高中英语2024届高考复习必修一重点短语和语法汇总(共六个模块)
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高中英语必修一
重点短语和语法
(一)
1.in other words 换句话说
2.look forward to (doing) sth.期盼(做)某事
3.at the start/beginning of 在……开始的时候
4.at the end of 在……结束的时候
5.go to college/university 上大学
6.be divided into 被(划)分成……
7.take part in 参加 = participate in sth
8.be similar to 与……相似
9.one’s attitude to sth 某人对某物的看法
10.be impressed with sth.对……印象深刻
11.leave/have/make an impression on sb. 给某人留下印象
12.mind doing sth 介意做某事
13.all kinds of after-school activities 各种各样的课外活动
14.by oneself 单独,独立
15.be disappointed with/in sb 对某人感到失望
16.be disappointed at/about /with sth 对某事感到失望
17.in a fun way 用有趣的方法
18.be/get bored with sth 对某事感到厌倦
19.be/get bored with doing sth. 对做某事感到厌倦
20.introduce sb./sth.to sb.把某人(某物)介绍给某人
21.introduce sth.into/in 把某物引进……
22.on one’s /the way to… 在……途中
on the way home 在回家的路上
23.by the way 顺便说一下;在路旁
24.in the way 碍事,挡路
25.lose one’s way 迷路
26.by the end of 到……结束时(常与完成时连用)
27.be amazed at/by 对……感到惊讶
28.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事
29.ring up 打电话
30.feel lonely 感到孤单
31.try doing sth.试着做某事
32.try to do sth 努力做某事
33.take off 起飞, 脱掉(衣物)
34.make rapid/great/a lot of progress 取得(很快/很大)进步
35.a description of sth ….的描述
36.keep doing sth.不停地做某事
37.be on time for 按时参加……
38.be well organised 有条理的
39.admit doing sth承认做过某事
40.as a result 因此,结果
41.fall asleep 睡着
42.be strict with sb.对某人严格
43.be fluent in 在……(方面)流利
44.speak Chinese with fluency 流利地说汉语
= be fluent in Chinese汉语流畅
45.feel embarrassed 感到尴尬
46.to one’s embarrassment 令人尴尬的是
47.the number of ……的数目
48.a number of 许多
49.receive the high school diploma 获得高中的文凭
50.explain sth to sb向某人解释某事
【【语法归纳】】
一般现在时、现在进行时、-ing形容词和-ed形容词的用法
【考点一】一般现在时的用法
1.表示经常性、习惯性的动作。句中常出现often, usually, sometimes, always, every day等状语。
▶ He goes to school at seven o\\'clock every day.他每天七点去上学。
▶ She always takes a walk in the evening.她常在晚间散步。
▶ We always care about and help each other.我们总是互相关心、互相帮助。
2.表示普遍的真理、科学事实,也用在格言中。
▶ Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播得快。
▶ Actions speak louder than words.行动比言语更为响亮。
3.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
▶ When I graduate, I\\'ll go back to the countryside.我毕业后将回农村。
▶ They won\\'t come to see us if it rains next Sunday.如果下周日下雨,他们就不会来看我们了。
4.表示按规定或时刻表将要发生的动作,仅限于少数动词,如begin, leave, go, arrive, start等。
▶ The meeting begins at eight.会议八点开始。
▶ The train starts at nine in the morning.火车早上九点出发。
5.表示主语的特征、性格或说话时的感觉、状态。
▶ This job calls for great patience.这项工作需要极大的耐心。
▶ I feel very cold.我感觉很冷。
【考点二】现在进行时的用法
1.表示说话时正在进行的动作。常与时间状语 now, at the moment等连用。
▶ I am writing a letter.Will you please turn down the radio? 我正在写信,请把收音机的音量调小一点儿,好吗?
▶ Some of the passengers are looking out of the windows at the moment.此刻一些旅客正望着窗外。
2.表示现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定正在进行的动作。常与时间状语 these days等连用。
▶ She is studying law while her elder brother is studying medicine.她学法律而她哥哥学医。
▶ I don\\'t really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我真的不在这儿工作,我只是在新秘书来之前帮帮忙罢了。
3.表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作。有此用法的动词有go, come, leave, arrive, take, return, meet等。
▶ Mr White is leaving for Shanghai in a few days.几天后,怀特先生将动身去上海。
▶ We are meeting him after the performance.我们将在表演结束后去见他。
4.表示反复发生或习惯性的动作,通常表达某种强烈的感情,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌、不满等。常与 always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用。
▶ He is always asking such simple questions.他老是问这种简单的问题。
▶ He is always thinking more of others than of himself.他总是为别人考虑得多,为自己考虑得少。
5.表示一种委婉的语气。
hope, want, wonder等少数动词用现在进行时表达的语气比用一般现在时更委婉。
▶ I\\'m wondering whether you like it.我不知道你是否喜欢它。
考点3:-ing、-ed形容词的用法
基本含义
-ing形容词通常用于表示事物或人自身的属性,常译为“令人……的”,强调的是事物或人给人的一种感觉。-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受,常译为“感到……的”,强调人自身的情感波动。
▶ The interesting book attracts me.那本有趣的书吸引了我。
▶ The flowers on the hill are pleasing.山上的花赏心悦目。
▶ When he heard the news, he was very surprised.当他听到这个消息时,他感到很吃惊。
语法功能
-ing形容词和-ed形容词都可作定语、表语、补语和状语。
▶ The film was very amusing.这部电影很好笑。
▶ Smith is the most experienced doctor in the hospital.史密斯是这家医院里最有经验的医生。
▶ She is very interested in English.她对英语很感兴趣。
(二)
1.be strict with sb.对某人要求严格
2.be strict in… 在……方面要求严格
3.be strict about sth.对某事要求严格
4.make sure of sth.弄清楚某事;查明某事
5.make sure that… 弄清楚…
6.I would appreciate it if… 如果……,我将不胜感激。
7.appreciate doing sth.感激某人做某事
8.admit doing/having done sth. 承认做过某事
9.admit sb.to/into/in 允许某人进入
10.as a result 结果
11.as a result of… 由于……的结果
12.wave sth.about 挥舞某物
13.wave goodbye to sb.向某人挥手告别
14.tell jokes 开玩笑
15.play a joke on sb.戏弄某人
16.respect sb.for sth.因某事而尊敬某人
17.show/have respect for… 对……表示尊重
18.would rather do… than do… 宁愿做…而不做…
19.would prefer to do sth.宁愿做某事
20.be up to 由……决定
21.be patient with 对……耐心
22.historical figures 历史人物(pl.)
23.learn from 向……学习
24.have problem with sth 在某方面有问题
25.give sb.some advice 给某人提建议
26.do some revision 复习
27.with all the work finished 由于作业已经完成
28.That’s settled 就这么定了。
29.a couple of…..几个(件)……
30.do well in 在……方面做得好
can’t help doing sth.忍不住做某事
31.suggest doing sth.建议做某事
avoid doing sth.避免做某事
【【语法归纳】】
动名词作宾语
【考点一】动名词作动词的宾语
常见的后接动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
● 建议考虑坚持练
(suggest, advise, consider, insist on, practise)
● 允许想象弃冒险
(permit, allow, imagine, give up, risk)
● 阻止抵抗否逃脱
(forbid, resist, deny, escape)
● 不禁介意保持完
(can\\'t help, mind, keep, finish)
● 耽误推迟求原谅
(delay, put off, require, forgive, excuse)
● 承认错过欣喜欢
(admit, miss, appreciate, enjoy)
▶ I really enjoy chatting with them; they are very friendly.我真的很喜欢和他们聊天,他们很友好。
▶ Mary is considering changing her car.玛丽在考虑换辆汽车。
▶ Would you mind opening the window? 你介意打开窗户吗?
▶ I suggest going out for a moment to have a rest after studying for one hour.我建议在学习一小时之后出去一会儿,休息一下。
【考点二】动名词作介词的宾语
动名词常在以下搭配的介词后作宾语:
be good at 擅长 dream of 梦想
be used to 习惯于 object to 反对
look forward to 盼望 be accustomed to 习惯于
get down to 开始做 take advantage of 利用
▶ I have been looking forward to hearing from you.我一直盼望着收到你的来信。
▶ I\\'m not used to eating so much at lunchtime.我不习惯午饭吃那么多。
▶ I get down to thinking about that essay.我开始思考那篇文章。
【考点三】后跟动名词和不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
1.有些动词(短语)后跟动名词和不定式作宾语时意义差别很大。此类动词(短语)有:
▶ go on doing sth.继续做同一件事
go on to do sth.接着做另一件事
▶ forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
forget to do sth.忘记要做某事
▶ try doing sth.试着做某事
try to do sth.尽力做某事
▶ remember doing sth.记得做过某事
remember to do sth.记得要做某事
▶ mean to do sth.打算做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
▶ —The light in the office is still on.办公室的灯仍亮着。
—Oh, I forgot to turn it off.哦,我忘记关了。
2.want, need, require后跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,相当于其后跟动词不定式的被动式。
▶ The roof needs repairing(= needs to be repaired).屋顶需要修理了。
3.begin和start后既可接动名词又可接动词不定式作宾语,意义差别不大,但在以下三种情况下,其后只接动词不定式作宾语:
①主语是物时。
②begin和start本身用于进行时态时。
③begin和start后接表示心理状态或精神活动的动词(如think, realize, understand等)时。
▶ Hearing what you have said, I am beginning to feel better.听了你的话,我渐渐觉得好些了。
4.like, love, hate等动词后接动名词时,表示一种习惯或倾向;接不定式时,表示一次特定的或具体的动作。
▶ I love traveling, and I love to visit Brazil.我喜欢旅行,我喜欢去巴西旅游。
(三)
1.get on 上(公车、船)
2.get off 下(公车、船)
3.get into 上(汽车、的士)
4.get out of 下(汽车、的士);离开…
5.take off 起飞
6.be short for … 是……的缩写/简称
7.in short 总之;简言之
8.not … any more 不再
9.out of date 过时
10.refer to 涉及;提到
11.more than… 多于…;超过…
12.in the 1920s 在二十世纪20年代
13.at a speed of… 以……的速度
14.pay a visit to … 参观…
15.Would you mind doing …? 你介意做…?
16.at a distance 从远处
17.in the distance 在远处
18.keep distance from … 与…保持距离
19.abandon oneself to sth 沉湎于某事
20.be expert in(at)doing sth 熟练做某事
21.no more than 和…一样不
22.not more than 至多
23.more… than… 与其说……倒不如说
24.try doing sth 试着做某事
25.train sb to do sth 训练某人做某事
26.allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事
27.allow doing sth 允许做某事
28.just now 刚才(一般过去时)
29.a long time ago 很久以前(一般过去时)
30.be frightened of doing sth 不敢做某事
31.stop doing sth 停止正在做的事
32.had better not do sth 最好不要做某事
【【语法归纳】】
过去分词(短语)作定语、一般过去时的时间状语
【考点一】过去分词(短语)作定语
1.前置定语:单个过去分词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前。
▶ the developed countries 发达国家
▶ We only sell used books.我们只卖二手书。
2.后置定语:单个过去分词有时也可置于被修饰词之后;过去分词短语作定语时要后置。
▶ Don\\'t use words or expressions known only to people with specific knowledge.不要使用拥有特殊知识的人才能懂的单词或词组。
3.过去分词短语作后置定语时可以扩展成一个定语从句。
▶ the color TV produced last year = the color TV which/that was produced last year 去年生产的彩色电视机
▶ a letter written to me by my daughter = a letter which/that was written to me by my daughter 一封我女儿写给我的信
4.过去分词作定语的时态和语态意义。
(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语通常可以表示被动和完成,即从语态方面说,被修饰词通常是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,从时态方面说,分词所表示的动作通常已经完成。
▶ the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题
▶ the person killed last year 去年被杀的人
▶ He was then a teacher respected by all the students.那时他是一位受所有学生尊敬的老师。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语时仅表示完成。
▶ fallen leaves 落叶
▶ faded flowers 凋谢的花
5.过去分词作定语与现在分词/不定式作定语的区别。
现在分词作定语表示主动和动作正在进行;过去分词作定语表示被动和动作已经完成;不定式作定语时有两种情况:①与其所修饰的词之间往往有逻辑上的动宾关系;②相当于一个定语从句,表明动作即将发生。
▶ China is a developing country, not a developed country.中国是一个发展中国家,而不是一个发达国家。
▶ He is a pleasant fellow to work with.他是个很好共事的人。
▶ The man to come to our assistance is Mike.要来帮助我们的人是Mike。
【考点二】一般过去时的时间状语
1.一般过去时表示过去的某一时刻或者某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态时,常与yesterday, the day before yesterday, at one time, in 2014, in the past, last night, last year, last week, just now, when…等表示时间点/段的状语(从句)连用。
▶ Last night we went to enjoy a good performance.昨天晚上我们去看了一场不错的演出。
▶ We went to New York last year.去年我们去了纽约。
▶ He left the classroom just now.他刚才离开了教室。
2.一般过去时表示过去习惯性的动作时,通常与every…,…ago,in/during…,when…等表示时间段的状语(从句)或表示频度的时间状语连用。
▶ He smoked a lot five years ago.五年前他吸烟很厉害。
▶ We went to school together when we were children and so we saw each other every day.我们小时候一起上学,因此我们每天都见面。
3.虽然有些句子没有明确的表示过去的时间状语,但可根据语境判断动作发生在过去。
▶ I didn\\'t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
▶ I thought you were ill.我以为你生病了。
(四)
1.put up 搭建;修建;张贴;举起
2.so far 到目前为止 up to now
3.get away from… 摆脱……
4.a great many 许多(后加名词复数)
5.a number of = many 许多
6.go up 上升;(价格)上涨
7.It’s been+一段时间+since… 自从…以来,到现在已经有…时间了
8.be made of由…制造(能看出原料)
9.be made from 由…制造(看不出原料)
10.be made up of 由…构成
11.attract sb’s attention 引起某人的注意
12.starve to death 饿死
13.so far as I know 据我所知
14.exchange sth for sth 用某物换某物
15.in exchange for 换取
16.reason for …的原因 (加名词性短语)
17.reason why 原因是为什么 (加句子)
18.can afford to do sth 能负担得起做某事
19.survive from… 从…幸存下来
20.survive om… 靠…幸存下来
21.be in contact with… 与…保持联系
22.get in contact with… 与…取得联系
23.get away 离开;出发
24.a great deal of = much 大量(修饰不可数名词)
25.a lot of = lots of 很多 (修饰可数和不可数名词都行)
26.be similar to… 与…相似
27.compare … to 把…比作…
28.compare …with … 把…和…相比较
29.too … to do sth 太…以至于不能做某事
30.laugh at sb 嘲笑某人
【【语法归纳】】
现在完成时的用法
【考点一】现在完成时的用法
1.现在完成时的构成
have/has +过去分词
2.现在完成时的用法
(1)现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果,强调的是这个影响或结果,常同yet, already, just, before, lately等时间状语连用。
▶ I have just turned off the light.我刚刚把灯关上。(结果是灯已经被关上了)
▶ I have already read the book.我已读过这本书了。(结果是我已知道这本书的内容了)
(2)表示开始于过去、持续到现在并可能持续下去的动作或状态,常同these days, recently, so far, "for+时间段"和"since+时间点"连用。
▶ It has rained a lot these days.这些天多雨。
▶ She has taught in the school for ten years.她在这所学校教书已经10年了。
▶ I haven\\'t eaten anything since breakfast.我从早餐时间到现在一直没有吃东西。
(3)在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作。
▶ Don\\'t get off the bus until it has stopped.直到公交车停下才能下车。
▶ He will come as soon as he has finished his work.他一做完工作就会来。
3.现在完成时的两个常用句型
(1)在"That/This/It is the first/second/third/...time (that)从句"句型中,从句要用现在完成时。
▶ It\\'s the second time that I have met her today.这是我今天第二次遇见她了。
(2)在"It+be+一段时间+since从句"句型中,主句常用现在完成时(也可以用一般现在时)。
▶ It is/has been six years since I came here.我来这儿已经六年了。
4.现在完成时的时间状语
(1)现在完成时不能与过去某一具体的时间连用,如yesterday, last+时间名词,时间名词+ago等。
(2)现在完成时通常和过去不明确的时间副词连用,如already, often, never, ever, always, so far, up to now, till now等。
【考点二】现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时:强调过去发生的动作产生的结果或对现在造成的影响,落脚点在现在。
一般过去时:着重说明动作发生在过去,强调动作本身,落脚点在过去。
试比较:
▶ She has lived in Paris for twenty years.她在巴黎住了20年了。(可能刚搬走,也可能继续住下去)
▶ She lived in Paris for twenty years.她在巴黎住了20年。(现在已经不在那里住了)
(五)
1.two-thirds 三分之二
a quarter 四分之一
three quarters 四分之三
2.expand v. expansion n.
expand the vocabulary 扩大词汇量
3.at the stage of 在。。。期间
stage by stage 逐步
4.draw/reach/come to a conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion最终、总之
5.with the aim of (doing) sth.为了(做)某事
aim at/for sth 力争做到
aim(…)at… 瞄准、对准…
aim to do sth 旨在做某事
6.equip sth/sb with sth
two pieces of equipment 两件器材
7.react to 对。。。做出反应
react on/upon对。。。产生影响
8.in order 按顺序、整齐
out of order 不整齐、次序颠倒
in order that+ 句子 为了
9.at the top of …在。。。顶部
at the bottom of… 在。。。底部
10.learn from 从…中吸取教训,向。。。学习
learn sth from sb 向某人学习某事,从某人那里得知某事。
learn of/about sth 得知、听到某事
11.make sure of sth 确保,查明,核实
make sure that… 确信,查明 .
add…to 往。。。加入
add to 增添
add up 加起来与总数相符,说得通
add up to 总共是
add that。。。补充说到
13.in the form of … 以。。。形式
14.keep one’s balance 保持平衡、保持镇静
lose one’s balance 失去平衡、心慌意乱
off (one’s ) balance 失衡
on balance 总的来说
16.take turns to do sth 轮流做某事
in turn依次、反过来
It’s one’s turn to do sth 轮到某人做某事
17.used to do sth 过去常常做某事
be/get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
be used to do sth 被用来做某事
18.in the area of 在。。。领域
19.be proud of = take pride in 为。。。感到骄傲/自豪
20.be supposed to do sth 理应做某事
21.be astonished at/by sth 对某事感到惊讶
be astonished to do sth 对某事感到惊讶
in astonishment 惊讶地
【【语法归纳】】
形容词和副词的比较等级
【考点一】倍数表达法
1.倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as…
▶ Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
▶ The dining room is twice as big as the kitchen.餐厅是厨房的两倍大。
2.倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than…
▶ Our school is twice bigger than yours.我们学校是你们学校的两倍大。
3.倍数+the+名词(size,height,length,width,etc.)+of…
▶ The new building is three times the height of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的三倍高。
▶ This stone bridge is twice the length of the wood one.这座石桥是那座木桥的两倍长。
4.倍数+as many/much+名词+as…
▶ He has got three times as many books as his younger sister.他的书比他妹妹的多两倍。
5.倍数+what从句
▶ The price of the house this year is twice what it was last year.今年的房价是去年房价的两倍。
6.increase/fall等增减性动词+by+倍数
▶ Compared with last year, our coal output has increased by three times.与去年相比,我们的煤产量增长了三倍。
7.倍数+compared with+被比较对象
▶ The number of the students in our school has increased by four times compared with 1980.我们学校的学生人数比 1980 年增加了四倍。
【考点二】形容词/副词比较级的基本用法
原级比较
(1)"as+形容词/副词原级+as"表示"和……一样……",其否定形式为"not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as"。
▶ He runs as fast as I.他跑得和我一样快。
▶ Li Hua doesn\\'t draw as/so well as Liu Fang.李华画画不如刘芳好。
(2)as+adj.+n.+as
▶ I have as many books as Tom.我有和汤姆一样多的书。
▶ Sam drank as much coffee as Mary.萨姆跟玛丽喝的咖啡一样多。
比较级的常见句式
"形容词/副词比较级+than"意为"比……更……"。
▶ Yao Ming is taller than Michael Jordan.姚明比迈克尔·乔丹高。
▶ She speaks louder than her mother.她比她妈妈说话声音大。
比较级的修饰词
形容词和副词的比较级可以用程度副词来修饰,常见的此类副词(词组)有a bit, a little, far, much, a lot, a great deal, any, still, even等。
▶ The girl has made far greater progress than her classmates.这个女孩的进步比她同学的大得多。
▶ Are you feeling any better today? 你今天感觉好点儿了吗?
【考点三】比较级的常见结构
1."比较级+and+比较级"/"more and more+原级"表示"越来越……"。
▶ It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.春天来了,天气越来越暖和了。
▶ Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的学校越来越美丽了。
2."the+比较级(+主语+谓语), the+比较级(+主语+谓语)"表示"越……,越……"。
▶ The sooner, the better.越快越好。
3."the+比较级+of the two …"表示"两者中较……的那一个"。
▶ She is the taller of the two sisters.她是姐妹俩中较高的那一个。
4."否定词+比较级"表示最高级含义。
▶ I have never seen a stranger bird.这是我见过的最奇怪的鸟。
5."more than+从句"表示"超出……的范围"。
▶ The noise is more than I can put up with.这种噪音我忍受不了。
(六)
1.access information获取信息
2.through a computer/telephone 通过电脑、电话
3.consist of =be made up of=be composed of 由……组成
4.consist in=lie in 在于、存在于
5.consist with =agree with 与……协调,与……一致
6.a network of computer 电脑网络
7.system of communication 交流系统
8.as well=too=also 也 (用于肯定句)
9.as well as 和……一样好,同
10.may/might as well 不妨、还不如
11.become/be known as =be famous as 作为……而出名
become/be known for =be famous for 因……而出名
become/be known to 为……所熟知
14 access information获取信息
15.be accessible to 可接近、可使用、可进入的
16.have /gain/get access to 得以接近
17.crash into撞上/击
18.hundreds/thousands/millions of +名词复数
19.dozens /scores of+名词复数 许多
20.数词+ hundred/thousand/million / dozen /score+名词复数
21.go down 下降/沉/跌/落
22.go up 上升/涨 爬
23.come up with
24.come up to 找到 提出
25.design sb sth
design sth for sb 为某人设计某物
26.be designed to do sth为做……而设计
27.from that moment on 从那时起 from then on / from now on /
from that time on / from that day on
28.with sb’s permission 经某人允许
29without sb’s permission 未经某人允许
30.compare…with将…与…相比
31.compare …to 把…比作…
32.compared with/compared to 与…相比
33.concentrate on sth/doing sth 专注做某事
34.pass sth around 传递某物
35.pass sth onto sb 将某物传递给某人
36.pass away 去世
37.pass by 经过
38.pass on 把……传下去
39.agree with sb/ what sb said / sb’s words 同意某人、某人说的话
40.agree to idea/decision/ plan / arrangement /advice /suggestion…..同意计划等
41.agree on sth 双方……达成一致协议
42.on an/the average 平均
43.log on/log off 登陆/下线,结束工作
44.the entrance to the gate 大门的入口处
45.get paid by the week按周拿薪
46.on the other side of the street 在街的另一边
47.on both sides of the street=on each/either side of the street 在街的两边
48.It is +adj+for sb to do sth=for sb to do sth is+adj 某人做某事……是的
49.It is +adj of sb to do sth= sb is adj to do sth 某人是……做了某事
50..the number of +名词复数 …… 的数量
a number of+ 名词复数 许多,若干
【【语法归纳】】
Ⅰ.合成词
【考点一】合成词
由两个或两个以上独立的词合成的新词叫合成词。合成词有的用连字符"-"连在一起,有的直接连在一起。常见的合成词有合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词等。
1.合成名词
(1)合成名词可在句中作主语、宾语等。
▶ Sightseeing took up the whole morning.观光花了一上午时间。
▶ Smoking is not allowed during take-off.飞机起飞时不允许吸烟。
(2)合成名词的常见构成方式:
● 名词+名词
▶ football 足球 self-respect 自尊
● 动词+副词
▶ breakout 越狱 take-off 起飞
● 副词+动词
▶ outbreak 崩溃 income 收入
● -ing+名词
▶sleeping-pill 安眠药 dining-car 餐车
● 形容词+名词
▶ blackboard 黑板 double-dealer 两面派
2.合成形容词
(1)合成形容词多在句中作定语,有些也可作表语。
▶ He can speak a lot of everyday English.他会说很多日常英语。
▶ She is very outgoing.她很外向。
(2)合成形容词的常见构成方式:
● 数词+名词(+形容词)
▶eight-year-old 八岁的 three-metre(-long)三米(长)的
● 形容词/副词+现在分词
▶ hard-working勤劳的 easy-going 随和的
● 名词+现在分词
▶ mouth-watering令人垂涎的 peace-loving 热爱和平的
● 形容词/副词+过去分词
▶ ready-made 现成的 well-known 著名的
● 名词+介词+名词
▶ face-to-face面对面的 shoulder-to-shoulder 肩并肩的
● 名词+过去分词
▶ man-made 人造的 self-educated 自学的
● 数词/形容词+名词-ed形式
▶ four-legged 四条腿的 warm-hearted 热心肠的
● 形容词+名词
▶ high-class 高级的 large-scale 大规模的
● 名词+形容词
▶ snow-white 雪白的 colour-blind 色盲的
3.合成动词
合成动词的常见构成方式:
● 名词+动词
▶ sleepwalk 梦游 sightsee 观光
副词/介词+动词
▶ overthrow 推翻 undergo 经历
● 形容词+动词
▶ whitewash 粉刷 safeguard 捍卫
● 副词/介词+名词
▶ underline 在(……下)画线 overpower 制胜,压倒
Ⅱ.冠词
【考点一】不定冠词的用法
1.不定冠词的基本用法
(1)表示数量"一"的概念,与one相近,但不如one语气强。
▶ I have a bike.It\\'s made in Shanghai.我有一辆自行车,它产于上海。
(2)用在可数名词单数前,泛指一类人或事物。
▶ A bird has wings.鸟有翅膀。
▶ A teacher shouldn\\'t talk like that.教师不应当那样讲话。
(3)用来表示不确定的某一个,相当于a certain,some。
▶ A Mr Wang came to see you this morning.今天早上一位王先生来找过你。
(4)表示"每一",相当于per或each。
▶ The car can run 200 kilometres an hour.这种车每小时能行驶200千米。
(5)用于首次提到的对话一方不知道的人或物前。
▶ There is a park on the corner of the street.在这条街的拐角处有个公园。
(6)用在物质名词前,表示"一阵,一份,一场,一种"等。
▶ They were caught in a heavy rain.他们遇上了一场大雨。
▶ I\\'d like to have an ice cream.我想来一份冰激凌。
(7)knowledge, collection, understanding等名词后加of...时,其前或其修饰语前常用不定冠词a/an。
▶ Her new book is a collection of short stories.她的新书是一部短篇小说集。
▶ He has a good knowledge of French.他精通法语。
(8)具有动作意义的名词在与have,take,make,give等动词构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时,此名词前须用不定冠词。
▶ have a look/walk/break/try 看一看/散步/休息/试一试
(9)用在某些固定搭配中。
▶ as a result 因此 as a rule 通常
▶ as a whole 总体上 as a matter of fact 事实上
▶ at a loss 不知所措 in a hurry 匆忙
▶ in a word 总之 in a sense 在某种意义上
2.不定冠词的特殊用法
(1)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前,可以具体化的抽象名词有shame, surprise, pleasure, honour, success, help, beauty, failure等。
▶ It\\'s a pleasure for me to work with you.和你一起工作我非常高兴。
▶ She was a famous beauty in her youth.她年轻时是个有名的美人。
(2)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the,但如果名词前有修饰语,可用不定冠词。如:
▶ the world, a peaceful world; the moon, a bright moon
(3)不定冠词用于序数词前表示"又一,再一",相当于another。
▶ Can you give me a second chance, please? 你能再给我一次机会吗?
(4)表示一日三餐的名词和专有名词前如果有形容词修饰,也可用不定冠词。
▶ I had a wonderful supper yesterday.昨晚我吃了一顿美味佳肴。
(5)"a most+形容词"表示"很……",most在此不表示最高级含义,而是"很,非常"的意思,相当于very;"the +most+多音节形容词"为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示"最……"。
▶ This is a most interesting film.这是一部非常有趣的电影。
(6)用在"be+of+a(n)+n."结构中,表示"相同的",相当于the same。
▶ They are nearly of an age.他们几乎同岁。
(7)不定冠词的使用与数的概念有关,如果两个名词共有一个不定冠词,那么这两个名词指同一个人或物。
▶ His father is a teacher and poet.他父亲是位教师兼诗人。
(8)不定冠词用在专有名词中的地名前,表示"一个……的地方"。
▶ She is now a different China from what she was twenty years ago. 现在的中国是一个与二十年前不同的国家了。
【考点二】定冠词的用法
1.定冠词的基本用法
(1)表示"特指"。上文已经提到的人或物,再次提到时在其前加the;也可指上文未提到,但谈话双方都知道的人或物。
▶ He bought a house.I\\'ve been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
(2)用在可数名词单数前表示一类人或事物。
▶ The rose is my favourite flower.玫瑰花是我最喜爱的花。
(3)用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前表示特指。
▶ The young man is the student who I taught 10 years ago.这个年轻人是我十年前教过的学生。
(4)指世界上独一无二的事物。但当这些名词前有修饰成分时,可以用不定冠词。
The earth goes around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。
(5)用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等前面。
▶ Is this the first time you have visited Beijing? 这是你第一次游览北京吗?
▶ He runs the fastest in his class.他是他们班跑得最快的。
(6)用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人或夫妻俩。
▶ The Greens are on holiday now.格林一家(夫妇)现在正在度假。
(7)用于表示具体的地点、方位、时间或某天的一部分等的名词前。如:
▶ in the east/south/west/north在东/南/西/北方
▶ on the right/left在右/左边
(8)用在表示江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、岛屿、海湾、海峡、报纸、书籍、杂志、会议、条约等的专有名词前。
▶ the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋 the Persian Gulf 波斯湾
▶ the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉
(9)用在某些固定词组中。
▶ make the most/best of 充分利用
▶ in the end 最后
▶ by the way 顺便说一下 in the distance 在远处
2.定冠词的特殊用法
(1)用于表示世纪、年代、朝代的名词以及逢十的复数名词前(指某个年代)。如:
▶ in the 1990\\'s 在20世纪90年代;the Qing Dynasty 清朝
(2)在 "动词(take/catch/pat/hit/...)+sb.+介词(by/in/on)+the+名词(身体某一部位)"结构中,名词前要用定冠词the,而不用物主代词。
▶ He took her by the hand.他拉住了她的手。
(3)用在表示度量单位的名词前,如by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。
▶ I hired the car by the hour.我按小时租了这辆车。
(4)用于句型 "the+比较级...,the+比较级...",该句型表示"越……越……"。
▶ The more we get together, the happier we\\'ll be.我们相处的时间越多,就越幸福。
(5)用于某些形容词或分词前面表示一类人或事物。作主语时谓语动词一般用复数,但在表示某一个人或某种抽象概念时谓语动词用单数。
▶ The rich should help the poor.富人应当救助穷人。
▶ The learned are very modest.有学问的人很谦逊。
【考点三】零冠词的用法
1.零冠词的基本用法
(1)(第一次使用的)不可数名词前通常不用冠词。如:
▶ Man needs air and water.人类需要空气和水。
(2)专有名词前一般不用冠词。但某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前通常用定冠词。如:
▶ Lei Feng 雷锋 Beijing 北京 the United States 美国
(3)复数名词泛指一类人或事物时,其前不用冠词。
▶ On weekends,shopping malls are always crowded with people.周末,商场里总是挤满了人。
(4)表示街道、广场、公园和大学等的名词前,一般不用冠词。如:
▶ Chang\\'an Street 长安街 Tiananmen Square 天安门广场 Beihai Park 北海公园 Tsinghua University 清华大学
(5)表示学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等的名词前不用冠词。
▶ I am very interested in English.我对英语很感兴趣。
(6)表示一日三餐等的名词前一般不用冠词。但若指具体的某顿饭或三餐前有形容词修饰时要用冠词。如:
▶ have breakfast/lunch/supper 吃早饭/午饭/晚饭
▶ have a wonderful supper 吃一顿丰盛的晚餐
(7)表示季节、月份、星期、节假日等的名词前往往不用冠词。
▶ We like to go swimming in summer.我们夏季喜欢去游泳。
(8)名词前已有指示代词、物主代词或不定代词时不用冠词。
▶ My pen is much more expensive than yours.我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了。
(9)表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词前用零冠词。
▶ Mandela, president of South Africa, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997.南非总统曼德拉于1997年被授予诺贝尔和平奖。
2.零冠词的特殊用法
(1)turn (变成) 后的单数名词作表语其前不用冠词。
▶ His brother has turned writer.他弟弟已成为一名作家。
(2)在"表示类型的名词+of..."这一结构中of后的可数名词单数前不用冠词。
▶ These kinds of questions often appear in the exam.此类问题在考试中经常出现。
(3)"零冠词+可数名词单数+as/though+主语+谓语+主句"意为"尽管/虽然……但是……"。
▶ Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.尽管他是个英雄,他也有一些缺点。
(4)与by 连用的表示交通工具和通讯工具的名词之前不用冠词。
▶ It\\'s quicker by air than by sea.乘飞机比乘船快。
(5)有些名词前加定冠词和不用冠词意思差别很大:
▶ at school 在上学
at the school在学校里
▶ at table 在吃饭
at the table 在桌子旁
▶ in hospital 住院
in the hospital 在医院里
▶ in prison 在坐牢
in the prison在监狱里
▶ by sea 乘船
by the sea 在海滨
▶ in front of 在……的前面
in the front of 在……(内部)的前面
▶ on earth 究竟,在世界上
on the earth 在地球上
▶ out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 不可能