【备战2024年高考】（全国通用版）英语新热点时文阅读13 科学技术-试卷

这是一份【备战2024年高考】（全国通用版）英语新热点时文阅读13 科学技术-试卷，共12页。
高考英语新热点时文阅读-科学技术

题型
主要内容
1
阅读理解
介绍了麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)最新公布的数字建设平台(DCP)将如何解决在火星上建房子的问题的。
2
阅读理解
介绍了气象科学的发展历程及不同时期的科学家所做的贡献。
3
阅读理解
介绍研究人员正在开发一种新技术，可以使机器人在同时与很多人交流时能应付自如。
4
阅读理解
讲述研究人员利用瘫痪者的脑电波，将他的想法转化成语言并呈现到计算机上。
5
阅读理解
讲述自动化在农业中的应用，并改变了农业。

01
（河北省示范性高中2022-2023学年高三9月调研考试英语试题）Housing ranks high among the numerous challenges that still need to be overcome before humans can colonize(征服) Mars. The brave pioneers that make the six-month voyage to the Red Planet will need a place to live in as soon as they land. While the best solution would be to have the structures ready before they get there, it has so far been a challenge given that most construction robots have never made it out of the laboratory. Now, there may be a bit of hope thanks to Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s newly revealed Digital Construction Platform (DCP).
The DCP comprises a double arm system that is fitted on a tracked vehicle. As the larger arm moves, the smaller, precision motor robotic arm builds the structure by shooting out the necessary construction material, ranging from insulation foam(绝缘泡沫) to concrete. The team of researchers led by Ph. D．Steven Keating say that unlike other 3-D printers that are limited to building objects that fit within their overall enclosure, DCP’s free moving systems can be used to construct structures of any size.
The team recently demonstrated the DCP’s building skills on an empty field in Mountain View, CA．The robot began by creating a mold with expanding foam that hardens when dry. It then constructed the building, layer by layer, using sensors to raise itself higher as it progressed. The final product was a sturdy “home” that had 50-foot diameter walls and a 12-foot high roof with room for essentials like electricity wires and water pipes to be inserted inside. Even more impressive? It took a mere 14 hours to “print”!
The researchers’ next plan is to make the DCP smart enough to analyze the environment where the structure is going to be built and determine the material densities best suited for the area. However, that’s not even the best part. Future DCP models are going to be solar-powered, autonomous, and, most importantly, capable of sourcing construction components from its surroundings. This means the robot can be sent to remote, disaster-stricken areas, and perhaps even to Mars, to build shelters using whatever material is available.
1．What do we learn from the first paragraph?
A．Housing pioneers on Mars is a reality.
B．Colonizing Mars is out of the question.
C．Building structures on Mars is in the testing phases.
D．Finding a liveable place on Mars is a top priority.
2．How does the DCP differ from other 3-D printers?
A．It consumes less time.
B．It comes in more different sizes.
C．It is more environmentally friendly.
D．It can build more diverse structures.
3．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．The successful case of the DCP. B．The working principle of the DCP.
C．The instructions of using the DCP. D．The limitation of the DCP’s function.
4．What might be the biggest highlight of future DCP ?
A．Being powered by solar.
B．Building shelters anywhere.
C．Collecting building materials on site.
D．Analyzing building material densities.
02
（2022·河南·洛宁县第一高级中学高三开学考试）Climate science has been rapidly advancing in recent years, but the foundations were laid hundreds of years ago.
In the 1820s, French scientist Joseph Fourier theorized that Earth must have some way of keeping heat and that the atmosphere may play some role. In 1850, American scientist Eunice Newton Foote put thermometers(温度计)in glass bottles and experimented with placing them in sunlight. Inside the bottles, Foote compared dry air, wet air, N2, O2 and CO, and found that the bottle containing humid air warmed up more and stayed hotter longer than the bottle containing dry air,and that it was followed by the bottle containing CO2. In 1859, Irish scientist John Tyndall began measuring how much heat different gases in the atmosphere absorb. And in 1896, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius concluded that more CO2 in the atmosphere would cause the planet to heat up: These findings planted some of the earliest seeds of climate science.
The first critical breakthrough happened in 1967 when Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald connected energy absorbed by the atmosphere to the air movement vertically over Earth.They built a model which first included all the main physical processes related to climate changes. The predictions and the explanations based on their model still hold true in the real world almost half a century later.
The model was improved in the 1980s by Klaus Hasselmann who connected short-term weather patterns with long-term climate changes. Hasselmann found that even random weather data could yield insight into broader patterns.
“ The greatest uncertainty in the model remains what human beings will do. Figuring it out is 1,000 times harder than understanding the physics behind climate changes,” Manabe said.“ There are many things we can do to prevent climate change. The whole question is whether people will realize that something which will happen in20 or 30 years is something you have to respond to now.”
So, it’s up to us to solve the problem that these pioneers helped the world understand.
5．What does the word “humid” underlined in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Cool. B．Cold. C．Dry. D．Wet.
6．What is Klaus Hasselmann’s contribution to climate science?
A．He found that CO2 causes global warming.
B．He invented a unique measuring instrument.
C．He improved Manabe and Wetherald’s model.
D．He built a reliable model on climate change.
7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．The biggest problem with the climate model.
B．The necessity for human beings to take action now.
C．The challenge of understanding climate change.
D．Measures to be taken to prevent climate change.
8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Negative Effects of the Global Warming
B．Historic Breakthroughs in Climate Science
C．Main Causes Leading to Climate Change
D．Difficulties of Preventing Climate Change
03
（2022·河北邯郸·高三开学考试）To effectively interact with humans in crowded social settings, such as malls, hospitals, and other public spaces, robots should be able to actively participate in both group and one-to-one interactions. Most existing robots, however, have been found to perform much better when communicating with individual users than with groups of conversing humans. Hooman Hedayati and Daniel Szafir, two researchers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, have recently developed a new data-driven technique that could improve how robots communicate with groups of humans.
One of the reasons why many robots occasionally misbehave while participating in a group conversation is that their actions heavily rely on data collected by their sensors. Sensors, however, are prone (易于遭受) to errors, and can sometimes be disturbed by sudden movements and obstacles in the robot’s surroundings.
“If the robot’s camera is masked by an obstacle for a second, the robot might not see that person, and as a result, it ignores the user,” Hedayati explained. “Based on my experience, users find these misbehaviors disturbing. The key goal of our recent project was to help robots detect and predict the position of an undetected person within the conversational group.”
The technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir was trained on a series of existing datasets. By analyzing the positions of other speakers in a group, it can accurately predict the position of an undetected user.
In the future, the new approach could help to enhance the conversational abilities of both existing and newly developed robots. This might in turn make them easier to serve in large public spaces, including malls, hospitals, and other public places. “The next step for us will be to improve the gaze behavior of robots in a conversational group. People find robots with a better gaze behavior more intelligent. We want to improve the gaze behavior of robots and make the human-robot conversational group more enjoyable for humans.” Hedayati said.
9．What is the technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir based on?
A．Data. B．Cameras.
C．Existing robots. D．Social settings.
10．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2?
A．The working procedure of robots.
B．The ability of robots to communicate.
C．The experience of the researchers.
D．The shortcomings of existing robots.
11．What will happen if a robot’s camera is blocked?
A．It will stop working. B．It will break down.
C．It will abuse its user. D．It will misbehave.
12．What do we know about the new data-driven technique?
A．It is considered a failure. B．It has been used in malls.
C．It gets satisfactory result. D．It only works with new robots.
04
（2021·浙江湖州·高三阶段练习）Researchers say they have used brain waves of a paralyzed man who cannot speak to produce words from his thoughts onto a computer. A team led by Dr. Edward Chang at the University of California, San Francisco, carried out the experiment.
“Most of us take for granted how easily we communicate through speech,” Chang told The Associated Press. “It’s exciting to think we’re at the very beginning of a new chapter, a new field to ease the difficulties of patients who lost that ability.” The researchers admit that such communication methods for paralysis victims will require years of additional research. But, they say the new study marks an important step forward.
Today, paralysis victims who cannot speak or write have very limited ways of communicating. For example, a victim can use a pointer attached to a hat that lets him move his head to touch words or letters on a screen. Other devices can pick up a person’s eye movements. But such methods are slow and a very limited replacement for speech.
Using brain signals to work around disabilities is currently a hot field of study. Chang’s team built their experiment on earlier work. The process uses brain waves that normally control the voice system. The researchers implanted electrodes on the surface of the man’s brain, over the area that controls speech. A computer observed the patterns when he attempted to say common words such as “water” or “good.” Over time, the computer became able to differentiate between 50 words that could form more than 1,000 sentences. Repeatedly given questions such as “How are you today?” or “Are you thirsty,” the device enabled the man to answer “I am very good” or “No, I am not thirsty.” The words were not voiced, but were turned into text on the computer.
In an opinion article published with the study, Harvard brain doctors Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash called the work a “pioneering study.” The two doctors said the technology might one day help people with injuries, strokes or diseases like Lou Gehrig’s. People with such diseases have brains that “prepare messages for delivery, but those messages are trapped,” they wrote.
13．How is the new method different from the current ones?
A．It involves a patient’s brain waves.
B．It can pick up a patient’s eye movements.
C．It is a very limited replacement for speech.
D．It can help a patient regain his speech ability.
14．What does the underlined word “differentiate” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Organize. B．Learn. C．Distinguish. D．Speak.
15．What was Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash’s attitude towards the study?
A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Critical.
16．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Researchers Found Good Methods to Help Paralyzed Patients
B．Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Help Him Communicate
C．Years of Additional Work Needed to Improve the Communication Methods
D．Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Cure His Speaking Disability
05
（2022·安徽·高三开学考试）When people think of farming today, they usually picture a tractor (拖拉机) rather than horses in the farmland. That’s because tractors that relied on engines revolutionized farming in the late 1800s. Now a new type of tractor can do the same in the 21st century.
Agriculture has been changing dramatically in the last few decades. The push for innovation is fed by the need to produce larger amounts of food for a growing world population. Autonomous tractors may be the key to solving this challenge. They can be used to carry out labor-intensive farming while allowing farmers to do other work. A big plus is that it can increase crop output while reducing costs because the autonomous machines can work in all weather conditions without any rest.
Part of push for automation is a shortage of farm workers due to people’s desire to have higher paying jobs with better work conditions. Farm owners are competing against companies like Amazon and restaurants that are raising wages to attract workers. “With labor shortages and the increase in the hourly wages that have to be paid in order to be competitive, all of a sudden automation seems like a more reasonable decision,” said David Swartz, a professor at Penn State University.
Many believe the time is ripe for an autonomous revolution because robotics is already in use in agriculture. One company that is working to bring autonomous tractors into main stream farming is Blue and White Robotics, an Israeli agricultural technology company, whose mission is to make a fully autonomous farm. The company released an autonomous tractor kit in February 2021 that can be fixed on any existing tractor. The kit includes camera detection, speed controls, as well as an anti-crash system. Blue and White’s kit is being used by West Coast growers in the US. It may soon come to a farm near you.
17．What contributes to the agricultural revolution according to Paragraph 2?
A．The urge to feed more people. B．The extreme weather conditions.
C．The need to reduce farming cost. D．The desire for automatic farming.
18．What is Swartz’s attitude to automation?
A．Critical. B．Negative. C．Supportive. D．Indifferent.
19．What can be inferred about Blue and White’s kit?
A．It has been widely used. B．It can be made in many firms.
C．It can improve safety of tractors. D．It will detect the way of farming.
20．What may be a suitable title for the text?
A．Automation Is Transforming Agriculture B．Big Companies Are Making A Difference
C．Driverless Tractors Are Worth Investing D．Traditional Farming Is Falling out of Date


参考答案：
1．C    2．D    3．A    4．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)最新公布的数字建设平台(DCP)将如何解决在火星上建房子的问题的。
1．推理判断题。第一段的“While the best solution would be to have the structures ready before they get there, it has so far been a challenge given that most construction robots have never made it out of the laboratory.(虽然最好的解决方案是在结构物到达之前做好准备，但鉴于大多数建筑机器人从未走出实验室，这一直是一个挑战)”推知，在火星上建造建筑物正处于测试阶段。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“...unlike other 3—D printers that are limited to building objects that fit within their overall enclosure, DCP’s free moving system can be used to construct structures of any size.(……与其他仅限于构建适合其整体外壳的物体的3D打印机不同，DCP的自由移动系统可用于构建任何尺寸的结构)”可知，与其他3D打印不同，它可以建造更多样化的房屋。故选D项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段的“The team recently demonstrated the DCP’s building skills on an empty field in Mountain View, CA.(该团队最近在加利福尼亚州山景城的一块空地上展示了DCP的建筑技能)”可知，本段主要介绍了DCP的成功案例。故选A项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“most importantly, capable of sourcing construction components from its surroundings. This means the robot can be sent to remote, disaster-stricken areas, and perhaps even to Mars, to build shelters using whatever material is available.(最重要的是，能够从周边采购建筑构件。这意味着机器人可以被送到偏远的灾区，甚至火星，用任何可用的材料建造居所)”可知，未来DCP的最大亮点是可以现场收集建筑材料。故选C项。
5．D    6．C    7．B    8．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气象科学的发展历程及不同时期的科学家所做的贡献。
5．词义猜测题。根据第二段划线词所在句子“Inside the bottles, Foote compared dry air, wet air, N2, O2 and CO, and found that the bottle containing humid air warmed up more and stayed hotter longer than the bottle containing dry air,and that it was followed by the bottle containing CO2.(在瓶子内部，Foote比较了干燥空气、潮湿空气、N2、O2和CO，发现含有humid空气的瓶子比含有干燥空气的瓶子加热得更多，保持温度的时间更长，其次是含有二氧化碳的瓶子。)”可知，该划线词与后面的dry为相对词或反义词，对两种空气的情况做对比，所以该词应该是“dry”的反义词，应该是“潮湿的/湿润的”，与 wet意思相近。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段“The model was improved in the 1980s by Klaus Hasselmann who connected short-term weather patterns with long-term climate changes.(该模型在20世纪80年代被Klaus Hasselmann改进，他将短期天气模式与长期气候变化联系起来。)”可知，他的贡献在于改进了Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald建造的这个模型。故选C项。
7．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The greatest uncertainty in the model remains what human beings will do. Figuring it out is 1,000 times harder than understanding the physics behind climate changes,” Manabe said.“ There are many things we can do to prevent climate change. The whole question is whether people will realize that something which will happen in20 or 30 years is something you have to respond to now.”(这个模型最大的不确定性仍然是人类会做什么。弄清楚这一点比理解气候变化背后的物理原理难1000倍，”真部说。“我们可以做很多事情来防止气候变化。整个问题是，人们是否会意识到，20年或30年后会发生的事情是你现在必须应对的事情)”可知，气候模型创立者Syukuro Manabe认为，人类的行为对将来的气候影响至关重要，而人类非常有必要马上为将来的气候变化采取行动，不能任其自然。故选B项。
8．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段“Climate science has been rapidly advancing in recent years, but the foundations were laid hundreds of years ago.(气候科学近年来发展迅速，但其基础早在几百年前就奠定了)”可知，几百年前人们就在研究气候，之后介绍了French scientist Joseph Fourier和Irish scientist John Tyndall的实验得出的理论，第三四段介绍了Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald建造的模型和和Klaus Hasselmann对其进行的改良，所以本文主要介绍了气象科学的发展历程及不同时期的重大突破。故选B项。
9．A    10．D    11．D    12．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍研究人员正在开发一种新技术，可以使机器人在同时与很多人交流时能应付自如。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Hooman Hedayati and Daniel Szafir, two researchers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, have recently developed a new data-driven technique that could improve how robots communicate with groups of humans. (北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的两名研究人员胡曼·海达亚蒂和丹尼尔·扎菲尔最近开发了一种新的数据驱动技术，可以改善机器人与人类群体的交流方式)”可知，这项新技术是基于数据的。故选A项。
10．主旨大意题。根据第二段“One of the reasons why many robots occasionally misbehave while participating in a group conversation is that their actions heavily rely on data collected by their sensors. Sensors, however, are prone (易于遭受) to errors, and can sometimes be disturbed by sudden movements and obstacles in the robot’s surroundings.(许多机器人在参与群体对话时偶尔会做出错误行为的原因之一是，它们的行为严重依赖于传感器收集的数据。但是传感器容易出错，有时会被机器人周围的突然运动和障碍物干扰)”可知，第二段主要介绍了现有机器人的缺点，容易出错。故选D项。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“If the robot’s camera is masked by an obstacle for a second, the robot might not see that person, and as a result, it ignores the user,(如果机器人的摄像头被障碍物遮挡了一秒钟，机器人可能就看不到那个人，结果就会忽略用户)”和“Based on my experience, users find these misbehaviors disturbing. (根据我的经验，用户觉得这些不当行为令人不安)”可知，当机器人的摄像头被阻挡后，它们会做出不当的行为。故选D项。
12．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir was trained on a series of existing datasets. By analyzing the positions of other speakers in a group, it can accurately predict the position of an undetected user.(Hedayati和Szafir开发的这项技术是在一系列现有的数据集上训练。通过分析一组中其他讲话者的位置，可以准确预测未被发现用户的位置)”可推知，这项技术已经得到了令人满意的结果。故选C项。
13．A    14．C    15．A    16．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述研究人员利用瘫痪者的脑电波，将他的想法转化成语言并呈现到计算机上。
13．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Using brain signals to work around disabilities is currently a hot field of study. Chang’s team built their experiment on earlier work. The process uses brain waves that normally control the voice system. (利用大脑信号解决残疾问题是目前研究的一个热点领域。Chang的团队在早期工作的基础上进行了实验。该过程使用通常控制语音系统的脑电波)”可知，新研究的方式主要是利用控制语音系统的脑波。故选A项。
14．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“A computer observed the patterns when he attempted to say common words such as ‘water’or ‘good.’ Over time, the computer became able to differentiate between 50 words that could form more than 1,000 sentences.(当他试图说出诸如“水”或“好”之类的常用词时，计算机观察到了这些模式。随着时间的推移，计算机能够differentiate50个单词，这些单词可以组成1000多个句子)”推知，计算机通过观察后，能够区分受试者“说”的50个单词。由此可知，划线词 differentiate 意应为“区分，分辨”，和distinguish同义。故选C项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In an opinion article published with the study, Harvard brain doctors Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash called the work a ‘pioneering study.’  The two doctors said the technology might one day help people with injuries, strokes or diseases like Lou Gehrig’s.(在该研究发表的一篇评论文章中，哈佛脑科医生LeighHochberg和SydneyCash称这项研究为“开创性研究”。这两位医生说，这项技术有一天可能会帮助那些受伤、中风或像卢·格里格这样的疾病的患者)”以及上文可知，两位医生称这项工作是“开创性的研究”，并认为这项技术有一天可能会帮助受伤、中风或肌肉渐冻症等疾病的人，因此推断出他们对这项技术是支持的。故选A项。
16．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Researchers say they have used brain waves of a paralyzed man who cannot speak to produce words from his thoughts onto a computer. A team led by Dr. Edward Chang at the University of California, San Francisco, carried out the experiment.(研究人员说，他们利用一名不能说话的瘫痪男子的脑电波将他的想法输入计算机。旧金山加利福尼亚大学的张博士领导的一个团队进行了这项实验)”以及后文可知，文章主要讲研究人员利用瘫痪者的脑电波来帮助患者进行交流。B项Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Help Him Communicate(设备使用瘫痪男子的脑电波帮助他交流)适合做文章标题。故选B项。
17．A    18．C    19．C    20．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述自动化在农业中的应用，并改变了农业。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Agriculture has been changing dramatically in the last few decades. The push for innovation is fed by the need to produce larger amounts of food for a growing world population.(在过去的几十年中，农业发生了巨大的变化。为不断增长的世界人口生产更多粮食的需求推动了创新。)”可推断，因为世界人口的增长，需要生产更多的粮食来养活更多的人，这促成了农业革命。故选A。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““With labor shortages and the increase in the hourly wages that have to be paid in order to be competitive, all of a sudden automation seems like a more reasonable decision,” said David Swartz, a professor at Penn State University.(宾夕法尼亚州立大学教授David Swartz说，“随着劳动力短缺，以及为了保持竞争力而不得不支付的时薪上涨，突然之间，自动化似乎成了一个更合理的决定。”)”可知，David Swartz认为自动化是合理的决定，所以推断David Swartz支持自动化。故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The company released an autonomous tractor kit in February 2021 that can be fixed on any existing tractor. The kit includes camera detection, speed controls, as well as an anti-crash system. (该公司在2021年2月发布了一款自动拖拉机套件，可以安装在任何现有的拖拉机上。这套装备包括摄像头检测、速度控制以及防碰撞系统。)”可知，Blue and White’s kit包含侦测摄像头、速度控制以及防撞系统，由此推断Blue and White’s kit能够提高拖拉机的安全性。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Agriculture has been changing dramatically in the last few decades.(在过去的几十年中，农业发生了巨大的变化。)”及第三段““With labor shortages and the increase in the hourly wages that have to be paid in order to be competitive, all of a sudden automation seems like a more reasonable decision,” said David Swartz, a professor at Penn State University.(宾夕法尼亚州立大学教授David Swartz说，“随着劳动力短缺，以及为了保持竞争力而不得不支付的时薪上涨，突然之间，自动化似乎成了一个更合理的决定。”)”可知，自动化正应用在农业中，并改变农业。所以文章的标题应是“Automation Is Transforming Agriculture(自动化正在改变农业)”。故选A。