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展开简单句式(小初考点差异及衔接)
小学要求
陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句、There be 句型
初中要求
1、 简单句的五大基本句型结构;
2、 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法;
3、 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法;
4、 疑问句的构成形式及基本用法;
5、由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别。
【小学简单句考点聚焦】
考点1.陈述句
按要求写句子。
1. There's some rice in the bowl.(改为否定句)
_____________________________________________________________________
2. That is a kite.(改为复数句)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. This is a book. It's my sister's.(将两句话合并成一句话)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. They did a lot of homework at school.(改为否定句)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. I have some books in my backpack.(改为否定句)
_____________________________________________________________________
考点2.疑问词
1. He is a teacher.(改为一般疑问句)
__________________________________________________________________
2. I'm going to the zoo this Sunday.(就划线部分提问)
__________________________________________________________________
3. Jim can help his mother with housework.(改为一般疑问句)
__________________________________________________________________
4. Daming often goes to work by bus.(就划线部分提问)
__________________________________________________________________
考点3.祈使句
1. You mustn't look out of the window.
________ __________ ___________ ___________ the window.
2. You may let the children play the piano.
_________ ___________ __________ play the piano.
3. You shouldn't drive too fast.
__________ __________ ___________ ______________.
考点4.感叹句
用how 或 what 引导感叹句。
1.__________ a good girl!
2. __________slowly the rabbits run!
3.__________ delicious the egg is!
4.__________ an interesting film!
5.__________ pleasant weather it is!
【初中简单句考点聚焦】
考点清单
考点一 英语简单句的五大基本句型结构
1、主语+连系动词+表语。如:The bike is new. 这辆自行车是新的。// The hat looks nice on you! 你戴这顶帽子真好看。
除了be动词外,还有下列动词:feel, smell, sound, taste, keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, seem (to be), appear (to be), look, become, grow, get, come, turn, fall (asleep, ill, silent), go, run, prove, turn out等也可以用作系动词。
2、主语+不及物动词。如:He runs fast. 他跑得快。 // We study hard. 我们努力学习。
He swims in the river every summer. 他每年夏天都在这条河里游泳。
3、主语+及物动词+宾语。如:
He studies English. 他学习英语。// Children often sing this song. 孩子们经常唱这首歌。
(1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有:enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。如:
I finished reading the book last night. 昨晚我看完了这本书。
She enjoys reading novels and swimming. 她喜欢读小说和游泳。
(2)常用不定式,而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有:wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse, want等。如:
Where do you wish to sit? 你想坐哪里?// Tom agreed to lend me some money. 汤姆同意借我一些钱。
(3)有些及物动词既可用不定式,又可用-ing形式作宾语,但意义不同。这类动词常见的有:remember, forget等。如:Please remember to post the letter for me. 请记住替我寄了这封信。
I remember posting the letter. 我记得那封信寄过了。
(4)有些及物动词的宾语,既可用不定式,又可用-ing形式,意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有:begin, start, continue。如:We began learning/to learn English when we came to junior middle school. 我们来初中学习时才开始学习英语。
4、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。
(1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物。指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。若要把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾语前需加介词。如:
Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me. 请递给我一杯茶。
Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me. 请把你的新书给我。
(2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾前有时加介词to,有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。如:
Mr. Li bought Jim a pair of new shoes. = Mr. Li bought a pair of new shoes for Jim. 李先生给吉姆买了一双新鞋。
Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please? 请你借你的字典给我好吗?
5、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。如:
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们保持教室干净整洁。
(1)及物动词后跟有复合宾语,一个是宾语,一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如:
We call him Jack. 我们叫他杰克。// Don’t get your hands dirty. 不要把你的手弄脏。
(2)在及物动词之后,用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程;用-ing形式作宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。如:
I heard him sing that song. 我听他唱过那首歌。
When I came back, I heard him singing in the room. 我回来时,听见他正在房间里唱歌。
(3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at和使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语中,不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时,省去的to要加上。如:
I saw him go into the room. 我看见他进了房间。→He was seen to go into the room. 他被看见进了房间。
考点二 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法
陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法的句子。通常用降调,句末用句号“.”。 它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。
1. 肯定句。肯定句的基本结构是“主语+谓语”。如:I have a new friend. 我有一个新朋友。
I bought a book in the shop last Sunday. 上个星期天我在书店里买了一本书。
2. 否定句。否定句分为完全否定句和部分否定句。
(1)完全否定句:
① 若肯定陈述句谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成完全否定句。如:
He is playing the guitar.(肯定)→ He is not playing the guitar.(否定)
We can get there before dark.(肯定)→ We can’t get there before dark.(否定)
② 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t,同时把该实义动词变为原形,即可构成完全否定句。如:
He plays the violin well.(肯定)→ He doesn’t play the violin well.(否定)
She won the game.(肯定)→ She didn’t win the game.(否定)
③ 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have/has(有),则只需在be和have/has后加not,即可构成完全否定句。如:
He has some books. → He has not any books.
There is some water in the cup. → There is not any water in the cup.
④ 除not外,否定词no, no one, nothing, nobody, never, neither等也可构成完全否定句。如:
I have seen the film. → I have never seen the film.
There is something wrong with his bike. → There is nothing wrong with his bike.
【注意】英语中,有些单词在变为否定句后,有所改变。如:some改为any,too改为either,already改为yet,and改为or,lots of改为many或much。
I have already had breakfast. → I haven’t had breakfast yet.
There is some water in the cup. → There is not any water in the cup.
Jim has brothers and sisters. → Jim doesn’t have brothers or sisters.
There are lots of books in the library. → There aren’t many books in the library.
(2)部分否定句:
① 用hardly, seldom, few, little等词表示部分否定。如:
I can hardly see anything in the rain. 在雨中我几乎什么东西也看不见。
② not和both, all, each, every, quite, always等连用表示部分否定。如:
Not all students come to school by bus. 并非所有的学生都乘公共汽车来上学。
考点三 疑问句的构成形式及基本用法
用来提出问题的句子叫做疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句可分为:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。
1. 一般疑问句:
一般疑问句用来询问事物或某种情况是否属实,以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have/has(有)开头,通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句,读时通常用升调。
(1)一般疑问句的肯定结构:①Be+主语+其他(?) ②助动词(或情态动词)+主语+谓语(动词原形)+其他(?) 使用一般疑问句时应特别注意问句与答句在人称、数和时态上要保持一致。对一般疑问句作肯定回答时,通常是:Yes, 主语+be/助动词/情态动词;作否定回答时,通常是:No, 主语+be/助动词/情态动词+not;not一般要与前面的词构成缩略形式。如:
---- Can you swim? 你会游泳吗? ---- Yes, I can. 是的,我会。// ---- No, I can’t. 不,我不会。
---- Is Tom a doctor? 汤姆是一个医生吗?---- Yes, he is. 是的,他是。// ---- No, he isn’t. 不,他不是。
---- Do you know Mr. Smith? 你认识史密斯先生吗? ---- Yes, I do. 是的,我认识。// ---- No, I don’t. 不,我不是。
【注意】一般疑问句也可用表示肯定或否定的词来回答,如certainly(当然),surely(当然),of course(当然),I think so(我想是的),all right(好吧) certainly not(当然不是), not at all(一点也不),never(从不),sorry(很抱歉),not yet(还没有) I’m afraid not(恐怕不是)等。从而使语气变得客气、委婉。如:
---- Can you come and play badminton with me? 你能和我一起去打羽毛球吗?
---- I’m afraid not. I have many things to do. 恐怕不能,我有许多事情要做。
(2)一般疑问句的否定结构:一般是以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have/has(有)与not的缩略形式开头,往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气。与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的,则用yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定的,则用no加否定结构。但其汉语翻译与其原意正好相反。如:
---- Won’t she like it? 难道她不喜欢它?---- Yes, she will. 不,她喜欢。// No, she won’t. 是的,她不喜欢。
---- Aren’t you a football fan? 难道你不是一个足球迷吗?---- Yes, I am. 不,我是。// No, I’m not. 是的,我不是。
2. 特殊疑问句:
以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。基本结构为:“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句”。但如果疑问词在句子中作主语或作主语的定语,就用“特殊疑问词+陈述句”。 特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,要根据询问的内容具体回答。读时用降调。疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。
疑问代词可提问主语、谓语、表语或定语,常用的疑问代词有who(谁),whom(谁),whose(谁的),which(哪一个),what(什么);疑问副词有when(何时),where(何地),why(为什么),how(如何)以及疑问词组:how soon (多久);how long (多长时间);how far (多远);how often (多久一次);how many/much (多少)等。
常用的特殊疑问句和疑问词组用法辨析:
询问内容
疑问词或句型
例 句
回 答
职业,身份
what
What is your father?
He is a doctor.
姓名或关系
who
Who is that boy?
He is Jack.
He is my brother
相貌特征
What be…like?
What do/does…like?
What is she like?
What does she look like?
She is kind/friendly.
She looks like her mother.
目的
what…for?
What did they come here for?
To attend a meeting.
原因
why
Why did they come here?
Because they have a meeting to attend.
天气
how
what…like?
How is the weather today?
What is the weather like today?
It’s fine.
颜色
what color…?
What dolor is her skirt?
It’s red.
服装尺寸
what size
What size does he wear?
He wears 40.
几点钟
what time
What time is it?
It’s 7:30.
星期几
what day
What day is today?
It’s Tuesday.
几号,日期
what is the date…?
What is the date today?
It’s May 2.
年龄(多大)
how old
How old is he?
He is 38.
持续多长时间(多久)
how long
How long have you been here?
For five months.
长度(多长)
how long
How long is the bridge?
It’s 500 metres.
距离(多远)
how far
How far is it from here to the zoo?
It’s 6 kilometres.
频度(多久一次)
how often
How often do you come back?
Once a week.
时间经过(多久)
how soon
How soon will she arrive?
In a week.
数量
(多少)
how many(可数名词)
how much(不可数名词)
How many jackets do you have?
How much coffee do you want?
Three.
Two cups.
价格
how much
How much is it?
How much does it cost?
Five dollars.
高度(多高)
how tall(人,树)
how high(山,建筑物)
How tall is she?
How high is the tower?
She’s 1.73 metres.
It’s 450 metres.
1.— did you work out the problem in such a short time?
—With Mr.Li’s help.
2.— is your father?Does he still work as an engineer?
—Yes,he has been an engineer for thirty years.
二、单项选择
1.—Excuse me, is this T-shirt?
—It’s 88 yuan.
A.how much B.how many C.how long D.how old
2.— will the Jinniu Lake Animal Kingdom be open?
—Maybe in the second half of this year.
A.When B.Who C.What D.Where
3.— do you usually go to school, Mary?
—By bike.
A.When B.How C.Where D.Why
4.— do you brush your teeth?
—Twice or more a day.
A.How soon B.How far C.How long D.How often
3. 选择疑问句:
选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“一般疑问句+or+供选择部分”。or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。选择疑问句可分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。
一般选择疑问句的结构:一般疑问句+or+供选择部分? 如:
---- Shall we go there by bus or on foot? 我们乘坐公共汽车去还是步行去?
---- We’ll go by bus. 我们乘坐公共汽车去。
特殊选择疑问句的结构:特殊疑问句,+A or B/A, B or C? 如:
---- Which do you like better, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你更喜欢哪种?
---- I like tea better. 我更喜欢茶。
考点四 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、劝告、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“!”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。
1. 肯定的祈使句:
(1)祈使句主语是you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。如:
Be quiet. 安静! // You be quiet! 你安静!
(2)“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用。如:
Do come on time! 一定要准时来!// Do look out! 一定要小心!
(3)有时为了表示一种客气、委婉的语气,可在句首或句末加please,但please加在句末时,前面必须用逗号与其余部分分开。如:Open the window, please. 请打开窗! // Please listen to me carefully. 请认真听我讲。
(4)Let引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。如:
Let Jack wait a minute. 让杰克等一分钟。 // Let’s go to school. 让我们去上学吧。
(5)在祈使句中,Let’s和 Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者在内,而Let us不包括说话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。如:
Let’s go skating, shall we?(表示内部的建议) // Let us try again, will you?(表示向别人发出请求)
2. 否定祈使句:
(1)Don’t/Never+动词原形。如:Don’t be late.不要迟到。// Don’t do that again! 别再那样做了!
Never leave today’s work for tomorrow! 决不要把今天的工作留到明天!
(2)Let型的否定式有两种:“Don’t+let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分”和“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其它成分”。如:
Don’t let him go.= Let him not go. 别让他走。
Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.=Let me not go with her tomorrow. 不要让我明天跟她一起去。
(3)在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用“No+名词/V-ing形式”结构,表示“禁止做某事”。如:
No fishing! 禁止钓鱼! // No smoking! 禁止吸烟! // No parking! 禁止停车!// NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照!
3.祈使句的反意疑问句需特别注意(见本专题考点三)
4.应答祈使句用将来时。如:
---- Don’t talk in class.“不要在课堂上讲话。”---- Sorry, I won’t.“对不起,我不会了。”
---- Remember to close the window when you leave. “记得离开时关窗户。”---- Yes, I will. “好的,我会的。”
5.“祈使句+and/or+结果状语”句型,此句型可以转换成if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句。如:
Hurry up, or you will be late. 快点,否则你就迟到了。
=If you don’t hurry up, you will be late. 如果不快点,你就会迟到。
=If you hurry up, you won’t be late. 如果快点,你将不会迟到。
1. me an email before you come to Hohhot, and I’ll meet you at the train station.
A.Send B.Sending C.To send D.Sent
4. everyone with politeness even those who are very rude to you, not because they are nice, but because you are.
A.Treat B.Treating C.Treated D.To treat
考点五 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“!”,读时用降调,感叹句往往由what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词。
1. what引导的感叹句:
(1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!如:
What a tall boy your brother is! 你哥哥是一个多么高的男孩!
(2)what+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语!如:
What beautiful pictures they are! 那些图画多美丽呀! // What terrible weather it is! 天气多么糟糕啊!
2. How引导的感叹句:
(1)How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!如:How cold it is! 天气多么冷啊!// How hard he works! 他工作多么努力啊!
(2)How+主语+谓语!如:How he loves his son! 他多么爱他儿子啊!// How I miss you! 我多么想你啊!
(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!如:How tall a tree it is! 它是一颗多么高的树啊!
3. what和how引导的感叹句有时可以互换,但是要注意词序的变化。如:
What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is!=How clever the boy is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
1.—So far,Su Bingtian is the only Chinese who finished the 100-meter race in less than 10 seconds.
— fast he runs!
2. important it is for kids to imagine freely!
3.—What programme is so attractive?
—The guard of honor(仪仗队)of the PLA are taking part in the parade on Red Square.
— an exciting event!
4. smart the driverless car is!I really want to have one.
A.What B.What a C.What an D.How
5. special classes we had! We have learned a lot about paper cutting.
A.What B.What a C.How a D.How
Ⅰ.填空题
1.The school Science Day was wonderful. happy Kate’s group was!
2.“ interesting it is! This is simply fantastic!” he cried excitedly.
3.Just before the lights turned dark, I saw my father rush into the hall and take the seat beside my mother.
a pleasant surprise it was!
4.In fact, many people around the world love these black and white animals. cute and lovely they are!
5.“Wow! beautiful it is!” we screamed.
6.One day a young man came to visit him and asked politely,“Please sir, are great people like you dressed in such a way?”
Ⅱ.选择题
1. a fresh spring morning it is!
A.Who B.Why C.What D.How
2.— have you been in Beijing?
—For two weeks. And I went to the Great Wall.
A.How soon B.How long C.How often D.How far
3.— will the Whites return from France?
—In a week I think. They’ll have an important meeting next week.
A.How long B.How soon C.How fast D.How often
4.— can we learn from this subject, scientific knowledge or common sense?
—Both, and you will get lots of useful knowledge after finishing this course.
A.Why B.When C.What D.How
5.— information you bring me!Thanks a lot!
—My pleasure!
A.How great B.How a great C.What great D.What a great
6.— will you stay at this hotel, Mary?
—For about two days. I will have a meeting here.
A.How soon B.How long C.How far D.How often
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