2024届高考英语复习语法专题2第3讲构词法学案

这是一份2024届高考英语复习语法专题2第3讲构词法学案，共10页。
第3讲　构词法

考点1　形容词变副词的规律
1．一般情况加ly。如：real→really; careful→carefully; polite→politely; quick→quickly
2．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，将y改为i，再加ly。如：angry→angrily; busy→busily; heavy→heavily
3．以ble结尾的，将ble改为bly。如：probable→probably; possible→possibly
4．部分以“辅音字母＋e”结尾的词，去掉e再加ly。如：true→truly
5．以ic结尾的，加ally。如：basic→basically；energetic→energetically

有的名词＋ly→形容词，如：friend→friendly; day→daily
考点2　动词/名词变形容词的常见后缀
后缀
例词
able
accept→acceptable可接受的；
comfort→comfortable舒适的；
fashion→fashionable时髦的
al
music→musical音乐的；
origin→original最初的；
person→personal个人的；私人的
ful
doubt→doubtful怀疑的；
forget→forgetful健忘的；
harm→harmful有害的
ible
access→accessible易得到的；
horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的；
response→responsible 有责任的；负责的
ive
effect→effective有效的；生效的；
attract→attractive有吸引力的；
impress→impressive给人深刻印象的
ous
continue→continuous不断的；持续的；
anxiety→anxious忧虑的；
curiosity→curious好奇的
some
tire→tiresome令人厌倦的；
trouble→troublesome麻烦的
y
taste→tasty美味的；可口的；
health→healthy健康的；
wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的
ern
east→eastern东方的；向东的
ish
child→childish孩子气的；
fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的；
self→selfish自私的
ic
science→scientific科学的；
economy→economic经济的；
history→historic历史上著名的
ary
imagine→imaginary想象中的
考点3　动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
al
approve→approval赞成；批准；
arrive→arrival到来；到达；
survive→survival幸存
ance
ence
appear→appearance出现；外貌；
perform→performance表演；节目；
exist→existence存在；生存；
prefer→preference偏爱
ion；
tion；
ation
compete→competition比赛；竞争；
invite→invitation邀请；请柬；
explain→explanation解释
(ss)ion
discuss→discussion讨论；辩论；
decide→decision决定；
admit→admission接纳；准许入学
ing
hear→hearing听力；听觉；
begin→beginning开始
ment
achieve→achievement功绩；成就；
argue→argument辩论；论据；
treat→treatment对待；治疗
ure
ture
fail→failure失败；未做；
press→pressure压力；
mix→mixture混合；混合物
y
recover→recovery恢复；痊愈；
discover→discovery发现
其他
choose→choice选择；
vary→variety多样化；种类；
tend→tendency趋向；趋势
考点4　形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
age
short→shortage不足；短缺
cy
efficient→efficiency效率；功效；
fluent→fluency流利；流畅；
private→privacy隐私；私密
dom
free→freedom自由；自在；
wise→wisdom明智；智慧
ce
different→difference差异；
silent→silence沉默
ness
weak→weakness虚弱；弱点；
kind→kindness仁慈；好意；
careless→carelessness粗心大意
th
grow→growth成长；生长；
warm→warmth温暖；热情
y
ty
ity
difficult→difficulty困难；
safe→safety安全；
real→reality现实
考点5　表示人的后缀
后缀
例词
er
teach→teacher老师；
village→villager村民；
strange→stranger陌生人；
(注意：cook→cooker炉灶，炉具)
ar
lie→liar说谎者
ee
employ→employee受雇者；雇员；
interview→interviewee被面试者；
train→trainee受训练的人；学员
or
invent→inventor发明家；
act→actor男演员；
educate→educator教育家；教师
ess
act→actress女演员；
host→hostess女主人；女主持人
ese
China→Chinese中国人；
Japan→Japanese日本人
n
America→American美国人；
Australia→Australian澳大利亚人
ian
music→musician音乐家；
history→historian历史学家；
politics→politician政治家；政客
ist
novel→novelist小说家；
special→specialist专家；
tour→tourist旅行者；观光者
ant
serve→servant仆人；
participate→participant参加者；
assist→assistant助手；助理
考点6　表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词
前缀
dis
agree→disagree不同意
advantage→disadvantage缺点
il
legal→illegal不合法的
logical→illogical不合逻辑的
im
polite→impolite无礼的
patient→impatient不耐烦的
in
formal→informal非正式的
convenient→inconvenient不方便的
ir
regular→irregular不规则的
responsible→irresponsible不负责任的
mis
lead→mislead误导
understand→misunderstand误解
non
smoker→nonsmoker不吸烟者
stop→nonstop直达的
un
usual→unusual不寻常的
willing→unwilling不愿意的
后缀
less
hope→hopeless绝望的
end→endless没完没了的
考点7　变动词的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词

前缀
en
able→enable使能够
large→enlarge扩大
rich→enrich使充实
后缀
en
broad→broaden(使)变宽
ripe→ripen(使)成熟
sharp→sharpen使尖锐
wide→widen加宽
ify
class→classify把……分类
just→justify证明……正确
simple→simplify简化
ise
apology→apologise道歉
emphasis→emphasise强调
考点8　-ed形容词和-ing形容词
一些动词，如amaze, move, excite, disappoint, encourage, puzzle, surprise, confuse, interest, satisfy, please, shock, astonish, disturb, bore等，其-ing形式和-ed形式都能转化为形容词。
The story was very moving and we were deeply moved．
这个故事非常感人，我们都被深深地感动了。

此类形容词作定语修饰表情和声音时的区别：动词-ing形式用来说明主语的特性，表示该表情或声音令人怎么样，因此译作“令人……的”；动词-ed形式用来说明发出该表情或声音的人所处的一种状态。

Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2022·全国甲卷)Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful (meaning)．
2．(2022·浙江卷1月)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly (rough) 200 academics — many of them climate scientists — have promised to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago．
3．(2021·浙江卷6月)In 1844 they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage (marry) ceremony in 1842．
4．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb．It will undoubtedly (undoubted) help you get refreshed!
5．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries, wealthy (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art．
Ⅱ．语法填空
(2022·厦门模拟)Many excellent warship crews have been trained on the aircraft carrier Liaoning．As the only female deck operation officer on it, Remila Dabul of Kazak ethnicity (哈萨克族), whose story 1．was reported (report) by the media in January, has attracted much public attention．
Before working on the deck, Remila was a radar and telephone 2．operator (operate)．But when she first saw a J-15 fighter taking off, the idea of working alongside it crossed her mind．3．So eager was she to be a crew member that she overcame many difficulties and ultimately became 4．qualified (qualify)．
During her work, Remila wears a blue helmet, goggles, and blue suits．After a J-15 lands, 5．what she needs to do is carry the heavy wire after 6．getting (get) signals and run to the fighter to take a series of actions for a quick installation．“The higher risk our work is, the 7．firmer (firm) belief we should have，” said Remila．She has put her belief 8．into practice in her daily security and guarantee work．
This year, Remila spent her 9．fifth (five) Spring Festival aboard the carrier．Remila said, “I miss my parents in Xinjiang．I love my career and 10．am (be) willing to shoulder the responsibility to safeguard the happiness and peaceful life of millions of families in the motherland．”
Ⅲ．写作运用
根据汉语提示补全作文，并注意其中的词性转换。
Dear Tom，
At present，there are many foreigners learning Chinese, because China 1．is playing an important part in the world (在世界上起着重要的作用)．It is with a good command of Chinese that you will get a better understanding of China, 2．a country with a long history of more than 5，000 years(一个有着五千多年历史的国家)．
As for the advice on learning Chinese, I would say there is no such thing as a free lunch in the world．Therefore, 3．speaking Chinese fluently (流利地说汉语) should be based on hard work．To begin with, 4．make good use of every opportunity (充分利用每一个机会) to practise Chinese — the more you use Chinese, the better you will learn it．5．Most importantly (最重要地), even if many problems may come up in learning Chinese, you should not give up．
Yours，
Li Hua