人教版 (2019)必修 第二册Unit 4 History and traditions精品课后练习题

14 Discovering useful structures

【重点单词】

1．charge n．收费；指控；主管vt.收费；控告；充电

(教材p.42)Judy and I had our car parked in an underground car park near Trafalgar Square, where we could get our car battery charged.

朱迪和我把车停在特拉法加广场附近的一个地下停车场，在那里我们可以给汽车电池充电。

[佳句]

We also have a swimming pool, which is open all day and free of charge.

我们也有一个游泳池，全天免费开放。

2.announce vt.宣布；通知；声称

(教材p.42)When we finally reached the service desk to ask for audio guides, we heard it announced that there were no audio guides left.

当我们最终到达服务台要求提供有声导游时，我们听到服务台宣布已经没有有声导游了。

[佳句]

The teacher announced the result of the experiment to us at the beginning of the class.

在开始上课时，老师向我们宣布了实验结果。

3．amount n．金额；数量

(教材p.42)We found ourselves very surprised by the large number of visitors and the amount of noise at the entrance of the National Gallery.

我们感到非常惊讶，国家美术馆入口处有大量游客和噪音。

[佳句]

I suggest our teachers limit the amount of our homework so that we can have more time to read.

我建议我们的老师限制作业的数量，这样我们就有更多的时间来阅读。

4．approach n．方法；途径；接近vt.接近；接洽；着手处理 vi.靠近

(教材p.42)It was hard to approach the painting as there were so many people around.

周围有那么多人，很难接近那幅画。

[佳句]

As Teachers' Day was approaching, our class decided to hold a party to celebrate this important day.

随着教师节的临近，我们班决定举办一场晚会来庆祝这个重要的节日。

[点津]　同义词approach, way, means, method等表达“做某事的方法”时，各自的搭配是：

the approach to (doing) sth；

the way to do/of (doing) sth；

the means of (doing) sth；

the method of (doing) sth

5．generous adj.慷慨的；大方的；丰富的

(教材p.42)Carl and his friends stayed with a generous family ...

卡尔和他的朋友们住在一个慷慨大方的家庭里……

[佳句]

Although he is not rich, he is generous to his friends in trouble.

他虽然不富有，但却对困难的朋友很慷慨。

【语法解析】

过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加­ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表(见教材P114－P115)。

[观察例句]

1．Before the show，hundreds of excited visitors waited in their seats eagerly.

2．Come and read the poem written by an eight­year­old boy!

3．I felt myself often confused at first.

4．She had her painting boxed so it was delivered safely.

[归纳用法]

一、过去分词作定语

1．意义

及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。

(1)表示被动和完成

a polluted river一条被污染的河流

the watered flowers浇过水的花

(2)只表示完成，不表示被动

fallen leaves落叶

the risen sun升起的太阳

2．位置

单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在所修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。

A watched pot never boils.

[谚语]心急锅不开。

The student dressed in white is my daughter.

＝The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.

穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。

3．现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别

现在分词作定语表主动或进行；而过去分词作定语时，表被动或完成。

The car belonging to my uncle was stolen last week.

我叔叔的那辆车上周被盗了。

The bridge built in 2013 was designed by a local company.

2013年建造的这座大桥是由一家当地公司设计的。

4．难点突破

三种非谓语形式作定语所表示的内涵：

The meeting held yesterday is very important.

昨天开的那次会议很重要。

All the members of the team have attended the meeting being held.

所有的队员都出席了正在举行的这次会议。

It is said that there is a meeting to be held in the hall tomorrow.

据说明天这个大厅有一场会议要举行。

[即学即练1]　单句语法填空

①Some of the people invited (invite) to the party can't come.

②The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing (stand) in one corner.

③The trees blown (blow) down in the storm have been moved off the road.

二、过去分词作宾语补足语

1．过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语的关系

过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。

He watched the TV set carried out of the room.

他看着那台电视机被搬出了这个房间。

Last year they had the house rebuilt.

去年他们让人重建了这所房子。

[即学即练2]　单句语法填空

①You'd better have your shoes mended(mend)．

②The father wants his daughter taught(teach) the piano.

2．几类能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词(短语)

(1)表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)，如see，watch，observe，find，look at，hear，listen to，feel，notice，think等。

I heard the song sung in English.

我听到有人用英语唱这首歌。

When we got to school，we saw the door locked.

当我们到学校时，看见门锁着。

(2)表示“致、使”意义的动词，如have，make，get，keep，leave等。

They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.

他们用了很简易的英语以使别人能听懂。

Don't leave those things undone.

要把那些事情做完。

[名师点津]

“have＋宾语＋过去分词”可以表示三种含义：

①表示“让某人做某事”

I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.

明天我要去理发。

②表示“遭遇某种不幸；受到打击”

He had his wallet stolen.

他的钱包被偷了。

③做某事(主语可能参与其中)

I had my house repaired last week.

上周，我修补了我的房子。

(3)表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词，如like，want，wish，order等。

The teacher doesn't wish such questions (to be) discussed in class.

老师不希望在课堂上讨论这样的问题。

The police，finding the film unhealthy，ordered it banned.

警察发现这部电影不健康，令其禁演了。

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空

①I saw an old man knocked(knock) down by a car.

②I'd like the job done(do) when I come back from the journey.

③The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself heard(hear)．

3．“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构

在“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语，这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。

With water heated，we can see the steam.

水被加热后，我们才会看到水蒸气。

She stood in front of him，with her eyes fixed on his face.

她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他的脸。

[即学即练4]　单句语法填空

①An old man was brought in，with his hands tied(tie) behind his back.

②With all the work done(do)，I feel very relaxed now.

4．过去分词/现在分词/不定式作宾语补足语的区别

(1)感官动词后接复合宾语的比较

感官动词(短语)(一感：feel；二听：hear，listen to；四看：see，notice，observe，watch)的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以see为例)：

see＋宾语＋

I heard her give a speech on human rights just now.

刚才我听见她就人权问题发表了演讲。(主动，完成)

I heard her giving a speech on human rights when I passed by the hall yesterday.

昨天经过大厅时，我听见她正在就人权问题发表演讲。(主动，正在进行)

To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.

为了学好英语，我们应该寻找机会并尽可能多地听英语口语。(被动，无时间性)

(2)使役动词make，have，get，keep，let后加复合宾语的比较(以make，have为例)：

①make＋宾语＋

He made his workers work 12 hours a day.

他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。

He'd like to make the plan carried out.

他想让这个计划被执行。

②have＋宾语＋

have还可用于have sth.to do结构，该结构中have作“有”讲，不定式作定语。

I have something urgent to inform you.

我有很紧急的事要通知你们。

(3)with复合结构中补足语的比较

with

John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.

约翰收到一个晚餐邀请而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。

With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly elected president is having a hard time.

因为有很多难题要解决，这位新任总统的日子不好过。

[即学即练5]　单句语法填空

①Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it being performed(perform) live is quite another.

②The boy made the baby laugh(laugh) by making a face at him.

③She fell asleep with the light burning(burn)．

　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．The Lake ________ (pollute) by daily waste before is now clean and clear.

2．The new film ____________ (put on) yesterday is well worth seeing.

3．I spoke aloud in order to make myself ________ (hear) by my grandfather.

4．We see an old man sweeping the ________ (fall) leaves every morning when we pass the post office.

5．Our teacher was very worried because there was only a little time ________ (leave) for us to finish this task.

6．Generally speaking, the children ________ (bring) up by grandparents tend to feel lonely sometimes.

7．It is amazing that he fell in love with the girl ________ (dress) in a red skirt at the first sight.

8．As is known to us all, Tsinghua University, ________ (found) in 1911, is one of the top universities in the world.

9．There was an ________ (excite) look on his face when the actress appeared.

10．I was ________ (surprise) to find my hometown ________ (change) so much.

11．John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ________ (complete), he gladly accepted it.

12．Don't leave the water ________ (run) while you are brushing your teeth.

13．The yoga club, ________ (open) last month in our school, is popular among women teachers.

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．他们正在开会讨论这个人人都知道的严重问题。

They're having a meeting to discuss the serious problem ____________________.

2．为了解决这个问题，我们应该满足顾客提出的需求。

To solve the problem, we should meet the demand ______________________.

3．使他吃惊的是，他没有注意到钱包在公交车上被人偷了。

To his surprise, he didn't ______________________ on the bus.

4．在所有客人就座之前，你最好不要动所有的菜。

You'd better __________________________ before all the guests are seated.

5．这位年轻女士发现她珍贵的项链丢了，很恼火。

The young lady was quite annoyed to ____________________.

6．这对夫妇看到女儿在这家新托儿所受到很好的照顾，感到很满意。

The couple felt very satisfied to see their daughter ______________ in the new nursery.

Ⅲ.短文语法填空

English is a language 1.________ (speak) all around the world. There are more than 42 countries 2.________ most of the people speak English. And most native speakers of English 3.________ (find) in the UK, the US, Canada, and many other countries. In total, English is the mother tongue of more than 375 million people. An equal (相等的) number of people learn English as 4.________ second language. However, the number of people who learn English as a foreign language 5.________ (be) more than 750 million.

In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most 6.________ (wide) spoken and used in the world. Foreign staff in China are not requested 7.________ (learn) Chinese. Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students can talk with them using English. You can listen to English songs 8.________ the radio or use English to communicate with people around the world through the Internet. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. Believe 9.________ or not, English 10.________ (enrich) our lives since it came to China.

答案：

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．polluted　2.put on　3.heard　4.fallen　5.left　6.brought　

7．dressed　8.founded　9.excited　10.surprised　changed　

11．completed　12.running　13.opened

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．known to everybody　2.made by the customers

3．notice his wallet stolen　4.leave all the  dishes untouched

5．find her valuable necklace lost　6.taken good care of

Ⅲ.短文语法填空

1．spoken　2.where　3.are found　4.a　5.is　6.widely　7.to learn

8．on/over　9.it　10.has enriched

用本单元语法完成下面短文。

　　Last week,  I served as a volunteer at a competition_______________________________ (由学生会举办的) to ______________________________ (提高我的交流技能). ______________________________ (被邀请的裁判)were from Grade three. ______________________________ (所有感兴趣的同学) were allowed to attend the competition. ______________________________ (所有的准备工作完成),  the competition went on smoothly. At last,  the competition was very successful,  and we were all to______________________________ (看到我们的努力被认可)by students and teachers.  

答案：

held by the Student Union

have my communication skills improved

The judges invited

All students interested

With all preparation work done

see our efforts recognised

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

　　The first time I heard the actual London Bridge was in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. I thought it was a joke. A stupid joke at that. I mean, what sort of moron would take a perfectly good, perfectly famous bridge and move it halfway around the world to some no-name town in northwest Arizona?  Back in 1962 when all this started, Lake Havasu City was nothing. A couple of shops, a couple of homes, and no tourism at all.

It turns out Robert McCulloch is the moron in question, and he wasn’t quite the moron I thought he was.  His 2. 45 million dollar investment in the 130-year-old bridge—which the British government was selling because it was about to fall into the Thames—ended up being the investment of a lifetime. You see McCulloch was a real businessman, among other things, and his money paid off big. He turned Lake Havasu into one of the most visited tourist attractions in Arizona.

It took nine long years to take down the bridge, ship it brick by brick to the middle of nowhere, and build it up again. When it finally did open up in 1971, it was a huge deal covered by the international press.

The bridge is now a popular tourist attraction, and there’s even a mini “English Village” at the foot of the bridge with souvenirs and real British food so you can have a good old time.

Nowadays Lake Havasu is a busy town with a population of about 56, 000 citizens and another 2. 5 million visitors each year. Most of that is during spring break when the town overflows with energetic boys and girls. Even MTV and the Girls Gone Wild people get in on the action. All thanks to that little bridge.

I don’t know about you, but I’m saving my pennies. When the French get sick of that Eiffel Tower, I’ll be the first to put money on it. It’ll look great in my backyard.

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。著名的伦敦桥被英国政府出售后从英国移建到美国, 使得哈瓦苏湖城(Lake Havasu City)由一个无名小镇成为旅游胜地, 这一切都是因为一位目光远大的商人——Robert McCulloch。

1. The underlined word “moron” in the first paragraph means “______”.  

A. a brave person　　　B. a foolish person

C. a famous person D. a strange person

【解析】选B。词义猜测题。根据画线词后信息“would take a perfectly good, perfectly famous bridge and move it halfway around the world to some no-name town”可知, 作者认为把一座状况完好的, 著名的桥拆下穿过半个世界的路途移建到某个不知名的小城镇是愚蠢的人做的事, 故B项与画线词同义。

2. What was Lake Havasu City like before 1962?

A. It was a good place for investment.

B. It was known for its English Village.

C. It was a small town with no tourism.

D. It had a population of 56, 000 citizens.

【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句可知, 1962年之前, 哈瓦苏湖城是个没有任何旅游业的小镇, 故选C项。

3. Why did the British government put the London Bridge up for sale?

A. It polluted the Thames.

B. It was no longer popular.

C. It was going to fall down.

D. It could bring them the needed money.

【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的“which the British government was selling because it was about to fall into the Thames”可知, 因为桥即将坍塌落入泰晤士河, 所以政府要卖掉它, 故选C项。

4. In the last paragraph, the author tries to be ______.  

A. polite  B. friendly

C. practical  D. humorous

【解析】选D。推理判断题。作者在最后一段中指出, 当法国人厌倦了埃菲尔铁塔时, 他会第一个出钱购买, 把埃菲尔铁塔放在自己家的后院。由此可知, 作者是以幽默的语言结束文章的, 故选D项。

Ⅱ. 语法填空

　　阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

　　Have you ever had problems in your life?  Have you ever wondered how to be happy?  If so, you will find the book Being a Happy Teenager 1. ________(write) by an Australian writer Andrew Matthews 2. ________(use).  

In his book, Matthews tells us how to have a happy life and 3. ________(answer) the questions of teenagers.  

There are many subjects, such as parents and friends, and the book says we should stop behaving 4. ________(angry) and should forgive. The book tells us some useful skills, such as how to put 5. ________you have learned into pictures of your mind to make your memory better.  

Many teenagers think that 6. ________(happy) comes from a good exam result or praise from other people. But you can still be happy when there are no such “good” things. Success comes from 7. ________good attitude. If you learn from problems, success 8. ________(have) in the future.  

Some school students have problems, such as 9. ________(be) too tall or too short. But Matthews tells us that we should think about things 10. ________a positive way. This is Matthews’ most important lesson:  You choose to be happy!  

【文章大意】文章介绍了Andrew Matthews的书Being a Happy Teenager帮助青少年快乐地学习和生活。

1. 【解析】written。考查过去分词。根据“by an Australian writer Andrew Matthews”可知句中the book Being a Happy Teenager和动词write是被动关系, 指书被写, 用过去分词表被动, 故填written.

2. 【解析】useful。考查形容词。此处指你会发现Being a Happy Teenager这本书很有用, 此处是形容词作宾语补足语, 故填useful.

3. 【解析】answers。考查动词时态。和and连接的动词tells并列, 表示客观事实, 也用一般现在时, 故填answers。

4. 【解析】angrily。考查副词。此处修饰动词behaving用副词, 指停止生气的行为, 故填angrily。

5. 【解析】what。考查连接词。此处指如何将你所学到的知识运用到脑海中, 让记忆变得更好。指“……的东西”用what, 故填what。

6. 【解析】happiness。考查名词。句意: 许多青少年认为幸福来自好的学习成绩或受到别人的表扬。此处作主语, 指“幸福”, 用名词, 故填happiness。

7. 【解析】a。考查冠词。此处指成功来自一种好的态度, 表示“一种”, 故填a。

8. 【解析】will be had。考查动词时态和语态。根据时间状语in the future可知和将来时连用, success和动词have是被动关系。所以此处用一般将来时的被动语态, 故填will be had。

9. 【解析】being。考查动名词。此处指的是being too tall or too short is a problem. 作主语用动名词, 故填being。

10. 【解析】in。考查介词。表示“用……的方式”是“in. . . way”, 此处指用积极的方式, 故填in。