北京市部分区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末英语试题汇编：阅读理解+

这是一份北京市部分区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末英语试题汇编：阅读理解+，共49页。

北京市部分区
2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题分类汇编
阅读理解
北京市丰台区2021-2022学年上学期期末考试高三英语试卷
第一节（共 14 小题;每小题 2分, 共 28 分）
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
COMPETITION
Draw a sea creature for our ocean poster
Are you a gifted artist? Do you think you can draw a prize-winning dolphin or shark? In celebration of World Ocean Day on 8 June, The Week Junior is running a competition to create an awesome poster featuring some of the world's coolest sea creatures, and your artwork could be part of it!
How to enter
Draw a picture of your favorite sea creature and send your picture by email to competitions@theweekjunior. com with OCEAN POSTER as the subject line by 10 April 2022. Make sure you've included your name, age, chosen sea creature, the address and phone number of your parent or guardian.
Once the competition has closed, our judges will pick 10 of the best animal drawings. They will be looking for the most creative and colorful drawings, so don't be afraid to go big!
What you could win
The winning pictures will be shown on a The Week Junior ocean poster. Each winner will also receive a paint brush set worth over ￡80, which will be delivered to you.
Terms and conditions
The Week Junior will not share your personal details with third parties. The Week Junior will only use personal details to contact the competition winners.
No responsibility can be accepted for entries that have been lost or damaged in transit（运送）, any technical failure or any event that may cause the competition to stop. Entries must be received before 11:59 pm on 10 April 2022.
All winners will be informed accordingly 4-6 weeks after the competition closes. By entering the competition all participants give permission for their artwork to be published online. Entries cannot be returned to senders.

21. The drawing competition is held to____________________.
A. celebrate World Ocean Day B. help the talented artists
D. protect dolphins and sharks C. advertise The Week Junior
22. Winners of the competition will __________________________.
A. meet the judges B. get prize money
C. accept delivery of prizes D. receive an ocean poster
23. What will The Week Junior be responsible for?
A. The privacy of the participants. B. The damage or loss of pictures.
C. The return of the artwork to the senders. D. The computer problems in sending emails.
B
When drama teacher Chelsie King asked students at her school to come up with away for her husband to go around the neighborhood in his wheelchair wit their newborn, they were up for the challenge.
Chelsie’s husband, Jeremy, underwent brain surgery for a tumor（肿瘤）three years ago, and since then it has been difficult for him to keep his balance. He wanted to be able to safely hold his baby, but "there's just really not a ton of resources out there for disabled parents, "Chelsie said. She then asked her colleague, MattZige, who teaches the "Making for Social Good" class, for assistance.
In this course, students design products to help people, and the 10 high schoolers came up with something that could attach to the wheelchair Jeremy uses.
They spoke with the Kings about their needs, conducted research on infant（婴儿）car seats and how they are installed, and then used the school's Maker Space to 3D print several parts and bought others. They even borrowed a wheelchair from the school nurse to use as a model for things like weight testing. "I really feel the students took all my concerns to heart when creating the prototypes（雏形）, "Jeremy said. Two projects were selected for the students to make—one that connected an infant car seat to Jeremy's wheelchair and another that attached an entire stroller to the wheelchair.
"Children grow and they grow out of a car seat, so we want Mr. King to be able to walk with his son no matter what age he is, "student Jacob Zlotnitsky said. When they were done making the attachments, the students put the instructions online to help even more people. They finished constructing both designs within one month. The Kings went out with the car seat attachment, and found it worked perfectly. The students were excited to learn that their creation was a hit. "I feel fortunate to have been able to take a class that has allowed me to truly make life easier for others, "Zlotnitsky said.
24. Why did Chelsie King ask the students for help?
A. Jeremy needed brain surgery.
B. Jeremy couldn't walk his baby.
C. Jeremy couldn't stand on his own feet.
D. Jeremy had no resources for disabled parents.
25. To help Jeremy, the students _____________________.
A. bought a new wheelchair for him
B. did research with stroller producers
C. produced 2 types of wheelchair attachments
D. asked other disabled people about their needs
26. According to the passage, the students were excited mainly because
A. they had taken the course B. their work was successful
C. their work was finished in time D. they shared the instructions online
27. What does the story intend to tell us?
A. Life is full of challenges.
B. Failure is the mother of success.
C. Experience is the key to problem solution.
D. Creativity and kindness can make a difference.
C
We rely on our memory not only for sharing stories with friends or learning from our past experiences, but we also use it for crucial things like creating a sense of personal identity. Yet evidence shows that our memory isn't as consistent as we'd like to believe.
There are countless reasons why tiny mistakes might happen each time we recall past events, ranging from what we believe is true or wish were true, to what someone else told us about the past event, or what we want that person to think.
And whenever these mistakes happen, they can have long-term effects on how we'll recall that memory in the future.
Take storytelling for example. When we describe our memories to other people, we might ask ourselves whether it's vital to get the facts straight, or whether we only want to make the listener laugh. And we might change the story's details depending on the listener's attitudes. It isn't only the message that changes, but sometimes it's also the memory itself. This is known as the "audience-tuning effect", showing us how our memories can change automatically over time, as a product of how, when, and why we access them.
In fact, sometimes simply the act of rehearsing（复述） a memory can be exactly what makes it susceptible（易受影响的）to change. This is known as "retrieval-enhanced suggestibility". In a typical study of this effect, participants watched a short film, then took a memory test a few days later. But during the days between watching the film and taking the final test, two other things happened. First, half of the participants took a practice memory test. Second, all of the participants were given a description of the film to read, which contained some false details. Participants who took a practice memory test shortly before reading the false information were more likely to reproduce this false information in the final memory test.
Why might this be? One theory is that rehearsing our memories of past events can temporarily make those memories malleable. In other words, retrieving（找回）a memory might be a bit like taking ice-cream out of the freezer and leaving it in direct sunlight for a while. By the time our memory goes back into the freezer, it might have naturally become a little misshapen, especially if someone has influenced it purposely in the meantime.
These findings lead us to wonder how much our most treasured memories have changed since the very first time we remembered them. Remembering is an act of storytelling, after all. And our memories are only ever as reliable as the most recent story we told ourselves.
28. According to the "audience-tuning effect", our memories can _____________.
A. change our personal identity B. correct mistakes on their own
C. determine our attitudes to others D. be affected by how we handle them
29. What can we infer from the study of "retrieval-enhanced suggestibility""?
A. Practice can make imperfect.
B. Storytelling brings back memories.
C. Rehearsing contributes to better memories.
D. Memory abilities vary from person to person.
30. What does the underlined word "malleable" in Paragraph 5probably mean?
A. Acceptable. B. Valuable. C. Changeable. D. Controllable.
D
In "the repair shop", a British television series, craftsmen（工匠）mend family heirlooms（传家宝）that viewers have brought to their workshop. The attraction comes from watching them apply their craft to restore these heirlooms and the emotional appeal from the tears that follow when the owner is presented with the beautifully restored heirlooms.
Perhaps the idea of craftsmanship is not simply nostalgic（怀旧的）. In a newspaper in the Academy of Management, five academics examine the idea of crafts as a way of remaking the organization of work. They define craft as "a humanist approach to work that prioritizes human engagement over machine control". Crafts require distinct skills, an all-round approach to work that involves the whole product and an attitude that necessitates devotion to the job and a focus on the communal interest. The concept of craft emphasizes the human touch and individual judgment. Essentially, the crafts concept seems to run against the management studies which have long prioritized efficiency and consistency.
There are two potential markets for those who practise crafts. The first comes from the consumers who are willing to pay an extra price for goods considered to be of extra quality. This market stretches all the way down from designer fashion through craft beers to bakeries offering loaves made by hand. The second market lies in those consumers who wish to use their purchases to support local workers, or to reduce their environmental impact by taking goods to craftspeople to be mended, or recycled.
For workers, the appeal of craftsmanship is that it allows them the autonomy to make creative choices, and thus makes a job far more satisfying. In that sense, it could offer hope for the overall labor market. Let the machines automate dull and repetitive tasks and let workers focus purely on their skills, judgment and imagination. As a current example, the academics cite the agile manifesto（敏捷软件开发宣言）in the software sector, an industry at the heart of technological change. The pioneers behind the original agile manifesto promised to prioritize "individuals and interactions over processes and tools". By bringing together experts from different teams, agile working is designed to improve creativity.
But the broader question is whether crafts can create a lot more jobs than they do today. Demand for crafted products may rise but will it be easy to retrain workers in sectors that might get automated (such as truck drivers) to take advantage?
History also suggests that the link between crafts and creativity is not automatic. Young craftsmen are expected to spend long periods as journeymen before they could set up on their own; by that time the innovative spirit may have been knocked out of them. Craft workers can thrive in the modern era, but only if they don't get too organized.
31.Which of the following is true about craft?
A. It emphasizes the importance of marketing.
B. It slows the expansion of potential markets.
C. It generates greater efficiency and consistency.
D. It requires comprehensive understanding of work.
32.The"agile manifesto" is mentioned to show ___________.
A. the competition in the labor market
B. the benefit of craftsmanship to workers
C. the advantage of mechanical automation
D. the importance of software in technological change
33.In the last two paragraphs, the author intends to express _______________.
A. anxiety over the loss of crafts
B. concern for the prospect of crafts
C. disappointment with craft workers
D. expectation of the rise in craft production
34.What is the best title for the passage?
A. The Emotional Appeal—Crafts and Restoration
B. The Humanist Approach—Crafts and Innovation
C. The Human Touch—Crafts and the Future of Work
D. The Efficiency War—Crafts and Mass-produced Products

北京市海淀区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
There are many ways to get involved and volunteer at the National Museum of American History. Becoming a Museum Ambassador is one of them. To learn more about this volunteer program, please see the descriptions below.
Museum Ambassadors at the American History Museum are a mobile source of information that helps bridge the gap between two other volunteer groups here at the museum—information desk specialists, who provide orientation(方向) assistance when guests arrive, and volunteer docents(讲师), who provide Highlights tours, facilitate hands-on demonstrations and circulate through many of our exhibitions to interact with visitors. Each year, our Museum Ambassadors help over 100,000 people get the most out of their visits by welcoming groups, circulating throughout the museum's public zones to answer basic questions, and directing visitors to programs and exhibitions of interest. The museum has also employed the Museum Ambassadors to assist with special projects and events as needed.
To learn more about what Museum Ambassadors do, check out what Larry has said, “As museum ambassadors, we get to share in the curiosity of a child, the nostalgia(怀旧) of returning visitors, the treasure hunt of students assigned to find important historical objects, and the amazement of those experiencing our eye on the nation's history for the first time. We can help recommend a meaningful museum visit just for you. There's more. We're also traffic cops when elevators and escalators break and extra eyes for museum security."
If you enjoy…
•interacting with diverse audiences, age groups and learning styles.
•working in an often busy and changing environment.
If you have…
•strong interpersonal and communication skills.
•an interest in history and communication.
If you can…
commit to three shifts a month（weekday Ambassadors）or twice a month（weekend Ambassadors）
The museum is open 364 days a year, including weekends and holidays.
•handle frequent walking, standing, and talking.
To Apply
To learn more information about the application process, please contact Ruth Shirley.
NOTE: Acceptance into the program is subject to successful completion of an interview and background investigation.
21. Which one is the responsibility of Museum Ambassadors?
A. To receive visitors at the entrance.
B. To take full charge of museum security.
C. To direct visitors to their exhibitions of interest.
D. To help visitors with hands-on demonstrations
22. A qualified Museum Ambassador should________.
A. enjoy communicating with people
B speak at least two foreign languages
C. have academic background in history
D. commit to working three shifts at weekends
23. The author writes this passage mainly to__________.
A. introduce volunteer programs for teenagers
B. provide special tours to meet different needs
C. invite people to visit the American History Museum
D. attract potential applicants for Museum Ambassadors
B
For eight-year-old Toby. who is deaf, watching films or TV can sometimes be a bit pointless, because so many of them don't have sign language versions. "We have subtitles but it goes too fast," his dad Jarod Mills said. But now, Toby has some help thanks to an app developed by a 17-year-old student, Mariella Satow, who created a signing app called SignUp.
She got the idea when she was teaching herself American Sign Language(ASL)—one of hundreds of sign languages used across the world. Mariella wanted to watch TV shows to help her learn, and she was disappointed to discover how few had signed versions. It's taken a year for Mariella to develop the technology, with lots of help from ASL teachers and the deaf community.
The app is available in the US as a browser extension—with an interpreter appearing in a box once the film starts playing. It only works on Disney Plus films at the moment, because that's where Mariella thought she could help the most children. Jarod, who works at a school for deaf children, says it was "exciting" watching Toby use Mariella's invention. He says, "Kids are getting information like any hearing child does."
Deaf people in the UK face many of the same barriers when it comes to cinema and TV. "A hearing person can go to the cinema any time whereas deaf people have to make sure there's a suitable viewing a time we're free," says 27-vear-old Stacey Worboys from Cardiff. She has learned British Sign Language (BSL), and is comfortable using subtitles when watching TV shows and films. But she feels having an interpreter would make things "more inclusive", especially for someone who might struggle with subtitles. Stacey and Toby aren't the only people to be welcoming Mariella's app. It's now got thousands of users.
Stacey says a UK version of an app like SignUp would make films and TV "more accessible" for the deaf community. Mariella is up for the challenge—and hopes to make a British Sign Language version of her app for other streaming platforms such as Netflix and Amazon Prime. "There are more than 300 sign languages used worldwide, so it'll take a lone time to get all of those versions out," she says.
24. Mariella created SignUp because of_________.
A. her awareness of Toby's frustration
B. lack of signed TV shows for the deaf
C. her childhood memories in a cinema
D. the encouragement from her teachers
25. What will be Mariella's next challenge?
A. To update the app for cinemas.
B. To design a BSL version of the app.
C. To launch a universal version of the app
D. To promote the use of her app worldwide.
26. Which of the following words can best describe Mariella?
A Creative and caring. B. Talented and humorous.
C. Curious and fearless. D. Knowledgeable and humble.
C
Pioneers like Harvard social ecologist Stephen Kellert were among the first to champion modern biophilic design Kellert believed that weaving nature into living and workspaces is critical for good physical and mental health.
Humans have evolved to gravitate towards nature, Kellert noted. but if we don't develop that impulse it fades. So his principles include access to natural light, air, water. plants, and gardens. Using materials such as wood and stone, natural designs such as leaf or shell patterns, and earthy colors also helps humans to feel closer to nature.
Biophilic designs can be seen in cities and buildings around the world. Modern examples include the Jewel Changi Airport in Singapore, with its four-storey forest garden and world's largest indoor waterfall fed by rainwater. Or the Swedish Mirrorcube tree house hotel, mainly made of used plywood and a lightweight aluminum(铝) frame wrapped around a tree.
Spectacular biophilic homes include One Central Park in Sydney apartment blocks featuring hanging gardens on the outside. The buildings recycle their own water and a suspended(悬浮的) motorized mirror system reflects sunlight down onto gardens below. Milan's Bosco Verticale block is perhaps even more eye—catching with its vertical forest of 17,000 trees, bushes, and plants.
Putting biophilic design to work for society could prevent millions in healthcare costs, with one study estimating annual savings of $93 million in the US alone. Hospital design in particular has historically been influenced by access to sunlight and views of nature. Modern buildings like the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore, with its position next to the waterfall of the Yishun Pond, are closely linked with their surroundings. The hospital channels outdoor air to cool the inside, and uses reflective sunshades to direct light into the wards to brighten them and save energy.
The aim of these designs is to emphasize the human connection to nature by integrating buildings with the local environment. But how do we bring biophilia into our homes? Start with house plants. New smart home apps can also provide sensory nature experiences such as birdsong and a projected forest canopy, helping people to carve out a restful space indoors.
But perhaps the best way to transform society with biophilic designs is to start with schools. Children learn better and feel more relaxed in biophilic settings. So the Children and Nature Network is working with schools across the US to create green schoolyards for better physical and mental health and to increase opportunities for outdoor learning.
Biophilic designers are bringing nature into classrooms through natural patterns, shapes and colors, nature photography, artwork and materials like timber and stone. Fresh air flow, green walls, and aquariums all become part of a recipe for improving health and academic success.
27. According to the passage, Stephen Kellert probably believes that_________.
A. humans' inborn love for nature won't be lessened
B. nature can improve people's sense of responsibility
C. humans need to appreciate and make good use of nature
D. natural materials have taken priority in modern building designs
28. What do the examples of biophilic designs in the passage have in common?
A. They apply smart home technology.
B. They promote sustainable development.
C. They include waterfalls and gardens inside.
D. They use local resources to cut the cost of buildings.
29. From the last two paragraphs, we learn that biophilic designs ________.
A. have greatly transformed schools
B. help improve students' performance
C. focus mainly on students' mental health
D. have moved most of the classrooms outside
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Let's Invite Nature Inside B. Live Naturally and Simply
C. The Best Natural Building Designer D. Ups and Downs of Natural Buildings
D
Millions watch the Oscars every year, but I'm always interested in the Razzies (金酸梅奖), which recognize cinematic underachievement. For all the attention given to what we like, what we dislike can be just as important, interesting and empowering.
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu saw dislike as snobbery. He saw all judgments of taste, favorable or not, as performances of class. The rich could justify their place, he argued, by claiming to have more refined tastes. Knowing which literature or art to praise could signal to. others their rightful place at the top of society. Oversimplified his theory might be, it is not entirely wrong.
Furthermore, dislikes are often used as a way not to stand apart but to fit in. It means learning the unspoken rules of what's OK to like or dislike, and to proclaim those likes or dislikes loudly for others to hear. When some of us swim against the social tide, we might be savvy (精明的) enough to label our likes as "guilty pleasures", which both acknowledges the rules and apologizes for violating them.
In my research, though, I found that dislike isn't just a form of snobbery.
We interviewed over 200 people, a diverse group in race, age, and social class. All the interviewees tended to actively dislike media content far more when they felt they couldn't escape it. Many people can't choose the radio station that's playing at work, or what's on TV at the bar. Moreover, some of us are subjected to more annoyance than others. Remote controls, for instance, have long been seen as a special right of dads, with women and kids given less power to change the channel. Everyone turns to media hoping for specific needs to be met, but those who have those needs realized less often are those who might dislike more often.
Therefore, speaking about dislikes is an act of resistance—a refusal to allow public space to be conquered by the media content that doesn't connect.
Dislike can certainly transform into anger or hate, but it may also take a more playful form. Sometimes we could see people joyfully watch the object of their dislike and offer a commentary of criticism, instead of tuning out and turning off. Why? Reveling in dislike can help regain control in a world that overwhelms everyone with content. Keeping the despised shows at hand rather than avoiding them can help the dislikers speak up in the court of public opinion. Or some might enjoy their dislikes as a way to avoid ruining certain relationships. Many of us can probably relate to the experience of having a friend who insists we watch something against our will.
What if, rather than resenting the show or the person, we simply embrace it in all of its embarrassing glory? By all means, pay attention to the advice to "ignore the haters". But a lot can be learned by listening to the dislikers.
31. According to Paragraph 3, people label their likes as "guilty pleasures" when they_________.
A. follow the mainstream B. take pride in their taste
C. set up the unspoken rules D. try to fit into a certain group
32. What can we learn from the passage?
A Dislikes can he found mostly among the rich.
B. Learning about literature and art is an act of snobbery.
C. Expressing dislike helps maintain one's social relationships
D. Exposure to unwanted media content intensifies people's dislike.
33. What does the underlined phrase "Reveling in" in the text probably mean?
A. Taking delight in B. Showing concern for.
C. Drawing lessons from. D. Establishing connection to
34. What message does the author try to convey in this passage?
A. We are encouraged to launch debates over hot issues in public.
B. Staying away from the haters is a sensible means to avoid trouble.
C. Embracing our dislikes can be a way to deal with power imbalance
D. The media should aim to meet the needs of different groups of audience.

北京市西城区2021-2022学年上学期期末考试高三英语试卷
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
“No,” Mama Lil said it plain and simple. “I ain’t never heard of no girls to be doing that. Bebe, you need to be getting yourself a real summer job, something civilized.”
I’d been living with Mama Lil since I was six, when my own mama and daddy were killed in an apartment building fire. Lillian Johns was my mom’s mother. Everybody on our street called her Mama Lil and that was what I called her too. I had been butting heads with her ever since I could remember. And the older I got, the more at odds we were and the more conflicts we experienced.
For weeks I’d been asking Mama Lil to let me join the youth renovation (修缮) team. It was a group of kids who had been chosen by city officials to work with engineers to help repair the Brooklyn Bridge. The project would last the summer and pay good money. It would help me get to college, where I wanted to study engineering.
But for Mama Lil, the thing that made her the most stubborn this time, was exactly my dream of becoming an engineer. In some respects, Mama Lil was right. It was true that there weren’t many black women engineers. But I wanted to build bridges more than anything.
“Let me go, Mama Lil,” I begged softly.
Mama Lil sat as still as a statue. “Mama Lil,” I said carefully, “if you don’t sign the bridge project permission form, I will sign it myself. Nobody will know the difference.”
The next morning, Mama Lil’s eyes looked red-tired. “I’m going to the bridge,” I said firmly. “I know, Bebe,” she said. From her housedress pocket, she took out a pen and signed the form. “Bebe, that bridge is lucky to have you,” she said.
I hugged Mama Lil good and hard, smiling big, right at her.
...
Ahead, in the distance, stood the Brooklyn Bridge. This was the best spot to see the bridge. I’d come to this corner and studied the bridge a million times. And on every one of those times, I was taken with what I’d come to call Brooklyn Belle.
At night, Belle was dressed in tiny light. On a cloudless night like this one, she was a sight like no other in the whole city. Jeweled in light. Beautiful.
I had drawn Belle in the high-noon light, at sunset, on snowy days, and on foggy twilight mornings… I was proud of my drawings, but with each page they showed a sad truth about Belle: She needed repair. That bridge renovation project needed me; and I needed it, in more ways than I could count.

21. Mama Lil refused to sign the permission form mainly because _________.
A. she had become stubborn in her old age
B. she wouldn’t allow Bebe to have a summer job
C. she thought the bridge project was too dangerous
D. she didn’t support Bebe’s desire to be an engineer
22. What can we learn from the story?
A. Bebe lost her parents in the bridge project.
B. Bebe liked to draw the bridge on winter mornings.
C. Bebe and Mama Lil often got into arguments with each other.
D. Bebe called her grandma Mama Lil because she was her mom’s mother.
23. By mentioning the name “Brooklyn Belle”, the author intends to help readers _________.
A. recall the history of the bridge
B. appreciate the bridge’s beauty
C. ignore the damage to the bridge
D. imagine the bridge’s future look
24. Which of the following could be the theme of this story?
A. Dreams know no color or gender.
B. Elders always make the best decisions.
C. Conflict usually resolves itself in the end.
D. Pride wins out but makes things more difficult.

B
Hello, everyone! Welcome to another episode of our show Tease Your Brain. Today we will talk about brand language. When you walk into Starbucks, the world’s biggest coffee chain, you may hear a customer speaking a rapid-fire series of descriptions when asking for a drink—half-caf, black, and for the sizes—tall, grande, venti and trenta.
It is a special language, so this morning we have invited Scott, the Starbucks Regional Manager to talk about it. Welcome Scott!
First of all, can you say something about Starbucks language?
Scott: Thanks for inviting me. OK, sure. Our company invented these rules in the booklet, “Make It Your Drink”. It only belongs to Starbucks. We have also
trained our baristas (咖啡师) to reply to customers using Starbucks vocabulary.
That is so fascinating, Scott! Is Starbucks the only company that uses brand language?
Scott: No. Many companies use this technique. When hungry Californians order a meal at In-N-Out, a burger chain, they need to specify the proportion of cheese slices to patties: a “triple double” means two patties sandwiched between three slices of cheese.
Thank you so much for your insight, Scott.
This past week, Tease Your Brain left the studio to ask people’s opinion about brand language. Let’s find out what they said:
A marketing professor: In my book The Language of Branding, I mention that brand language is a brilliant way of enhancing customer loyalty (忠诚). Companies that persuade people to use their own terms create “a sense of belonging and improved loyalty to the brand”. It also enables employees to work more efficiently.
A sociologist: People become part of a “speech community” when they use specialized vocabulary, which creates a feeling of shared values. Every time a company gets a consumer to refer to its products using a branded term rather than a general description—whoppers, say, rather than burgers—it is drawing them into its own community. In so doing, it makes them more likely to buy its products in the future.
OK. Now let’s listen to what a customer in Starbucks said.
I heard you order your coffee with the brand language, “no-whip”. So, what do you think of this kind of language?
A customer: I think it helps to create a “tribe” that members identify with. Take CrossFit, a fitness firm as an example. It has come up with a set of extensive vocabulary—“wod” means “workout of the day”. Using this kind of description, I feel like I am in the CrossFit group.

25. Which of the following belongs to Starbucks language?
A. Triple double. B. Whopper. C. Wod. D. No-whip.
26. Starbucks language was invented to _________.
A. model a new marketing tool
B. give its baristas a sense of belonging
C. get customers to identify with the brand
D. provide a platform for people to share their values
27. What is the purpose of the episode of the show?
A. To feature Starbucks’ popular products.
B. To explore the function of brand language.
C. To highlight the importance of brand influence.
D. To advise more companies to create special terms.
C
No one has ever seen a teenage elephant hesitantly sit down at the family dinner table with earphones on and occasionally give one-word answers to questions. However, it turns out that adolescent elephants (elephants which are no longer children but not yet adults) exhibit other behaviors that parents of human teens might recognize.
“They’re innocent. They have a lot to learn and they make mistakes,” Cynthia Moss, an elephant expert in Kenya said.
This is particularly true for male elephants. They learn that if they ruin crops, they get beaten up and then die. “It’s just like young human males who drive too fast,” Moss said.
Barbara Natterson, a Harvard biologist pointed out that adolescent animals frequently put themselves in danger intentionally. This behavior is seen throughout the animal world. The adults of any species may consider some actions of their young low-judgment and high-risk; however, these actions actually serve a purpose.
An example is a practice called “predator (捕食者) inspection” which means adolescent animals approach predators rather than run away. The trade-off for the danger is that they can watch, smell and learn about the predator. They gather all kinds of information that can keep them safer as adults.
The idea that adolescents are hard-wired to take these risks can help people understand human teens’ behavior.
“Teens seem driven to try new things and test boundaries in their own version of ‘predator inspection’,” Natterson said. “They try to have as many experiences as they can before they leave the nest.”
Another key aspect of adolescence is an increase in time spent wandering in groups. Adolescence is marked by high levels of peer pressure as well as near-disaster. Scientists have found that adolescents of all kinds are more likely to make dangerous moves while with peers.
Laurence Steinberg, a psychology professor at Temple University, found similarities between mice and human group adolescent behavior. He set up two experiments. One involved mice, half of which were adolescents, drinking ethanol-spiked (添加乙醇的) water. The other involved human teens playing a video game that reproduced driving conditions.
“We found that in the presence of peers, adolescent mice drank more than they do when they’re alone,” Steinberg said, “and that the teenagers in the driving study also took more risks when others were around.”
These findings fit with what Steinberg says is another multi-species adolescent quality: the desire to socialize.
“For the most part, adolescents, human and animal alike, prefer to be with other adolescents,” Steinberg said. “If I say teenagers are social animals, I think the word ‘animal’ is just as important in that sentence as the word ‘social’.”
While doing their study, both Natterson and Steinberg were raising a human teen in their homes. Their desire to understand animals was driven by wanting to understand their own children. They hope their findings will help people who are raising adolescents.

28. According to Natterson, what is a risky but valuable action for adolescent animals? A. Watching enemies’ behavior up close.
B. Observing an adult hunting a large animal.
C. Challenging predators with other adolescents.
D. Gathering information with the help of parents.
29. Steinberg’s experiments found _________.
A. adolescent animals are less likely to get drunk while with peers
B. teenagers are not willing to be sociable in the presence of peers
C. both adolescent animals and human teens are affected by peer pressure
D. peer pressure is more common in adolescent animals than in human teens
30. What does the underlined sentence mean?
A. Adolescent animals long to socialize with teenagers.
B. Socializing with peers is one quality that adolescents share.
C. “Social” is a word that can be interpreted in different ways.
D. The importance of socializing has been realized by teenagers.

D
Consider these facts: The tennis champion Williams sisters are a generation apart, according to the Pew Research Center. Venus, born in 1980, is labelled “Gen X”; Serena, born in 1981, is a “millennial”. Meanwhile, Donald Trump and Michelle Obama both belong to the same generation. The former was born in 1946 while the latter was born in 1964, making them both “baby boomers”.
Before you push these diverse personalities into generational stereotypes (刻板印象), let me stop you there: Just don’t. Generation labels, although widely adopted by the public, have no basis in social reality. In fact, in one recent survey, most people did not identify the correct generation for themselves, even when they were shown a list of options.
This is not surprising since the labels are forced by survey researchers, journalists or marketing firms before the identities they are supposed to describe even exist. Instead of asking people which group they identify with and why, they just declare the labels and start making pronouncements about them. That’s not how social identity works.
The practice of naming “generations” based on birth year goes back at least to the supposed “lost-generation” of the late 19th century. But as the tradition slid into a never-ending competition to be the first to propose the next name that sticks, it has produced gradually declining returns to social science and the public understanding.
The supposed boundaries between generations are no more meaningful than the names they’ve been given. There is no research identifying the appropriate boundaries between generations, and there is no statistical basis for requiring the sweeping character traits (特征) that are believed to define them. In one article you might read that millennials are “liberal lions”, “downwardly mobile”, and “distrustful”; even though they also “get along well with their parents, respect their elders and work well with colleagues”.
Ridiculous, clearly. But what’s the harm? Aren’t these labels just a bit of fun for writers? A method to attract readers and a way of communicating generational change, which no one would deny is a real phenomenon? We, in academic social science, study and teach social change, but we don’t study and teach these labels because they simply aren’t real. And in social science, reality still matters.
Worse than irrelevant, such baseless labels drive people toward stereotyping and thoughtless character judgment. Measuring and describing social change is essential, and it can be useful to analyze the historical period in which people were born and raised, but drawing random lines between birth years and assigning names to them doesn’t help.
Today there are lots of good alternatives to label generations. We can simply describe people by the decade in which they were born and define generational groups specifically related to a particular issue—such as 2020 school kids. With the arrival of “Generation Z”, there has never been a better time to get off this train.
31. What do the facts listed in Paragraph 1 imply?
A. Different people have different opinions about generation labels.
B. People with the same generation label may not be of similar age.
C. Generational change can be measured by generation labels.
D. Generation labels are widely adopted by celebrities.
32. The underlined word “sticks” in Paragraph 4 probably means _________.
A. is understood B. is analyzed C. is described D. is accepted
33. According to the passage, the author may agree that _________.
A. the generation label is a harmless device writers use to reflect reality
B. generation boundaries are more meaningful than generation labels
C. assigning character traits to a certain generation is misguided
D. journalists should find alternative ways to judge character
34. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Generation labels: It’s high time to retire them
B. Generation labels: The ongoing debate will never end
C. Generation labels: What do they say about who we are?
D. Generation labels: Expand or bridge generational differences?

北京市房山区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题
第一节（共 14 小题；每小题2 分，共28 分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Looking for a good book? We have the world’s largest collection of expert book recommendations. The following are books that have been recommended over and over again, suggesting they are some of the most important books ever written.
Atomic Habits by James Clear
Atomic Habits, published in 2018, will reshape the way you think about progress and success, and give you the tools and strategies you need to transform your habits. If you’re having trouble changing your habits, the problem is your system. Bad habits repeat themselves again and again because you have the wrong system for change. James Clear will help you get a proven system that can take you to new heights.
The Looming Tower by Lawrence Wright
The Looming Tower by Lawrence Wright was published in 2014. The book is the most detailed and thrilling account of the events that led to the destruction of the Twin Towers, based on five years of research and hundreds of interviews.
Ammonite by Nicola Griffith
Ammonite, Griffith’s first science fiction, which was published in 1992, won the Lambda Award and the James Tiptree Jr Award. It tells us a thrilling story: A human expedition to the planet Jeep is nearly wiped out by a virus that kills all the men and most of the women. Some centuries later, Marghe is sent to test a vaccine on the people there. As she lives and moves among them, Marghe finds herself changed in unexpected ways.
Walden by Henry David Thoreau

高三英语第3页（共10页）

高三英语第4页（共10页）

First published in 1854, Walden details Thoreau’s experiences over the course of two years, two months, and two days in a cabin he built near Walden Pond, in woodland owned by his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts. The book compresses the time into a single calendar year and uses passages of four seasons to symbolize human development.
21. Who wrote the book about the disaster of the Twin Towers?
A. James Clear. B. Lawrence Wright.
C. Nicola Griffith. D. Henry David Thoreau.
22. Which book is the best choice for the people who love science fictions?
A. Atomic Habits. B. The Looming Tower.
C. Ammonite. D. Walden.
23. According to the passage, the four books are all _______.
A. about thrilling stories B. recommended by experts
C. newly published books D. helpful in shaping your habits
B
The Importance of a Child’s Gift
On the first day of fourth grade, my teacher, Mrs. Brown, told my class a story about her husband Rob, who is a brain cancer survivor. She talked about their journey through his treatment and recovery. After what Mrs. Brown experienced with Rob’s illness, she decided to devote part of her life to helping people in similar situations. She told us about a local organization she was a part of called Be Head Strong (BHS), which works to support and comfort families with a member suffering from brain cancer. Her strength and attitude toward her situation inspired me and led me to realize some significant lessons about love and hope.
One day, when I was looking at the money that I had saved, I thought about the stories Mrs. Brown had told us, about Rob and all the other remarkable people she worked with through BHS. I decided that was where I wanted my money to go.
As the last day of school approached, I wrapped the heart-shaped box full of dollars and coins. After all the other kids had left on the last day of school, I handed Mrs. Brown the present. As she opened it, I told her that I wanted the money to go to BHS to help people like Rob. She broke into tears and hugged me tightly.
I was invited to BHS’s annual fundraiser and auction (拍卖). The night’s theme was hope and giving. The auctioneer told everyone the story of my gift to Mrs. Brown, the $131. 30. At the end, he asked, “How many of you are willing to do what a fourth grade girl did and donate $131. 30?” At that point nearly everyone in the room raised their bidding numbers. At that moment I realized that the money I had donated had become something bigger than that.
Inspired by Mrs. Brown, I continued my fundraising through the years, starting fundraisers and helping with BHS events. The joy that I found in this organization never came from any recognition that I received for my action. I gained belief and hope from the people that I met and worked with in BHS. These events and experiences have shown me what love can bring in bad situations. I want to spend much of my life volunteering.
People may not always realize how big of an impact one kind gesture can make. Mrs. Brown sparked a decision in my life that has changed how I live.
24. What made the author better understand love and hope?
A. Mrs. Brown’s love for her students.
B. The local organization’s contribution.
C. Mrs. Brown’s positive attitude towards hardship.
D. Rob’s journey through his treatment and recovery.
25. What did the author do for BHS?
A. She presented the auctioneer with his gifts.
B. She participated in an auction and became a winner.
C. She donated her money and raised fund for the organization.
D. She made lectures to inspire those who lived with brain cancer.
26. What did the author value most in her voluntary experience?
A. Belief and hope. B. Comfort and joy.
C. Love and recognition. D. Respect and confidence.
27. What can we conclude from this passage?
A. Great hopes make great man.　
B. Actions speak louder than words.
C. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
D. A small decision can make a big difference.
C
Beyond Identity
We often think of ourselves as our body, mind, and emotions. However, we also often talk about a person’s soul. Is there any scientific basis for the soul? Surprisingly, there is. Each unique personality a person has, the feeling and identity of the self beyond age, and our inevitable subjective experience as an individual make a scientific foundation for the soul.
Despite the constant change in the links between our brain cells, we remain the same personality. This is most obvious in the case of mentally ill patients or people who have experienced memory loss. Science journalist Michael Lemonick told the story of Lonni Sue, who suffered brain damage and was left unable to recall her past or to form new memories. Lemonick thought that Lonni Sue, when she lost her memories, lost her self. But once he got to know her, as well as people who knew her before and after her injury, Lemonick discovered that herself had not been destroyed. She was still cheerful in a way that made people around her feel better, and she was still creative and playful. So, despite memory loss, we still have the essence of our personality. Basically, no matter what happens to our brain, our unique personality seems to shine through.
Besides one’s personality being present despite memory loss, the soul of a person can be identified through one’s consciousness (意识). Though we commonly identify with our body and what we see in the mirror, we also have a sense that we are not a certain age—as our sense of self usually depends less on age and rather on our subjective feeling of who we are.
Lastly, each person is inevitably subjective about his or her experience. Despite humans being very similar to each other in DNA, our view on reality is very different from individual to individual.
The soul of a person is challenging to prove scientifically. However, with each person’s personality being unique, the behavioral quality of thinking of the self beyond age, and our inevitable subjective experience, we can say that the soul has some basis in science. These realities of our behavior, character, and perception might not be tested, but they are very difficult to deny.
28. The author tells the story of Lonni Sue to show _______.
A. the stability of people’s personality
B. strange behaviors of mentally ill patients
C. the chance for the mentally ill to form new memories
D. the changes of the people who suffered brain damage
29. What does the underlined word “essence” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Past memory. B. Changeable belief.
C. Optimistic attitude. D. Important nature.
30. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Our body, mind and emotions tell who we are.
B. The soul of a person changes as he or she grows old.
C. Scientific research has already proved what makes up our soul.
D. Our soul depends on our personality, consciousness and experience.
D

高三英语第5页（共10页）

高三英语第6页（共10页）

As online learning becomes more common and more and more resources become digital form, some people have suggested that public libraries should be shut down and, in their place, everyone should be given an iPad.
Supporters of this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries are expensive to maintain. They also believe it will encourage more people to read because they won’t have to travel to a library to get a book; they can simply click on what they want to read and read it from wherever they are. They could also access more materials because libraries won’t have to buy physical copies of books.
However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with iPads. First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than print resources. A study done on tablet and book reading found that people read 20-30% slower on iPads, remember 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to people who read the same information in print. Additionally, staring too long at a screen has been shown to cause some health problems, including dizziness, dry eyes, headaches, shoulder and back pain and so on. We should not add to these problems by giving people, especially young people, more reasons to look at screens.
Second, it is incredibly narrow-minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book lending. Libraries have more benefits, and many are only available if the library has a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, giving people a way to communicate with their neighbors, holding classes on a variety of topics, providing jobs and keeping the community connected. One neighborhood found that, after a local library instituted community events such as play times for kids and parents, job fairs for teenagers, and meeting spaces for senior citizens, over a third of residents reported feeling more connected to their community. Similarly, a survey conducted in 2015 found that nearly two-thirds of American adults feel that closing their local library would have a major impact on their community. People see libraries as a way to connect with others and get their questions answered and benefits iPads can’t offer nearly as well or as easily.
While replacing libraries with iPads may seem like a simple solution, it would encourage people to spend even more time looking at digital screens, despite the issues surrounding them. It would also end access to many of the benefits of libraries that people have come to rely on. In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community network that they could never be replaced by a simple object.
31. Digital reading supporters may agree that _______.
A. the price is too high to maintain libraries
B. iPads make people’s learning less convenient
C. printed books are more efficient than digital ones
D. iPads encourage people to spend more time on line
32. The author supports his idea in Paragraph 3 by_______.
A. listing figures and showing studying results
B. highlighting the differences between the two media
C. comparing reading efficiency through different media
D. showing advantages and disadvantages of reading with iPads
33. What is the author’s attitude towards the functions of public libraries?
A. Unconcerned. B. Confused. C. Positive. D. Negative.
34. What is the best title of the passage?
A. Why IPads Encourage People to Read?
B. Should Public Libraries Be Shut Down?
C. Will IPads Take the Place of Public Libraries?
D. How Are IPads And Public Libraries Different?

北京市朝阳区2021-2022学年上学期高三英语期末质量检测试题
第一节（共 14 小题；每小题 2 分, 共 28 分）
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
In our hyper-connected world, information is being collected and shared every nanosecond. The problem is that your personal information might be used against you in the future in ways you can’t imagine today. So what do you have to worry about, and what can you do to protect yourself?
If you’re worried about your personal information getting lifted. . .
Don’t hand over your name, address, phone number, or email address unless the receiver really needs it. If pressed, you can always make something up. Opt a paper receipt or no receipt rather than getting one via text or email, which requires sharing your information and exposes you to possible data loss.
If you prefer that your Internet searches stay private. . .
Browse (浏览) with Firefox. Its privacy controls are stronger than other big-name browsers. Or use DuckDuckGo, and alternate service you can easily set as your default (默认) search partner at duckduckgo. com.
If you’re worried about your phone acting as a tracker. . .
Turn off Location Services for all apps except maps and others that specifically need to know where you are. You can do this in Settings, under Privacy and Location.
If you want companies to stop trying to sell you things. . .
Stop ads from tracking you by opting out of information collecting. The website simpleoptout. com is a good place to start. You can also add your phone number to the National Do Not Call Registry at 1-888-382-1222 or donotcall. gov.
If you’re worried about being tagged (标记) in photos on social media. . .
Tell friends you don’t want to be tagged, and opt out of being automatically tagged in other people’s Facebook photos by going to Settings, then Face Recognition.
Always keep in mind that Internet is not a private place and your privacy is not just about freedom from embarrassment. Although you can’t prevent all Internet spying, you can minimize some unwanted spying by taking these steps.
21. Which of the following will most possibly reveal your personal information?
A. Looking for information with Firefox.
B. Receiving a receipt through text messages.
C. Switching off Location Services in Settings.
D. Giving your address to the receiver who needs it.
22. If you don’t want to be disturbed by ads, you can_______________.
A. avoid using simpleoptout. com
B. refuse a call from 1-888-382-1222
C. delete your history from DuckDuckGo
D. register your phone number at donotcall. gov
23. The passage is intended to _____________.
A. give advice B. introduce websites C. show worries D. explain social media
B
Cards from Reese
When 9-year-old Reese Osterberg lost her home in Fresno County, California, in Creek Fire, one of the largest wildfires in state history early last fall, she had a very pressing concern: did anyone grab her baseball cards?
No one had. With a houseful of kids and dogs and a farm’s worth of horses to evacuate ( 疏 散 ), the family forgot the cards in a hurry to leave.
Naturally, the faithful San Francisco Giants fan and Little League baseball player was upset. When she watched the Giants on TV, she would lay out each player’s card on the floor in his corresponding field position. “I like baseball cards because they are pictures of people doing happy stuff—doing what they love, and what I love, ” says Reese.
Reese’s loss touched the hearts of the Fresno County fire department, which posted her story on its Facebook page. They put out a call for people to help Reese rebuild her baseball card collection. Among those to respond was Kevin Ashford of San Jose, who knew exactly where Reese could find replacement cards: in his garage. He had more than 25, 000 in his collection, which is worth about $50, 000. Ashford had been thinking about selling them when he saw the fire department’s post. “I wasn’t really doing anything with them, ” says Ashford. “I thought I could take care of this problem rather quickly. ”
First responders transported the cards from Ashford’s garage to the Fresno County fire department and then surprised Reese during a tour of the firehouse. Towers of Ashford’s cards were put in front of the fire engine. After thanking Ashford, Reese was quick to share the thousands of baseball cards she received from Ashford and other donors around the country with other kids affected by California’s Creek Fire.
She’s gotten so many, in fact, that she started Cards from Reese, an organization that collects cards and donates them to those in need. She knows firsthand of the simple power of a card and she’d like to lift other children up as others have lifted her up.
24. What happened to Reese’s baseball cards?
A. Someone took them away. B. They were left in the garage.
C. Her family threw them away. D. They were destroyed in a fire.
25. How did Ashford help Reese?
A. He donated his cards to her. B. He called on others to help her.
C. He shared her story on Facebook. D. He exchanged his cards with her.
26. From the story, we can learn that ______________.
A. ups and downs make one strong
B. nothing is difficult to a willing heart
C. love can be sent from one to another
D. accepting what you have makes you happy
C
The return of sea otters to Southeast Alaska over the past 50 years, a project funded by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, has been a conservation success story. Erin Foster, a Nearshore Ecology PhD from Hakai Institute, suggests that sea otter restoration can enhance the genetic diversity of their habitat.
Sea otters reside in coastal habitats, including eelgrass fields,
where they feed on rock crabs, often creating foraging pits (觅食坑) in the eelgrass. Foster looked at the impact of this activity on eelgrass genetic diversity by comparing eelgrass ecosystems with no otters (pre-disturbance) to those where otters had been reintroduced (post-disturbance). It was found that genetic diversity was higher in the areas with otters. Foster argues that genetic richness is of central importance here because it is crucial to resilience ( 恢 复 力 ) and the evolution of clonal organisms. Why? The primary mode of expansion for eelgrass is clonal growth, but sea otter digging stimulates sexual reproduction in the flowering plant and opens up areas for the seeds to settle.
Even though disturbance enhances the diversity and dynamics of many of the world’s ecosystems, its influence on genetic diversity remains poorly appreciated. The amount of disturbance that was observed in the eelgrass fields was relatively low: about 5% of the seafloor had foraging pits, although the pits last only for a short time, and visual observations likely underestimate the amount of activity. The disturbance theory, presented in 1978 on the basis of evidence from tropical forests and coral reefs, is well known to ecologists. Early studies showed that disturbance could increase species diversity, but researches on the effects of disturbance on genetic diversity are relatively rare.
The role of sea otters in eelgrass fields provides insights into how genetic diversity can change when species interactions are lost—and how these patterns can be restored. Without sea otters, genetic diversity appears to decline; when they return, so does diversity. Sea otters were extirpated from much of their range during intense commercial harvests in the 18th and 19th centuries. As their range expanded in the 1960s and 1970s after the disturbance, and their habitats became better understood, sea otters became symbolic species in ecology.
The role of sea otters in biogeochemical processes such as the carbon cycle has gained attention in recent years. During the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030), more attention should be paid to rebuilding animal populations and the key ecological functions they provide.
27. We can learn from the passage that _______________.
A. eelgrass ecosystems are established by sea otters
B. eelgrass expands through clonal growth due to sea otters
C. the return of sea otters can increase genetic diversity of eelgrass
D. eelgrass plays a more important role in the ecosystem than sea otters
28. What can we infer from Paragraph 3?
A. The ecological disturbance theory lacks basic proof.
B. The previous researches on disturbance are insufficient.
C. The necessity of the research on disturbance is doubted.
D. The effects of disturbance on genetic diversity are relatively small.
29. What does the underlined word “extirpated” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Removed. B. Restored. C. Reproduced. D. Relocated.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. The Ecological Function of Eelgrass Fields
B. The Commitment to Ecological Conservation
C. The Strategy for Increasing Sea Otter Population
D. The Benefit of Disturbance on Genetic Diversity
D
My university has now topped the U. S. News & World Report rankings for 11 years running. Given Princeton’s success, you might think I would be a fan of the list. Not so. Don’t get me wrong. I am proud of Princeton’s teaching, research and commitment to service. I like seeing our quality recognized. Rankings, however, are a misleading way to assess universities. Different schools have distinct strengths, structures and missions. The idea of picking one as “best”, as though educational programs competed like athletic teams, is strange.
However, the U. S. News rankings attract great attention and a huge customer base. Applicants and their families rely on the rankings and feel pressure to get into highly regarded institutions. As a result, many schools make intense efforts to move up in the rankings. This competition produces damaging consequences. For example, some universities avoid doing difficult but valuable things— such as admitting talented lower-income students who can succeed at university if given appropriate support.
Still, students and families need comparative information to choose universities. If rankings mislead, what is the alternative? For generations, buyers have turned to Consumer Reports for advice about almost everything except university education. When Consumer Reports evaluates a product, it assesses multiple factors so that potential buyers can make their own choice wisely. Similarly, university applicants need information about some basic variables. Graduation rates are crucial. A university that does not graduate its students is like a car with a bad maintenance (维修) record. It costs money without getting you anywhere. What applicants need is not the average graduation rate, but the rate for students with backgrounds like their own. For example, some places successfully graduate their wealthy students but do less well for lower-income students. Applicants should also see some measure of post-graduation outcomes.
Here is a partial list of other factors that matter: cost of tuition ( 学 费 ) and fees; high-quality teachers actively engaged in undergraduate instruction; and a learning culture composed of diverse students who study hard and educate one another. Judged by these criteria, many schools could be “Consumer Reports Best Buys”. Applicants should be excited to get into any of them; they should pick the one they find most appealing; and they should not waste time worrying about which is “the best”.
It would be great to have a Consumer Reports for universities. I hope that some national publication will have the courage to produce an annual, user-friendly Consumer Reports-style analysis of higher education institutions, even if it is not as attractive as a football-style set of rankings. In the meantime, those of us who understand the imperfection in the rankings must call them out—even when, indeed especially when, we finish at the top.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards university rankings?
A. Supportive. B. Indifferent. C. Disapproving. D. Neutral.
32. Why does the author mention Consumer Reports?
A. To reveal the multiplicity of consumers.
B. To present the information of potential buyers.
C. To highlight the difficulty of choosing universities.
D. To emphasize the need of overall evaluation of universities.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. It is not likely to have a Consumer Reports for universities.
B. The most suitable university for applicants may not rank the top.
C. The average graduation rate is crucial to lower-income applicants.
D. The top universities can see the imperfection in the rankings better.
34. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. There is no such thing as a good or bad student.
B. Education equality is an ideal hard to be realized.
C. An alternative approach is needed to assess universities.
D. Discrimination against poor students brings loss of talents.

答案：
北京市丰台区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末统一检测英语试卷
21. A 22. C 23. A
【分析】这是一篇应用文。为庆祝世界海洋日，《少年周刊》举办了一场绘画比赛，本文就比赛的方式、作品要求、奖品等做了说明。
【小题21】
细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"In celebration of World Ocean Day on 8 June, The Week Junior is running a competition to create an awesome poster featuring some of the world's coolest sea creatures, and your artwork could be part of it!(为了庆祝6月8日的世界海洋日，《少年周刊》正在举办一场比赛，制作一张精美的海报，展示世界上一些最酷的海洋生物，你的作品可能会成为其中的一部分!)”可知，这次的绘画比赛是为了庆祝世界海洋日。故选A。
【小题22】
细节理解题。根据What you could win段落下的"Each winner will also receive a paint brush set worth over f80, which will be delivered to you. (每位获胜者还将收到价值超过80英镑的画笔套装，并将通过快递的方式送达)”可知，参赛的获胜者将会收到快递过去的奖品。故选C。
【小题23】
推理判断题。根据Terms and conditions段落下的"The Week Junior will not share your personal details with third parties. The Week Junior will only use personal details to contact the competition winners. (《少年周刊》不会与第三方分享您的个人信息，个人详细信息仅用于联系竞赛优胜者)”可知，《少年周刊》对参赛者的隐私负责。故选A。
24. B 25. C 26. B 27. D
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Chelsie King为了让自己的残疾丈夫和小婴儿能够无障碍地在小区里行动，向自己的学生们请求帮助，学生们积极参加并且最终很好地完成了这个任务。
【小题24】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段"Chelsie's husband, Jeremy, underwent brain surgery for a tumor(肿瘤) three years ago, and since then it has been difficult for him to keep his balance. He wanted to be able to safely hold his baby, but "there's just really not a ton of resources out there for disabled parents, "Chelsie said. (Chelsie的丈夫杰里米三年前接受了脑部肿瘤手术，从那以后他一直难以保持平衡。他希望能够安全地抱着他的孩子，但是"对于残疾父母来说，真的没有太多的办法，"切尔西说)”可知，Chelsie的丈夫杰里米不能安全地带着孩子外出，所以她请求学生们的帮助。故选B项。
【小题25】
细节理解题。根据第三段"Two projects were selected for the students to make — one that connected an infant car seat to Jeremy's wheelchair and another that attached an entire stroller to the wheelchair. (学生们选择了两个项目——一个将婴儿汽车座椅连接到杰里米的轮椅上，另一个将整个婴儿车连接到轮椅上)”可知，学生们想出了两种在轮椅上安装附加设备的方法。故选C项。
【小题26】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段"The Kings went out with the car seat attachment, and found it worked perfectly. The students were excited to learn that their creation was a hit. (金夫妇带着汽车座椅附件出去，发现它使用起来很好。当学生们得知他们的作品大获成功时，都很兴奋)”可知，学生们因为自己的创意和产品大获成功而兴奋开心。故选B项。
【小题27】
推理判断题。本文讲述了Chelsie King为了让自己残疾的丈夫能够安全地带着孩子外出散步而请求学生们帮忙，学生们积极踊跃地加入进来。大家集思广益，提出了很多方法，最终两种有效的方法脱颖而出。并且，Chelsie King的丈夫在使用后感觉很好。学生们的创意和善良收获了感谢。所以D项"Creativity and kindness can make a difference. (创造力和善良会产生极大的影响)"符合文意。故选D项。
28. D 29. A 30. C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。通过实验研究证明反复的回忆会使记忆发生改变。
【小题28】细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句"This is known as the "audience-tuning effect", showing us how our memories can change automatically over time, as a product of how, when, and why we access them. (这就是所谓的“观众调谐效应”, 它向我们展示了我们的记忆是如何随着时间的推移而自动变化的，这是我们如何、何时以及为什么读取记忆的结果)”可知，我们处理记忆的方式会影响我们的记忆。故选D。
【小题29】推理判断题。根据第五段第一句"In fact, sometimes simply the act of rehearsing(复述)a memory can be exactly what makes it susceptible(易受影响的)to change. (事实上，有时仅仅是复述记忆的行为就能使记忆容易改变。)”结合本段中的实验结果可知，复述记忆次数多的受试者更容易改变记忆。由此可推知，经常回忆并不会完美的重现记忆。故选A。
【小题30】词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段最后两句"By the time our memory goes back into the freezer, it might have naturally become a little misshapen, especially if someone has influenced it purposely in the meantime. (当我们的记忆回到冰库时，它可能会自然而然地变得有点畸形，特别是如果有人同时有意的影响它)”可知，这里将记忆与取出冰箱的冰激凌作类比，冰激凌会融化变形，记忆也一样会发生改变。由此可推知，划线词malleable与changeable同义，表示“可变的”。故选C。
31. D 32. B 33. B 34. C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了手工艺行业的优点及未来前景。
【小题31】
细节理解题。根据第二段"Crafts require distinct skills, an all-round approach to work that involves the whole product and an attitude that necessitates devotion to the job and a focus on the communal interest. (手工艺需要独特的技能、涉及整个产品的全面的工作方法以及对这项工作的热爱和对共同利益的关注)”可知。手工艺需要对工作有全面的了解。故选D。
【小题32】
推理判断题。根据第四段"As a current example, the academics cite the agile manifesto(敏捷软件开发宣言) in the software sector, an industry at the heart of technological change. (作为当前的一个例子，学者们引用了软件行业的敏捷软件开发宣言，这是一个处于技术变革中心的行业)”可知，这个例子是针对本段开头"For workers, the appeal of craftsmanship is that it allows them the autonomy to make creative choices, and thus makes a job far more satisfying. (对工人来说，手工艺的吸引力在于它让他们可以自主做出创造性的选择，从而使工作更加令人满意)”而列举的，由本句句意可知，这里在阐述手工艺给工人带来的好处。故选B。
【小题33】
推理判断题。根据后两段的内容，结合倒数第二段第一句"But the broader question is whether crafts can create a lot more jobs than they do today. (但更深远的问题是手工艺是否能创造比今天多得多的就业机会)"可知，作者在后两段主要关注的是手工艺行业的前景。故选B。
【小题34】
主旨大意题。文章开头描写了手工艺者将修复好的传家宝交给物主时令人感动的场景，说明这是个富有人情味的行业，倒数第二段第一句"But the broader question is whether crafts can create a lot more jobs than they do today. (但更深远的问题是手工艺是否能创造比今天多得多的就业机会)并结合文章介绍了手工艺行业的优点及未来前景，可知"The Human Touch—Crafts and the Future of Work(人情味的手工艺行业和未来的工作)"适合作为本文标题。故选C。

北京市海淀区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题
【答案】21. C 22. A 23. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要通过介绍博物馆大使这个志愿者工作，来吸引有意申请博物馆大使的人士。
【详解】1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Each year, our Museum Ambassadors help over 100,000 people get the most out of their visits by welcoming groups, circulating throughout the museum's public zones to answer basic questions, and directing visitors to programs and exhibitions of interest.”(每年，我们的博物馆大使所做的是欢迎游客，在博物馆的公共区域巡回且回答游客的基本问题，并引导参观者参观感兴趣的项目和展览，通过做这些，我们的博物馆大使帮助了超过10万人，使他们在自己的旅游参观中有最大的收获。)可知，博物馆大使的职责之一就是引导游客参观他们感兴趣的展览。故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据If you have…部分“•strong interpersonal and communication skills.•an interest in history and communication.”(较强的人际交往和沟通能力。对历史和沟通有兴趣。)可知，一个合格的博物馆大使应该是喜欢与人交流和沟通，A项“enjoy communicating with people”(喜欢和人交流)符合，B项“speak at least two foreign languages”(至少会说两种外语)文中没有提到，C项“have academic background in history”(具有历史学术背景)文中也没有提到，文中只提到对历史感兴趣，所以C不对；根据If you can…部分中“twice a month (weekend Ambassadors).”(一月两次换班（周末大使）)可知，D选项“commit to working three shifts at weekends”(承诺周末三班倒)不符，故选A。
3.目的意图题。通读全文可知，文章第一段主要介绍了成为博物馆大使，可以在美国历史博物馆做志愿者。第二段主要介绍了博物馆大使的职责。第三段介绍了成为博物馆大使的一些好处。接着文章从申请人的意愿，条件，要求，申请等几个方面介绍博物馆大使的工作。所以可以得知，文章主要目的是为了吸引有意申请博物馆大使的人士，故选D。
【答案】24. B 25. D 26. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。17岁的学生玛丽拉·萨托(Mariella Satow)开发了一款名为“Signup”的手语应用程序，方便失聪人群看电影。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“he was disappointed to discover how few had signed versions. ”（她失望地发现，签名版的电视节目少之又少。）可知，开发这款软件是因为缺少服务失聪人群的电视节目。故选B。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“"There are more than 300 sign languages used worldwide, so it'll take a lone time to get all of those versions out," she says.”（“全世界使用的手语超过300种，所以要把所有这些版本都推出还需要很长时间。”）”可知，Mariella的下一个挑战是在全世界推广她的应用。故选D。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“ It's taken a year for Mariella to develop the technology, with lots of help from ASL teachers and the deaf community.”（在美国手语教师和聋人社区的大力帮助下，Mariella花了一年的时间来开发这项技术。）可知，Mariella创造了这个软件，具有很强的创造力，再者第三段“ It only works on Disney Plus films at the moment, because that's where Mariella thought she could help the most children.”（目前它只适用于Disney Plus的电影，因为玛丽拉认为她可以在那里帮助大多数孩子。）可知，她非常乐于帮助关心孩子们。故选A。
【答案】27. C 28. B 29. B 30. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要举例子介绍了一些将自然融入生活、工作和学习中的亲生态设计，这种亲生态设计对人们的身心健康带来很大好处。
【详解】1.推理判断题。根据第二段“Humans have evolved to gravitate towards nature, Kellert noted. but if we don't develop that impulse it fades. So his principles include access to natural light, air, water. plants, and gardens. Using materials such as wood and stone, natural designs such as leaf or shell patterns, and earthy colors also helps humans to feel closer to nature.(Kellert注意到，人类已经进化到被大自然吸引的地步。但如果我们不培养这种冲动，它就会消失。所以他的原则是要接近自然光，空气，水，植物和花园。使用木材和石头等材料，设计像树叶或贝壳等自然图案，以及使用朴实的颜色，这些也有助于人类感觉更接近大自然)”可推断出，Stephen Kellert可能认为人类需要欣赏和充分利用大自然，故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Modern examples include the Jewel Changi Airport in Singapore, with its four-storey forest garden and world's largest indoor waterfall fed by rainwater. Or the Swedish Mirrorcube tree house hotel, mainly made of used plywood and a lightweight aluminum(铝) frame wrapped around a tree.(现代的例子包括新加坡的宝石樟宜机场，它有四层的森林花园和世界上最大的室内雨水瀑布。或者瑞典镜立方树屋酒店，主要由用过的胶合板和轻质铝框架围绕在树上)”和第四段中的“Spectacular biophilic homes include One Central Park in Sydney apartment blocks featuring hanging gardens on the outside. The buildings recycle their own water and a suspended (悬浮的) motorized mirror system reflects sunlight down onto gardens below. Milan's Bosco Verticale block is perhaps even more eye — catching with its vertical forest of 17,000 trees, bushes, and plants.(令人叹为观止的生态住宅包括悉尼的一个中央公园公寓大楼，其外侧有空中花园。建筑自身的水循环利用，悬挂的机动镜面系统将阳光反射到下面的花园。米兰的Bosco Verticale街区也许更加引人注目，因为它有17000棵树、灌木和植物组成的垂直森林)”以及第五段中的“Modern buildings like the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore, with its position next to the waterfall of the Yishun Pond, are closely linked with their surroundings. The hospital channels outdoor air to cool the inside, and uses reflective sunshades to direct light into the wards to brighten them and save energy.(像新加坡的Khoo Teck Puat医院这样的现代建筑，它的位置紧挨着伊顺池塘的瀑布，与周围的环境紧密相连。医院引导室外空气冷却病房内部，并使用反光遮阳板将光线引入病房以照亮病房并节省能源)”可推断出，文章列举的这些亲生态设计的共同点就是，它们都有助于促进可持续发展，故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Children learn better and feel more relaxed in biophilic settings.(在生态环境中，孩子们学得更好，感觉更放松)”和最后一段中的“Fresh air flow, green walls, and aquariums all become part of a recipe for improving health and academic success.(流动的新鲜空气，绿色的墙壁，水族馆这些都成为改善健康和学术成功的一部分)”可知，亲生态设计有助于改善学生在学校的表现，故选B。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要举例子介绍了一些将自然融入生活，工作和学习中的亲生态设计，这种亲生态设计在一些城市中，大楼里，家中，医院，学校里等都能看到，它对人们的身心健康带来很大好处。由此可推断出，A选项“Let's Invite Nature Inside(让我们邀请大自然进来)”最适合作文章标题，故选A。
【答案】31. D 32. D 33. A 34. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章作者主要讨论了我们所不喜欢的也很重要，而接受我们不喜欢的东西是一种处理权力不平衡的方法。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Furthermore, dislikes are often used as a way not to stand apart but to fit in. It means learning the unspoken rules of what's OK to like or dislike, and to proclaim those likes or dislikes loudly for others to hear. When some of us swim against the social tide, we might be savvy（精明的）enough to label our likes as "guilty pleasures", which both acknowledges the rules and apologizes for violating them.(此外，不喜欢经常被用来作为一种方式，而不是与众不同，而是融入。它意味着学习那些可以喜欢或不喜欢的潜规则，并大声说出那些喜欢或不喜欢的东西让别人听到。当我们中的一些人与社会潮流背道而驰时，我们可能足够聪明，将自己的喜好贴上“罪恶的快乐”的标签，这既承认了规则，也为违反了规则而道歉。)”可知，当人们试图融入某个群体时，他们会将自己的喜好贴上“罪恶的快乐”的标签。故选D。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“All the interviewees tended to actively dislike media content far more when they felt they couldn't escape it. (当受访者觉得无法逃避时，他们更倾向于主动地不喜欢媒体内容。)”和“Moreover, some of us are subjected to more annoyance than others.(此外，我们中的一些人比其他人遭受更多的烦恼。)”可推断，接触在不需要的媒体内容中会加剧人们的反感。故选D。
【33题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“Keeping the despised shows at hand rather than avoiding them can help the dislikers speak up in the court of public opinion. Or some might enjoy their dislikes as a way to avoid ruining certain relationships. (保留那些受人鄙视的节目，而不是避开它们，可以帮助那些不喜欢的人在公众舆论的法庭上畅所欲言。或者有些人可能喜欢他们不喜欢的东西，以此来避免破坏某些关系。)”可知，在一个让每个人都感到满足的世界里，着迷于不喜欢可以帮助你重新获得控制权。所以Reveling in为“深爱；酷爱；着迷”之意。故选A。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For all the attention given to what we like, what we dislike can be just as important, interesting and empowering. (对于我们所喜欢的事物所给予的所有关注，我们不喜欢的事物也可以同样重要、有趣和有力量。)”和第六段“Therefore, speaking about dislikes is an act of resistance—a refusal to allow public space to be conquered by the media content that doesn't connect.(因此，谈论不喜欢是一种反抗的行为——拒绝让公共空间被不相连的媒体内容所征服。)”可推断，作者试图在这篇文章中传达“接受我们不喜欢的东西是一种处理权力不平衡的方法”这一观点。故选C。

北京市西城区2021-2022学年上学期期末考试高三英语试卷
21. D 22. C 23. B 24. A
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是作者想要参加修复布鲁克林大桥的项目，作者的外婆不允许作者当工程师，因为当时黑人女性工程师并不多，但是最后她的外婆终于同意了。
【小题21】
细节理解题。根据第四段的"But for Mama Lil, the thing that made her the most stubborn this time, was exactly my dream of becoming an engineer”(但对Mama Lil来说，这次让她最固执的事情，恰恰是我想成为一名工程师的梦想。)可知，Mama Lil拒绝在这份同意书上签字，主要是因为她不支持Bebe想成为一名工程师的愿望，故选D。
【小题22】
细节理解题。根据第二段的"I had been butting heads with her ever since I could remember. And the older I got, the more at odds we were and the more conflicts we experienced. ”(从记事起，我就一直与她作对。随着年龄的增长，我们之间的矛盾越来越多，我们经历的冲突也越来越多。)可知，Bebe和Mama Lil经常吵架。故选C。
【小题23】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“And on every one of those times, I was taken with what I'd come to call Brooklyn Belle. ”(每一次，我都被我称之为Brooklyn Belle的东西迷住了。)和倒数第二段的"At night, Belle was dressed in tiny light. On a cloudless night like this one, she was a sight like no other in the whole city. Jeweled in light. Beautiful. ”(晚上，微弱的灯光洒在Belle身上。在这样一个万里无云的夜晚，她的身影在整个城市里是绝无仅有的。饰有宝石的光。美丽。)可知，通过提到"Brooklyn Belle"这个名字，作者想帮助读者欣赏这座桥的美丽，故选B。
【小题24】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段的"It was true that there weren't many black women engineers. But I wanted to build bridges more than anything. "(的确，当时黑人女性工程师并不多。但我最想做的是修建桥梁。)可知，本文主要讲的是作者虽然是黑人，但是却想当工程师修建桥梁，因此本文的主题是“梦不分肤色和性别”, 即Dreams know no color or gender, 故选A。
25. D 26. C 27. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以星巴克语言为例，说明了品牌语言的功能。
【小题25】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段"I heard you order your coffee with the brand language, "no-whip". (我听到你点咖啡用的是品牌语言“不加鲜奶油")”可知，no-whip属于星巴克语言。故选D项。
【小题26】
推理判断题。根据倒数第五段"I mention that brand language is a brilliant way of enhancing customer loyalty(忠诚). Companies that persuade people to use their own terms create "a sense of belonging and improved loyalty to the brand". (我提到品牌语言是提高客户忠诚度的一种极好的方式。说服人们使用自己的术语的公司创造了"归属感，提高了对品牌的忠诚度")”可知，品牌语言是提高客户的忠诚度的好的方式，使用术语可以创造归属感，推测星巴克语言被创造是为了使客户认同品牌。故选C项。
【小题27】
推理判断题。根据第一段"Today we will talk about brand language. (今天我们将讨论品牌语言)"可知，节目内容是为了探讨品牌语言的功能。故选B项。
28. A 29. C 30. B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明实验证明青少年动物和青少年人类类似，会故意冒险、受到同伴压力的影响。
【小题28】
细节理解题。根据第五段"An example is a practice called "predator(捕食者)inspection" which means adolescent animals approach predators rather than run away. The trade-off for the danger is that they can watch, smell and learn about the predator. They gather all kinds of information that can keep them safer as adults. ”(一个例子是一种称为“捕食者检查”的做法，这意味着青少年动物接近捕食者而不是逃跑。危险的代价是它们可以观察、嗅到和了解捕食者。它们收集各种各样的信息，使它们成年后更安全。)可知，对于青少年动物来说，接近它们的敌人——捕食者，并观察捕食者的行为是危险但有价值的。故选A项。
【小题29】
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段"…We found that in the presence of peers, adolescent mice drank more than they do when they're alone, "Steinberg said, "and that the teenagers in the driving study also took more risks when others were around. ""(斯坦伯格说：“我们发现，在有同龄人在场的情况下，青少年老鼠比它们独自一人时喝得更多，而且驾驶研究中的青少年在别人在场时也会冒更多的风险。")可知，青少年动物和人类会受到同伴压力的影响。故选C项。
【小题30】
词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段For the most part, adolescents, human and animal alike, prefer to be with other adolescents, "Steinberg said. ”(斯坦伯格说：“在大多数情况下，青少年，无论是人还是动物，都喜欢和其他青少年在一起。”)可知，斯坦伯格认为青少年的动物和人类都喜欢和其他青少年在一起，动物和人类是类似的，都具有与同龄人交往的特征，划线句子表示“与同龄人交往是青少年共有的一种特征。”故选B项。
31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了代际标签的制定，说明代际标签具有不可靠性，给一代人贴标签，有很多好的替代选择。
【小题31】
细节理解题。根据第一段"Meanwhile, Donald Trump and Michelle Obama both belong to the same generation. The former was born in1946 while the latter was born in 1964, making them both "baby boomers". ”(同时，唐纳德·特朗普和米歇尔·奥巴马都属于同一代人。前者出生于1946年，而后者出生于1964年，他们都属于“婴儿潮一代”。)可知，具有同一代标签的人可能年龄不同。故选B项。
【小题32】
词句猜测题。根据第四段"But as the tradition slid into a never-ending competition to be the first to propose the next name"(但是，随着这一传统滑向一场无休止的要成为第一个提出下一个名字的竞争，)以及"it has produced gradually declining returns to socialscience and the public understanding. "(社会科学和公众理解的回报率逐渐下降。)可知，句中the next name指的是为下一代取的名字，即可以被接受的一个名字，推测划线单词表示"接受", 与is accepted同义。故选D项。
【小题33】
推理判断题。根据第二段"Before you push these diverse personalities into generational stereotypes(刻板印象), let me stop you there: Just don't. "(在你将这些不同的性格推入代际刻板印象之前，让我在这里阻止你：不要这样做。)以及第六段"We, in academicsocial science, study and teach social change, but we don't study and teach these labels because they simply aren't real. And in social science, reality still matters. ”(在学术社会科学中，我们研究和教授社会变革，但我们不研究和教授这些标签，因为它们根本不是真实的。在社会科学中，现实仍然很重要。)可知，作者不同意将不同的性格推入代际刻板印象，认为代际标签是不真实的，可能同意将性格特征分配给某一代是错误的。故选C项。
【小题34】
主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要说明了代际标签的制定以及一些代际标签制定的发展，说明了代际标签具有不可靠性，给一代人贴标签，有很多好的替代选择，所以“时代标签：是时候让它们退役了”可以作为文章标题。故选A项。

北京市房山区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题
21-23 BCB
【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者收集大量专家对书推荐的数据，然后向读者推荐一些有史以来最重要的书。
【小题21】细节理解题。由文章第三段"The book is the most detailed and thrilling account of the events that led to the destruction of the Twin Towers, based on five years of research and hundreds of interviews. ”(这本书是最详细且惊心动魄地描述那些导致双子塔毁灭的事件，以五年来的研究和成百上千的调查为基础。)可知，The Looming Tower by Lawrence Wright这本书描述的是TwinTowers。故选B项。
【小题22】细节理解题。由文章倒数第二段"Ammonite, Griffith's first science fiction, which was published in 1992, won the Lambda Award and the James Tiptree Jr Award”(Ammonite是Griffith的第一本科幻小说，出版于1992年，而且获得Lambda奖和James Tiptree Jr奖。)可知，Ammonite是一本科幻小说。故选C项。
【小题23】细节理解题。根据文章第一段"We have the world's largest collection of expert book recommendations. The following are books that have been recommended over and over again, ”(我们拥有世界上最大专家对书的推荐的收集数据，下面是一些不断被推荐的书籍。)可知，文章推荐的书籍都是专家们多次推荐的。故选B项。
24-27 CCAD
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在老师布朗夫人的激励下，更好地理解了爱和希望，为一个名为“坚强起来”的组织募集资金和参加活动，布朗夫人让作者认识到一个小的决定可以造成很大的不同。
【小题24】
细节理解题。根据第一段中"After what Mrs. Brown experienced with Rob's illness, she decided to devote part of her life to helping people in similar situations. She told us about a local organization she was a part of called Be Head Strong (BHS), which works to support and comfort families with a member suffering from brain cancer. Her strength and attitude toward her situation inspired me and led me to realize some significant lessons about love and hope. (在布朗夫人经历了罗布的疾病之后，她决定把她生命的一部分用来帮助处于类似情况的人。她告诉我们，她是当地一个名为"坚强起来"的组织的成员，该组织致力于支持和安慰患有脑癌的家庭成员。她的力量和对她处境的态度激励着我，让我意识到一些关于爱和希望的重要教训)”可知，布朗夫人对困难的积极态度让作者更好地理解了爱和希望。故选C。
【小题25】
细节理解题。根据第三段中"As she opened it, I told her that I wanted the money to go to BHS to help people like Rob. (她打开盒子时，我告诉她，我想把这笔钱捐给BHS, 帮助像罗布这样的人)”以及倒数第二段中"Inspired by Mrs. Brown, I continued my fundraising through the years, starting fundraisers and helping with BHS events. (在布朗夫人的激励下，多年来我一直在筹集资金，开始筹集资金，并帮助BHS的活动)”可知，作者为BHS捐了钱，为该组织筹集了资金。故选C。
【小题26】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中"I gained belief and hope from the people that I met and worked with in BHS. (我从在BHS遇到和共事的人那里获得了信念和希望)”可知，作者在她的志愿经历中最看重的是信念和希望。故选A。
【小题27】
推理判断题。根据最后一段"People may not always realize how big of an impact one kind gesture can make. Mrs. Brown sparked adecision in my life that has changed how I live. (人们可能并不总是意识到一种姿态能产生多大的影响。布朗夫人在我生命中引发了一个决定，这个决定改变了我的生活方式)”可推知，一个小的决定可以造成很大的不同。故选D。
28-30 ADD
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个人拥有的每一个独特的个性，超越年龄的自我的感觉和身份，以及我们作为个体不可避免的主观经验，都为灵魂奠定了科学基础，并对这一观点进行了论证。
【小题28】
推理判断题。根据第二段中"Science journalist Michael Lemonick told the story of Lonni Sue, who suffered brain damage and was leftunable to recall her past or to form new memories. Lemonick thought that Lonni Sue, when she lost her memories, lost her self. But once he got to know her, as well as people who knew her before and after her injury, Lemonick discovered that herself had not been destroyed. She was still cheerful in a way that made people around her feel better, and she was still creative and playful. So, despite memory loss, we still have the essence of our personality. Basically, no matter what happens to our brain, our unique personality seems to shine through.(科学记者Michael Lemonick讲述了Lonni Sue的故事，她遭受了脑损伤，无法回忆过去或形成新的记忆。Lemonick认为Lonni Sue失去记忆时，就失去了自我。但是一旦他了解了她，以及那些在她受伤前后了解她的人，Lemonick发现她自己并没有被摧毁。她仍然很开心，让周围的人感觉更好，她仍然很有创造力，很好玩。所以，尽管我们失去了记忆，但我们仍然拥有人格的本质。基本上，不管我们的大脑发生了什么，我们独特的个性似乎会发光)”可推知，作者通过Lonni Sue的故事来表现人的人格的稳定性。故选A。
【小题29】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文"Science journalist Michael Lemonick told the story of Lonni Sue, who suffered brain damage and was left unable to recall her past or to form new memories. Lemonick thought that Lonni Sue, when she lost her memories, lost her self. But once he got to know her, as well as people who knew her before and after her injury, Lemonick discovered that herself had not been destroyed. She was still cheerful in a way that made people around her feel better, and she was still creative and playful.(科学记者迈克尔莱蒙尼克讲述了朗尼苏的故事，她遭受了脑损伤，无法回忆过去或形成新的记忆。莱蒙尼克认为朗尼·苏，当她失去记忆时，就失去了自我。但是一旦他了解了她，以及那些在她受伤前后了解她的人，莱蒙尼克发现她自己并没有被摧毁。她仍然很开心，让周围的人感觉更好，她仍然很有创造力，很好玩。)”以及画线词后文"Basically, no matter what happens to our brain, our brain, our unique personality seems to shine through.(基本上，不管我们的大脑发生了什么，我们独特的个性似乎会发光。)”可知，尽管LonniSue遭受了脑损伤，无法回忆过去或形成新的记忆，但是她受伤后仍然很开心，让周围的人感觉更好，仍然很有创造力，很好玩，说明虽然失去了记忆，但是我们重要的个人性质并没有改变，基本上，不管我们的大脑发生了什么，我们独特的个性似乎会发光。故画线词意思是“重要的性质”。故选D。
【小题30】
细节理解题。根据第一段中"Each unique personality a person has, the feeling and identity of the self beyond age, and our inevitable subjective experience as an individual make a scientific foundation for the soul.(一个人拥有的每一个独特的个性，超越年龄的自我的感觉和身份，以及我们作为个体不可避免的主观经验，都为灵魂奠定了科学基础)”可知，我们的灵魂取决于我们的个性、意识和经验。故选D。
31-34
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了公共图书馆应不应该关闭的问题，介绍了支持关闭图书馆的人的理由以及作者对关闭图书馆的看法。
【小题31】细节理解题。根据第二段中"Supporters of this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries are expensive to maintain. (这种想法的支持者声称，这将节省当地城市和城镇的资金，因为图书馆的维护费用昂贵)”可知，数字阅读的支持者可能会同意A选项"维持图书馆的费用太高了"的观点。故选A。
【小题32】推理判断题。根据第三段"However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with iPads. First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than print resources. A study done on tablet and book reading found that people read 20-30% slower on iPads, remember 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to peoplewho read the same information in print. Additionally, staring too long at a screen has been shown to cause some health problems, including dizziness, dry eyes, headaches, shoulder and back pain and so on. We should not add to these problems by giving people, especially young people, more reasons to look at screens. (然而，用iPad取代图书馆将是一个严重的错误。首先，与印刷资源相比，数字书籍和资源会带来更少的学习和更多的问题。一项关于平板电脑和书籍阅读的研究发现，与阅读纸质书的人相比，人们在iPad上阅读的速度要慢20-30%, 记住的信息少20%, 理解的内容少10%。此外，长时间盯着屏幕会导致一些健康问题，包括头晕、眼干、头痛、肩膀和背部疼痛等。我们不应该给人们，尤其是年轻人，更多看屏幕的理由，从而增加这些问题)”可推知，
作者在第三段中通过列举数字和展示研究结果来支持他的观点。故选A。
【小题33】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中"Second, it is incredibly narrow-minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book lending. Libraries have more benefits, and many are only available if the library has a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, giving people a way to communicate with their neighbors, holding classes on a variety of topics, providing jobs and keeping the community connected. (其次，认为图书馆提供的唯一服务就是借书，这种想法太狭隘了。图书馆有更多的好处，而且很多只有在图书馆有物理位置时才可用。这些好处包括充当一个安静的学习空间，给人们提供一个与邻居交流的方式，举办各种主题的课程，提供就业机会，保持社区联系)”以及最后一段中"In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community network that they could never be replaced by a simple object. (在许多领域，图书馆是社区网络的重要组成部分，它们永远无法被一个简单的对象所取代)”可推知，作者对公共图书馆的功能持积极态度。故选C。
【小题34】主旨大意题。根据第一段"As online learning becomes more common and more and more resources become digital form, some people have suggested that public libraries should be shut down and, in their place, everyone should be given an iPad. (随着在线学习变得越来越普遍，越来越多的资源变成数字形式，一些人建议关闭公共图书馆，并给每个人一个iPad)"结合文章主要论述了公共图书馆应不应该关闭的问题，介绍了支持关闭图书馆的人的理由以及作者对关闭图书馆的看法。可知，B选项"公共图书馆应该关闭吗?"最符合文章标题。故选B。

北京市朝阳区2021-2022学年上学期高三英语期末质量检测试题
21-23 BDA
【分析】这是一篇应用文。主要就如何保证个人信息不被泄露给出了建议。
【小题21】
细节理解题。根据第一个标题下"Opt a paper receipt or no receipt rather than getting one via text or email, which requires sharing your information and exposes you to possible data loss. "(选择纸质收据或无收据，而不是通过短信或电子邮件获取收据，这需要共享您的信息，并可能使您丢失数据。)可知，如果使用短信接受收据，需要共享你的信息，你可能会泄露个人信息。故选B项。
【小题22】
细节理解题。根据第四个标题下"You can also add your phone number to the National Do Not Call Registry at 1-888-382-1222 ordonotcall. gov. ”(您也可以将您的电话号码打电话1-888-382-1222添加到全国禁止通话登记处或donoteall. gov网址。)可知，如果你希望不被广告打扰，可以在donotcall. gov注册自己的电话号码。故选D项。
【小题23】
目的意图题。根据第一段“So what do you have to worry about, and what can you do to protect yourself?”(那么你需要担心什么，你能做些什么来保护自己呢?)以及文章内容可知，文章主要如何保证个人信息不被泄露给出了建议，所以文章写作的目的是给出建议。故选A项。

24-26 DAC
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Reese收集的棒球卡片在一次火灾中都被烧毁了，但是后来Ashford和其他捐赠者给她捐赠了数千张卡片，于是Reese创办了Cards from Reese组织，这个组织收集卡片，然后把卡片捐赠给那些有需要的人，从这个故事中我们可以学到，爱可以从一个人传递到另一个人。
【详解】24 细节理解题。根据第一段"When 9-year-old Reese Osterberg lost her home in Fresno County, California, in Creek Fire, one of the largest wildfires in state history early last fall, she had a very pressing concern: did anyone grab her baseball cards?"(9岁的Reese Osterberg在加利福尼亚州弗雷斯诺县发生的Creek大火中失去了家园，那是去年秋天加州历史上最大的一场森林大火，她有一个非常紧迫的问题，有人拿走了她的棒球卡吗?)和第二段第一句话"No one had. With a houseful of kids and dogs and a farm's worth of horses to evacuate (疏散), the family forgot the cards in a hurry to leave. ”(没人拿走。有一屋子的孩子和狗，还有一个农场的马要疏散，这家人匆忙离开时忘记了卡片。)可知，发生火灾时，Reese家人匆忙离开，忘记了卡片，所以可知，棒球卡片在大火中被烧毁了，故选D。
25. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"After thanking Ashford, Reese was quick to share the thousands of baseball cards she received from Ashford and other donors around the country with other kids affected by California's Creek Fire. "(在感谢了Ashford之后Reese很快地把她从Ashford和其他捐赠者那里收到的数千张棒球卡片，分享给了其他在加州Creek火灾中受影响的孩子们。)可知，Ashford把自己的棒球卡片捐给了Reese, 以此来帮助他，故选A。
26. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第二段中的"After thanking Ashford, Reese was quick to share the thousands of baseball cards
she received from Ashford and other donors around the country with other kids affected by California's Creek Fire. "(在感谢了Ashford之后Reese很快地把她从Ashford和其他捐赠者那里，收到的数千张棒球卡片，分享给了其他在加州Creek火灾中受影响的孩子们。)和最后一段"She's gotten so many, in fact, that she started Cards from Reese, an organization that collects cards and donates them to those in need. She knows firsthand of the simple power of a card and she'd like to lift other children up as others have lifted her up. "(事实上，她收到的卡片太多了，以至于她创办了Cards from Reese组织，这个组织收集卡片，然后捐赠给那些需要的人。她知道一张卡片简单而又直接的力量，她想使其他孩子高兴起来，就像别人让她高兴一样。)可知，文章主要讲述了Reese收集的棒球卡片在一次火灾中都被烧毁了，但是后来Ashford和其他捐赠者给她捐赠了数干只卡片，于是Reese她创办了Cards from Reese组织，这个组织收集卡片，然后把卡片捐赠给那些有需要的人。由此推知，从这个故事中我们可以学到，爱可以从一个人传递到另一个人，故选C。
27-30 CBAD
【分析】这是一篇说明文，讲述了科学干预如海獭的恢复可以增强它们栖息地的基因多样性，深入发现人类干预的好处和这一行为的过少关注现状，呼吁更多研究在这一领域。
【小题27】细节理解题。根据第一段末尾"Erin Foster. . . suggests that sea otter restoration can enhance the genetic diversity of their habitat. ”(海獭的恢复可以增强它们栖息地的基因多样性。)和“Sea otters reside in coastal habitats, including eelgrass fields……”(海獭居住在沿海的栖息地，包括大叶藻地)可知，海獭的回归可以增加大叶藻地的遗传多样性，故选C。
【小题28】推理判断题。根据第三段"The amount of disturbance that was observed in the eelgrass fields was relatively low. . . . . . but researches on the effects of disturbance on genetic diversity are relatively rare. "(在大叶藻地观察到的扰动量相对较低……但对干扰对遗传多样性影响的研究相对较少。)可知，之前对干扰的研究还不够。故选B。
【小题29】词义猜测题。根据划线词后面during intense commercial harvests(大规模商业捕捞期间)可以推断数量肯定下降，跟选项A removed被移除意思相符合，故选A。
【小题30】标题判断题。根据第一段“sea otter restoration can enhance the genetic diversity of their habitat. ”(海獭的恢复可以增强它们栖息地的基因多样性)和第三段"Even though disturbance enhances the diversity and dynamics of many of the world's ecosystems”(尽管干扰增强了世界许多生态系统的多样性和动态性)以及最后一段"more attention should be paid to rebuilding animal populations and the key ecological functions they provide. ”(应更多地关注动物种群的重建及其提供的关键生态功能。)可知，人类的干预例如海獭的恢复等对基因多样性有益处，应该更多关注，故选D。
31-34 CDBC
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了大学排名是是一种误导性的评估方式，所以作者用其他的方法来评估大学。
【详解】31. 观点态度题。根据第一段中的"Rankings, however, are a misleading way to assess universities. "(然而，排名是一种误导性的大学评估方式。)可知，作者认为排名是一种误导性的大学评估方式，由此可以推断出，作者对大学排名的态度是不赞成的，C选项"Disapproving"(反对的；不赞成的)符合，A. Supportive. 支持的；B. Indifferent漠不关心的；D. Neutral. 中立的，均不符，故选C.
32. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的"If rankings mislead, what is the alternative? For generations, buyers have turned to Consumer Reports for advice about almost everything except university education. When Consumer Reports evaluates a product, it assesses multiple factors so that potential buyers can make their own choice wisely. Similarly, university applicants need information about some basic variables. "(如果排名误导了别人，那还有什么选择呢?几代人以来，除了大学教育，消费者几乎都是从《消费者报告》中获得各方面的建议。当《消费者报告》评估一个产品时，它评估了多个因素，以便潜在的买家能够明智地做出自己的选择。同样，大学申请者需要一些基本变量的信息。)可知，作者提到《消费者报告》是为了强调大学综合评价的必要性，故选D。
33. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的"they should pick the one they find most appealing; and they should not waste time worrying about which is "the best". "(他们应该挑选自己认为最有吸引力的学校，而不应该浪费时间担心哪一所学校是“最好的”。)可知，申请者应该申请自己认为最有吸引力的学校而不是那些排名最好的学校，由此可以推断出最适合申请者的学校，不一定是排名最好的学校，故选B。
34. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的"It would be great to have a Consumer Reports for universities. I hope that some national publication will have the courage to produce an annual, user-friendly Consumer Reports-style analysis of higher education institutions, even if it is not as attractive as a football-style set of rankings. "(如果能有一份大学的《消费者报告》就好了。我希望一些全国性的出版物有勇气对高等教育机构进行一年一度、用户友好型的消费者报告分析，即使它不像足球式的排名那么有吸引力也没关系。)可知，文章主要讲述了大学排名是是一种误导性的评估方式，所以要用其他的方法来评估大学，即大学需要另一种评估方式。故选C。