中考语法：名词、代词、冠词、数词和介词知识梳理+配套练习

第一讲 名 词
一、名词的定义
名词是表示人、事、物、地点以及抽象概念的词。

二、名词的分类
（一）专有名词和普通名词
名词根据其意义分为普通名词和专有名词
1、 专有名词是表示特定的人或事物名称的词。如：Peter, Snow White, Sunday, April, Christmas Day, China, Changsha, the Great Wall, the WTO, West Street...
2、 凡不属于特定的人或事物的名称的词，叫普通名词。如：desk, book , people, air, interest, idea...

（二）可数名词和不可数名词
名词根据是否能够用数字来计算，可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

1、可数名词复数的变化规则
a．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；
b．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes,watch-watches；
c．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i,再加-es，如：family-families, city-cities ；
d．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v,再加-es，如：wife- wives, knife-knives,
wolf -wolves, leaf-leaves ；
e．以“o”结尾的词，分两种情况
1）__________+es 如：mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes
2) ___________+s 如：photo-photos radio-radios
f. 不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, goose-geese
单复数同形:fish-fish deer -deer sheep -sheep people(人们）-people Chinese -Chinese Japanese-Japanese（中日不变英法变，其余后面加s)
Englishman-____________________, Frenchman-_________________
Russian=_____________________ American-__________________

2、复合名词变复数
boy student-boy students man doctor-men doctors

3、不可数名词
u 不可数名词没有复数形式，如：tea,,meat.
u 不可数名词不可以被基数词和不定冠词（a/an）直接修饰，若要表示数量，就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”。
如：two glasses of water, three pieces of paper, 5 cups of tea
u 中考常见不可数名词：
类 别
例 词
液体
water milk tea orange juice
coffee soup wine酒 oil 油
食物
肉类：meat chicken beef pork猪肉 mutton羊肉
其它：rice米饭 bread面包
自然
sand 沙子 wood木头 fire火 rain weather
wind snow ice冰 soil土壤
材料
paper gold金 silk丝绸 cotton棉花 plastic塑料
抽象名词
情感: joy高兴 sadness忧伤
学科: PE maths physics geography chemistry science
概念: time news money health homework
music advice information knowledge

u 有些名词既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词，但意义不同。
名 词
可 数
不 可 数
room
房间
空间
glass
玻璃杯
玻璃
time
次数；倍数
时间
orange
橙子
橙汁
life
生命
生活
work
著作，作品
工作
chicken
小鸡
鸡肉
exercise
练习，训练（保持健康或培养技能的一套动作）
锻炼

三、名词所有格
1、表示有生命的东西的名词所有格一般是在词尾加-s’，如：the boy’s bag.如果原词已经有复数词尾-s，则仅仅加一个“’”即可，例如：boys’school.词尾无-s的复数名词则仍要加-’s，例如：men’s clothes.
2、表示无生命的东西的名词所有格一般不在词尾加’s或’，而是用of短语形式，例如：the wondow of the room.但在表示时间、距离等习惯用语中仍用’s或'表示所有格，如：ten minutes’walk / drive / ride ___________十分钟的路程/车程/骑程___ (表距离)
3、如果表示各自的所有关系时，名词末尾均需加“’s”，
例如：Jim’s and Kate’s glasses  吉姆和凯特各自的眼镜 
如果表示共同的所有关系时，仅在最后一词的末尾加“’s”，
例如：Jim and Kate’s kite 吉姆和凯特的风筝（两个人共同拥有的）

练习题：
一、中翻英
1．Tom的足球 _______________ 2. 老师们的自行车_________________
3．猴子们的香蕉_________________ 4．蚂蚁们的早餐 _________________
5．姐姐的连衣裙________________ 6.女孩们的苹果_________________
7.这些是Peter的篮球吗？ ________________________________________
8.这个是老师的钢笔吗？ _________________________________________
9.有一些书在Sam的课桌上。_____________________________________
10.有一些孩子们在教室里。________________________________________

二、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. Here’re five                ( glass ) of                  ( juice ) for you.
2. I can see some                 ( people ) in the cinema.
3. How many                 ( day ) are there in a week?
4.  I have two____________ (knife) 
5. There are ten __________   _________in our school. (woman teacher)
6. Look, the _________(child）are having a good time flying kites in the park.
7. Now she loves baseball and has more________________(friend)
8. He had to travel across forests, ______________(river) and mountains.
9. He died in 1966,but all his work and __________(dream) did not die.
10. --How much is the watch? —It's ten _____________________(dollar)
11. We have been having online___________ (class) for several days.
12. Here’re five                ( glass ) of                  ( juice ) for you.
13. It’s hard to believe that he used to have many _______(problem) in school.
14. It’s one of the tallest ______________(building) in the world.




第二讲 代 词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
人称代词主格
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
人称代词宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
them
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
their
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
theirs
反 身 代 词
myself
yourself（你自己）
yourselves（你们自己）
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
themselves

1. 人称代词
人称代词有主格和宾格两种形式。主格主要用来做句子的主语；宾格主要用作宾语。
² 人称代词主格用在句首作主语。She is sitting in a bus.她正坐在公共汽车上。
² 人称代词宾格在动词后作宾语。I saw her yesterday.我昨天看到她了。

2. 物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
² 形容词性物主代词起形容词作用，后面跟名词。She is a nice girl.
² 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,具有名词性质。
Our room is clean, but theirs is cleaner than ours.我们的房间很干净，但是他们的比我们的更干净。

3. 反身代词
1、作动词或介词的宾语：经常在enjoy, teach, dress等动词和by, for, to,等介词后作宾语。
(1)Help yourself! 请随便吃吧！/请自己去取吧!
•Help to some fruit, kids.
(2)teach oneself 自学=learn by oneself
•He is teaching English.
(3)enjoy oneself 玩的愉快
•We enjoyed in Sanya last summer vacation.
(4)dress oneself 给自己穿衣
•I could dress when I was four years old.
(5)by oneself 独自
•I made this model plane by .
•He lives by in the country.

2、用作表语
The poor boy was . 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
Just be . 做你自己就好了。

3、用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气，仅放在被修饰名词后, 或句末)：
•The box is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。
•He is a doctor. 他本人是一名医生。
•I must do it ______________. 我必须自己做。

二、指示代词
This (这个)------- these (这些) 指近处的人或事物
That (那个)------- these (那些) 指远处的人或事物
例，This is a book. 这是本书。 These are some books. 这些是书。
That is a car. 那是辆小汽车。 Those are some cars. 那些是小汽车


课 堂 练 习
一、 单项选择
1. Nancy, carrots are good for ________ eye. Eat some, please.
A. my B. your C. her D. his
2. —Excuse me, is this Alice’s pencil box? —Yes, it is. It’s ________.
A. mine B. ours C. hers D. theirs
3. —Who is the man in black over there? —Mr. Smith. He teaches ________ math.
A. we B. our C. us D. ourselves
4. Nobody teaches Mary English. She teaches ________.
A.her B.herself C. she
5. I’m sorry I took your card by mistake(错误地), but where is ________?
A. hers B. theirs C. mine
6. —Oh, I forgot to bring my umbrella. —I’ve got one. You can share ________.
A.yours B. ours C. mine D. my
7. —Our English teacher worked for 2017 BRICS Summit(金砖峰会).
—Great! I am so proud of(为…自豪) ________.
A. she B.her C. hers D. his
8. —I can’t find my eraser. May I use ________? —Of course, here you are.
A.you B. your C yours
9. Thanks for inviting(邀请) ________ to your food festival. We really enjoyed ourselves.
A. we B. they C. us
10. My father is a worker. ________ is very kind.
A. He B. She C. His
11. Those girls enjoyed in the party last night.
A. them B. they C. themselves D. herself
12. Help to some fish, children.
A. yourself B. your C. yours D. yourselves

二、用所给词的适当形式填空
1．There is a letter for________ (she) mother.
2．That is _____ (she ) coat. The coat is red.  ______ (its) is a new one.
3．Whose pens are these? _______ (their) are ours(我们的）.
4．Give _______(he) a toy, please.
5．________(we) eyes are black. _______ (us) come from Japan.
6．Tim and Bill are twins(双胞胎). _______ （their）are from England. _________ (them) mother is a teacher in the same school.
7．Give the book to __________( I ).
8．That is not _________ kite.. ( I )
9．Is this _________ watch? (you)
10．_________ is my brother. _________ name is Jack. ( he )
11．Show _________ your kite, OK? (they)
12．I have a beautiful cat. _______ name is Mimi. ( it )
13.  _______ is my aunt. Do you know ________ job? ________ is a nurse. ( she )
14．Where are ________ ? I can’t find _________. ( they )
15.This gift is for___________(she)
16.My cats are hungry.Can you feed _____________?( it , him, them)
17. The backpack is not so heavy.(it)
18. He lives by __________________ in the country.(he)
19. They enjoy in the park. (they)

课 后 练 习
一、单项选择
1. Some of ________ are workers.
A.they B. their C. them D. themselves
2. A friend of ________ came here yesterday.
A. my B. his C. her D.your
3.You cannot finish the work by________. Let me give you a hand.
A. you B. yourself C. your D. yourselves
4. ________ is my son. Do you like to play with ________?
A.You; you B. She; her C.I; me D. He; him
5.The Green’s garden is larger than ________.
A. we B.us C. ours D. our
6. Boys, don’t touch(触摸) the machine, or you may hurt ________.
A. myself B. yourself C. yourselves D.themselves
7. Let ________ do that exercise myself.
A. I B. me C. him D. her
8.—Tony, Amy can’t sharpen the pencil. Can you give ________ a hand?
—Certainly.
A. she B. her C.hers D. herself
9.Mary loves her family, and I love ________.
A. I B. me C. my D. mine
10. He is looking at ________ and smiling.
A. I B.me C. my D. mine
11. ---Who teaches math. ---I teach .
A. your, myself B. you, myself C. you, me D. you, herself
12. Lily was 9 years old. was old enough to go to school by .
A. She , she B. She , herself C. Her, herself D. Her. she
13. Luckily, he didn’t hurt terribly yesterday.
A. him B. themselves C. himself D. they
14. Mr. More has more money than Mr. Little . But he doesn’t enjoy .
A. he B. him C. his D. himself
15. We are proud of ________ country.
A. we B. ours C. our D. my

二、用所给词的正确形式填空
1. The boy started to live in school and learn to manage(管理) time by ________(he).
2. It’s late autumn now. The tree has lost all of ________(it) leaves.
3. Li Lei and his cousin made some zongzi by ________ (them) during the Dragon Boat Festival.
4. —Judy, is that boy with glasses ________(you) new classmate?
—Yes. Let's say hello to ________(he)．
5. These aren’t ________(you) books, Mary. You left ________(you) at home.
6. I saw an animal yesterday. ________(it) tail(尾巴) is very long.
7. This is our classroom and ________(you) is across the hall.
8. Their house is just like ours, but ________(we) house has a bigger balcony(阳台).
9. Please show ________(I) the way to the hospital.


第三讲 冠 词
一、不定冠词和定冠词
冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。 a或an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。a用在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前，如 a desk, a tree ; an 用在发音以元音音素开头的单词前，如 an apple, an hour, an English book.
u 不定冠词（a,an）指人或事物的某一种类，表示“一个”，但不强调数量。
She is a teacher. That’s an orange.
小练笔：用a/an填空
_______ university __________ hour _______ umbrella
_______ useful article _________ in teresting boy _______ idea
______ 11-year-old child _________ 2-year-old tiger
_______exciting sports meeting ______ English teacher
______ honest girl __________ European country

u 定冠词: the有“这个，那个；这些；那些”之意，用在名词前，表示特指某人或某物，以区别于同类中的其他人或物。
This is a bus. The bus is big.
² 定冠词的常见用法：
1.特指某些人或物或者对话双方都知道的人或物；The bag is mine.
2.上文已提到过的人或物；I can see a bike. The bike is black.
3.世界上独一无二的事物前；We live on the earth.
4.江河海洋，山脉群岛地理名称和某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前；
the Great Wall the Yangtze River
5.一些习惯短语和乐器前。
The young should help the old. _________________________
The Greens are going to have a trip tomorrow. __________________
The boy can play the piano. _________________________
May is the fifth month in a year. ___________________________
He is the tallest boy in his class ________________________
The harder you study, the luckier you will be._______________________
in the morning on the left at the table in the end at the same time
by the way on the weekend at the age of... at the beginning of...
in the future in the hospital

二、零冠词
² 国名、地名、人名等专有名词前通常不用冠词，如，
Chinese, English, Jim,China, Shanghai等。
² 月份、季节、星期、科目等名词前不加冠词.但是
______________________________________________________________
如：in the winter of 2008
² 一些固定词组前不用冠词。如，at home go to school go to bed
have breakfast/lunch/dinner by+交通工具 in future in class
in hospital last/next month

练习题：
一、 单项选择
1. What___________ useful dictionary it is for English beginners
2. ---At the party no one invited Tina to dance.
---Oh, that was________ embarrassing thing.
3. She works as _______ English teacher in _______ university.
4. Let’s meet on _____ sunny morning.
5. She came up with________ idea.
A.a B.an C.the
6. ---Look, who is _____ girl at the school gate?
---Oh, she ismy best friend,Kate.She is_________ honest girl
A.the;an B.a;an C.the;a
7. There is ________ apple on the tree._________ apple is red.
A.an;the B.a;the C.a;/
8. Mr.Black is_____ old man and he usually walks his dog after___ supper.
A.a;the B.an;/ C.an;the
9. The Avatar, ____American film has become one of ______ most popular film this year.
A. an;the B.a;/ C.the;a

二、 用正确的冠词填空
1. Tomorrow is ______ Teachers' Day and we'll make ______ card for our English teacher.
2. The bus is running about seventy miles_____ hour.
3. Mary is interested in ______ science.
4. Some people don't like to talk at ______ table.
5. Last night I went to______ bed very late.
6. Don't worry. We still have ______ little time left.
7. What ______ beautiful day! And what ______ fine weather!
8. In ______ winter it is cold in ______ Beijing and warm in ________Shanghai.
9. John is______ cleverest boy in his class.
10. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, ______capital（首都） of______ France, for Washington by______ air.
11. We were having______ lunch when they came in.
12. This is ______ book you gave me last week.
13. What did you do ______ last Saturday?
14. If ______ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.
15. I prefer playing ______ piano to playing ______ basketball.
16. At ______ age of five, he read a lot of books.
17. Tom and Lucy are of ______ same age.
18. ______ harder we study, ______ more we learn.

第四讲 数 词
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词又分基数词和序数词，基数词表示数量，序数词表示顺序。

一、基数词：
1~10
11~19
20~100
1 one（first)
11 eleven
20 twenty(twentieth)
2 two(second)
12 twelve(twelfth)
30 thirty
3 three(third)
13 thirteen
40 forty
4 four
14 fourteen
50 fifty
5 five(fifth)
15 fifteen
60 sixty
6 six
16 sixteen
70 seventy
7 seven
17 seventeen
80 eighty
8 eight(eighth)
18 eighteen
90 ninety
9 nine(ninth)
19 nineteen
100 one hundred
10 ten



二、序数词的构成
1）一般来说，是由相应的基数词加词尾th构成。如：
four+ th--- fourth six + th --- sixth
seven + th --- seventh ten + th --- tenth
2）下面这些基数词在变为序数词时，有特殊的变化。如：
one --- first two --- second three --- third five--- fifth
eight --- eighth nine --- ninth twelve --- twelfth
3）十位整数序数词的构成方法是将基数词的词y 变成i，然后再加eth.如：
twenty --- twentieth thirty --- thirtieth
forty --- fortieth ninety --- ninetieth
4) 两位或两位以上的基数词变为序数词时，仅将个位数变成序数词。如：
twenty –one ------ twenty- first
thirty-five ------thirty-fifth

三、hundred,thousand, million,billion的用法
5 hundred hundreds of 数以百计
6 thousand thousands of 数以千计
7 million millions of 数以百万计
8 billion billions of 数以千万计

练习题：
一、 单项选择
1. As we all know, the Yellow River is_______ longest river in China.
A. second B.the second C.Twice
2. He got______ birthday cakes on his_________ birthday.
A. second;fifteen B.two;fifteen C.second fifteenth D.two;fifteenth
3. We all know that_______ birds fly to Dongting Lake in winter.
A.million B.millions C. millions of D.million of
4. The apartment has____ floors and Mr. Smith lives on the _____ floor with his family.
A.twelve;twelve B.twelve;twelfth C.twelfth;twelfth D.twelfth;twelve
5. Every year,______ books are given away to the poor children in the countryside.
A.thousand B.thousands of C. thousand of D. thousands

二、 用正确的数词填空
1. March is                  month of the year. 
2. The          Day of the week is Sunday.
3. There are       students in our class, twenty boys and twenty girls.
4. There are _________days in a week.
5.Today is his ___________(20) birthday.

第五讲 介 词
一、概念
介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的词与句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用，可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语在句中可以作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)
那边的那个男孩儿是约翰的哥哥（弟弟）。
The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)
那个女孩儿将在两小时以后回来。
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)
我们的英语老师来自澳大利亚。
Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)
随便吃些鱼吧。

二、常见介词的用法
1. 表示时间的介词
表示时间的介词主要有at, in, on；具体区别如下：
（1）表示时间点用at。例如：
at six o’clock 在六点钟 at noon 在中午 at midnight 在午夜
（2）表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：
in the ninth century 在第九世纪 in 2002 在2002年 in May在五月
in winter 在冬天 in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon在下午
（3）表示具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上时，用on。例如：
on Monday 在周一 on July 1st 在七月一日
on Sunday morning 在星期日的早上
（4）表示时间的介词还有before（在……前）, after（在……后）等。例如：
before ten o’clock 在十点前 after breakfast 在早饭后

2. 表示地点或者方位的介词
（1）at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面上”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. 他昨天到达上海。
They arrived at a small village before dark. 他们在天黑前到达了一个小村庄。
There is a big hole in the wall. 墙上有一个大洞。
The teacher put up a picture on the wall. 老师在墙上挂了一张画。

3. 其他介词
（1）about
about意为“关于，对于”，例如：
The American girl wants to learn about Chinese history.
那个美国女孩儿想要了解中国历史。
（2）from
from 意为“从……，自从”；常构成词组“from… to…”。例如：
I go to school from Monday to Friday. 我从周一到周五去学校。
How far is it from Beijing to Shanghai? 从北京到上海有多远？
（3）with
l “与……一起，带有，具有”等意思。
l “带有，具有“
He has a house with a swimming pool.
He is a man with long hair.
l “用....(具体有形的东西）
I write my homework with a pen.
（4） for
l “为;替；给”，说明目的
I buy a hat for my mother .
l “作为”，与三餐名词连用。
He has an egg for breakfast .
l “对于...来说”
It’s difficlut for me to learn English .
l “价格为...”，说明物品的价格。
The T-shirt is for 3 yuan .
（5）by
l by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在…旁边”。
by the lake/river/tree/window/door等
l by+时间名词。意为：“到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”。
The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.
l by+交通工具
l by表示“用...手段或方式”
The girl made money by selling flowers.
（6）in的其他用法
l “用...（语言、声音或原材料等）”，
Can you sing in English? He wrote a letter in ink.
He is talking with his friend in a low voice
l “在...里”，表示方位。
My books are in the schoolbag .
l “穿/戴...”，接服装名词或颜色词。
Mr. Zhang is in a white T-shirt. The girl in red is my sister.
(7) to
l “到，向，往”
When did you go to Guangzhou after the holiday?
l 动词不定式符号，to+动词原形,表目的。
He went to America to lean English.
They sleep together to keep warm.
(8) of
l 名词所有格的一种，“.....的”
This is a photo of my family.
He’s a friend of mine.
l 表示部分或全部
all of us most of all each of us none of us
two of us both of my parents neither of us either of us

练习题：
用正确的介词填空
1.The skirt ＿___ red is _＿_ fifteen dollars .
2.I bought this coat ＿__ a very low price .
3.＿__ girls ,here are some nice hats ＿__ only ¥15 .
4.The boy ＿_ a blue sweater wants to buy a pair of shoes ＿_ his mother .
5.Wang Ying comes ＿_ Shanghai ＿_ find a job(工作).
6.He bought a new sweater ____ his daughter .
7.Wine is made ________grapes.
8.My father bought me a dictionary.(改写同义句)
My father ＿＿ a dictionary ＿＿＿ me
9. She usually gets to school _______ 7:30 in the morning.
10. Can you come here ______ the morning of April 5?
11. Some of my classmates were born ______ May, 1982.
12. It is often too hot _____ summer in China.
13.The girl left her home _______ a cold winter evening.
14. He has lived here ______ 1980.
15. We have worked in this city ______ about 5 years.
16. My father usually goes to bed at ten ______ night.
17. What do the students do ______ Monday afternoon?
18. I must go now. My parents are waiting _______ me at the bus stop.
19. My pen pal lives _______ Sydney, Australia.
20. Lucy is a good student. She often helps her classmates ______ their lessons.
21. Most ______ us are doing very well _______ maths.
22. Hawaii is famous _________ its beautiful beaches.
23. I have borrowed some books _______ our school library.
24. How far is it ______ Sydney _______ Beijing?
25. Is there anything wrong _______ your computer?
26 It’s a big house ________ an interesting swimming pool.
27 There is a map and some pictures ________ the wall in our classroom.
28 Look! Lily is lying ________ the beach and enjoying the sun.