06 阅读理解之说明文-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习语篇理解技能梳理+名校模拟试题精练(通用版)

这是一份06 阅读理解之说明文-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习语篇理解技能梳理+名校模拟试题精练(通用版)，共45页。试卷主要包含了说明文的行文特征，说明方法，科普说明文，说明文的命题方式，说明文的解题技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。
06 阅读理解之说明文
说明文的特征及相关试题应对分析
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。
说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。
说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
一、说明文的行文特征
写说明文可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说明、叙述等方法。
1.比较对照
比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：
（1）逐点比较
多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
（2） 整块比较
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
2.分类
分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。
分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
[1]As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治观点分为三类：保守、自由和温和。
[2]These are several reasons why I decided tom attend Bingston University . First of all, the tuition is reasonable. Secondly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessons the load of peasant families like mine. Another reason is that Bingston has the finest teachers in its graduate program. My chief reason, however, is Bingston’s program in agriculture, my chosen field, which is recognized as the leader in this area.
该段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者决定上Bingston大学的原因。
[3]According to Mr. Li, the fifteen students of his cLASS fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them “good students”. The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League, and the captain of the cLASS volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always organize proper activities at the proper time. So Li calls them “good organizers”. Four other students are very kind to their cLASSmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand. They help to clean the cLASSroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are “ good comrades”. “What about yourself?” someone asks him. “I’m a group by my self ——a good observer”.
该段不同于以上两段，不是先分类再解释，而是先说明其特点，然后定义分类。虽分类并不科学，却达到了其幽默之目的。
3.例证
例证指具体说明人或事物特点、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例证型段落的写作方式多为先提出主题再列举事例。在事例之前一般有For example或For instance。例证后面，根据情况还可以加上结论句。如：
In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke. Doctors, teachers and government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs. Also the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances of smoking.
4 因果
因果是两个事物之间的关系。一些说明文，议论文通过分析因果关系说明一个中心思想。如不能把因果关系解释清楚，文章将无法说明任何主题。
因果型段落的扩展模式有两种，一是分类编法，另一个是连环编排法。如果只讨论成因或只讨论结果，细节比较简单，只需按其重要性或其逻辑顺序进行编排。分类编排法指先讨论原因，然后讨论结果；或先讨论结果，后讨论原因。
（1）分类编排法
Music is my chief hobby. When I listen to music, good things happen to me. If I am lonely or homesick, I listen to pop music. The quick rhythm, the strong beats of drums lift my spirits. If I am familiar with a song, I will sing alone with it and my depression disappears. When I am bored or very tired, I listen to Mozart. His music makes me feel alive. Music also reminds me of home. Before I came to college, my sisters and I would listen to music and sing songs together and cheer us. Now I enjoy listening to music and singing with my roommates because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family. For me, music is an excellent escape, and without it, I wouldn’t be so happy。
（2）连环编排法
先讨论一组因果，再一组因果，再一组因果，形成一个锁链。当因果紧密相连，前一果为后一果之因时，经常使用这种方式。
Students shouldn’t stay up so late. Because of the pressure of examinations, many students burn night candles. The next day, they have to get enough sleep. As a result, many of them get sleepy in ClASs. They couldn’t catch what the teacher says. Not having studied their lessons well, they find it difficult to make good performance in examinations. So, it is not worthwhile to stay up late if you want to study well.
5.人物描写
人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如：
My sister is a boyish girl. She has short and straight hair like a boy’s. She likes white, black and grey colors, as most boys do. She never cares for shirts, stockings but loves jackets and jeans. Sometimes she wears a men’s suit and leather shores as if she were a gentleman. Basketball and football are her favorite sports. She also enjoys watching boxing. She always shouts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a football match. When she is with her friends, she always says Ladies first” to other girls. The most interesting thing is that she has been mistaken for a boy many times. And she is pleased with that. She always says that she should be a boy.
第一句作者明确表示他眼中的妹妹是个男孩子气十足的小姑娘。这样读者大都会在心中勾画出一种从长相、穿着到言谈举止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通过穿着、外貌和性格等方面向读者展现一个活生生的人物形象。
6.地点描写
地点描写指用生动形象的语言对某一地点、某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘，使读者如临其境、如睹其物。地点描写的对象可大可小，在可以为城市、国家，小可是一间教室，一个房间。
地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。
Now I will show you around our school. It is one of the largest middle schools in the city. When you step into the gate, you will see a beautiful flower bed before you. In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with many colored flowers around it. If you walk along the school road, you will come to the playground, on each side of which are rows of trees. We often read books under the trees. On the right of the playground are two ClASsroom buildings. On the left is the newly-built four-storyed building. I’m lucky to study here. I love my school very much.
7.物体描写
描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对物的描写也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。如：
The first thing I notice in the bride’s room is the beautiful curtain. This curtain is patchwork in design, and is sewn out of squares of materials of different colors like white, light green, brown and orange. It is made of silk, trimmed with delicate braids. It is about six feet long and hangs from a wooden rail. The curtain matches perfectly with the dark wooden rail and furniture in the room.
通过主题句可以看出作者想向读者描写的是一幅漂亮的窗帘。
二、说明方法
1.罗列法（listing）
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，
必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法（examples）
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法（comparison and contrast）
比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法（definition）
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.
5.顺序法（sequence of time，space and process）
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
6.分类法（classification）
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法
Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested,that is, some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books…
三、科普说明文
这种题材的文章大部分是介绍科技前沿、科学动态、新的发明创造、科研方法，或是对某一个问题的来龙去脉和解决方法等加以介绍。作者的目的就是让读者获得知识、信息，对说明对象有所了解，并获得某些方面的启示。其特点如下：
　　1. 文章中会牵涉到实验、研究者、研究方法、在某项主题上的不同意见和争鸣，有时会出现读者还不熟悉的前沿性的科学题材，但作者一般持客观的态度，不显示自己的褒贬之意；
　　2. 此类文章为了做到通俗易懂，在语言上尽量避免使用专业性词汇，对于动词，做到这一点较轻易，但是有些专有名词则无法避免，不过，作者通常会对较难的专有名词进行解释，甚至举例说明，这往往也是出题的地方；
　　3. 在语法上，此类文章长句使用较多，主从复合句、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词形式和被动语态使用率较高；
　　4. 此类文章语篇模式一般比较固定、整洁，主题句通常位于段首，多使用平行结构。
针对科普文章的这些特点，首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注重实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。
四、说明文的命题方式（以阅读理解为例）
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not only...but also...、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。  
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。      
考向二 语意猜测题
 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to…或what does the underlined word mean? 或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。      
考向三 主旨大意题
    说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。  
考向四 判断推理题  
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the author’s attitude towards ...? 等。
五、说明文的解题技巧（以阅读理解为例）
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to _________.
A. free from anxiety B. anxious C. nervous D. happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。
2. 根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
4. 通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5. 通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1. 根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semi-conscious, for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2. 根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
名校资源学练
1
（2023·广东惠州·高三统考期末）The Roman Colosseum was built almost two thousand years ago. Despite its age and a 14th century earthquake that knocked down the south side, most of the 150-some foot building is still standing. Scientists and engineers have long suspected a key to the building’s durability (使用年限) is the use of a specific Roman concrete. But exactly how this solid concrete has contributed to the architecture’s strength has been a mystery to researchers across the globe.
A team of researchers recently discovered a potential answer to why these ancient Roman buildings have been able to weather the test of time while many modern concrete structures seem to fall apart after a few decades. The answer is self-healing concrete.
The material has three components: limestone (石灰石), volcanic material and water. What the researchers found was that the self-healing feature might be simply caused by chemistry accidentally. The limestone in the concrete is likely the secret.
When the ancient Romans made mortar (灰浆), they heated up the lime to turn it into a substance called “quicklime”. And, because they introduced water to the quicklime during mixing, the heat it produced set up a chemical foundation that could strengthen the concrete later. When tiny cracks start to form later, the quicklime stops them from becoming bigger. When it rains, the lime reacts with the water to recombine as various forms of calcium carbonate (碳酸钙), quickly filling the crack or reacting with the volcanic ash to “heal” the material.
For materials scientist Ainissa Ramirez, this new understanding of ancient Roman concrete is a welcome discovery. “This is one way that the material can be more environmentally friendly,” says Ramirez. “It’s sort of like a message in a bottle. The Romans made the material. We had to kind of figure out how they did it so that we can make better materials — and then, you know, in turn, be better protectors of our environment.”
1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?
A. The secret of Roman concrete has been revealed.
B. The Roman Colosseum was built in the 14th century.
C. The whole Roman Colosseum survived the earthquake.
D. Roman concrete is essential to the architecture’s strength.
2. What does the underlined word “weather” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Take. B. Stand. C. Avoid. D. Fail.
3. What do we know about the self-healing process?
A. The lime itself could fill the crack later.
B. The quicklime should be made on rainy days.
C. The chemical foundation could weaken the concrete.
D. Combining water and quicklime would produce heat.
4. What can be inferred from Ramirez’s words?
A. People can be inspired to make greener materials.
B. The secret of Roman concrete is hidden in a bottle.
C. Roman concrete has greatly improved the environment.
D. Roman concrete is popular in making modern architecture.
2
（2023·重庆渝北·高三重庆市渝北中学校校考阶段练习）In summer the extreme heat often makes people sweaty and restless. While people are annoyed by it, experts suggest summer is the best season to release your body’s toxins (毒素) and recover your energy.
One popular option is hot-stone massage (按摩). Therapists use smooth and heated stones, usually river rocks, to massage certain parts of the body, or place them on key points of the body. The warmth of the hot stones will improve blood circulation and also help relax muscles, while sweating is also believed to be good for releasing the body’s toxins.
Another popular option is hot-stone baths. The hot-stone bath will help the body release toxins and humidity that accumulated during the last winter. Summer is the best season to build a good body. Rather than use water or steam to heat and wash the body, people simply wear a coat or something comfortable, and then lie on heated stone tablets, which are warmed to around 45℃. The body will gradually warm up and blood circulation will also be improved. More sweat will come out quickly. The sweat is smooth and fresh, not smelly like that released after sports activities. Such baths bring a number of health benefits, such as anti-aging, improved blood circulation and stress relief. The slimming effect of dieting can even be promoted.
Using hot stones for healing dates back to ancient times, but the modern renewal of hot-stone massage is generally thanks to Mary Nelson, a native of Tucson, Arizona, America, whose trademark is “LaStone Therapy”.
The therapy (疗法) is gaining wide popularity with many people, especially those who have jobs in cool air-conditioned rooms. The hot-stone therapy can help cure many diseases, including back pain.
5. What do people use to release toxins in our body according to the text?
A. Relaxing muscles. B. Releasing lots of sweat.
C. Lying on the warm beds. D. Washing the body with cold water.
6. What can we know from the text?
A. There are no toxins and humidity in the body in summer.
B. Sports have greater effects on the health than hot-stone massage.
C. People should take advantage of summer to improve their health.
D. Using water of about 45℃ to wash the body is good for the health.
7. What can be learned about the hot-stone therapy?
A. It successfully cured many people of cancer.
B. It was invented by Mary Nelson, an American.
C. It can help people avoid sweating too much in summer.
D. It is quite popular with people with its excellent effects.
8. Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
A. How to live comfortably in hot summer
B. Massage: A healthy and comfortable lifestyle
C. The amazing functions of the hot-stone therapy
D. The origin and development of the hot-stone therapy
3
（2023·广东珠海·高三珠海市第一中学校考阶段练习）Ever wonder how this season’s celebrations affect the environment? Guest blogger Krista Fairles takes an amusing look at this very topic.
The holidays are a wonderful, cheerful time when most people wait for Santa to bring them presents. But I’m not like most people. I spend my time wondering just what the environmental impacts of Santa Claus and his reindeer are, and more importantly, how I can calculate those impacts.
Lately I’ve been particularly curious as to whether Santa’s old sled is a clean green flying machine, or if he should be replacing his 8 reindeer with an environmentally-friendly car.
I should mention that, surprisingly, I was unable to find statistics specific to Santa’s magical flying reindeer, so these calculations use numbers from various sources and may not represent actual pollution caused by Santa and his animals. In other words, don’t complain to the govenment about the damage Santa is causing the environment based on this article.
Santa’s yearly trip around the globe is 44,000km long, twice the average of a North American driver. If we assume that the magic provides the altitude for this trip, then reindeer power only needs to push Santa’s sled forward. To complete the trip in 12 hours, I estimate they must travel at a speed of about 3100 km/h. To travel at this speed, for this length of time, the reindeer need to eat an incredible 980 million calories each!
So the next question is: how much food is in 980 million calories? Well, if they’re eating corn, they’d need to eat 16, 500 lbs each-or 1.6 acres of food. Growing 12.8 acres of corn has its own implications for the environment that we’ll leave for another calculation.
We now need to consider that during the global trip the reindeer are “letting out” some of that corn in the form of methane. A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons. With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO2, and the altitude increasing that damage by 1000% that another 20 times, we can put Santa’s round-trip emissions at 15,488 tons. This is much more than the 100 tons an environmentally-friendly car would release on the same trip!
Bad Santa.
9. According to Paragraph 6, how many acres of corn would Santa need to feed 10 reindeer?
A. 1.6. B. 16. C. 12.8. D. 128.
10. Which of the following statements would the writer most probably agree with?
A. Christmas celebrations are really a waste of money.
B. Vegetarians are more likely to survive than meat-eaters.
C. Raising animals has a negative influence on environment.
D. The car industry does less harm to environment than farming.
11. Which of the following words best describes the language style of the passage?
A. Serious and boring. B. Cheerful and friendly.
C. Academic and formal. D. Humorous and concerned.
12. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A. Is Santa driving clean and green?
B. Santa, watch where you’re going!
C. Santa Claus is coming to town!
D. Let’s reduce waste on Christmas celebrations!
4
（2023·青海西宁·统考二模）Pickled sides are Chinese people’s solution to tasteless food. Just a spoonful of sauce or pickled vegetables over rice can make a meal taste a million times better.
During busy work schedules, many young people in China don’t have the luxury of enjoying insightful conversations with friends and family at the dinner table. Instead, they find themselves eating alone.
Chinese youth are kept company during these 20-to-30-minute windows by TV shows or short videos, which they stream on their phone, tablet, or television. On the Internet, such content has been called “digital pickled vegetables”.
Some popular picks include classic Chinese dramas and situation comedies (sitcoms) like Empresses in the Palace and My Own Swordsman. American sitcoms such as Friends and How I Met Your Mother are also favored for their amusing jokes and simple story lines. You don’t need to know anything about either to get a good laugh from a random episode.
Some have questioned the value of such videos, pointing out that some explainers ruin good films and books and that no-brainer mini-series aren’t informational. On the other hand, we see nothing wrong with some harmless fun to accompany a lonely meal after a long day of work. Instead of being accompanied by friends and family during meal my young people in China are kept company by TV shows or short videos.
Can this habit affect your diet? According to a research paper published in 2019, you may eat more unconsciously. An international research team asked 62 volunteers to follow different eating patterns on four different days. The patterns included eating while looking at the mobile phone, reading magazines and without distraction (分心). After analyzing their diets, the team discovered that eating with a distraction increased intake of calories by about 15 percent.
To explore the reason, the team also invited two groups of people: one group ate while listening to a recording about another person eating and the other listened to a clip that helped them imagine themselves eating. The results showed that the second group ate less since they were more focused on their meals. When eating with the “digital pickles”, our attention can be distracted, which leads to eating more than expected.
13. Why do many Chinese young people eat alone?
A. They hate to share food with workmates. B. They fail to have the luxury of dining space.
C. They tend to have busy work timetables. D. They prefer not to talk with strangers.
14. What do the underlined words “digital pickled vegetables” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Videos you watch while eating. B. Sauce you choose while eating.
C. Vegetables you like while eating. D. Games you play while eating.
15. Why do we eat more with “digital pickles”?
A. They increase our feeling of hunger. B. They make the food more delicious.
C. They draw our attention to the diet. D. They shift our attention from the meals.
5
（2023·河南开封·统考三模）Facing the growing digital economy and new positions incubated (孵化) in the sector such as deliverymen and live-streaming hosts, young people, especially those born after 2000, are expressing a stronger willingness for flexible work relations with companies, and also wish to become “digital workers” with flexible work locations and schedules.
A report from Peking University’s National School of Development released on Wednesday said that nearly 66 percent of surveyed employees born after 2000 prefer to work from home. The number is higher than surveyed people born after 1970, with about 54. 4 percent of them preferring the new way.
“The Internet can do anything for me. I check emails from my clients and submit my proposals through WeChat, then we discuss plans via teleconference. I love working from home actually,” said Mi Lu, a 28-year-old new media operator in Beijing. “It’s a much more convenient and cooler thing. We work everywhere, perhaps in a cafe, or on a bullet train or even on the table of a restaurant.”
Hu Jiayin, an associate professor in Peking University’s National School of Development, concluded that their survey shows that young people desire freedom in their jobs, but also wish for stability in their careers because of uncertainties brought by the fast-changing digital economy.
“But the development of the digital economy also brings great uncertainties and a sense of insecurity to the working population, so we’ve found some interesting things during our surveys that over 30 percent of job seekers we’ve surveyed wish to have a stable job at state-owned companies,” she added.
Li Qiang, vice-president of Zhaopin, said that the greatest risk to those seeking flexible work is whether the company pays the salary fully and on time. “It’s necessary for job seekers to set up a long-term development plan, rather than be shortsighted.” He added that companies may bear risks that flexible employees can’t deliver high-quality work in a limited time period, which requires the companies to establish a sound work delivery standard to help evaluate employee performance.
16. What attracts the young people to become “digital workers”?
A. The increasing network security. B. The convenient transportation.
C. The flexible working style. D. The bright prospects.
17. What do we know about Hu Jiayin’s conclusion?
A. Digital economy is interesting and promising.
B. Young people pay little attention to instability in working.
C. 30% of surveyed job seekers desire to work in government agencies.
D. The development of digital economy is a double-edged sword for job seekers.
18. What does Li Qiang mean in the last paragraph?
A. Job seekers lack ambitions. B. Employers are shortsighted.
C. Some companies require working overtime. D. Flexible work conditions needs improving.
19. What is the author’s attitude to the topic of the text?
A. Favorable. B. Objective. C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
6
（2023·辽宁锦州·渤海大学附属高级中学校考模拟预测）New research suggests that a gene that governs the body’s biological (circadian) clock acts differently in males versus females and may protect females from heart disease. The study is the first to analyse circadian blood pressure rhythms(节奏)in female mice.
The body’s circadian clock-the biological clock that organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period—contributes to normal variations in blood pressure and heart function over the course of the day. In most healthy humans, blood pressure dips(下降)at night. People who do not experience this temporary drop, called “non-dippers”, are more likely to develop heart disease. The circadian clock is made up of four main proteins (encoded by “clock genes”) that regulate close to half of all genes in the body, including those important for blood pressure regulation.
Previous research has shown that male mice that are missing one of the four clock genes (PER1) become non-dippers and have a higher risk for heart and kidney disease. A research team studied the circadian response and blood pressure of female mice that lack PERI and compared them with a healthy female control group. On both low-and high-salt diets, both groups “kept an apparent circadian rhythm” of blood pressure, the researchers explained. Unlike the male mice in previous research, the females without PERI showed normal dips in blood pressure overnight.
These results suggest that the lack of PER1 acts differently in males and females. The findings are consistent with research showing that women are less likely to be non-dippers than men of the same age. “This study represents an important step in understanding sex differences in the regulation of cardiovascular(心血管的)function by the circadian clock,” the researchers wrote.
20. What does the new research find?
A. Biological clock may protect males from heart disease.
B. Biological blood pressure rhythms in female mice act normally.
C. Biological clock organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period.
D. A gene controlling biological clock works differently between sexes.
21. What role can circadian clock play according to the text?
A. Helping males cure heart disease.
B. Helping blood pressure vary normally.
C. Contributing to abnormal variations in blood pressure.
D. Making up four main proteins regulating almost half of all genes.
22. The lack of PRRI ______
A. has the same impact on males and females
B. makes no difference to males
C. does harm to male’s health
D. is more likely to affect female’s health
23. What would be a suitable title for the text?
A. One clock gene is important
B. Women may benefit from body clock
C. New study analyses blood pressure rhythms
D. Blood pressure of healthy humans dips at night
7
（2023·广东广州·广州六中校考三模）History is written, read, told — but rarely ever is it smelled.
Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers(调香师)and museums for a unique project: to reveal what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries. A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes. But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago? As part of this three-year-long project called “Odeuropa”, the researchers want to find all the old scents(气味)of Europe — and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape: from the dry tobacco scents to the smelly canals.
To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence (AI) that will be trained to go through historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of scents. The AI will also be trained to detect images of objects in the texts that might be scented. The team will then use this information to create an online encyclopedia(百科全书)of smells from Europe’s past.
The encyclopedia will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and related practices, according to project leader Angela Lee. “This database will become a library for the smell heritage of Europe, enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.” The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important.
The researchers will then work with chemists and perfume makers to recreate past smells and figure out how to display the smells in museums and other historical sites. With current technology, almost every scent can be produced. “The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents, because people haven’t always talked or written about them,” Lee said.
Scent plays a central role in our everyday life, even acting as a powerful time machine into our own past with its ability to activate long-forgotten memories. But it’s also a key tool in telling the stories of others. “Scent gives us access to the past in a much more direct and emotional way than language and images,” Lee said.
24. Why did the researchers start the “Odeuropa” project?
A. To rebuild a historical European street.
B. To make perfumes of traditional scents.
C. To find and recreate the smells of Europe.
D. To reproduce the scented past of Europe.
25. What will the AI do in the project?
A. Collect smell-related data.
B. Write interesting stories behind smells.
C. Detect objects by smell.
D. Describe smells in different languages.
26. Which of the following is the biggest challenge the project faces?
A. Scents of the past are hard to keep.
B. Records of scents are rarely found.
C. Technology to reproduce scents is poor.
D. Display of smells in museums costs a lot.
27. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The application of past scents.
B. The effect of scents on memory.
C. The role of scent in story-telling.
D. The value of understanding scent.
8
（2023·河北·校联考三模）Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have become extremely powerful, surprising even their creators. Most people have probably read a book or seen a movie about an AI or robot that has become so smart that it can take over the world. The AI in stories like these is known as AGI or Artificial General Intelligence. True AGI would be intelligent in many different areas and would be able to learn on its own. Currently, there is no real AGI. Most experts believe it will be many years before an AGI could possibly be created.
Scientists have been working to improve AI models, mainly by training the models on larger and larger collections of information. Those efforts are paying off. The AI tool that has gotten the most attention recently is ChatGPT, created by the company Open AI. ChatGPT appears to be extremely intelligent, which answers quickly in perfect sentences, makes up stories and games, writes essays and much more. Another powerful model called GPT-4 is also developed by the same company. GPT-4 can create and explain jokes, and pass tests.
The rapid progress of recent A I models worries some people. Last week, many computer experts released a letter calling for a six-month pause in any work on AI tools stronger than GPT-4.
The letter claimed AI companies were in a race to create “powerful digital minds” that no one could “understand, predictor control”. The group behind the letter wants government s to develop laws to make sure A I tools are safe. Not all AI experts agree with the letter. Some say the letter makes today’s AI tools sound more intelligent than they really are. Others say it’s more important to worry about real problems in current AI tools rather than imaginary ones in the future.
ChatGPT has caused so much excitement that many companies are likely to keep developing powerful AI tools. But the letter has sent a strong warming that many people—including leaders—will be thinking about carefully.
28. Why are the book and movie mentioned in Paragraph 1?
A. To show the surprising power of AI.
B. To clarify AI will take over the world.
C. To state the threat of A I to its creators.
D. To indicate an AI or robot is smart enough.
29. What can be inferred about ChatGPT from Paragraph 2?
A. It offers practical instructions on essay-writing skills.
B. It trains AI models on how to present information.
C. It has difficulty in understanding jokes.
D. It produces perfect language response.
30. What’s the letter’s attitude to Chat GPT?
A. In different. B. Favorable. C. Concerned. D. Disappointed.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. Why AI tools are beneficial to us.
B. Why AI tools are accessible to the public.
C. Whether AI tools are having a bright future.
D. Whether AI tools are becoming too powerful.
9
（2023·甘肃酒泉·统考三模）A diverse crowd of several hundred people queued up in front of the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco on Thursday morning for a ceremony that meant more to them than just the issue of a popular postage stamp.
The United States Postal Service’s launch of a special stamp for the Year of the Rabbit has come to symbolize more than just a collectors’ item for many. “We constantly talk about celebrations of our diversity as strengths,” San Francisco Mayor London Breed said at thestamp’s launch. “The Lunar New Year represents thousands of years of history. It is the time to promote this (Asian) community in such an extraordinary way.” Breed emphasized that San Francisco is a place where discrimination(歧视)against Asians is unacceptable.
Inspired by decorated masks used in dragon and lion dances, USPS art director Antonio Alcala worked on the beautiful rabbit stamp design with artist Camille Chew.
Jay Xu, director of the Asian Art Museum, said the Lunar New Year celebrations and the stamp launch all reflect the recognition of “our community’s fine integrity(正直)and essentialism” to the United States. “It enables us to tell more stories—our past, our presentand our future,” said Xu, adding that people could strike up a conversation through the collection of artifacts(历史文物)such as stamps. “Stamps can go everywhere and can define friendship between different countries and cultures. This stamp is for all. The Lunar New Year is for all.”
Derek Kan, a member of the USPS board of governors, said, “For more than three decades, USPS has issued stamps highlighting the Lunar New Year, and they are some of the most successful stamp releases in our history.”
Chloe Chan, a second-generation Chinese immigrant, said the rabbit stamp is very “artistic” and worthy of her long wait in line. She has collected every stamp the USPS has issued for the Chinese New Year celebration. Chan is hopeful that her children and grandchildren will observe the Lunar New Year the same way she does, with housecleaning, holiday decorations, rituals(礼仪)and food to honor family roots and the Chinese culture.
The USPS issued its first Chinese New Year stamp for the Year of the Rooster on Dec. 30, 1992.
32. Who expects that her or his later generations will celebrate the Lunar New Year?
A. Chloe Chan. B. Jay Xu.
C. Derek Kan. D. London Breed.
33. How did Antonio Alcala get the inspiration to design the stamp?
A. He observed a lot of rabbits raised on a farm.
B. He looked through a collection of Asian artifacts.
C. He took notice of the masks used in some dances.
D. He sought for opinions from the Asian community.
34. Which can replace the underlined word “highlighting” in paragraph 5?
A. Requesting. B. Scheduling.
C. Emphasizing. D. Monitoring.
35. What is a suitable title for the news report?
A. USPS keeps issuing stamps highlighting Lunar New Year
B. Artistic rabbit stamp worthy of being displayed
C. Stamp goes everywhere and defines friendship
D. Rabbit stamp symbolizes culture bond
10
（2023·吉林长春·东北师大附中校考模拟预测）We are constantly advised to stop smoking, eat more fruit and vegetables and cut our weight, which would help save us from cancer, but may seem too hard to do. And now we have a once-a-day pill that can greatly reduce the risk—in the case of gastrointestinal (胃肠的) cancer by over 50%.
And yet the coverage has been relatively controlled, the excitement level low. While the BBCs Today program led its news with the story, the newspapers failed to run it on the front pages.
Why?
Familiarity leads to contempt (蔑视), they say. We already know aspirin (阿司匹林) can help prevent heart attacks and stroke. People may feel they have heard it before. The same Oxford team has also already published its findings on colorectal cancer (结直肠癌),where regular aspirin use cut deaths by a third.
Nonetheless, this comprehensive assessment across many deadly cancers has not been seen before. In fact, it is really extraordinary. If one of the major medical companies had invented this pill, it would have been launched on a massive scale and for huge media promotion. The result? A high price tag!
The trouble with aspirin is that it’s cheap. There is no profit to be made. The researchers, Professor Peter Rothwell from Oxford University and colleagues, received no medical funding. Rothwell and Professor Peter Elwood, a well-known medical scientist who has long had an interest in aspirin only gave a briefing at the Science Media Centre in London. And that’s it.
Rothwell and Elwood, two doctors, fought shy of urging people to buy aspirin. There are risks of stomach bleeding—although far outweighed by the benefits. But, they said, it should not be for the researchers to give advice.
So who will? We will have to wait for official guidelines from the likes of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK. But, as Rothwell and Elwood said, people can examine the evidence for themselves. So it will be interesting to see whether a single scientific paper can spark a grassroots health revolution.
36. What can we learn about aspirin from the text?
A. It is sold at a high price.
B. It has many serious side effects.
C. It is strongly advocated by doctors.
D. It has effect on gastrointestinal cancer.
37. What can be inferred from the text?
A. Doctors are asked not to give advice on medicines.
B. Major medical companies don’t produce cheap pills.
C. Researchers should give guidelines on medicine choosing.
D. Aspirin is seldom recommended for its low price and profit.
38. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of the pill?
A. Optimistic. B. Confident. C. Uncertain. D. Unconcerned.
39. What is the best title for the text?
A. The Pill That Prevents Cancer.
B. Study That Starts A Revolution.
C. Advice That Reduces Cancer Risks.
D. The Company That Produces Cheap Pills.
11
（2023·四川巴中·统考一模）Most of us learn how to ride ai bike during childhood. As we grow older, we put those once beloved bikes in storerooms. Years later, when we discover these relics and jump on, it’s as if we never stopped biking.
This is surprising because our memories let us down in so many other situations. For example, we always fail to remember the name of a person we once knew or where we put our keys. So why can we ride a bicycle when we haven’t done so in years?
As it turns out, humans have different kinds of memories. Our long-term memory is divided into two types: declarative memory (陈述性记忆) and procedural memory.
There are two types of declarative memory. The first type is our memory of an event that happened. It can be the day we started school or a pleasant outing. Factual knowledge, on the other hand, such as the capital of France, belongs to the second type. These two types have one thing in common-you are aware of the knowledge and can communicate the memories to others.
Skills such as playing an instrument or riding a bicycle are, however, fixed in a separate system, called procedural memory. As its name shows, this type of memory is responsible for performance.
So is procedural knowledge more enduring than declarative knowledge? Yes, studies show the former is less likely to be lost. Even with serious brain injury, the procedural memory system is hardly ever damaged. That’s because structures responsible for processing it are relatively protected in the brain’s center.
However, it’s not clear, beyond brain damage, why procedural memory contents are not as easily forgotten as declarative ones are. According to one idea, in the regions where movement patterns are made, fewer new nerve cells (神经细胞) may be formed in adults. Without big changes. It’s less likely for memories in these regions to get erased.
So, one thing we know for sure is simple patterns of movements we get, even far in the past, are typically kept for a lifetime. Or as the saying goes, it’s “just like riding a bicycle”
40. Which of the following are declarative knowledge?
①A poem. ② Swimming. ③ A meeting. ④Running.
A. ①② B. ②④
C. ①③ D. ②③
41. What does “enduring” underlined in Para. 6 mean?
A. Continuing for a very long time.
B. Having a very great influence.
C. Helping people in some way.
D. Being difficult to keep.
42. Why are movement patterns less likely to disappear according to Para. 7?
A. They are kept in a region without great changes.
B. They are kept in a region that can’t be damaged.
C. They are easier than other knowledge.
D. They are practiced more often.
43. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Skills of an outstanding rider
B. Different types of human memory
C. Why don’t we forget how to ride a bike?
D. How can we make memories last longer?
12
（2023春·河北沧州·高三校考阶段练习）There are all electric cars, boats, trains, and small planes that are a sustainable way to travel. Larger airplanes have not been able to make the transition because the lithium-ion (锂离子的) batteries are too heavy and not strong enough to provide the power for the airplane to take-off.
NASA is working on a new innovative solid-state battery that can be used by the aviation(航空) industry. The batteries, called Solid-state Architecture Batteries for Enhanced Recharge ability and Safety (SABERS) do not suffer from any of the limitations of lithium-ion batteries and can outperform the batteries that are available now.
The solid-state batteries that NASA researchers are working on carry more energy, and are considerably lighter, and much safer to use. That’s because solid-state batteries do not contain liquids which can lead to overheating, fires, and charge loss.
Battery performance is the key to making aviation sustainable and practical. The batteries must be able to store large amounts of energy without being too heavy. And the battery must be able to rapidly release that energy. That’s where solid-state technology comes in.
Liquid batteries require each cell to be inside its own steel casing. Solid-state batteries can be stacked in a single casing and that reduces the weight. The battery can also run at much higher temperatures that require much less cooling. All of this makes NASA’s new battery very promising.
Now that NASA has demonstrated the new battery’s properties, the agency is looking at all its potential uses. SABERS is cooperating with researchers from Georgia Tech. “Georgia Tech has a big focus on micro mechanics of how the cell changes during operation. That helped us look at the pressures inside the battery, which then helped us improve the battery even more,” Viggiano said in the news release. “It also led us to understand from a practical standpoint how to make a cell like this.”
He added that SABERS has grown from an idea discussed around a lunch table to a possible solution for sustainable aeronautics (航空学). A fully electric airplane is more likely to appear on the market.
44. Why are electric transports mentioned in paragraph 1?
A. To present their advantages. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To compare their batteries. D. To praise their sustainable transportation.
45. What can we infer about liquid batteries?
A. They are lighter than solid-state batteries.
B. All electric transports are making using of them.
C. They can stand over-heated conditions.
D. Each cell has a separate steel case.
46. Which of the following statements might Viggiano agree with?
A. The new battery has come into use.
B. Georgia Tech is a helpful partner.
C. Georgia Tech invested a lot of money.
D. The new battery’s properties are hard to understand.
47. In which section of a newspaper can we read the text?
A. Technology. B. Education.
C. Culture. D. Lifestyle.
13
（2023·重庆·统考三模）While rice and wheat are the two most commonly consumed grains worldwide, a study covering more than 100, 000 people has revealed that choosing rice as a staple (主要的) food may result in a lower risk of obesity (肥胖).
Researchers collected data from participants aged 35 to 74. The participants responded to questionnaires via face-to-face interviews, providing information about their medical history and lifestyle, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, dietary status and physical activity. The researchers divided them into three groups according to their weekly rice and wheat intake. The first group eats rice as their staple food, consuming it either daily or four to six times per week. The second group’s staple food is wheat, and the third group consumes both rice and wheat as their staple food, with similar frequency.
The results show that rice preference may be associated with a lower risk of certain obesity types and that higher wheat intake was associated with higher risks of excessive body fat in men and women. However, when wheat lovers changed their staple food to rice five times per week, the participants showed a 36.5 percent lower risk of obesity in men and a 20.5 percent lower risk in women.
According to the researchers, wheat flour absorbs less water than rice when cooked, partly resulting in a higher energy density of wheat than rice. Meanwhile, rice-based dietary patterns often have more fresh vegetables, legumes, meat and fish servings. People with wheat preference tend to eat large bowls of noodles with fewer vegetables or less meat, and sometimes even with a large amount of oil.
The researchers concluded that compared with a preference for wheat, a preference for rice, or changing from wheat to rice could be associated with lower risks of overall fat accumulation, especially for individuals with normal weight. They also noted that given the vast territory and diverse ethnic groups, further studies may be necessary to fully understand the regional specificity and potential reasons for the observed links.
48. How did the researchers arrange the subjects?
A. By the age.
B. By the gender.
C. By their territory.
D. By their staple food.
49. What can be inferred from the results?
A. We can take in as much rice as possible.
B. Wheat intake makes people fat and unhealthy.
C. Obesity risk can get lower with the shift of staple food.
D. Women are easier to get fat by consuming too much wheat.
50. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. How people cook their means.
B. What people should eat for their health.
C. Why people easily get fat by intake of wheat.
D. What ingredients should be included in the diet.
51. What can we learn about the results of the research from the last paragraph?
A. More studies should be done to better understand the connection.
B. People from different places have different preferences for food.
C. Overweight people shouldn’t eat any wheat food.
D. People with normal weight won’t gain fat again.
14
（2023·河北衡水·衡水市第二中学校考三模）The average chicken will live for anywhere from three to seven years. That is mostly because there are so many different kinds of chickens living under a wide range of conditions.
In humans’ ongoing exploration to satisfy our desires for chicken noodle soup, wings, and legs, scientists have had to re-engineer the food chicken. In just 70 years, we’ve managed to build a brand-new chicken. It’s a bird with feet that never leave the ground, wings that scarcely shake, and stomaches that only grow bigger. It’s the hybrid ( 杂 交的) hen — perhaps the world’s first purpose-built animal.
As a result, the modern broiler chicken has a life expectancy of around seven weeks. Because that’s about when we like to eat them. Egg-laying chickens have similarly shortened lives. In contrast, what’s known as a heritage hen is similar to the chicken your grandmother may have had. They’re often kept in backyards, where there isn’t such an urgency to maximize egg production. Nature alone influences their genes, and thus heritage hens can live about eight years.
Although the variety is a pretty crucial factor, there is another issue that affects how long a chicken will live. Chickens get diseases, too. For instance, fowl cholera (禽霍乱) goes mostly for a chicken’s organs and joints. It can bring about sudden death in affected birds. Hens don’t have to stress out quite so much, as the disease is known to affect roosters more often than hens. Another life-shortening disease is salmonellosis (沙门氏菌病), a bacterial disease affecting young chickens. In itself, it may not directly kill a chicken. But since humans are sensitive to salmonella-infected meat and eggs, an outbreak could result in a massive killing at its source.
There are a lot of people trying to keep chickens safe. Additives in food, particularly those that strengthen the immune system, and vaccinations may play an important role in keeping a chicken around longer. But it’s also important to keep a chicken healthy, happy, and sheltered.
52. Why did scientists re-engineer chicken genes?
A. To make chickens healthier.
B. To make chickens live longer.
C. To meet human’s demand for chicken.
D. To improve the appearance of chickens.
53. What can we learn about the heritage hens from paragraph 3?
A. They live longer than hybrid hens.
B. They are more popular with customers.
C. They are usually raised by Grandmothers.
D. They won’t be eaten until after their death.
54. What may happen to a salmonella-infected chicken?
A. It may be killed. B. It will be separated.
C. Its organs will be hurt. D. It won’t affect humans.
55. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. Some Troubles as a Chicken B. Hybrid vs Heritage Hens
C. How Long Do Chickens Live? D. Want a Chicken to Lead a Long Life?
15
（2023·福建福州·福建省福州第一中学校考一模）Stéphanie Frappart made history on Thursday as the first woman to referee (裁判) a men’s World Cup match. Alongside assistants Neuza Back from Brazil and Karen Diaz from Mexico, the Frenchwoman was part of an all-female refereeing trio officiating Costa Rica vs. Germany in their Group E match.
Throughout her career, Frappart has achieved a seemingly endless series of firsts. In April 2019, she became the first female referee to take charge of a Ligue 1 match, in August 2019, the first to take charge of a major men’s European match, and in 2020, the first to officiate a men’s UEFA Champions League match.
At the World Cup,a referee might make 245 decisions in a single game, Sky Sports estimates, and if just one is wrong, it will be analyzed in microscopic detail.
It could alter the course of a game, or even a team’s World Cup-denying it a title or ensuring it progresses no further in the tournament. “When you make a mistake, it’s more important than if a player makes a mistake-there are more consequences for the teams,” Frappart says. “It’s also easy to say that it’s the fault of the referee and not the fault of our team when you lose.”
Inevitably, female referees are carefully examined, as they straddle (跨越) two traditionally male-dominated fields: football and leadership. “There are many questions involved if she’s there because she’s a woman.” Frappart recalls when she made her debut in Ligue. “It’s not only in football. I think in every job when you’re a woman you need to prove that you have the quality and after that they let you continue.” But as Frappart refereed more matches, the stance towards her gradually changed. “Now, it’s not a question of gender. It’s now only a question about competencies.”
With women refereeing, the matches at the Qatar World Cup broadcast to huge audiences worldwide. Frappart knew it encouraged more women to pick up a whistle and take more and more responsibility. “So if you have more female referees on the TV perhaps it might make it easier for women to say: ‘OK, this is possible.’”
56. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A. Frappart’s life experience. B. Frappart’s achievements.
C. Frappart’s contributions. D. Frappart’s habits.
57. Which of the following words can best describe Frappart’s job as a referee?
A. Creative and rewarding. B. Challenging but inspiring.
C. Difficult and meaningless. D. Easy but troublesome.
58. The underlined words “made her debut ” in paragraph 5 means _______ .
A. made a speech B. made full preparations
C. made her first appearance D. made a living
59. What can we learn about Frappart?
A. The Qatar World Cup drew huge audiences for women refereeing.
B. It’s easy to put the blame for teams’failures on referees.
C. Frappart impressed the world with competencies in her first match.
D. In August 2019, Frappart was the first female referee in a Ligue 1 match.

参考答案
1
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家一直很好奇古罗马的混凝土结构为何可以很好地提高建筑强度，最近研究人员发现了一个可能的答案：这种混凝土具有自我修复的功能。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“But exactly how this solid concrete has contributed to the architecture’s strength has been a mystery to researchers across the globe.(但对于全球的研究人员来说，这种固体混凝土究竟是如何提高建筑强度的，一直是个谜)”可知，古罗马混凝土对建筑的强度至关重要。故选D项。
2. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“A team of researchers recently discovered a potential answer to why these ancient Roman buildings have been able to weather the test of time while many modern concrete structures seem to fall apart after a few decades.(一个团队的研究人员最近发现了一个可能的答案，为什么这些古罗马建筑能够weather时间的考验，而许多现代混凝土结构似乎在几十年后就会分崩离析)”可知，古罗马建筑和很快就会分崩离析的许多现代混凝土结构不同。由此推知，古罗马建筑可以很久不崩塌，经得住时间的考验。因此，划线词weather意为“经受住”，与stand意思一致。故选B项。
3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“And, because they introduced water to the quicklime during mixing, the heat it produced set up a chemical foundation that could strengthen the concrete later.(而且，由于他们在搅拌过程中向生石灰中引入了水，它产生的热量建立了一种化学基础，可以在以后加强混凝土)”可知，混合水和生石灰会产生热量。故选D项。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Ramirez的话“The Romans made the material. We had to kind of figure out how they did it so that we can make better materials — and then, you know, in turn, be better protectors of our environment.(罗马人制造了这种材料。我们必须弄清楚他们是如何做到的，这样我们才能制造出更好的材料，然后，你知道，反过来，更好地保护我们的环境)”可推知，我们可以从罗马人制作的这种混凝土材料中汲取灵感，去制作对环境友好的材料。故选A项。
2
5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了有利于人们排毒的热石按摩和热石浴。
5. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“while sweating is also believed to be good for releasing the body’s toxins”（而出汗也被认为有利于释放身体的毒素）可知，人通过大量出汗来释放体内的毒素。故选B项。
6. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“While people are annoyed by it, experts suggest summer is the best season to release your body’s toxins (毒素) and recover your energy.”（虽然人们对此很恼火，但专家建议，夏天是释放身体毒素、恢复精力的最佳季节。）可知，人们应该利用夏天来改善他们的健康。故选C项。
7. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The therapy (疗法) is gaining wide popularity with many people, especially those who have jobs in cool air-conditioned rooms. The hot-stone therapy can help cure many diseases, including back pain.”（这种疗法正受到许多人的广泛欢迎，尤其是那些在凉爽的空调房里工作的人。热石疗法可以帮助治疗许多疾病，包括背痛。）可知，热石疗法因其优异的疗效深受人们的欢迎。故选D项。
8. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了热石疗法及其神奇功效，夏天使用此疗法可使身体保持健康。因此，C项“热石疗法的神奇功效”符合文章大意，适合作为标题。故选C项。
3
9. B 10. C 11. D 12. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。假期是一个美妙的，令人愉快的时候，大多数人等待圣诞老人给他们带来礼物。但是Krista Fairles以一种有趣的方式看待这个话题，他通过一系列的数字列举来分析了圣诞老人乘坐他的驯鹿派发圣诞礼物会对环境造成破坏。
9. 细节理解题。根据第六段的“Well, if they’re eating corn, they’d need to eat 16, 500 lbs each-or 1.6 acres of food.(好吧，如果它们吃玉米，每头驯鹿需要吃16,500磅——或1.6英亩的食物)”可知，每头驯鹿需要吃1.6英亩的玉米。圣诞老人需要16英亩的玉米来喂养10头驯鹿。故选B。
10. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“We now need to consider that during the global trip the reindeer are “letting out” some of that corn in the form of methane. A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons. With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO2, and the altitude increasing that damage by 1000% that another 20 times, we can put Santa’s round-trip emissions at 15,488 tons. This is much more than the 100 tons an environmentally-friendly car would release on the same trip!(我们现在需要考虑的是，在全球旅行中，驯鹿以甲烷的形式“释放”了一些玉米。一头休息的牛每年会产生110公斤的甲烷，那么每头会飞的驯鹿每年会释放大约4.8吨甲烷。甲烷对全球变暖造成的危害是二氧化碳的20倍，而海拔高度将其危害增加1000%，再增加20倍，我们可以把圣诞老人的往返排放量增加到15488吨。这比一辆环保汽车在同样的旅程中释放的100吨要多得多！)”推知，作者认为养动物对环境有负面影响，因为会产生大量的温室气体——甲烷。故选C。
11. 推理判断题。作者在第二至四段中用了幽默的语言指出了圣诞老人乘坐驯鹿派发圣诞礼物会对环境造成破坏，而根据第五段中“To travel at this speed, for this length of time, the reindeer need to eat an incredible 980 million calories each! (要以这样的速度，在这么长的时间里，每只驯鹿需要吃下令人难以置信的9.8亿卡路里!)”，以及第七段中“A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO2.(一头休息的牛每年会产生110公斤的甲烷，那么每头会飞的驯鹿每年会释放大约4.8吨甲烷。甲烷对全球变暖造成的危害是二氧化碳的20倍)”列举的数字可以看出作者对此感到担忧，即这篇文章的语言风格是幽默且担忧的。故选D。
12. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Lately I’ve been particularly curious as to whether Santa’s old sled is a clean green flying machine, or if he should be replacing his 8 reindeer with an environmentally-friendly car.(最近我特别好奇，圣诞老人的旧雪橇是干净的绿色飞行机器，还是应该把他的8只驯鹿换成一辆环保汽车)”以及通读全文可知，作者分析了圣诞老人乘坐他的驯鹿派发圣诞礼物会对环境造成破坏，由此可知A项“Is Santa driving clean and green?(圣诞老人的代步工具是环保的吗)”作标题最恰当。故选A。
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13. C 14. A 15. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了“电子榨菜”这一社会热点问题，描述了生活中人们习惯用餐时刷视频这一现象，并分析了“电子榨菜”对人们饮食的影响。
13. 细节理解题。根据第二段“During busy work schedules, many young people in China don’t have the luxury of enjoying insightful conversations with friends and family at the dinner table. Instead, they find themselves eating alone.(在繁忙的工作日程中，许多中国年轻人没有时间享受与朋友和家人在餐桌上进行有见地的交谈。相反，他们自己独自吃饭)”可知，因为繁忙的工作日程，使得年轻人没有时间享受与朋友和家人在餐桌上畅谈，最终只能独自吃饭。故选C。
14. 词句猜测题。根据第三段首句“Chinese youth are kept company during these 20-to-30-minute windows by TV shows or short videos, which they stream on their phone, tablet, or television.(在这20到30分钟的窗口期间，中国的年轻人通过电视节目或短视频与他们作伴，这些节目或短视频在他们的手机、平板电脑或电视上播放)”可推知，划线词所在处指的是在他们的手机、平板电脑或电视上播放的节目或短视频。故选A。
15. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“After analyzing their diets, the team discovered that eating with a distraction increased intake of calories by about 15 percent.(在分析了他们的饮食后，研究小组发现，分散注意力的饮食增加了大约15% 的卡路里摄入量)”及最后一段“When eating with the “digital pickles”, our attention can be distracted, which leads to eating more than expected.(当我们用“电子榨菜”吃饭时，我们的注意力会被分散，导致吃得比预期的多)”可知，在我们享受“电子榨菜”吃饭时，我们的注意力会被分散，导致吃得比预期的多。故选D。
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16. C 17. D 18. D 19. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍年轻人，尤其是00后喜欢弹性工作制。但弹性工作制也有需改进的地方。
16. 细节理解题。根据第一段“and also wish to become “digital workers” with flexible work locations and schedules. (并希望成为具有灵活工作地点和时间表的“数字工作者”。)”可知，年轻人更喜欢工作方式灵活的“数字工人”的职业，即：灵活的工作方式吸引年轻人成为“数字工作者”，故选C。
17. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Hu Jiayin, an associate professor in Peking University’s National School of Development, concluded that their survey shows that young people desire freedom in their jobs, but also wish for stability in their careers because of uncertainties brought by the fast-changing digital economy. (北京大学国家发展学院副教授胡家印总结道，他们的调查显示，由于快速变化的数字经济带来的不确定性，年轻人希望工作自由，但也希望职业稳定。)”和第五段““But the development of the digital economy also brings great uncertainties and a sense of insecurity to the working population, so we’ve found some interesting things during our surveys that over 30 percent of job seekers we’ve surveyed wish to have a stable job at state-owned companies,” she added. (她补充道：“但数字经济的发展也给劳动人口带来了巨大的不确定性和不安全感，因此我们在调查中发现了一些有趣的事情，即我们调查的30%以上的求职者希望在国有企业找到一份稳定的工作。”)”可知，数字经济带给求职者自由和灵活的同时，也带来了不确定性和不安全感。即：数字经济的发展对求职者来说是一把双刃剑。故选D。
18. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Li Qiang, vice-president of Zhaopin, said that the greatest risk to those seeking flexible work is whether the company pays the salary fully and on time. “It’s necessary for job seekers to set up a long-term development plan, rather than be shortsighted.” He added that companies may bear risks that flexible employees can’t deliver high-quality work in a limited time period, which requires the companies to establish a sound work delivery standard to help evaluate employee performance. (智联招聘副总裁李强表示，对于那些寻求弹性工作的人来说，最大的风险是公司是否按时足额支付工资。“求职者有必要制定长期发展计划，而不是目光短浅。”他补充道，公司可能会承担灵活员工无法在有限的时间内提供高质量工作的风险，这要求公司建立健全的工作交付标准，以帮助评估员工表现。)”可知，李强的意思是弹性工作制需要进一步完善。故选D。
19. 推理判断题。根据第三段““The Internet can do anything for me. I check emails from my clients and submit my proposals through WeChat, then we discuss plans via teleconference. I love working from home actually,” said Mi Lu, a 28-year-old new media operator in Beijing. “It’s a much more convenient and cooler thing. We work everywhere, perhaps in a cafe, or on a bullet train or even on the table of a restaurant.”(“互联网可以为我做任何事情。我查看客户的电子邮件，通过微信提交建议，然后我们通过电话会议讨论计划。实际上，我喜欢在家工作，”北京28岁的新媒体运营商米璐说。“这是一件更方便、更酷的事情。我们到处工作，也许在咖啡馆，也许在子弹头列车上，甚至在餐馆的桌子上。”)”和第五段““But the development of the digital economy also brings great uncertainties and a sense of insecurity to the working population, so we’ve found some interesting things during our surveys that over 30 percent of job seekers we’ve surveyed wish to have a stable job at state-owned companies,” she added. (她补充道：“但数字经济的发展也给劳动人口带来了巨大的不确定性和不安全感，因此我们在调查中发现了一些有趣的事情，即我们调查的30%以上的求职者希望在国有企业找到一份稳定的工作。”)”可知，这里提到年轻人喜欢弹性工作制，但也提及弹性工作制的缺陷及需改进的地方。由此推断，作者对弹性工作制持客观态度。故选B。
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20. D 21. B 22. C 23. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了控制人体生物钟的基因在男性和女性中的作用不同，女性可能受益于生物钟。
20. 细节理解题。根据第一段“New research suggests that a gene that governs the body’s biological (circadian) clock acts differently in males versus females and may protect females from heart disease.（新的研究表明，控制人体生物钟（昼夜节律）的基因在男性和女性中的作用不同，可能保护女性免受心脏病的侵害。）”可知，新的研究发现，控制生物钟的基因对于男性和女性的作用是不同的。故选D项。
21. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The body’s circadian clock-the biological clock that organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period-contributes to normal variations in blood pressure and heart function over the course of the day.（人体昼夜节律的在24小时内组织身体活动的生物钟有助于一天中血压和心脏功能的正常变化。）”可知，生物钟有助于血压和心脏功能正常变化。故选B项。
22. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Previous research has shown that male mice that are missing one of the four clock genes (PER1) become non-dippers and have a higher risk for heart and kidney disease.（先前的研究表明，缺少四种生物钟基因(PER1)中的一种的雄性老鼠变得不喜欢游泳，患心脏和肾脏疾病的风险更高。）”以及“Unlike the male mice in previous research, the females without PER1 showed normal dips in blood pressure overnight.（与先前研究中的雄性小鼠不同，没有PER1的雌性小鼠在一夜之间血压正常下降。）可知，可知，缺乏PRRI对男性健康有害。故选C项。
23. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“New research suggests that a gene that governs the body’s biological （circadian）clock acts differently in males versus females and may protect females from heart disease.（新的研究表明，控制人体生物钟（昼夜节律）的基因在男性和女性中的作用不同，可能保护女性免受心脏病的侵害。）”可知，生物钟可能保护女性免受心脏病的侵害，以及最后一段“The findings are consistent with research showing that women are less likely to be non-dippers than men of the same age.（研究表明，女性比同龄男性更不可能成为非杓型。）”可知，女性受到生物钟的影响，心脏和肾脏疾病风险可能更低，所以“女性可能受益于生物钟”可以作为文章标题。故选B项。   
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24. C 25. A 26. B 27. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Odeuropa项目将历史学家、科学家和调香师联合起来，重塑欧洲的历史气味，保护嗅觉遗产。
24. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“As part of this three-year-long project called ‘Odeuropa’, the researchers want to find all the old scents(气味)of Europe — and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape”（作为这个名为“Odeuropa”的三年期项目的一部分，研究人员希望找到欧洲所有古老的气味——甚至重现这种古老的气味景观）可知研究人员启动 “Odeuropa”项目是为了找到欧洲所有古老的气味，甚至重现这种古老的气味。故选C项。
25. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence (AI) that will be trained to go through historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of scents.”（为了做到这一点，他们将首先建立人工智能，并对其进行训练，以翻阅用七种不同语言编写的历史文本，寻找任何关于气味的描述。）可知人工智能在项目中会收集与气味有关的数据。故选A项。
26. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents, because people haven’t always talked or written about them”（这个项目更困难的部分将是找到对气味的描述，因为人们并不总是谈论或书写它们。）可推知该项目面临的最大挑战是气味的记录很少被发现。故选B项。
27. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Scent plays a central role in our everyday life, even acting as a powerful time machine into our own past with its ability to activate long-forgotten memories.”（气味是在我们的日常生活中起着核心作用，甚至作为一个强大的时间机器进入我们自己的过去，它有能力激活被遗忘的记忆。）可知最后一点主要讲的是气味对记忆的影响。故选B项。
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28. A 29. D 30. C 31. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了人工智能以及当前最受关注的 ChatGPT。人工智能在给人们带来便捷的同时，也引起了人们的担忧。
28. 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have become extremely powerful, surprising even their creators.(人工智能(AI)工具已经变得非常强大，甚至让它们的创造者都感到惊讶)”结合对书和电影中人工智能强大能力的描述推知，作者提及书和电影是为了展示AI令人惊讶的能力。故选A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“ChatGPT appears to be extremely intelligent, which answers quickly in perfect sentences, makes up stories and games, writes essays and much more.(ChatGPT似乎非常聪明，它能很快地用完美的句子回答问题，编故事和游戏，写文章等等)”可知，ChatGPT可以快速地用完美的句子来给出答复。故选D。
30. 推理判断题。根据第三段的“The rapid progress of recent AI models worries some people. Last week, many computer experts released a letter calling for a six-month pause in any work on AI tools stronger than GPT-4.(最近人工智能模型的快速发展让一些人感到担忧。上周，许多计算机专家发表了一封信，呼吁暂停6个月的任何强于GPT-4的人工智能工具的研究)”推知，计算机专家发表了一封信，表达对AI快速发展的担忧。故选 C。
31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have become extremely powerful, surprising even their creators. Most people have probably read a book or seen a movie about an AI or robot that has become so smart that it can take over the world. The AI in stories like these is known as AGI or Artificial General Intelligence. (人工智能(AI)工具已经变得非常强大，甚至让它们的创造者都感到惊讶。大多数人可能读过或看过关于人工智能或机器人变得如此聪明以至于可以接管世界的书籍或电影。像这样的故事中的人工智能被称为AGI或人工通用智能)”可知，本文主要讲述了人工智能的快速发展和由此引发的人们的各种担忧。因此D项“Whether AI tools are becoming too powerful.(人工智能是否变得过于强大)”符合文章大意。故选D。
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32. A 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了美国发行了兔年新年邮票，分析了这一举动背后的动机和影响。
32. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“She has collected every stamp the USPS has issued for the Chinese New Year celebration. Chan is hopeful that her children and grandchildren will observe the Lunar New Year the same way she does, with housecleaning, holiday decorations, rituals (礼仪) and food to honor family roots and the Chinese culture.(她收集了美国邮政总局为庆祝中国新年而发行的所有邮票。陈女士希望她的孩子和孙子们能像她一样过农历新年，打扫房屋，装饰节日，举行仪式，吃东西来纪念家庭根源和中国文化)”可知，Chloe Chan期望自己的后代会庆祝农历新年。故选A。
33. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Inspired by decorated masks used in dragon and lion dances, USPS art director Antonio Alcala worked on the beautiful rabbit stamp design with artist Camille Chew.(美国邮政艺术总监安东尼奥·阿尔卡拉的灵感来自舞龙舞狮时使用的装饰面具，他与艺术家卡米尔·周合作设计了这款美丽的兔子邮票)”可知，安东尼奥·阿尔卡拉注意到一些舞蹈中使用的面具，从而获得设计邮票的灵感。故选C。
34. 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“For more than three decades, USPS has issued stamps(三十多年来，美国邮政总局一直在发行邮票)”和后文“they are some of the most successful stamp releases in our history(这是我们历史上最成功的邮票发行之一)”可知，美国邮政一直在发行邮票，这是为了突显农历新年，这是美国历史上最成功的邮票发行之一。故该词是“突出显示”的意思。故选C。
35. 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“The United States Postal Service’s launch of a special stamp for the Year of the Rabbit has come to symbolize more than just a collectors’ item for many.(对于许多人来说，美国邮政总局为兔年发行的特别邮票不仅仅象征着收藏家的收藏)”和第四段中“Stamps can go everywhere and can define friendship between different countries and cultures. This stamp is for all. The Lunar New Year is for all.(邮票可以去任何地方，可以定义不同国家和文化之间的友谊。这张邮票是给大家的。农历新年是给所有人的)”结合文章主要说明了美国发行了兔年新年邮票，分析了这一举动背后的动机和影响。故A选项“兔子邮票象征着文化纽带”最符合文章标题。故选D。
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36. D 37. D 38. C 39. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讨论了一种每天服用一次的药片可以大大降低胃肠道疾病的风险，并减少致命癌症的死亡率，但由于人们对此已经熟悉并轻视，这个发现并没有得到足够的媒体宣传和注意。虽然阿司匹林的疗效已经被证明，但由于它很便宜，没有什么医疗公司愿意推广它。研究人员建议人们自己检查证据，并等待官方指导方针。
36. 细节理解题。根据第一段“And now we have a once-a-day pill that can greatly reduce the risk—in the case of gastrointestinal (胃肠的) cancer by over 50%. (现在我们有一种每天一次的药丸，可以大大降低患肠胃癌的风险，降幅达50%以上。)”和第四段“The same Oxford team has also already published its findings on colorectal cancer (结直肠癌) where regular aspirin use cut deaths by a third. (牛津大学的同一研究小组也已经发表了其对结肠癌症的研究结果， 经常服用阿司匹林可使死亡人数减少三分之一。)”可知，阿司匹林可以降低或减少胃肠癌风险。D项“It has effect on gastrointestinal cancer. (对胃肠癌有影响)”符合原文原意。故选D。
37. 推理判断题。根据第五段“If one of the major medical companies had invented this pill, it would have been launched on a massive scale and for huge media promotion. The result? A high price tag! The trouble with aspirin is that it’s cheap. (如果有一家主要的医疗公司发明了这种药丸，它就会大规模推出，并得到媒体的大力宣传。结果如何？高昂的价格！阿司匹林的问题在于它很便宜。)”可知，主要的医疗公司发明的药丸会被大力宣传，旨在利用高昂的定价得到很大的收益。而阿司匹林很便宜，不能得到很大的收益，所以得不到官方对其新功能的认可和宣传。D项“Aspirin is seldom recommended for its low price and profit. (阿司匹林很少被推荐使用，因为它价格低廉和利润。)”与原文意思接近。故选D。
38. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“So who will? We will have to wait for official guidelines from the likes of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK. (那么谁会呢？我们将不得不等待英国国家健康与临床卓越研究所等机构的官方指导方针。)”可知，作者对于谁来证明阿司匹林对胃肠癌的治疗效果进行权威认证还不太确定，还要等官方答案。故选C。
39. 主旨大意题。综合文章大意可知，文章讨论了一种每天服用一次的药片可以大大降低胃肠道疾病的风险，并减少致命癌症的死亡率。A项“The Pill That Prevents Cancer (预防癌症的药丸)”符合文章主旨大意。故选 A。
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40. C 41. A 42. A 43. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了多年不骑自行车但仍然记得如何骑自行车这一现象来说明记忆的不同类型和特点。
40. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“There are two types of declarative memory. The first type is our memory of an event that happened. It can be the day we started school or a pleasant outing. Factual knowledge, on the other hand, such as the capital of France, belongs to the second type.(陈述性记忆有两种类型。第一种是我们对发生过的事件的记忆。它可以是我们开始上学的那一天，也可以是愉快的郊游。另一方面，事实性知识，如法国首都，属于第二类)”可知，陈述性记忆指我们对发生过的事情的记忆或者事实性知识，①属于事实性知识，③属于对发生过的事情的记忆，均属于陈述性记忆，故选C。
41. 词义猜测题。根据第六段中“So is procedural knowledge more enduring than declarative knowledge? Yes, studies show the former is less likely to be lost.(那么程序性知识比陈述性知识更enduring吗？是的，研究表明前者不太可能丢失)”可知，程序性知识不太可能丢失，故它比陈述性知识更持久，enduring意为“持久的”，故选A。
42. 细节理解题。根据第七段中“According to one idea, in the regions where movement patterns are made, fewer new nerve cells (神经细胞) may be formed in adults. Without big changes. It’s less likely for memories in these regions to get erased.(根据一种观点，在形成运动模式的区域，成年人可能形成较少的新神经细胞。没有大的变化。这些区域的记忆不太可能被抹去)”可知，运动模式的记忆不太可能消失是因为它们在一个没有太大变化的区域，故选A。
43. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段末句“So why can we ride a bicycle when we haven’t done so in years?(那么，为什么我们多年都没有骑过自行车了，还能骑呢？)”可知，文章多年不骑自行车但仍然记得如何骑自行车这一现象来说明记忆的不同类型和特点，C项“为什么我们不会忘记如何骑自行车？”适合作为文章标题，故选C。
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44. B 45. D 46. B 47. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了新型电池可以让电力飞机飞上天。
44. 推理判断题。由第一段“There are all electric cars, boats, trains, and small planes that are a sustainable way to travel. Larger airplanes have not been able to make the transition because the lithium-ion (锂离子的) batteries are too heavy and not strong enough to provide the power for the airplane to take-off.(所有的电动汽车、船、火车和小型飞机都是可持续的出行方式。大型飞机未能实现转型，因为锂离子电池太重，强度不足以为飞机起飞提供动力)”以及后文对可以让飞机飞行的新型电池推知，第一段提及电动交通方式是为了引人话题。故选B项。
45. 细节理解题。由第五段中“Liquid batteries require each cell to be inside its own steel casing. Solid-state batteries can be stacked in a single casing and that reduces the weight.(液体电池要求每个电池都在自己的钢外壳内。固态电池可以堆叠在单个外壳中，从而减轻了重量)”可知，每节液态电池都需要一个单独的钢质的箱子。故选D项。
46. 推理判断题。根据第六段“Georgia Tech has a big focus on micro mechanics of how the cell changes during operation. That helped us look at the pressures inside the battery, which then helped us improve the battery even more(Georgia Tech非常关注电池在运行过程中如何变化的微观力学。这有助于我们观察电池内部的压力，从而帮助我们进一步改进电池)”以及“It also led us to understand from a practical standpoint how to make a cell like this.(它也让我们从实践的角度理解了如何制造这样的电池)”可知，Georgia Tech主要关注电池的变化，从而可以让人们看到电池内部压力的变化。而这可以让研究人员知道怎样更好地研发电池。所以Georgia Tech是一个有帮助的合作伙伴。故选B项。
47. 推理判断题。由第一段“There are all electric cars, boats, trains, and small planes that are a sustainable way to travel. Larger airplanes have not been able to make the transition because the lithium-ion (锂离子的) batteries are too heavy and not strong enough to provide the power for the airplane to take-off.(所有的电动汽车、船、火车和小型飞机都是可持续的出行方式。大型飞机未能实现转型，因为锂离子电池太重，强度不足以为飞机起飞提供动力)”以及后文可知，本文的主要内容是研发新型电池从而让电动飞机飞上天，所以这篇文章最可能出现在报纸的科技版块。故选A项。
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48. D 49. C 50. C 51. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。虽然大米和小麦是世界上最常食用的两种谷物，但一项覆盖超过10万人的研究显示，选择大米作为主食可能会降低肥胖的风险。
48. 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“The researchers divided them into three groups according to their weekly rice and wheat intake.(研究人员根据他们每周大米和小麦的摄入量将他们分为三组。)”可知，研究人员是根据主食安排受试者的。故选D。
49. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The results show that rice preference may be associated with a lower risk of certain obesity types and that higher wheat intake was associated with higher risks of excessive body fat in men and women. However, when wheat lovers changed their staple food to rice five times per week, the participants showed a 36.5 percent lower risk of obesity in men and a 20.5 percent lower risk in women..(研究结果表明，对大米的偏好可能与某些肥胖类型的风险较低有关，而对男性和女性来说，摄入较多的小麦与体内脂肪过多的风险较高有关。然而，当爱吃小麦的人每周五次把主食换成大米时，男性肥胖的风险降低了36.5%，女性肥胖的风险降低了20.5%。)”可知，从实验结果中可以推断出随着主食的转变，肥胖的风险会降低。故选C。
50. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“According to the researchers, wheat flour absorbs less water than rice when cooked, partly resulting in a higher energy density of wheat than rice. Meanwhile, rice-based dietary patterns often have more fresh vegetables, legumes, meat and fish servings. People with wheat preference tend to eat large bowls of noodles with fewer vegetables or less meat, and sometimes even with a large amount of oil.(根据研究人员的说法，小麦粉在烹饪时吸收的水分比大米少，部分原因是小麦的能量密度比大米高。与此同时，以米饭为基础的饮食模式通常有更多的新鲜蔬菜、豆类、肉类和鱼类。偏爱小麦的人往往吃大碗的面条，蔬菜或肉类较少，有时甚至有大量的油。)”可知，第四段主要关于为什么人们容易因摄入小麦而发胖。故选C。
51. 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“They also noted that given the vast territory and diverse ethnic groups, further studies may be necessary to fully understand the regional specificity and potential reasons for the observed links.(他们还注意到，鉴于领土广大和种族群体多样，可能需要进一步研究，以充分了解所观察到的联系的区域特殊性和潜在原因。)”可知，从最后一段我们可以了解到应该做更多的研究来更好地理解这种联系。故选A。
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52. C 53. A 54. A 55. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在短短70年里，为了满足人类对鸡汤面、鸡翅和鸡腿的渴望，科学家们不得不重新设计食用鸡，缩短了其成熟时间。
52. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans’ ongoing exploration to satisfy our desires for chicken noodle soup, wings, and legs, scientists have had to re-engineer the food chicken.(为了满足人类对鸡汤面、鸡翅和鸡腿的渴望，科学家们不得不重新设计食用鸡)”可知，科学家们重新设计食用鸡是为了满足人们对鸡肉的需求。故选C。
53. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“As a result, the modern broiler chicken has a life expectancy of around seven weeks. Because that’s about when we like to eat them. Egg-laying chickens have similarly shortened lives. In contrast, what’s known as a heritage hen is similar to the chicken your grandmother may have had. They’re often kept in backyards, where there isn’t such an urgency to maximize egg production. Nature alone influences their genes, and thus heritage hens can live about eight years.(因此，现代肉鸡的预期寿命约为7周。因为那是我们喜欢吃的时间。蛋鸡的寿命也同样缩短。相比之下，所谓的传统母鸡与你祖母可能养过的鸡相似。它们通常被养在后院，在那里没有那么紧迫地最大化鸡蛋产量。自然会影响它们的基因，因此传统母鸡可以活8年左右)”可知，传统母鸡比杂交鸡寿命长。故选A。
54. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Another life-shortening disease is salmonellosis ( 沙 门 氏 菌 病 ) ,a bacterial disease affecting young chickens. In itself, it may not directly kill a chicken. But since humans are sensitive to salmonella-infected meat and eggs, an outbreak could result in a massive killing at its source.(另一种缩短寿命的疾病是沙门氏菌病，这是一种影响雏鸡的细菌性疾病。就其本身而言，它可能不会直接杀死鸡。但由于人类对沙门氏菌感染的肉类和鸡蛋敏感，疫情爆发可能导致源头大量死亡)”可知，由于人类对沙门氏菌感染的肉类和鸡蛋敏感，所以一旦鸡携带该病菌后，就会被杀掉。故选A。
55. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The average chicken will live for anywhere from three to seven years.(一只鸡的平均寿命在三到七年之间)”、第二段“In humans’ ongoing exploration to satisfy our desires for chicken noodle soup, wings, and legs, scientists have had to re-engineer the food chicken. In just 70 years, we’ve managed to build a brand-new chicken. (为了满足人类对鸡汤面、鸡翅和鸡腿的渴望，科学家们不得不重新设计食用鸡。在短短70年里，我们成功地打造了一只全新的鸡)”以及第三段“As a result, the modern broiler chicken has a life expectancy of around seven weeks. (因此，现代肉鸡的预期寿命约为7周)”可知，文章主要讲述的是鸡的寿命。由此可知，“How Long Do Chickens Live?(鸡能活多久？)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。
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56. B 57. B 58. C 59. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了执裁男子世界杯比赛的第一位女性 Frappart 的相关事迹。
56. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Throughout her career, Frappart has achieved a seemingly endless series of firsts. In April 2019, she became the first female referee to take charge of a Ligue 1 match, in August 2019, the first to take charge of a major men’s European match, and in 2020, the first to officiate a men’s UEFA Champions League match.(在她的职业生涯中，Frappart取得了一系列看似无穷无尽的第一。2019年4月，她成为第一位主裁判法甲比赛的女裁判；2019年8月，她成为第一位主裁判欧洲男子主要比赛的女裁判；2020年，她成为第一位主裁判欧洲男子冠军联赛比赛的女裁判)”可知，本段主要介绍Frappart的成就。故选 B。
57. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Inevitably, female referees are carefully examined, as they straddle (跨越) two traditionally male-dominated fields: football and leadership. “There are many questions involved if she’s there because she’s a woman.”(不可避免地，女裁判会受到仔细的审查，因为她们横跨两个传统上由男性主导的领域：足球和领导力。“如果她是因为女性才去那里，那就会有很多问题。”)”可推断， Frappart 执裁男子比赛具有挑战性。根据第六段“Frappart knew it encouraged more women to pick up a whistle and take more and more responsibility.(Frappart知道，这鼓励了更多的女性拿起哨子，承担越来越多的责任)”可推断，Frappart的工作激励着其他女性。故选B。
58. 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“In April 2019, she became the first female referee to take charge of a Ligue 1 match(2019年4月，她成为第一位主裁判法甲比赛的女裁判)”可推断，Frappart回忆起她在法甲首次亮相时的情景。由此推知，划线词组“首次露面；初次登场”之意。故选C。
59. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Frappart says. “It’s also easy to say that it’s the fault of the referee and not the fault of our team when you lose.”(Frappart说。“当你输球时，我们也很容易说这是裁判的错，而不是我们球队的错。”)”可知，人们很容易把球队的失败归咎于裁判。故选B。