仔细观察这个文字，你就会明白它的意思。此处应用形容词written作定语，修饰名词character，表示“书面的”，故填written。
【13题详解】
考查名词的数。句意： 这两个要素，如果结合在一起，就表明了个人之间或者与整个社会之间的关系。此处应用名词relationship作宾语，表示“关系”，为可数名词，由between individuals可知，人与人的关系不止一种，应用复数形式，故填relationships。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
An important symbol of China is the Chinese characters—hanzi. While this unique writing system has an ancient origin, it was standardised and unified by Emperor Qinshihuang. Since then, it ___14___ (be) one of the great things ___15___ (bind) the Chinese people together, and a symbol of Chinese national pride.
Another popular symbol of China around the world is the Great Wall. It was originally built by Emperor Qinshihuang, and ___16___ (expand) afterwards. The part of the Great Wall most people are familiar with was built by the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, though.
【答案】14. has been
15. binding
16. expanded
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国的标志——汉字和长城。
【14题详解】
考查时态。句意：从那时起，它就成为了将中国人民团结在一起的伟大事物之一，也是中国民族自豪感的象征。根据时间状语Since then，句子应用现在完成时，it为主语，助动词为has。故填has been。
【15题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：从那时起，它就成为了将中国人民团结在一起的伟大事物之一，也是中国民族自豪感的象征。句子的谓语动词为has been，设空处为非谓语动词，bind与逻辑主语the great things之间为主谓关系，应用现在分词，作后置定语。故填binding。
【16题详解】
考查时态、语态和省略。句意：它最初是由秦始皇建造的，后来被扩建了。根据上下文，此处为一般过去时，expand与逻辑主语It为动宾关系，应用被动语态，and连接两个谓语动词，第一个谓语也是被动语态，故设空处只用动词过去分词，was省略。故填expanded。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
China has made significant progress in space exploration___17___ the past few years. The country’s space program has achieved several milestones, including multiple missions launched by the Chang’ e Lunar Exploration Program China has also launched its own space station, the Tiangong, which is expected ___18___ (complete) by 2022 and will be used to conduct long-term experiments in microgravity and host international collaborations. Chinese rocket manufacturers have developed new heavy-lift rockets, ___19___ (enable) more ___20___ (ambition) missions. Overall, China’s achievements demonstrate a strong commitment to advancing its space program and making significant contributions to the global space community.
【答案】17. in##during
18. to be completed
19. enabling
20 ambitious
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国在过去的几年里在太空探索方面取得的几个里程碑式的成就，及其意义。
【17题详解】
考查介词。句意：在过去的几年里，中国在太空探索方面取得了重大进展。根据句意和句子结构，此处考查介词短语in the past few years，或during the past few years，意为“在过去的几年”，用于现在完成时态。设空处应用介词in或during。故填：in / during。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：中国还发射了自己的空间站“天宫”，预计将于2022年完工，用于进行微重力下的长期实验，并举办国际合作。此处考查动词短语搭配be expected to do，设空处应用动词不定式，动词complete与逻辑主语its own space station之间为动宾关系，应用不定式的被动语态，故填：to be completed。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：中国火箭制造商已经开发出新的重型火箭，使更雄心勃勃的任务成为可能。设空处为非谓语动词，是前面整个句子产生的结果，应用现在分词，作状语。故填：enabling。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。句意：中国火箭制造商已经开发出新的重型火箭，使更艰巨的任务成为可能。根据空前的more，且修饰名词missions，设空处应用形容词原形ambitious，意为“艰巨的”。故填：ambitious。
第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题; 每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
The National Council for the Traditional Arts (NCTA) is a leading non-profit organization dedicated to the presentation and documentation of folk and traditional arts in the United States. The NCTA presents the nation’s very finest artists in festivals, tours, international cultural exchanges, workshops, demonstrations and exhibitions, media productions, school programs, and other activities. It works in partnership with communities across America to establish new, sustainable traditional arts events that deliver lasting social and cultural benefits.
The NCTA seeks Festival Support Staff for the 2020 festival season to provide office and on-site support for three large-scale festivals. Positions available include:
● Programming Administration Assistant
This is the perfect position for someone with an interest in history, arts management, cultural anthropology, and related fields.
Responsibilities include programming research, marketing and promotion, and event organization. The position may also be responsible for press and photo document management, social media updates, and customer service.
Qualified applicants will be detail-oriented and organized, with excellent people skills and a general interest in the traditional arts. Computer literacy is essential. The contract runs from May 1 to December 15．
● Festival Assistant
This is the perfect position for someone with an interest in arts, culture, and event logistics(后勤) who enjoys operating in a fast-paced, collegial small-office environment.
The position provides festival staff support. Responsibilities include document creation, travel purchase, logistics support, data entry, and database maintenance.
Qualified applicants will be outgoing and open-minded, with effective oral and written communication skills and computer literacy. Prior experience with festival planning is preferred. The contract runs from May 18 to October 30.
● Production Associate
The production associate is a key member of the production team who will work closely with the production manager on all festival audio, backline, and lighting needs, from planning through implementation (实施).
The role will contribute to the following key tasks: advancing technical needs with artists, making tech books, accurate record-keeping, and working with the NCTA and festival staff to insure smooth on-site operations.
Qualified applicants will be responsible and adaptable, with excellent people skills. Prior experience in concert production is preferred. The contract runs from June 15 to October 30．
All Positions: Experience with database entry, Microsoft Office, and Adobe Acrobat is required. Must have a clean driving record, or reliable transportation. Some evenings, weekends, and travel are required.
More details and how to apply at: http//ncta- America.com .
21. According to the passage, the NCTA ____.
A. focuses on cultural and arts education
B. keeps a record of American traditional arts
C. enjoys economic benefits from communities
D. aims to help the artists in art-related activities
22. The programming administration assistant will probably ____.
A. plan and design programs B. create social networking websites
C. deal with complaints from customers D. photograph newspapers and documents
23. What is the requirement for all the three positions?
A. Driving skills. B. Working experience.
C. Communication skills. D. Knowledge on traditional arts.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. C
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇应用文，为国家传统艺术委员会的一则招聘广告，文章介绍了美国国家传统艺术委员会，及其三个招聘岗位及相关要求。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“The National Council for the Traditional Arts (NCTA) is a leading non-profit organization dedicated to the presentation and documentation of folk and traditional arts in the United States. (国家传统艺术委员会是一个主要的，致力于展示和记录美国的民间和传统艺术的非营利组织)”可知，NCTA记录了美国传统艺术。故选B项。
【22题详解】
推理判断题。根据● Programming Administration Assistant中的第二段第二句“The position may also be responsible for press and photo document management, social media updates, and customer service.(该职位还可能负责新闻和照片文件管理，社交媒体更新和客户服务。)”可知，程序设计行政助理要负责客户服务，故可能会处理客户的投诉。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据● Programming Administration Assistant的第三段“Qualified applicants will be detail-oriented and organized, with excellent people skills and a general interest in the traditional arts. (合格的申请者将注重细节，办事高效，具有优秀的人际交往能力和对传统艺术的普遍兴趣)”；● Festival Assistant的第三段“Qualified applicants will be outgoing and open-minded, with effective oral and written communication skills and computer literacy. (合格的应聘者应性格外向，思想开放，具有良好的口头和书面沟通能力，并能熟练使用计算机。)”；●Production Associate的第三段“Qualified applicants will be responsible and adaptable, with excellent people skills. (合格的申请人将有责任心，适应性强，并具有出色的人际交往能力。)”可知，这三个职位共同的要求是沟通技巧。故选C项。
B
A blog posted Dec 7, 2018 at 12:17 PM by Alanna Mallon
Alanna Mallon is a Cambridge City Councilor.
Each year in November, I receive a flurry of emails and texts from friends who want to volunteer with their families on Thanksgiving as a way to give back. I also field phone calls from organizations who want to donate to local programs that provide Thanksgiving meals.
However, as an official who still works in the nonprofit sector, I also feel deeply anxious because I know the other 51 weeks of the year, these critical programs that provide food access to residents in need are starving for both volunteers and donations. Hunger is a year round problem, and each week volunteers are the necessary part to ensure that programs are able to serve the community.
At Food For Free, we rely on about 100 volunteers per week, and each of those volunteers is extremely important to providing fresh, healthy food to people in the Greater Boston area who need it. School children who take backpacks of food home on Fridays, community college students who rely on our Family Meals program to thrive in class, elderly and disabled residents who receive twice monthly deliveries of food to their doors through our Home Delivery program, — they all rely on us ensuring enough volunteers show up to do the work.
These volunteers don’t show up in your social media feeds, they don’t win awards and no one writes about them in the local newspapers. But they are heroes. And you can be too.
If everyone made a promise to volunteer once a month, or even once a quarter, I know that we could reduce some of the anxiety these organizations feel, as a more reliable volunteer network allows them to focus on helping people, not filling volunteer slots.
Here is a list of a few organizations who are doing critical work in Cambridge to address food insecurity. Offer your time to an organization, they will be deeply grateful—and I am going to bet that you will feel pretty good about yourself too.
Food For Free: http://foodforfree.org/volunteer.
CEOC: http://ceoccambridge.org/food-pantry.
Harvard Square Homeless Shelter: https://hshshelter.org/volunteer.
Community Cooks: https://communitycooks.org/join-us.
Margaret Fuller Neighborhood House: http://margaretfullerhouse.org
24. What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs？
A. The food safety worries the author.
B. Volunteers are needed all year round.
C. Donations can be made through the Internet.
D. People like getting together on Thanksgiving.
25. Paragraph 3 is mainly about ________.
A. the need for fresh food B. the duty of Food For Free
C. the value of voluntary work D. the difficult life of local people
26. The passage is to ________.
A. call for action B. express thanks
C. advertise programs D. introduce websites
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。社会全年都需要志愿者，这些志愿者不会出现在你的社交媒体上，他们不会获奖，也没有人在当地报纸上报道他们。但他们是英雄。文章呼吁我们行动起来。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Each year in November, I receive a flurry of emails and texts from friends who want to volunteer with their families on Thanksgiving as a way to give back.“每年11月，我都会收到一大堆朋友发来的电子邮件和短信，他们想在感恩节和家人一起做志愿者，作为回报。”和第二段最后一句each week volunteers are the necessary part to ensure that programs are able to serve the community.“每周志愿者都是确保项目能够为社区服务的必要部分。”可知，全年都需要志愿者。故选B。
25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中These volunteers don’t show up in your social media feeds, they don’t win awards and no one writes about them in the local newspapers. But they are heroes.“这些志愿者不会出现在你的社交媒体上，他们不会获奖，也没有人在当地报纸上报道他们。但他们是英雄。”故选C。
【26题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段Here is a list of a few organizations who are doing critical work in Cambridge to address food insecurity. Offer your time to an organization, they will be deeply grateful—and I am going to bet that you will feel pretty good about yourself too.“以下是一些在剑桥大学为解决粮食不安全问题而进行重要工作的组织。把你的时间奉献给一个组织，他们会非常感激你——我敢打赌你也会自我感觉很好。”可知，本文呼吁我们行动起来。故选A。
【点睛】抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心
要注意不是所有段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。本题第3小题，根据最后一段Here is a list of a few organizations who are doing critical work in Cambridge to address food insecurity. Offer your time to an organization, they will be deeply grateful—and I am going to bet that you will feel pretty good about yourself too.“以下是一些在剑桥大学为解决粮食不安全问题而进行重要工作的组织。把你的时间奉献给一个组织，他们会非常感激你——我敢打赌你也会自我感觉很好。”可知，本文呼吁我们行动起来。故选A。
C
A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.
“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.
They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.
While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.
Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”
27. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that __________.
A. they had no model in their mind
B. they did not have sufficient time
C. they had no ready-made components
D. they could not assemble the components
28. It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly __________.
A. consists of a flight device and a control system
B. can just fly in limited areas at the present time
C. can collect information from many sources
D. has been put into wide application
29. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?
A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.
B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.
C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.
D. Wood’s design can replace animals in some experiments.
30. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Father of Robotic Fly
B. Inspiration from Engineering Science
C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect
D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study
【答案】27. C 28. B 29. D 30. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。文章介绍了该项研究存在的困难，研究将要发展的方向和该研究会带来的好处。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own可知，类似这样的项目的一个额外的困难就是，这些组成部件从来就没有现成的，我们不得不靠自己去开发，从中可知，困难就是没有现成的组成部件，故选C。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield”可知，虽然第一架机器人飞行器与一个小型非机载电源相连，但最终目标是为其配备一个内置电源，以便有朝一日它可以在救援地点、农民的田地或战场上执行数据收集工作。由此推知，目前由于电池等的限制，只能在有限的区域飞行，故选B。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段的it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield可知，A项是错误的。B项中animals are not allowed 是错的，应该是difficult with animals,即有些用动物来做试验是困难的，不是不允许。C项在文中并没有提到以前方法的多少，文中只是说offers a new way to study，提供了新的方法，故排除C项。根据最后一段的 you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals，but using these robots instead，可知，用动物研究生物学会很难，但是机器人可以取代动物，所以在某些实验中，Wood的设计可以取代动物。故选D。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。由第一段“A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly”可知，短文主要介绍的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。所以短文的最佳标题是“机器苍蝇模仿现实生活中的昆虫” ，故选C。
【点睛】推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话，也可能是某几句话，所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。推理判断题的题干中通常含infer, suggest, imply, conclude indicate等标志性词语。 这种题型主要包括细节判断题、态度观点推断题、写作意图推断题、文章出处判断题和猜测想象推断题。
根据第三段的“he flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems”可知A项是错误的。根据第四段的“While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source”和“Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,”可知，目前由于电池等的限制，只能在有限的区域飞行。因此B项是正确的。根据第四段的“so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield”可知该飞行器是在someday将来的某一天才能从不同的地方收集信息，而不是现在，因此排除C项。纵观全文，讲述的是该飞行器尚处于开发的初级阶段，有很多地方需要改善，因此D项广泛投入使用是错误的。综上所述，选小题2选B项。
D
The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies—often under the control of Western multinational companies—brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake spill oat and over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and apparently homogeneous (同质的).
For some, especially the young, change may mean escape from oppressive traditions. It may also bring new opportunities for cultures to be combined in creative ways. However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures are being worn away in such a globalized world.
Perhaps by far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture, which has a disturbing impact on local people’s existing values. They are increasingly bombarded with new images, new music, new clothes and new values. The familiar and old are to be abandoned. While there was cultural change long before globalization, there is a danger that much will be lost simply because it is not valued by global markets. In West Africa for example, traditional values have been overtaken by Coca-Cola culture which the local people don’t yet have the values to deal with successfully.
Another common aspect of the globalized culture is that it pursues (追求) the same “one size fits all” American ideal. The result of this cultural process of homogenization is that a large section of the world’s population dreams of living like Cosby & Co. or like the characters in any other stereotype American soap opera. In addition, the dream of living a better life causes thousands of people to move to already overcrowded cities whose population has boomed by millions within the last decades. The majority of these new immigrants end up in slums leading to poverty, pollution and misery.
Such gradual aggression against people’s existing values and cultures has a destructive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect. It attacks spiritual values and faith traditions. The accumulative (累积的) effect in non-Western societies is a crisis of cultural confidence, combined with the increased economic uncertainty and crime which global integration (一体化) may bring. This creates real problems for social stability» whether it is at the level of nation, community or family.
In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. It is more a consequence of power concentration in the global media and manufacturing companies than the people’s own wish to abandon their cultural identity and diversity.
31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ______.
A. non-Western societies willingly accept economic globalization
B. Western culture unites the world、economies and technologies
C. the booming of Western culture destroys non-Western societies
D. despite its appeal, westernization shows an unpleasant uniformity
32 Which best serves as an example of the “one size fits all” principle in non-Western nations?
A. McDonald receives more criticism abroad than at home.
B. Many Africans dream of a middle class American lifestyle.
C. Chinese food wins great approval in the United Kingdom.
D. Some western young people fancy a visit to African countries,
33. What is the writer’s attitude towards cultural globalization?
A. Cautious. B. Critical.
C. Positive. D. Neutral.
34. The passage is mainly about _______.
A. cultural diversity in globalization
B. challenges to non-Western cultures
C. drawbacks of cultural globalization
D. disappearance of non-Western cultures
【答案】31. D 32. B 33. B 34. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述文化全球化的缺点和种种消极影响。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies—often under the control of Western multinational companies—brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake spill oat and over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and apparently homogeneous (同质的). (市场经济和通信技术的侵略拓展——往往在西方跨国公司的控制之下——给非西方社会的当地文化和价值观带来了新的挑战。有时，似乎最糟糕的西方文化的浪潮正在全球蔓延，就像一个巨大的草莓奶昔溢出燕麦，遍及地球，味道明显甜美，甜得发腻和明显同质化。)”可知，西方化给非西方社会的当地文化和价值观带来了新的挑战，但它既有明显的甜美，也有病态和同质的特征。由此可知西方化尽管受欢迎，很吸引人，同时也令人不快。故选D。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“The result of this cultural process of homogenization is that a large section of the world’s population dreams of living like Cosby & Co. or like the characters in any other stereotype American soap opera. In addition, the dream of living a better life causes thousands of people to move to already overcrowded cities whose population has boomed by millions within the last decades. (这种同质化文化过程的结果是，世界上很大一部分人梦想着像科斯比公司那样的生活，或者像任何其他刻板印象的美国肥皂剧中的角色一样生活。此外，过上更好生活的梦想导致成千上万的人搬到已经人满为患的城市，这些城市的人口在过去几十年中激增了数百万。)”可知，在非西方国家，世界上很大一部分人梦想着像科斯比公司那样生活，或者像其他刻板印象的美国肥皂剧里的人物一样，过着更好的，富足的生活，这些最能体现“一刀切”原则。故推知许多非洲人梦想着美国中产阶级的生活方式体现“一刀切”原则。故选B。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures are being worn away in such a globalized world. (然而在这样一个全球化的世界里，文化正在被损坏的速度，确实值得关注。)”及第三段“Perhaps by far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture, which has a disturbing impact on local people’s existing values. (也许到目前为止，文化全球化最重要的深远影响是文化的商业化，这对当地人民现有的价值观产生了令人不安的影响。)”及第四段“The majority of these new immigrants end up in slums leading to poverty, pollution and misery. (这些新移民中的大多数最终都生活在贫民窟，导致贫困、污染和苦难。)”及第五段“Such gradual aggression against people’s existing values and cultures has a destructive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect. It attacks spiritual values and faith traditions. (这种对人们现有价值观和文化的逐渐侵略对他们的自我意识、他们想要的和他们尊重的东西有破坏性的影响。它攻击精神价值和信仰传统。)”及最后一段“In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. (总之，文化全球化或全球麦当劳化破坏多样性，并取代了通过许多不同文化的混合来维持体面生活的机会。)”可知，作者认为文化全球化损坏文化、导致贫困、污染和苦难、攻击精神价值和信仰传统。以上观点表明作者对文化全球化表示担忧和批判，故选B。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. It is more a consequence of power concentration in the global media and manufacturing companies than the people’s own wish to abandon their cultural identity and diversity. (总之，文化全球化或全球麦当劳化破坏了多样性，并取代了通过许多不同文化的混合来维持体面生活的机会。这与其说是人民自己放弃其文化认同和多样性的愿望，不如说是权力集中在全球媒体和制造公司的结果。)”可知，文章主要讲述了文化全球化的缺点和种种消极影响。故选C。
第二节(共5小题; 每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Self-esteem is the ruling view you have of yourself. This includes your beliefs about your inner qualities and how you think others see you. ___35___ Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly functional and greatly skilled. Understanding this mysterious emotional currency might be the key to unlocking your own self-worth.
People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. People with low self-esteem may tell you how much everyone loves them, what a great job they do at work, and how amazing they are at pretty everything under the sun even though they really wonder if it's true. People may see them as obnoxious or “full of themselves”. ___36___ They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also take care of themselves without second-guessing or apologizing. They are the people who we say seem “sure of themselves”.
If you're starting to think you may have low self-esteem, you can work on the way you talk to yourself. When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor to positive reinforcements and access the courage to show different sides of yourself. It isn't going to feel good at first, though. Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help. ___37___
However, in serious cases of low or even non-existent self-esteem, you may want to call in a professional or a specialist. Good mental health is important, and professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. ___38___ It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems.
___39___ It will take some work but your entire life — from your relationships to your body image to your work habits — will be touched with the kind of power that only comes from someone believing in themselves. This is the hardest part, and the greatest leap. With some changes and support, you can improve your self-esteem and see how everything else changes as a result.
A. Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.
B. You have the power to shape a new self-perception.
C. This encourages you to speak openly without worry.
D. The real test of character is whether they can learn from their mistakes.
E. Self-esteem refers to a person's overall sense of his or her value or worth.
F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with a casual confidence.
G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth.
【答案】35. A 36. F 37. G 38. C 39. B
【解析】
【导语】文章是一篇说明文，讲述了自尊的定义，拥有健康自尊的人们的特征和低自尊人群对自身的危害，最后对于如何正确提升自尊给出了建议。
【35题详解】
空格下文“ Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly functional and greatly skilled.”（有些人即使很能干、很有技能，也可能会发展出低自尊。）这个例子与空格前没有呼应，选项A“Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.”（然而，自尊并不总是根植于现实。）与这个例子存在论点和论据的关系，故选择A。
【36题详解】
这段第一句“People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. ”（有健康自尊的人不需要向别人吹嘘自己。）可见，整一段都在讲健康自尊的人们。再者空格后“They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. ”（他们不羞于分享想法，包括对他人的建设性批评。）可知，选项F的“People with a healthy level of self-esteem ”与整段的指代一致，故选择F。
【37题详解】
根据空格前“When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor.....Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help.”(当你停止消极的自我对话时，你就能敞开心扉......继续，直到它变得越来越少，也许甚至是在镜子里的几个尴尬的笑可能会有帮助。)可知，讲述改变低自尊状态的方法，与选项G"With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth."(通过一些练习和坚持，你会赢得这场内在的斗争，看到你的自我价值。),中的练习和坚持这些方法相对应，故选G。
【38题详解】
空格前“professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. ”（做心理治疗的专业人员不会通过判断或给予纠正。）可知，这个现象与选项C中指代的this指代一致，专业人员不会判断或者纠正，所以这将鼓励你去放开说。故选择C.
【39题详解】
空格后“It will take some work but your entire life—from your relationships to your body image to your work habits”（这需要付出一些努力，但你的整个生活——从你的人际关系到你的身体形象，再到你的工作习惯），可知it 指代与选项B"You have the power to shape a new self-perception(你有能力塑造一种新的自我认知)相一致，可知新的自我认知需要一些努力，但会让你受益颇多。故选择B.
第三部分 (32分)
第一节(共3小题; 40、41题每题2分, 42题5分, 共9分)
阅读下面短文并按要求完成阅读任务。
Discovered by Amateurs
Some astronomers spend their entire careers looking for new discoveries in space, but a 10-year-old Canadian girl found one on her first try. In January, 2011, Kathryn Gray, who often studied stars, was looking at recent pictures of outer space and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier. The pictures were just thousands of tiny spots of light, but Gray spotted a star that looked different in the recent pictures. Could it possibly be a supernova (超新星)? Usually a supernova is brighter, and it becomes visible through a telescope due to the brightness. Later Gray’s discovery was confirmed, and she became the youngest person to discover a supernova.
Throughout history, important discoveries in astronomy have been made by amateurs. An early example is William Herschel, who discovered Uranus in 1781. Uranus had been observed before, but expert astronomers thought it didn’t belong to our solar system. When Herschel saw it with a telescope he had designed and built himself, he realized that it was orbiting the sun. This meant that Uranus was a planet. And so, the map of our night sky was changed forever.
Then in 1930, a major discovery was made by a 24-year-old man, a farmer’s son, with no college education or formal training in astronomy. Clyde Tombaugh had built a homemade telescope using instructions from an article in a boy’s magazine. He used to draw detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to Dr. V. M. Slipher at the Lowell Observatory, who was so impressed and offered him a job on his team. Within a year, Tombaugh discovered a ninth planet, Pluto. It was regarded as a planet for 76 years, but scientists decided in2006 that Pluto didn’t meet all of the criteria for a true planet. It was then considered to be a dwarf planet.
John Dobson is another influential amateur astronomer because he enabled so many others to take up astronomy as a hobby. In 1956, after constant attempts, he built a powerful telescope out of low-cost materials, such as paper tubes used in construction. With affordable tools like Dobson’s telescope, more amateurs today have the technology that is needed to make discoveries of their own.
40. How did Kathryn Gray discover the supernova?
___________________________________________________________________________
41. Why did Clyde Tombaugh get a job at the Lowell Observatory?
___________________________________________________________________________
42. Which of the amateur astronomers mentioned in the passage has impressed you most? Why? (about 40 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. By comparing the recent pictures of outer space to pictures taken years earlier.
41. Because his detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter impressed Dr. V. M. Slipher.
42. William Herschel has impressed me most. His discovery of Uranus was important because it redefined our understanding of the solar system. His use of a telescope he designed and built himself showcased his ingenuity and determination.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了几位业余天文爱好者做出了天文学重大发现的故事。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“In January, 2011, Kathryn Gray, who often studied stars, was looking at recent pictures of outer space and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier. (2011年1月，经常研究恒星的Kathryn Gray看着最近拍摄的外太空照片，并将它们与几年前拍摄的照片进行了比较。)”可知，Kathryn Gray通过将最近拍摄的外太空照片与几年前拍摄的照片进行比较，发现了这颗超新星。故可填：By comparing the recent pictures of outer space to pictures taken years earlier.
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“He used to draw detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to Dr. V. M. Slipher at the Lowell Observatory, who was so impressed and offered him a job on his team. (他曾经画过火星和木星表面的详细图画。他把这些图画发给了洛厄尔天文台的V. M. Slipher博士，Slipher对他印象深刻，并给他提供了一份他团队中的工作。)”可知，Clyde Tombaugh得到在洛厄尔天文台的工作是因为他对火星和木星表面的详细图画给V. M. Slipher博士留下了深刻的印象。故可填：Because his detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter impressed Dr. V. M. Slipher.
【42题详解】
开放性试题。本题答案是开放性的，言之有理即可。例如，根据Clyde Tombaugh的经历可知，他发现的天王星非常重要，重新定义了我们对太阳系的认识，而且他使用的是自己设计和制造的望远镜，他富有聪明才智和决心。故可填：William Herschel has impressed me most. His discovery of Uranus was important because it redefined our understanding of the solar system. His use of a telescope he designed and built himself showcased his ingenuity and determination.
第二节 (共4小题; 每小题4分，满分4分)
根据句意、中文提示和单词首字母，写出单词的正确形式，并将完整的单词答案书写在答题纸的相应位置上。
43. In the last two d_______(十年), the advanced technology has made people live longer. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】decades##ecades
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：在过去的二十年里，先进的技术延长了人们的寿命。根据首字母和中文提示可知，空处应用名词decade，作介词In的宾语，且空前有the last two，decade应用复数形式decades，表示“过去的二十年”。故填decades。
44. It’s usually a common practice that j_____(刊物) websites offer readers their free online editions of articles and other information. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】journal##ournal
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：期刊网站为读者提供免费的在线版本的文章和其他信息通常是一种惯例。根据首字母，“刊物”表达为名词journal，修饰名词websites，作前置定语。故填journal。
45. The chairman is quite familiar with the p________(步骤) for conducting a meeting. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】procedure##rocedure
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：主席非常熟悉开会的步骤。由汉语提示“步骤”和首字母可知，此处应用名词procedure作宾语，由the和句意可知，此处特指开会的这一步骤，应用单数，故填procedure。
46. Unfortunately, the flight was p_______(延迟) on account of the bad weather. (根据中英文提示填空)
【答案】postponed##ostponed
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。句意：不幸的是，由于天气不好，航班延迟了。“延迟”表达为动词postpone，与主语the flight之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态，设空处应用过去分词。故填postponed。
第三节(共4小题; 每小题1分，满分4分)
请用方框中词组的正确形式完成句子，并将答案书写在答题纸的相应位置上，每个词组只使用一次。(方框中有一个选项为多余选项)
bring about figure out judge from (be) keen on run out
47. In the future, care for the environment will become very important as Earth’s natural resources_________.
48. _______her accent, she must be from Scotland.
49. The present situation is quite complicated, so I think it will take me some time to_________ its reality.
50. If you like astronomy, you may _________ collecting stamps describing the stars, planets, space crafts, spacemen, etc.
【答案】47. are running out
48. Judging from
49. figure out
50. be keen on
【解析】
【47题详解】
考查现在进行时，动词短语，主谓一致。句意：在未来，保护环境将变得非常重要，因为地球的自然资源正在耗尽。根据所给句子提示可知，保护环境很重要，是因为自然资源即将耗尽，即此处表达资源“耗尽”，根据时间状语in the future可知，此句表达将来要发生的事，因此可使用现在进行时表示将来要发生的事。主语Earth’s natural resources为复数形式，因此谓语需使用复数。故答案为are running out。
【48题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：从她的口音判断，她一定是苏格兰人。根据所给句子提示，可知此处表达“从口音判断”她的家乡，句子谓语为must be，因此此处需非谓语动词，且与句子主语she不是同一主语，因此需独立使用现在分词形式。故填Judging from。
【49题详解】
考查动词短语。句意：目前的情况很复杂，所以我想我需要一些时间来弄清楚它的真实情况。根据所给句子提示可知，此处表达“弄清楚”这一复杂事情的真实情况。根据it takes sb. +时间+ to do sth. 结构可知，此处需使用动词原形的形式。故填figure out。
【50题详解】
考查形容词短语。句意：如果你喜欢天文学，你可能会热衷于收集描述恒星、行星、宇宙飞船、宇航员等的邮票。根据所给句子提示可知，此处表达“热衷于”收集邮票。因此句中有情态动词may，因此可直接接动词原形形式。故填be keen on。
第四节书面表达 (满分15分)
51. 假设你是红星中学高一学生李华。2023年5月30日神舟十六号（Shenzhou 16 manned spaceship）发射成功，并将于11月返航，你校电视台英文频道向学生征集以“中国航天”为主题的原创短视频。你打算邀请留学生Jim一起完成作品。请你给他写邮件，内容包括：
1．征集要求；
2．作品初步想法；
3．询问意向。
注意：1．词数 100左右；
2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
提示词：神舟十六号：Shenzhou 16 manned spaceship 航天：aerospace
Dear Jim,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
I’m writing to share some good news with you. Our school’s TV station is currently collecting original short videos with the theme of “China’s aerospace”, and I thought it would be great if we could work on it together.
Its requirements are quite simple. The video should be around 3-5 minutes long, featuring the significance of the Shenzhou 16 mission. As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, after which we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, highlighting its objectives and accomplishments.
Are you interested in collaborating with me on this video? I believe your perspective as an international student will bring a unique and valuable contribution to the project.
Looking forward to your response!
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。2023年5月30日神舟十六号发射成功，并将于11月返航，要求考生就校电视台英文频道向学生征集以“中国航天”为主题的原创短视频一事给留学生Jim写邮件，邀请他一起完成短视频，邮件内容包括征集要求，作品初步想法，并询问意向。
【详解】1.词汇积累
现时，当前：currently → presently
强调：highlight → emphasize
成就：accomplishment → achievement
视角，观点：perspective → viewpoint
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, after which we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, highlighting its objectives and accomplishments.
拓展句：As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, and then we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, which would highlight its objectives and accomplishments.
【点睛】【高分句型1】As for our preliminary ideas, we could begin the video with a brief introduction to the Shenzhou missions, after which we could dive deeper into the details of the Shenzhou 16 mission, highlighting its objectives and accomplishments. （运用了“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，现在分词highlighting 作状语）
【高分句型2】I believe your perspective as an international student will bring a unique and valuable contribution to the project.（运用了省略引导词that的宾语从句）
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