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通用版英语小升初暑假衔接 专题5.形容词、副词(小初考点差异及衔接)(原卷版+解析版)
展开形容词、副词(小初考点差异及衔接)
小学要求
1. 形容词、副词的用法
2. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则
3. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法
初中要求
1、 形容词的功能和位置;
2、 常见易混形容词用法辨析。
3、 副词的功能和位置;
4、 副词的构成和分类;
5、 常见易混副词用法辨析;
6、形容词、副词比较等级的用法。
【小学形容词副词考点聚焦】
考点1. 形容词、副词的用法
把下列形容词变成副词
1. good__________ 2.bad__________ 3.easy____________ 4. loud _________
5.slow __________ 6. deep_________ 7.careful ___________ 8.sad ___________
9.real___________ 10. lucky ________ 11. nice ___________ 12.heavy___________
【答案】1. well 2. badly 3. easily 4. loudly 5. slowly 6. deeply 7. carefully 8. sadly 9. really 10.luckily 11. nicely 12. heavily
13. Lingling is a __________ dancer and she dances _________.
A. good;well B. well;well C. well,;good D. good;good
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词副词的用法,形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词。
考点2. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则
1. nice _________ __________ 2. slow __________ __________
3. bad/ill ________ _________ 4. heavy ___________ _________
5. hot _________ __________ 6. beautiful _________ _________
7. far _________ ___________ 8. good/well ________ _________
9. thin ________ ___________ 10. much/ many ________ _______
【答案】1. nicer/nicest 2. slower/slowest 3. worse/worst 4. heavier/heaviest 5. hotter/hottest
6. more/most beautiful 7. farther/farthest 8. better/best 9. thinner/thinnest 10. more/most
考点3. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法
1.这本书比那本书好。
This book is __________ _________ that one.
2.他游泳没有他哥哥快。
He can’t swim _________ _________ _________ his brother.
3.今天比昨天要冷得多。
It is _________ _________ today_________ it was yesterday.
【答案】1. better than 2. as/so fast as 3. much colder; than
4. Winter is _________ (cold) season of the year.
【答案】the coldest
【解析】由of the year可知有一个三者以上的选择范围,考虑用最高级,注意最高级前应有the。
5.Jim works _________ (hard), but his brother works _________ (hard) than him.
【答案】hard;harder
【解析】考查副词和副词比较级的用法,hard本身有副词的含义,表示努力地,第二个空有than表示比较。
【初中形容词副词考点聚焦】
考点清单
考点一 形容词的功能和位置
说明人或事物的性质或特征的词叫形容词。形容词在句中只要用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
1. 形容词作定语,一般放在所修饰的名词前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。如:
I have an interesting book. // a big yellow wooden wheel一个黄色的大木轮
Would you like something hot to drink? // Something serious has happened to him.
【注意】“基数词+名词+形容词”可构成复合形容词,用作定语。复合形容词中的名词只能用单数形式,而且这个复合形容词只放在被修饰的名词前。 如:an eight-year-old boy 一个8岁的男孩
2. 形容词作表语,放在系动词(be, look, feel, smell, sound….)的后面。如:He is tall. // He looks happy today.
3. 形容词作宾语的补语,放在keep, make, leave等动词的宾语后作宾语补足语。如:
Do you think it necessary? // Doing morning exercises can keep us healthy.
4. 形容词作状语。如:He arrived home, hungry and tired.
5. 形容词作主语放在句首,作宾语放在动词或介词后。如:
The young should be polite to the old. // The new always take the place of the old.
6.“数词+形容词”表示“长、宽、高、深、重、远离及年龄”,形容词应该置于名词后。如:
He’s 1.8 metres tall. // The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.
【注意】
1. 多个形容词作定语时的排序
请记住“限观形龄颜国材”,如果这几个字不好记,就记“县官行令宴国才”。
(1)县(限):代表限定词,包括冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词等。如:
the,this这个,that那个, my我的,Tom’s汤姆的,two两个。
(2)官(观):代表观点的描述性形容词。如:fine好的,beautiful漂亮的,interesting有趣的。
(3)行(形):代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词。如:small小的,tall高的,high高的,round圆的。
(4)令(龄):代表年龄、新旧的形容词。如:young年轻的,old年老的,new新的。
(5)宴(颜):代表颜色的形容词。如:red红的,black黑的,white白的。
(6)国:代表国籍、地区、出处的形容词(或名词)。如:English英国的,American美国的。
(7)才(材):代表中心名词构成材料的形容词。如:wooden木制的,stone石头,plastic塑料。
There is a small old black wooden desk in my room. 在我的房间里有一个又小又旧的黑色木桌。
His living room is decorated with a large green Chinese carpet. 他的起居室里装饰着绿色的中国大地毯。
2. the加上某些形容词相当于名词,表示一类人或事物
有些形容词如:rich, poor, good, bad, young, old, healthy, ill, living, dead等,前面加定冠词the 后变成名词,表示某种人,其谓语常用复数形式。如:The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad. 穷人高兴,但是富人悲伤。
3. 以-ly结尾的形容词
(1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly, deadly, lovely, lonely, likely, lively, ugly, brotherly等仍为形容词。
改错:(错)She sang lovely. (对)Her singing was lovely.
(错)He spoke to me very friendly.(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
(2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既可做形容词,也可做副词。如:daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early等。如:
The Times is a daily paper. // The Times is published daily.
4. 只能作表语的形容词:
以下这些形容词:afraid; alone; asleep; awake; alive; well健康的; ill; frightened等,只能用做表语。如:
(误)The ill man is my uncle. (正)The man is ill.
5. 只能作定语的形容词:
以下这些形容词:little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;elder年长的。如:
My brother is elder.(误) My elder brother is in Beijing.(正)
6. 既可做形容词又可做副词的词
下列词既可做形容词又可做副词。如:early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如:
He stayed there very long. 他在那儿呆了好久。// He is a very hardperson. 他是个难对付的家伙。
7. 形容词与名词的转换:
(1)名词加后缀变为形容词。
① 在名词后加-y。如:wind→windy, sun→sunny, luck→lucky, cloud→cloudy, noise→noisy, health→healthy…
② 在名词后加-ly。如:day→daily, week→weekly, month→monthly, friend→friendly, love→lovely…
③ 在动词或名词后加-ful。如:help→helpful, thank→thankful, beauty→beautiful, care→careful, use→useful…
④ 在方位名词后加-ern。如:east→eastern, south→southern, north→northern, west→western…
⑤ 在名词后加-less,变成否定意义的形容词。如:hope→hopeless, use→useless, care→careless…
(2)形容词加后缀变为名词。
① 形容词加-ty变成名词。如:safe→safety, difficult→difficulty…
② 形容词加-th变成名词。如:warm→warmth, young→youth, true→truth…
③ 形容词加-ness变成名词。如:ill→illness, weak→weakness, good→goodness, kind→kindness, careless→carelessness, happy→happiness…
④ 形容词加-ence/-ance变成名词。如:different→difference, depedant→depedance, important→importantance…
8. -ing形容词和-ed形容词的比较:-ing形容词表示主动意义,多修饰事或物,多指事物影响到人,意为“使人(感到)……的”;而-ed 形容词往往带有被动含义,修饰人,多指人受到事物的影响,意为“感到……的”,常用于“sb.+ -ed形容词”结构,有时也做定语用。
-ing形容词
-ed形容词
例句
interesting有趣的
interested 感兴趣的
This is an interesting book. / I’m interested in this book.
surprising 使人惊讶的
surprised 感到惊讶的
Peter told me a surprising story. / I’m surprised at the news.
pleasing 使人愉快的
pleased 感到愉快的
This is a pleasing answer. / I’m pleased with your answer.
moving 动人的
moved 受感动的
This is a moving story. / I’m moved by the story.
exciting 令人激动的
excited 感到激动的
They are all excited about the the exciting sports news.
tiring 使人厌倦的
tired感到疲倦的
This speech is very tiring. / I’m tired of the speech.
9. 形容词常用句型:
(1)“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。=Sb +be +adj+to do sth.
注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者(人)的性格、品质的形容词。如:good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful, careless, right(正确的),wrong等。如:It’s very kind of you to help me. =You are very kind to help me.
(2)“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=To do sth is adj for sb.
注意:这一句型中常用描述做某事性质的形容词。如:important, necessary, difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible等。如:
It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language. =To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.
(3)表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad, pleased, sad, thankful等常接不定式。如:
I’m very sad to hear the bad news. // I’m very glad to see you.
(4)表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。如:Lei Feng is always ready to help others. // He is sure to get to school on time.
(5)sb. find/make/think+it+形容词+to do sth. (某人发现/认为/使得做某事怎样) 句中的it是形式宾语,不定式短语to do sth.为真正的宾语,形容词在句中作宾语补足语。如:
I found it important to learn English well. 我发现学好英语重要。
1.However, the old woman didn’t seem to be very (excite)about this.
答案 excited 句意:然而,这个老妇人对此似乎并不感到十分激动。本句话主语为the old woman,形容人的感受用-ed结尾的形容词。故本空填excited。
2.As we all know, a driver is always a danger to the public.(care)
答案 careless 形容词作定语,危险的应该是粗心的司机,所以用careless。
3.When they felt after the flood, the charity offered them food and clothes.(help)
答案 helpless 句意:当他们在洪水过后感到无助时,那个慈善机构提供给他们食物和衣服。动词feel后应该加形容词,helpful意为“有帮助的,有用的”,helpless意为“无助的”,根据句意可知本空填helpless。
4.It’s dangerous to drive on (snow)days.
答案 snowy 句意:在雪天驾驶非常危险。本题考查形容词,修饰名词days。
考点二 常用易混形容词用法辨析:
(1)whole与all的用法辨析:记住两个词序:① the whole +名词; ②all (of) the +名词。如:
He was busy the whole morning. // He can remember all the words he learns.
(2)tall与high, short与low用法辨析:指人的个子时用tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high与low。如:
He’s very tall/short. // A few people live on high mountains. // Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.
(3)real与true的用法辨析:real一般指东西的真假,意为“真的”;而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,意为“真实的”。如:
This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very expensive. ----Is that true?----Yes. I heard it with my own ears.
(4)interested与interesting的用法辨析:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如:I am interested in science.
The man is very interesting and all the children like him. // This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.
(5)good与well的用法辨析:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well;表示“(身体)好”时用well。如:Doing sports is good for us. // Study well and make progress every day. // ----How are you?----I am very well.
(6)nice与fine的用法辨析:nice表示令人愉快的,可指东西、人物外表等;fine一般指身体或天气好。如:
Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake. // She is a nice girl. // What a fine day! // He’s fine recently(最近).
(7)too much与much too的用法辨析:too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如:That coat is much too dear. // I am full because I have had too much rice.
(8)quick、fast与soon的用法辨析:quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如:A train is much faster than a bus.
His father will be back to China very soon. // After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.
(9)lonely与alone的用法辨析:lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如:
He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely. // He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.
(10)other与else的用法辨析:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前;else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much时要后置。另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。如:
The other students are on the playground. // Who else can work out this maths problem?
This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine. // Do you have anything else to say for yourself?
(11)special与especial的用法辨析:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如:She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装)
These are special chairs for small children. 这些是专门给小孩子的椅子。
(12)gone、lost、missing的用法辨析:gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:
My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough. 发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽。
The parents found the lost child at last. 家长终于找到了迷路的孩子。
My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away? 我的字典不见了,谁拿走了?
For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website.
如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站。
(13)living、alive、live与lively的用法辨析:四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。
1)living读[liviŋ]有三个意思:①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语。②“一模一样的、逼真的”。③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”;2)alive读[[əlaiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面;3)live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living;4)lively读[laivli]有三个意思:①有生气的、活泼的、快活的。②(色彩)鲜艳的。③生动的,真实的。如:
A living language should be learned orally (口头上). 活的语言应该从口头上学(被动句)。
We have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你能成功。
They are the happiest children alive. 他们是活着的最开心的孩子。
This is a live fish. 这是条活鱼。// A live wire (电线) is dangerous. 有电的电线是危险的。
Is she still alive? 她还活着吗?// She is as lively as a kitten (小猫). 她像小猫一样可爱。
He gave a lively description of the football match. 他生动地描述了那场足球赛。
(14)sick与ill的用法辨析:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如:
He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now. 他病了很久,现在非常虚弱。
Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them. 兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱。
考点三 副词的功能和位置
修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义的词叫做副词。如:Unluckily he hurt his leg. // He runs too fast. // They often laugh loudly.
1. 副词的功能
(1)副词作状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词和整个句子。如:
My father works very hard. // Tom speak Chinese really well.// Luckily, it was not so hot.
(2)副词作表语:主要限于少数地点或方位副词、时间副词以及其他副词
Food here is hard to get. // I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment. // Let’s be out.
(3)副词作定语:时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如:
People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants. // Water here is prepared for you.
(4)副词作宾语补足语:地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如:
Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell! // I saw him there.
Father kept him in and doing his lessons. // Peter found his father in when he got home last night.
2. 副词在句中的位置:
(1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语,则放在宾语之后。如:
Mr. Smith works very hard. // She speaks English well.
(2)频度副词often, always, never, seldom等作状语时,通常放在行为动词之前,情态动词,助动词和be动词之后。如:He usually gets up early. // I’ve never heard him singing. // She is seldom ill.
(3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时,通常放在被修饰词的后面。如:
It is a rather difficult job. // He runs very fast. // He didn’t work hard enough.
(4)副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词之后。如:
On my way home, I met my uncle. // The students there have a lot of time to do their own research work.
(5)地点副词和表示具体时间的副词一般放在句末。如果这两个副词同时出现在一个句子中,则地点副词在前,时间副词在后。如:Li Lei went there last night. // Tom had a birthday party in a restaurant last Sunday.
考点四 副词的构成和分类
1. 副词的构成:
多数副词是由形容词加后缀构成的。其变化有以下几种形式。
(1)一般由形容词词尾加-ly变成副词。如:quick→quickly, sudden→suddenly, real→really, slow→slowly等。
(2)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的要变y为i再加-ly。如:lucky→luckily, happy→happily, angry→angrily等。
(3)以元音字母加辅音字母+e结尾的重读开音节,直接加-ly。如:safe→safely, wide→widely, polite→politely等。
(4)以元音字母加+e结尾,去e再加-ly。如:true→truly等。
(5)以辅音字母加-le结尾,去e再加-y。如:possible→possibly, terrible→terribly等。
(6)形容词与副词同形。如:fast, high, hard, early等。
(7)形容词与副词异形。如:good→well等。
【注意】hard作形容词时意思是“困难的,硬的,生硬的”等;作副词时意思是“努力地”。hardly是否定副词,意思是“几乎不”。如:We should study hard at school.
I can hardly see anything in the dark room. // The question is very hard for me to answer.
2. 副词的分类:
(1)时间副词:通常用来表示动作的时间。时间副词,尤其是表示具体时间的副词,一般放在句首或句尾。常见的时间副词有:today, early, soon, now, then, recently, still等。如:
He will be back tomorrow. 他明天将回来。// Yesterday we all went to the park. 昨天我们都去公园了。
(2)地点副词:通常用来表示动作发生的地点。地点副词常置于句尾,有时可置于句首,一般不置于句中。几个地点状语连用时,大地方放在最后。常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。如:
The children are playing downstairs. // Here people are practicing speaking English. // Please go straight down the street.
(3)方式副词:一般都是回答“怎样地?”这类问题的,其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的,有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly,它们与形容词同形。常放在宾语之后或不及物动词之后。常见的方式副词有:anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。如:
The birds are flying high. // He runs very fast. // The old man walked home slowly. // Please listen to the teacher carefully.
(4)程度副词:多数用来修饰形容词和副词,有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。程度副词常放在被修饰的动词、形容词或其他副词前面,但当very修饰动词时,常与 much连用并置于句末。常见的程度副词有:much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。如:Her pronunciation is very good. // I can hardly agree with you. // Tom is old enough to go to school.
(5)疑问副词:是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。主要用来引导特殊疑问句,放在句首。常见的疑问副词有:how, when, where, why等。如:
How are you getting along with your studies? // Where were you yesterday? // Why did you do that?
(6)频度副词:是用来表示动作频率。常放在动词之前,或系动词、助动词、情态动词之后。其中sometimes也常置于句首。常见的频度副词有:always, often, never, usually, hardly, seldom(很少)等。如:
I often go out for a walk after supper. // She is seldom out on Sundays.
(7)连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语,通常放在句子或从句前面。常见的连接副词有:so, yet, then, how, when, where, why, whether, however, otherwise, meanwhile等。如:
How I am going to kill the cat is still a question. // That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.
He wondered how he could do it the next day. 他不知道第二天怎样做那事。
(8)关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语,放在从句的前面。常见的关系副词有:when, where, why, how等。如:
This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived. // Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.
1.He thanked me and asked me about my name and my school. We talked (happy).
答案 happily 本空应用副词修饰前面的谓语动词talked,故填happily。
2.We can’t remember (clear)since when we started to take our mobile phones to a dinner table.
答案 clearly 句意:我们不能清楚地记起从何时起我们开始把手机带到餐桌上。设空处需要一个副词来修饰前面的动词remember。故答案为clearly。
3.N cross the road when the traffic light is red.
答案 Never 句意:当红灯亮时,千万不要过马路。根据句意可知此处要用表示否定的副词never。
4.My friend Sam is in the tenth grade. He often listens (careful) to my problems.
答案 carefully 本空应用副词carefully修饰动词listens。
5.Our manager greeted the guests with a smile at the entrance.(polite)
答案 politely 句意:我们的经理在入口处面带微笑有礼貌地向那些客人打招呼。本空应用副词politely修饰动词greeted。
6.It was late. She opened the door (quiet) because she didn’t want to wake up her grandma.
答案 quietly 句意:很晚了,她轻轻地打开门,因为她不想吵醒她的奶奶。本题考查副词。设空处修饰动词opened,因此使用其副词形式。
7.Tom fell off his bike, and his hand was hurt (bad).
答案 badly 句意:Tom从他的自行车上摔了下来,他的手伤得严重。本题考查副词。设空处修饰动词,因此使用其副词形式。
8.Earthquakes always happen (sudden),so it is difficult to know when they come.
答案 suddenly 句意:地震总是突然发生,所以很难知道它们什么时候发生。本题考查副词。设空处是修饰动词happen,因此要使用副词。
考点五 常见易混副词用法辨析
(1)already、yet的用法辨析:
在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:
Have you done it already? 你已经做好了? // I have not had my breakfast yet. 我还没有吃早饭呢。
(2)later、after、ago、before的用法辨析:
①“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于过去时态。②“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。③ago与before:ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如:
He had an accident a week ago. 一周前出了一个事故。
Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer. 数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家。
Have you been there before? 你从前到过那儿吗?// After a few years he gave up smoking. 过了几年他戒了烟。
(3)above、below、over、under的用法辨析:
在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under。如:
The stars are high above in the sky. 星星高挂在空中。// A plane flew over quickly. 一架飞机从头顶飞过。
当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。
(4)too、also、either、nor、as well的用法辨析:
too“也”用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;as well用于肯定句的末尾;also“也”用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either“也”用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor“也不”用于倒装句句首;如:
Are you American, too? 你也是美国人吗?
He is not happy and I am not happy, either. 他不愉快,我也不。
You can also find the market is very good. 你还可以发觉那个市场很好。
He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I. 他没有看足球赛,我也没有。
My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher.=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.
=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher, too. 我父亲是一位老师。我母亲也是一位老师。
(5)enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法辨析:
enough“足够,十分”放在形容词或副词之后;too“太”、very“非常”、quite“相当”、so“如此地”等放在形容词或副词前,very much“非常”放在动词后。如:I don’t like sweets very much. 我不很喜欢糖果。
It’s too/so/very/quite expensive. 它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。
【注意】very与 much的区别:very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如:
I don’t like him much. 我不太喜欢他。
He is very stupid. 他很笨。// The film was very moving and everyone swept. 电影非常动人,大家都哭了。
(6)sometimes、sometime、some times、some time的用法辨析:
sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:I will stay here some time. 我会在这儿呆些时候。
I will meet your father sometime. 我什么时候要见你的父亲。
Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains. 他们有时徒步旅行到山里去。
(7)how、what用于感叹句的用法辨析:
对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what。如:
What a fine day (it is) today! 今天天气真好!// How difficult (the problem is)!(问题)真难呀!
(8)much too、too much的用法辨析:
much too意为“太”,用来修饰形容词或副词;too much意为“太多”,用来修饰名词。
(9)hard、hardly的用法辨析:
hard作为副词意思是:“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如:They study English very hard. 他们英语学得很刻苦。
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place. 在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰。
(10)“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法辨析:
记住:①quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;②too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;③rather+a+形容词+名词=a+ rather+形容词+名词。如:It is quite a nice day for a walk. 这真是散步的好日子。
I have never seen such a strange guy. 我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙。
(11)how 的几个短语的用法辨析:
how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问;how soon“多久以后”,用于将来时态;how long“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态;how many time“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问;how much“多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如:
How long have you been like this? 你这样已经多久了?// How often does he wash his face? 他每隔多久洗一次脸?
(12)no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法辨析:
表示时间,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在谓语动词之前;表示程度,可用no more、not...any more. 如:He didn’t smoke any more/longer. 他不再抽烟。
He no longer lived there. 他不再住在那里。// Tom wanted no more cakes. 他不想再要蛋糕。
(13)too...to...与so...that...的用法辨析:
副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that后面跟从句。too...to... “太……以致不……”是否定的结构,用于简单句;so...that...“如此……以致……”是肯定结构,用于复合句。如:
The child is too young to join the army. 这孩子年龄太小还不能参军。
He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box. 他这么强壮,搬得动那个重箱子。
(14)farther与further的用法辨析:
表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”,但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther。如:This problem will be further discussed. 这个问题还要进一步讨论。
They decided to go farther/further the next day. 他们决定第二天走得再远些。
(15)rather与quite的用法辨析:
同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下面对“nice”程度的描绘:not nice; (fairly) nice; quite nice; rather nice; very nice。如:
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice
It’s quite a nice film. 这是部好片子。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影)
It’s rather a nice film. 这是部很不错的电影。(意味着比大多数电影都好)
【注意】quite与rather后面的次序词序。
(16)maybe、possibly、perhaps的用法辨析:
maybe“可能、也许”,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”;perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如:
You could put it over there,maybe. 也许你可以把它放在那边。
I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting. 我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件。
(17)most、mostly的用法辨析:
most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”;mostly仅为副词,意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如:
Most children are naughty. 大部分的孩子都淘气。// She is mostly out on Sundays. 星期天她一般不在家。
(18)lonely、alone 的用法辨析:
①alone 独自一人/没有同伴,既可作adj.也可作adv.
②lonely 表示孤独、寂寞,也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的,常与feel 连用。
③alone 只作表语 (以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语。如:
He lives alone on a lonely island. // He is alone, but he doesn’t feel lonely.
(19)almost、nearly的用法辨析:
两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost不用nearly,almost no 相当于hardly any(几乎没有)。如:
We are almost/nearly there. 我们几乎就到那里了。 // He had done almost nothing today. 他今天几乎没有干什么。
Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words. 几乎没有人懂他的话。
(20)a bit、a little的用法辨析:
这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。
It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷了点。
This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive. 这台数码相机有点贵。
另外,a little可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit + of +名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式。如:
I have got a bit of a cold. 我有点感冒。// Go and get a little water for me, please. 请你去给我搞点水来。
【注意】not a bit(=not at all)意为“根本不”,而 not a little=very意为“非常,不是一点“。
(21)now、just、just now的用法辨析
now:与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在”。
just:与现在完成时连用,表示“刚……”;just now:和过去时连用,表示“刚才”。 如:
Where does he live now? // We have just seen the film. // He was here just now.
(22)so、such的用法辨析
①so修饰形容词或副词;such 修饰名词。如:My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. // He is such a boy.
②so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数;such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数;such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词。如:
He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy. // It is such cold weather. // They are such good students.
③名词前有many, much, few, little (少量的) 用so不用such (多多少少仍用so),但little 表示“小的”用such. 如:
There are so many people. // There is so little time that we can’t finish the work on time.
They are such little children that they can’t do anything. // He is such a little boy.
(23)(be) worth、(be) worthy of的用法辨析:
worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰;worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如:
The house is worth ¥300,000. 房子价值30万元。// It is a thing worthy of being seen. 这是一个值得看的东西。
This book is well worth reading several times. 这本书值得好好读几遍.
What is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。
(24)as…as…常构成一些词组的用法辨析:
as soon as…(一旦……就……),as well as…(同样),as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能……地)。如:
Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing. 请你一到北京就给我写信。
Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible. 高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。
【注意】“as long / much as + 名词”可以表示“长达/多达……”的含义。如:
They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks. 他们呆在山洞里长达两周。
The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan. 那幢房子花费高达50万元。
(25)fast、quickly、soon的用法辨析:
①fast 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点。如:The Class1 runner runs very fast. 一班的运动员跑得非常快。
②quickly 侧重指某事完成或发生的快,总共延续的时间很短,常指人的思维快,手快或动作敏捷等。如:
She quickly cooked the supper.她迅速地做好了晚饭。
③soon 侧重指两件事情的先后发生,中间的间隔的时间很短。如:Please write to me soon.请尽快给我写信。
一
1.—Diana,I forget new words quickly. How can I remember them?
—Don’t worry. It’s to forget new words! I suggest you read the words and try to use them.
A.rude B.exciting C.perfect D.natural
答案 D 句意:——Diana,我很快就忘记了新单词,我怎么才能记住它们呢?——别担心。忘记新单词是很正常的!我建议你读单词,并且尽量使用它们。本题考查形容词词义辨析。 rude 粗鲁的;exciting 兴奋的;perfect 完美的,完全的;natural 自然的,正常的。由句意可知本题选择D。
2.Which of the following can be used to describe the girl in the picture?
A.Crazy. B.Curious.
C.Scared. D.Confident.
答案 D 句意:以下哪个词可以被用来形容图中的女孩?本题考查形容词词义辨析。crazy疯狂的;curious好奇的;scared害怕的;confident自信的。根据图中句子I think I’ll do very well in the exam!可知,女孩非常自信,认为自己能考好,故选D项。
3.—The 5G technology can help doctors treat patients who are hundreds of kilometers away.
—It’s really .
A.secret B.direct C.amazing D.traditional
答案 C 句意:——5G技术能帮助医生治疗数百千米之外的病人。——这太令人惊讶了。本题考查形容词词义辨析。A选项意思为“秘密的”;B选项意思为“直接的”;C选项意思为“令人惊讶的”;D选项意思为“传统的”。5G这种高科技带来的远程治疗的确很厉害,是令人惊讶的。
4.The speaker showed some examples to make the science report easy to understand.
A.awful B.stupid C.proper D.thick
答案 C 句意:这位演讲者展示了一些恰当的例子,使得这个科学报告易于理解。本题考查形容词的词义辨析。根据句意可知选C。awful糟糕的;stupid愚蠢的;thick厚的。
5.He is a person, but he is good at telling funny stories.
A.serious B.patient
C.kind D.humorous
答案 A 句意:他是一个严肃的人,但是他善于讲好笑的故事。本题考查形容词词义辨析。serious 严肃的,符合句意,故选A项。patient有耐心的;kind友善的;humorous幽默的。
6.This dog looks . It’s wearing red shoes.
A.clever B.brave
C.funny D.careful
答案 C 句意:这只狗看起来很滑稽。它穿着红色的鞋。本题考查形容词词义辨析。A选项意为“聪明的”;B选项意为“勇敢的”;C选项意为“滑稽的”;D选项意为“小心的,仔细的,认真的”。由句意可知本题选择C。
二
1.You’d better leave , or trouble will come to you.
A.lively B.friendly C.heavily D.quickly
答案 D 句意:你最好快速离开,否则麻烦将发生在你的身上。 本题考查副词。A:生动的;B:友好的;C:猛烈地;D:快速地。由句意可知选D。
2.Seeing the new changes in her hometown, Nanjing, Sandy could believe her eyes.
A.properly B.highly C.nearly D.hardly
答案 D 句意:看到故乡南京的新变化,Sandy几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛。本题考查副词词义辨析。properly适当地;highly高度地;nearly几乎,将近;hardly几乎不。根据Seeing the new changes可知,Sandy看到了故乡新的变化,这些变化让她几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛,故选D项。
3.Yuan Longping is regarded as the greatest scientist in rice planting.
A.suddenly B.patiently C.hardly D.generally
答案 D 句意:袁隆平被普遍认为是水稻种植领域最伟大的科学家。本题考查副词的词义辨析。suddenly突然;patiently耐心地;hardly几乎不。袁隆平的贡献是众所周知的,故选D。
三、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级构成规律
(一)规则变化
1. 一般在词尾直接加er或est。如:tall-taller-tallest; long-longer-longest; soon-sooner-soonest; hard-harder-hardest等。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st。如:nice-nicer-nicest, late-later-latest等。
3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est。如:heavy-heavier-heaviest; early-earlier-earliest等。
4. 重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est。如:big-bigger-biggest等。
【注意】大,红,湿,热,悲,瘦,胖;双写末辅再变级。(big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat)
5. 部分双音节词和多音节词,分别是在原级前加more构成比较级和在原级前加most构成最高级。如:
often-more often-most often; beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful等。
【注意】表示否定意义的比较级和最高级可以在其前加less /least。如:important-less important-least important等。
English is more interesting than Chinese =Chinese is less interesting than English.
6. 由“形容词+ly”构成的副词,分别是在原级前加more构成比较级和在原级前加most构成最高级。如:
slowly-more slowly-most slowly;quickly-more quickly- most quickly等。但early(形容词)-earlier-earliest例外。
(二)不规则变化(好坏多少老远)
原 级
比较级
最高级
good好的
better更好的
best最好的
well好;(身体)好的
bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地
worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地;(身体)更不舒服的
worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地;(身体)最不舒服的
ill(身体)不舒服的
many许多的(可数)
more更多的;更
most最多的;最
much许多的(不可数);非常
little少的
less更少的
least最少的
old旧的,老的,年长的
older较旧的,较老的
oldest最旧的,最老的
elder较年长的
eldest最年长的
far远的;远地
farther(指距离)更远的;更远地
farthest(指距离)最远的/地
further(指程度)进一步的/地
furthest(指程度)最深刻的/地
下列单、双音节词只能加more和most。如:like, real, right, glad, tired, pleased, often, exact等。
【注意】有些形容词如:dead, empty, sure, round, woolen等无比较级和最高级。
考点六 形容词、副词比较等级的用法
(一)原级的用法
⒈ 讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。只能修饰原级的词有:very, quite, so, too, rather。基本句型为:
“主语(sb./sth)+谓语动词+(very/too/so/quite/rather…)+形容词/副词原级 +其它.”
He is very old now. // They ran quite fast. // The weather looks rather bad. // I am so happy!
⒉ 原级常用的句型结构
⑴ 表示两者之间没有差别时,即A= B,使用句型:“A +谓语动词+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B+其它.”如:
Tom is as old as Kate. // He is as excited as his younger sister. // Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.
⑵ 表示A比不上B时,即A<B,使用句型:“A+谓语动词(否定式)+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as+B+其它.”(so只能用于否定句中,as既可以用于肯定句也可以用于否定句中)如:
This room is not as/so big as that one. // He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.
【注意】在as ... as结构中,若形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词,不定冠词a (an)应置于形容词和名词之间,不可放在形容词之前。as…as结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰。如:
She is as good a teacher as your father. 她和你的父亲一样是个好老师。
“as (so)+名词+as+名词”进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用so而不用as。not so much…as (或not…so much as)的意思是“不如……那样多”或“与其说是……不如说是……”。如:
Henry is not so much a writer as a reporter. 与其说亨利是一个作家不如说是一个记者。
They weren’t so much islands as sandbars. 与其说那是些岛屿,还不如说都是些沙洲。
⒊ 表示“相当于……的一半/两倍/三倍……”等时,用“half/twice/three/four/…times as+形容词原级+as”句型。如:
This book is half as thick as that one. // This garden is ten times as large as that one.
⒋“the same+名词+as”表示同等比较。如:I’m the same tall as you.
(二)比较级的用法
1. 比较级常用句型结构:
⑴ 表示两者比较,A超过B时,用比较级。基本句型为:“A+谓语动词(系动词)+形容词/副词比较级+than+B+ 其它”。连词than后可接句子,也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、-ing结构和-ed结构,有时也可省去than。如:He works harder than I. // This book didn’t cost me more than that one.
⑵ 表示两者比较,A不及B时,用比较级。句型是:“A+谓语动词+less+(多音节形/副)比较级+than+B+其它”。如:
I think English is less difficult than maths. // Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?
⑶ “the+比较级+of the two”表示“两者中较……的一个”。如:
Wang Gang is the taller of the two boys. // Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
⑷ “比较级+ and+比较级”表示“越来越……”,注意多音节形容词或副词用“more and more+多音节形容词或副词原级”。如:The weather is getting warmer and warmer. // The days are getting longer and longer.
He becomes fatter and fatter. // English is becoming more and more important.
⑸ “The + 比较级……,the + 比较级……”表示“越……越……”、“越……就越……”如:
The more trees we plant, the better it will be. // The harder you try, the greater your progress is.
⑹ “特殊疑问词+be+形容词/副词的比较级+甲or乙?”用于两者之间的比较。如:
Which do you like better, the blue coat or the white coat?
2. 需注意的比较级的用法:
⑴ 比较级前还可以用a little, much, far, a lot, still, even等来修饰。以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。如:Tom looks even younger than before. // Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.
⑵ than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致。如:My pencil is longer than yours (your pencil).
⑶ 用比较级表示最高级含义的常用句型有:
① 比较级+than+any other+单数名词。如:Xiaoming is taller than any other boy in his class.=Xiaoming is taller than(any of)the other boys in his class.=Xiaoming is the tallest boy in his class.
② 比较级+than+the other+复数名词。如:Tom is taller than the other boys in our class.
③ 比较级+than+anyone else。如:Tom is taller than anyone else in our class.
④ 比较级+than+all other+复数名词。如:This building is higher than all other buildings in Beijing.
⑤ Nobody else+比较级+than …。如:Nobody else is taller than Tom in our class.
⑥ 有关的否定词+比较级。如:
No other books has had a greater influence on my work and study. // I never read a more interesting book.
(三)最高级的用法
1. 最高级常用句型结构:
⑴ 表示三者或三者以上进行比较用最高级。基本句型为:主语+谓语动+形容词/副词最高级+in/of/among+表示比较范围的名词、短语或从句。(of/among+人或物的复数形式,表示“在……之中的;在……中”;“in+地点、范围”表示“在……之中”。如:
He runs fastest in our class. // This is the biggest apple I have ever met. // He is the best among the students.
⑵“one of +the +形容词最高级+复数名词”表示“最……之一”。如:
He is one of the cleverest students in our class. // Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in the world.
⑶“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比较。如:
Which season do you like (the) best, spring, summer or autumn?
2. 需注意的最高级的用法:
⑴ 副词的最高级前the 可省掉。如:Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.
⑵ 形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词the,但如果形容词最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格修饰时,其前不加the;若两个最高级并列使用,后一个最高级前也可以不加the。如:
He is our best friend. // Liu Fang is the youngest and shortest girl in our class.
⑶ most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示“极,很,非常,十分”。如:
It’s most dangerous to be here. // I cannot do it, it’s most difficult. // It’s today’s most important news.
⑷ 最高级可被序数词及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really, nothing like等词语所修饰。如:This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat coat? // The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
一、填空题
1.Today, Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture. As China plays a g role in the world, an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate(欣赏)China’s culture through this amazing language.
答案 great/greater 根据后文内容可知,通过中文而欣赏中国文化的国际学生越来越多了,说明中国在世界上起了重要的作用。play a great role in...在……起重要作用;又因为后文出现了an increasing number,也可以用比较级。
2.In the year 105, he made it from tree bark, bamboo, cloth rags, and fishing nets. His paper was (strong) and cheaper than any paper that had been made before.
答案 stronger 由设空处后的and cheaper可知,strong也应当用比较级,故填stronger。
3.This morning I took a bus to school. The traffic was (busy) than usual and there were more people on the bus.
答案 busier 句意:今天早上我乘公交车到学校。交通比平时要拥堵,车上比平时人更多。由设空处后的than可知,设空处应填写busy的比较级形式。
4.The more trees we plant in our city, the (beautiful)Lanzhou will be.
答案 more beautiful 句意:在我们的城市中种树越多,兰州就会越美丽。本题考查形容词的比较级形式。
5.It is (good) to listen than to speak.
答案 better 根据than可知需要用比较级,better是good的比较级。
6.Peter is 15 years old. He is (tall)than his father.
答案 taller 句意:彼得15岁。他比他的父亲还高。本题考查形容词的比较级。根据题干中的than可知,应用形容词的比较级。
7.I have been to quite a few restaurants, but I can say this one is (good).
答案 the best 句意:我曾经去过很多家饭馆,但是我可以说,这家饭馆是最棒的。本题考查形容词的最高级。由quite a few“相当多”可知,用最高级。
8.—Do you know that China is one of the countries in the world?
—Yes,I do.It’s much than the US.(old)
答案 oldest;older 句意:——你知道中国是世界上最古老的国家之一吗?——是的,我知道。它比美国要古老得多。本题考查形容词的比较等级。由“one of+the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”的结构可知第一空应用最高级。第二设空处后面出现了关键词than,因此使用比较级形式。
9.Nothing is (enjoyable)than riding.I like it best.
答案 more enjoyable 句意:没有什么事情比骑马更令人愉快的了。我最喜欢骑马了。本题考查形容词比较级。由设空处后的than可知应用比较级。
二、单项选择
1.Although it is becoming much in the early spring of the year, I think you still have to wear enough clothes to prevent a cold.
A.cooler B.wetter
C.warmer D.colder
【答案】C
【解析】句意:虽然在今年早春天气暖和多了。我想你还是应该穿足够的衣服来预防感冒。
2.—How did you make this delicious soup?
—My old grandma taught me. It’s a kind of food in my hometown.
A.terrible B.cheap
C.traditional D.modern
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——你怎样做出这么美味的汤的?——我的老奶奶教我的。在我的家乡这是一种传统食物。terrible难吃的;cheap便宜的;traditional传统的;modern现代的。
3.—Tim plays computer games too much.
—That’s why his mother is his eyes.
A.worried about B.surprised at
C.interested in D.proud of
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——Tim玩电脑游戏太多了。——那就是他妈妈担心他的眼睛的原因。本题考查形容词短语辨析。be worried about对……担忧;be surprised at对……惊讶;be interested in对……感兴趣;be proud of对……感到骄傲。
4.—How is it going with you recently, John?
—Very well, Dad. I’m working hard and trying to be one of the in my class.
A.best B.worst C.tallest D.shortest
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——John,你近来一切怎样啊? ——非常好,爸爸。我很努力,尽力成为班上最好的之一。本题考查形容词辨析。A.最好的;B.最糟的;C.最高的;D.最短的。由working hard and trying to be...可判断选择A项。
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