高中英语Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction课文配套课件ppt

这是一份高中英语Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction课文配套课件ppt，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了学习目标，双基夯实·课前排查，核心突破·要点讲解，联想串记，开放课堂·自修自读，夯实基础·一遍落实等内容，欢迎下载使用。

Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给的词性和词义写出单词1．________________ vt. (使)恢复2．________________ vi. & vt. (使)孵化3．________________ adj. 濒危的4．________________ vt. 影响5．________________ vt. 责怪，指责6．________________ vi. & vt. 减少　　　　　　　 n. 减少；减少的量7．________________ adj. 各种各样的，形形色色的8．________________ adj. 大量的9．________________ adj. 异常的；不平常的10．________________ n. 物种，种
Ⅱ.常用单词练习：根据句意和所给的首字母或中文提示写出符合句中单词的正确形式1．These exercises will help yu ________ (恢复) yur full health.2．Ten chicks ________ (孵化) ut this mrning.3．Many measures have been taken t save _______________ (濒危的) wildlife in China.4．S far, mre than seven millin peple _______________ (影响) by drught.
have been affected
5．Which driver was ________ (责怪) fr the accident?6．Peple shuld d________ the amunt f fat they eat.7．It is essential that yur diet is v________ and balanced.8．The sky was full f dark m________ f cluds.9．The weather is a bit u________ these days. It's t ht.10．There are several thusands ________ f trees here.
Ⅲ.阅读本部分内容，翻译相关短语1．采取措施 ______________2．由于，幸亏 __________3．总之 _______4．处境危险，受到威胁 ________5．依赖，依靠 _________6．由于 ______7．负有责任 __________8．毁灭；抹去 _______9．消失；绝迹，灭绝 _______
take steps/actin
►第一版块：重点单词1.mass adj.大批的，数量极多的，广泛的。仅用于名词前。　n．[C]堆，团，块；[C，usually sing.]大量，许多；[pl.]大量的东西　n．[U](物理学中的)质量　the masses [pl.]群众(教材P52)Abut what percent f all species n Earth became extinct during the mass extinctin knwn as the “Great Dying”？在被称为“大灭绝”的大规模灭绝期间，地球上的所有物种中，有大约百分之几的物种灭绝了？mass prductin 批量生产a mass f 一堆……；大量的……masses f 成堆的……；大量的……a land mass 陆块，地块
❶Their latest prduct is aimed at the mass market.他们的最新产品瞄准了大众市场。❷A mass f bks and papers are n his desk.在他书桌上有一堆书和文件。❸Wherever the band went，masses f fans wuld welcme them at the airprt.无论这支乐队去哪儿，都会有大量的歌迷在机场欢迎他们。❹A liter f gasline has less mass than a liter f water.一升汽油的质量比一升水的质量小。❺The TV prgramme brings science t the masses and enjys great ppularity.这个电视节目向群众普及了科学知识，很受欢迎。
特别提醒：a mass f/masses f后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词，当“a mass f/masses f＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式以f后名词所表达的意义而定。Masses f custmers are entering the supermarket.大批顾客正进入超市。A mass f snw lies in the yard.院子里积了大量的雪。
[即学即练]　判断下列句子中mass的词性及含义/语法填空①The plar bear is fund in the Arctic Circle and sme big land masses as far suth as Newfundland.________________②Recent develpment has made pssible machines that print, ck, and serve fds n a mass scale.________________③Plut (冥王星) and Tritn (海王卫一) have nearly the same size, mass, and density (密度)．________________④The gvernment cares much abut the interests and well-being f the masses.________________⑤A mass f wrk ____________ (d) t prevent the river frm being plluted up t nw.⑥The yung dancers lked s charming in their beautiful clthes that we tk ________ (mass) f pictures f them.
has been dne
2.decrease n．[C，U]减少，降低　vi. & vt.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低(教材P52)Accrding t scientists，they include vlcanic eruptins，asterids hitting the Earth frm space, changes in sea levels, the decrease f the xygen cntent f the sea and glbal warming.科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。a decrease in... 在……方面减少n the decrease 在减少decrease by... 减少了……(表示减少的量)decrease (frm...) t... (从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)decrease in... 在……方面减少
❶There has been a decrease in the number f yung peple ut f wrk.失业青年人数已经有所下降。❷The demand fr crn is n the decrease each year in this cuntry.这个国家对玉米的需求量在逐年减少。❸Peple planted trees n the waste hills t decrease sil ersin.人们在荒丘上种植树木以减少水土流失。❹The number f the students in ur schl has decreased t 1,200.我们学校的学生数量已减少到1 200人。❺Cmpared with last year, the price f wheat has decreased by 15% this year.和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了15%。
归纳拓展：increase(1)vi. & vt. (使)增长，增多，增加(2)n.[C，U]增长，增多，增加increase t... 增加到……(表示增加后的量)increase by... 增加了……(表示增加的量)n the increase 在增加increase in... 在……方面增加 
表“开、关”的英语短语比较：①the dr/windw②turn n/ff the light/the radi③switch n/ff the electric machine注意：旋转开关的电器用turn n/ff闸刀开关的电器用switch n/ff门窗用pen/clse
[即学即练]　单句语法填空①In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut have reprted increases ________ bear sightings arund human settlements, leading t a belief that ppulatins are increasing.②The accidents have decreased ________ 20% since the measures were taken.③The crime rate in this area has decreased ________ the lwest level nwadays.④Tea is still a large part f daily life in the UK tday, but it seems t be ________ the decrease.⑤Fd prices increased ________ 10% in less than a year.
3.blame vt.责怪，指责，把……归咎于　n．[U]责任，责备(教材P52)This time, human activity will be t blame.这次，人类活动是肇因。 (ding) sth. 因(做)某事责备……blame sth. n sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事be t blame fr (ding) sth. 因(做)某事应受责备；对(做)某事负有责任(不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)take/bear the blame fr sth. 承担某事的责任lay/put the blame (fr sth.)n... 把(某事的)责任归咎于……
❶Dn't blame him fr breaking that vase; after all, he is nly a child.别怪他打碎了那个花瓶，毕竟，他只是个孩子。❷They blamed the failure f the business n the ecnmic dwnturn.他们把生意的失败归咎于经济衰退。❸The ht weather is partly t blame fr the water shrtage.炎热的天气是缺水的部分原因。❹We were ready t take the blame fr what had happened.我们准备好对所发生的事承担责任。❺Health fficials put the blame fr the disease n pr husing cnditins.卫生官员们将该疾病的暴发归咎于恶劣的居住条件。
语境串记：He is blamed fr the big mistake, but he blamed it n thers. In fact, it is he, nt thers, that is t blame fr it.他因这次严重的错误受到了责备，但他把它归咎于别人。事实上，应该是他，而不是别人，应对此负责。考向追踪：高考通常从以下几个角度设题对blame进行考查；(1)t blame作表语或定语时要用主动形式表示被动意义；(2)通过非谓语动词结构对blame进行考查；(3)blame后的介词既可以用n又可以用fr，n表示责怪的对象，fr表示责怪的原因。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/单句写作①Sme peple blame the smartphne ________ the tragedy, yet in fact peple's weakening self-cntrl and self-discipline are ____________ (blame)．②Lts f peple find it hard t get up in the mrning, and put the blame ________the alarm clck.③不要总是把自己的失败归咎于他人。你自己应该对其负责。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________④科学家认为该疾病的暴发应归咎于被污染的水。___________________________________________________________
Dn't always blame yur wn failure n thers. Yu yurself shuld take/bear the blame fr it.
The scientist thught that the plluted water was t blame fr the illness.
4.varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的(教材P52)The reasns fr extinctins are varied.物种灭绝的原因多种多样。vary v. 存在不同之处；使多样化vary frm... t... 在……到……的范围内变化varius adj. 各种各样的variety n. 品种；种类；多样化；变种a variety f sth. 各种各样的某事/物
❶Anything will becme bring if yu d it repeatedly. The key is t develp a balanced and varied prgramme that is fun as well as prgressive.如果你重复做一件事，任何事情都会变得无聊。关键是要制订一个既有趣又能取得进步的平衡而又丰富多样的计划。❷The number f the added flights varies frm year t year accrding t the demand shwn by flight ticket bking systems.根据机票预订系统显示的需求，新增航班的数量每年都在变化。❸Skilled wrkers als cmbine varius hardwds and metal t create special designs.熟练的工人还将各种硬木和金属结合起来，创造出特殊的设计。❹Jin us t taste a variety f fresh lcal fd and drinks.加入我们，与我们一起品尝各种新鲜的本地食物和饮料。
词语比较：varius, different, varied, variable(1)different adj.“不同的”，可以和单数或复数名词连用。如：This is a ttally different matter.这完全是另外一回事儿。The tw bys tld ne and the same stry in different wrds.这两个孩子说的故事是一样的，只是用词不同。(2)varius adj.各种各样的。指同一范畴内的不同种类。后面只用复数名词。如：Representatives frm varius parts f the cuntry have arrived in Beijing.全国各地的代表到达北京。
(3)variable易变的。如：He is f a variable md; he never finishes what he starts.他是个易变脾气的人/没有准脾气的人，从来不做完已经开始的事情。(4)varied adj.种种的；各种各样的，富有变化的a varied life丰富多彩的生活varied types f happiness各种各样的幸福
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/单句写作①The quality f their prducts never ________ (vary); it is always excellent.②These pinins change with time, and vary ________ place t place.③The supermarket ffers _____________ (vary) gds t chse frm, s mre and mre peple prefer t shp there.④人们对这部新剧发表了各种各样的意见。(varied)__________________________________________________________⑤大学所学的课程往往与当今工作所需要的各种知识和技能不相匹配。(varied)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
varius/varied
Varied pinins were expressed abut the new play.
The curses studied in universities ften d nt match the varied knwledge and skills required fr wrk tday.
5.rate n．[C]速度；比率；价格，费用　vt.&vi.评价，评估；vt.划分等级(教材P52)Althugh it is nt unusual fr species t die ut naturally, the rate at which this is nw happening is cause fr cncern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。at a(n)． 以……速度ne's heart rate 某人的心率interest rate 利率birth/death rate 出生率/死亡率high success/failure rate 很高的成功率/失败率
❶Babies d nt grw at a steady rate but in stps and starts.婴儿成长的速度并非一成不变，而是长长停停，停停长长。❷The new technique has a high success/failure rate.这种新技术的成功率/失败率很高。❸Hw d yu rate him as a ftball player?你怎么评价他作为一个足球运动员的表现？❹She is currently rated number tw in the wrld.她目前排名世界第二。
构词法：后缀-rate表示“程度；水平(与first、secnd等词连用，表明你认为某物属于哪种程度或水平)”。The schl has educated many first-rate students.这所学校培养出很多一流的学生。
 归纳拓展：rating n．[C]等级，级别credit rating (银行等作出的)信用等级评定(2)与rate相关的常见短语：at any rate (强调事情的真实性)无论如何，不管怎样at this/that rate 照此情形，如此下去I may be away n business next week but at any rate I'll be back by Friday.我下周可能要出差，但无论如何，我最晚星期五回来。At this rate, we wn't get hme until midnight.照这样下去，我们得半夜才能到家。
[即学即练]　判断下列句子中rate的词性及含义/单句语法填空①Hspital patients wh see tree branches ut their windw are likely t recver at a faster rate than patients wh see buildings r sky instead._________②The exchange rate is in ur favur fr the time being._____________③This year, ur schl has been rated as ne f the mst excellent schls in the lcal area._____________④The glf is rated amng the tp ten sprts in that cuntry.___________⑤The new car has been given an excellent safety ________ (rate)．⑥________ this rate, this species f animal culd becme extinct in less than 10 years.
6.quantity n．[C，U]数量，数额，数目；大量；[U]量(教材P55)He went t a city where irn was prduced in huge quantities.他去了一个大批量生产铁的城市。 
❶We cnsumed vast quantities f fd and drink that night.那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一顿。❷A large quantity f bks are stred in the library near the playgrund.大量的书被保存在操场附近的图书馆里。❸Large quantities f water are needed t water the fields in this area.这个地区需要大量的水来灌溉田地。❹They are nw develping ways t prduce the vaccine cheaply in large quantities.目前他们正在研究大批量廉价生产这种疫苗的方法。
quantity和quantities前面可以用large, vast, huge等词修饰。特别提醒：“a quantity f＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“a quantity f＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；”quantities f＋可数名词复数/不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。A large quantity f sil is washed away by rain every year.每年都有大量的土壤被雨水冲走。Large quantities f mney have been spent n bringing up the three children.抚养这三个孩子已经花费了许多钱。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①In the picture we can see that there ________ quantities f apples in the basket and there ________ a large quantity f milk in the bucket. (be)②若是你大量订购的话，我认为有可能会打折。If yu rder it __________________________， I think a discunt will be pssible.
in quantity或in large quantities
►第二版块：重点短语1.die ut 灭绝，消失(教材P52)Hw many times up t tday has life n Earth almst died ut？到今天为止，地球上出现过几次生物几乎灭绝的情况？die ff 相继死去die frm/f 死于be dying fr sth. 渴望某物，极想要某物be dying t d sth. 渴望做某事die dwn (t becme gradually less strng, lud, nticeable, etc.) 逐渐变弱，逐渐平息die away (t becme gradually weaker r fainter and finally disappear) 逐渐减弱，逐渐消失
❶This species has nearly died ut because its habitat is being destryed.因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。❷That style f music died ut hundreds f years ag.那种风格的音乐几百年前就消失了。❸When the applause had died dwn, she began her speech.掌声平息后她便开始演讲了。❹The sund f his ftsteps died away.他的脚步声渐渐消失了。
易混比较：die away与die ut, die dwn(1)die ut通常指物种灭绝或习俗消失(2)die away(指运行中的车的声音)逐渐减弱(到消失)(3)die dwn(指风势或火势)逐渐变弱(4)die ff相继死去如：①The sunds f the train died away.火车的声音渐渐消失。②The fire/wind gradually died dwn.(火/风势逐渐减弱)③The animals in the frest died ff.森林里的动物相继死去。④Dinsaurs died ut a very lng time ag.恐龙很久以前就灭绝了。
[即学即练]　用die的相关短语完成句子①With mre and mre birds ___________， sme day sme species will _______. In additin, sme f them have ___________ envirnmental pllutin.②Dn't wrry. The strng wind will ______________ sn and we can g ut t have a baseball match as planned.③Nw I'm thirsty and _________ a glass f water. I have walked fr a lng time.
die dwn/away
2.wipe ut 彻底消灭，全部摧毁　使(人)疲惫不堪unusual adj.不寻常的，罕见的；独特的，与众不同的(教材P52)Extinctins, where entire species are wiped ut, are nt unusual in ur Earth's histry.物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。It is unusual fr sb. t d sth.　　　做某事对某人来说是不寻常的。
❶A vlcanic eruptin nearly wiped ut the small island in 1997.1997年的一次火山喷发差点把这个小岛毁灭了。❷Nthing culd wipe ut his bitter memries f the past.什么也抹不掉他对过去的痛苦记忆。❸All that travelling has wiped her ut.一路舟车劳顿让她疲惫不堪。❹It's nt unusual fr him t feel very angry in a situatin like this.在像这样的情况下他觉得非常生气并不罕见。❺He was an unusual man with great business talents.他是一个与众不同的人，很有商业天赋。
联想串记：usual adj.寻常的，惯常的as usual 像往常一样，照例unusual adj. 不寻常的；独特的unusually adv. 不寻常地；特别地usually adv. 通常地，一般地构词法：“un-”是常见的否定前缀，常可加在形容词前表示相反的状态。常见的词有：unknwn(未知的)，unsafe(不安全的)，unpleasant(令人不快的)等。
语境串记：It is unusual that the rain suddenly falls tday, but he still ges running in the park as usual. He usually says, “Once yu have gt int the habit f exercising, yu will stick t it.”不寻常的是，今天突然下起雨来，但是他仍然像往常一样在公园里跑步。他经常说，“你一旦养成了锻炼的习惯，就会把它坚持下去。”
[即学即练]　单句写作/单句语法填空①地震把这个小村庄彻底毁灭了。___________________________________________________________②史密斯照例是第一个到达教室的。___________________________________________________________③在英国找到一个这么大的湖泊是不寻常的。___________________________________________________________④Fear and hate fr thers is ________ (usual) caused by ignrance (无知). We're scared f the things that we dn't understand.⑤This time, we stayed tgether, in case anything else ________ (usual) happened.
The small village was wiped ut by the earthquake.
As usual, Smith was the first ne t arrive at the classrm.
It is unusual t find a lake f this size in Britain.
3．at risk 意为“有危险，冒风险”(教材P53)Of curse, as we humans depend n s many species fr ur survival, we wuld als be at risk f dying ut.当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也会有灭绝的危险。at the risk f ding sth. 冒着做某事的风险take a risk/risks (t d sth.) 冒险(做某事)run the risk (f sth./f ding sth.) 冒……的风险；冒险(做某事)run risks 冒险risk ding sth. 冒险做某事Clning may greatly cntribute t human medicine, but we must use it cautiusly, because it may put peple at risk.克隆可能会对人类医学有很大帮助，但是我们必须谨慎地利用它，因为它可能会给人们带来危险。
[即学即练]　结合risk的用法完成句子①He gt well prepared fr the jb interview, fr he culdn't ________________________ (冒险失去这次良好的机会)．②If yu ________________________ (冒险不系安全带), yu will be ________ (处于危险中)．③In spite f great danger, the sldier jumped int the river and _______________________________________________________ (冒着生命危险救那个女孩)．④Thugh it is fun t play n the frzen river, _________ (这有危险)．
risk lsing this gd pprtunity
risk nt wearing a seat belt
risked his life t save the girl/tk the risk f lsing his life t save the girl
it is risky
►第三版块：典型句式1.reasn后接定语从句的用法(教材P53)There is a lng list f reasns why s many species are dying ut: air and water pllutin, frests being destryed, factry farming and verfishing.导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。reasn作先行词，后接定语从句时：(1)若关系词在从句中作状语，要用why或fr which引导定语从句。(2)若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语，要用which或that引导定语从句，其中作宾语时关系词可省略。
❶There's a reasn why/fr which peple dn't read this stuff: it's nt funny.人们不读这种东西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。❷The reasn why/fr which he was late was that he gt up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。❸He gave us a reasn that/which sunded reasnable.他给了我们一个理由，这个理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作主语)❹The reasn (which/that) he has given sunds reasnable.他给出的理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作宾语，可省略)
归纳拓展：a/the reasn fr (ding) sth. (做)某事的原因a/the reasn t d sth. 做某事的原因a/the reasn why/fr that... ……的原因是……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The reasn ________ I admire him is ________ his psitive attitude t life has a great influence n me.②Is this the reasn _________ he explained at the meeting fr his carelessness in his wrk?③Anther reasn ________ crn's rise: The gvernment encurages farmers t grw crn instead f rice _________ (imprve) water quality. 
2.“withut＋名词”引导含蓄条件句(教材P53)Withut frests, we wuld have n air t breathe, and withut clean water we wuld be unable t survive.没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。虚拟条件句的条件有时不通过条件从句来表示，而是通过介词短语、上下文或其他方式表现出来，这种虚拟条件句叫作含蓄条件句。
含蓄条件句的具体用法如下：
❶They wuldn't have reached the agreement s easily withut that cmmn grund.没有共同的立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。❷But fr yur help, we culdn't have succeeded.要不是你帮忙，我们不可能成功。❸I gt up very early yesterday mrning, r I culd nt have caught the early bus.昨天早上我起床很早，否则就赶不上早班车了。❹I was t busy at that time. Otherwise, I wuld have called yu.我那时太忙了，否则我就给你打电话了。
介词withut的用法(1)withut是with的反义词，意为“不”或“没有”。We can d the wrk withut yur help.我们可以没有你的帮助而做这项工作。They wrked the whle day withut taking any rest.他们工作了一整天而未休息。(2)withut可用在双重否定句中，往往是用介词短语代替整句。N man gets int the cnditin yu are in withut the aid f his wn flly.＝N man gets int the cndictin yu are in if he has nt his wn flly t blame.如果不是由于自己的愚蠢，没有人会落到你现在所处的这般光景。
(3)withut是介词，不是连接词，后面只能接名词或动名词，不能接不定式。(4)withut常可用来表示条件。如：We culd never have succeeded in what we were ding withut his guidance.如果没有他的指导，我们的工作决不会成功。句中withut his guidance＝if we hadn't had his guidance.
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①Withut his supprt, we wuldn't ________ (be) where we are nw.②—D yu have Betty's phne number?—Yes. Otherwise, I wuldn't ________ (be) able t reach her yesterday.③飞机晚点一个多小时才起飞，否则我就不会让你等这么久了。There was a delay f ver an hur befre the plane tk ff; therwise I _____________________ (keep) yu waiting fr such a lng time.
wuld/culd nt have kept
3.“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句(教材P53)Althugh it is nt unusual fr species t die ut naturally, the rate at which this is nw happening is cause fr cncern.尽管物种自然灭绝并不罕见，但它目前的发生速度令人担忧。(1)引导定语从句的关系代词不仅可以作动词的宾语，还可以作介词的宾语。若将介词提至关系代词之前，便形成了“介词＋关系代词”结构，该结构可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句；此结构中的关系代词可为which(先行词指物)，whm(先行词指人)。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定在“介词＋which(先行词是物)/whm(先行词是人)/whse(所有格，既可指人又可指物)”引导的定语从句中，介词的选用有以下三种方式：①根据定语从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配确定②根据与先行词的搭配确定③根据主从句的逻辑关系而定(通常是with/withut)
❶The fficial t whm we applied fr a permit was very kind.给我们申请许可证的那位官员非常友好。❷Have yu fund the bk n which I spent ￡10?你找到那本我花了10英镑买的书了吗？❸He was the man by whm Master f the Game was translated.他就是翻译《谋略大师》的那个人。(be translated by)❹The tw things f which they felt prud were Jim's gld watch and Della's hair.他们感到骄傲的两样东西是吉姆的金表和德拉的头发。 (be prud f)❺I will never frget the day n which I first met him.我永远也忘不了第一次见他的那一天。(n the day)❻Rse helped me a lt, withut whse help I wuld nt have passed the exam.罗丝帮助了我很多，没有她的帮助我不会通过考试。
特别注意：listen t, lk at, lk fr, depend n, pay attentin t, take care f等固定短语中的介词一般不放在关系代词前。This is the girl whm/wh/that he will take care f.这就是他将照料的女孩。“介词＋关系代词”结构可代替when, where, why, that等关系副词。如：①There used t be a time at which/during which (＝when) the Chinese peple struggled fr freedm.②In 2006, we mved t Bstn, in which (＝where) my grandparents lived.③There's n reasn fr which (＝why) we shuldn't be friends.④There are varieties f ways in which (＝that) we can slve the prblem.(注：that在这里用作关系副词)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The fellw, ________ whm I spke made n answer at first.②The West Lake, ________ which Hangzhu is famus, is a beautiful place.③In his rm, I saw a big desk ________ which there were all kinds f bks.④Yesterday we had a meeting ________ which we discussed many prblems.⑤Air, ________ which man culdn't live, is really imprtant.⑥This bk has pened a windw, __________ which we can see a wnderful wrld.⑦Yesterday we paid a visit t the huse ________ which Lu Xun nce lived.⑧Wh is the persn with ________ yu shk hands just nw?⑨Mr Li has tw sns, bth f ________ are cllege students.
4.it作形式主语(教材P53)It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all ther species n Earth, including animals and plants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上其他所有物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。主语从句充当主语时，为使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置，主语从句可用that，what，wh，whether，why等词引导。常见的此类句式有：(1)It＋be＋名词＋从句It＋be＋a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……It＋ be＋ n wnder that... 难怪……It＋be＋n surprise that... ……不足为奇
(2)It＋be＋形容词＋从句It＋be likely that... 可能……It＋be clear/bvius that... 显而易见的是……(3)It＋动词的被动语态＋从句It＋be said that... 据说……It＋be reprted that... 据报道……It＋be believed that... 人们相信……It＋be suggested/rdered/demanded that...(shuld) d...建议/命令/要求……(从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用shuld d, shuld可以省略)
(4)It＋特殊动词＋从句It ccurs t sb. that... 某人突然想到……It happens that... 碰巧的是……It desn't matter＋wh/why/what... ……无所谓/没关系❶It is a pity/shame that yu have missed such a wnderful lecture.你错过了这么精彩的演讲，真遗憾。❷She is hard-wrking, s it is n surprise that she has wn first prize.她学习努力，所以她获得一等奖不足为奇。❸It is bvius that the way cffee is grwn affects many aspects f life.很明显，咖啡的种植方式影响了生活的很多方面。
❹It is said that abut 20% f 25-34-year-lds live with their parents, cmpared with 16% in 1991.据说在25到34岁的人群中大约有20%和父母住在一起，而在1991年这一比例是16%。❺It is generally believed that a balanced diet is a key t peple's health.人们普遍认为均衡的饮食是健康的关键。❻It is demanded by my vilin teacher that I (shuld) practise playing the vilin every day.我的小提琴老师要求我每天练习拉琴。❼It ccurred t him that his farm had much ptential.他突然想到他的农场还是很有潜力的。
句型It is that...的转换：(1)It is said that sb. has dne sth.→Sb. is said t have dne sth.据说某人已经做了某事It is said that sb. is ding sth.→Sb. is said t be ding sth.据说某人正在做某事
(2)It is reprted that sb. is ding sth.→Sb. is reprted t be ding sth.据报道某人正在做某事It is reprted that sb. has dne sth.→Sb. is reprted t have dne sth.据报道某人已经做了某事(3)It is believed that sb. is ding sth.→Sb. is believed t be ding sth.人们相信某人正在做某事It is believed that sb. has dne sth.→Sb. is believed t have dne sth.人们相信某人已做了某事
(4)It is knwn that sb. is ding sth.→Sb. is knwn t be ding sth.众所周知某人正在做某事It is knwn that sb. has dne sth.→Sb. is knwn t have dne sth.众所周知某人已经做过某事了
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/根据括号内提示，用it作形式主语单句写作①It desn't matter ________ he says.②It is nt clear ________ will attend t this matter.③It desn't interest me ________ r nt yu succeed.④很显然，地球是圆的。(bvius)___________________________________________________________⑤我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。(an hnur)___________________________________________________________⑥许多学生认为英语是一门有趣的学科。(cnsider)___________________________________________________________
It is bvius that the earth is rund.
It is an hnur that I was invited t yur birthday party.
It is cnsidered by many students that English is an interesting subject.
⑦他在这次坠机事件中幸免于难真是奇迹。(wnder)___________________________________________________________⑧人们常常建议生病时要多喝水。(suggest)___________________________________________________________⑨我们已经决定将会议推迟到下周一。(decide)___________________________________________________________
It is a wnder that he survived the plane crash.
It is ften suggested that ne (shuld) drink plenty f water when he/she is sick.
It is decided that the meeting has been put ff until next Mnday.
[词语积累]①wipe ut彻底消灭，全部摧毁②unusual/ʌn'juːʒuəl/adj.特别的，不寻常的，罕见的[反义]usual adj.寻常的，通常的③varied/'veərid/adj. 各种各样的，不相同的；多变的④vlcanic eruptin火山喷发⑤asterid/'æstərɔɪd/n.[C]小行星⑥decrease/dɪ'kriːs/n.[C，U]减少，降低，减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低⑦be t blame (fr sth.)(对坏事)负有责任blame vt.归咎于，责怪，指责
⑧以……的速度rate n．[C]速度；比率⑨cause fr cncern担忧的原因⑩based adj.在……居住(或工作)⑪lk at思考，考虑，研究⑫factry farming工厂化养殖⑬verfishing/ˌəʊvə'fɪʃɪŋ/n．[U]过度捕捞[构词法]ver-可用作前缀，表示“太，过于”。verprductin n．[U]生产过剩vercnfident adj.过分自信的，自负的⑭affect/ə'fekt/vt.影响
[辨析]effect n．[C，U]效应，影响⑮survival n．[U]生存，存活survive vi. 生存，存活⑯at risk有危险，冒风险⑰avid (ding) sth.避免(做)某事⑱take actin采取行动[近义]take steps/measures采取措施⑲endangered/ɪn'deɪndʒəd/adj.(物种)有灭种危险的，濒临灭绝的⑳slar adj.太阳能的；太阳的slar energy/pwer太阳能 in shrt总之，简言之
[同义]in a wrd/in brief lay eggs下蛋，产卵 begin a prgramme开始一项计划[拓展]prgramme构成的常见搭配：develp/set up/launch/carry ut a prgramme拟订/制订/启动/实施计划 raise vt. 饲养，培育 hatch vi.孵化 restre/rɪ'stɔː(r)/vt.使复原 habitat/'hæbɪtæt/n.[C，U](动植物的)生活环境，栖息地natural habitat天然栖息地wildlife habitat野生动植物的生存环境
Extinctins, where entire species are wiped ut①， are nt unusual② in ur Earth's histry. In fact, ver 90 percent f all species that ever lived are nw extinct. In the last 500 millin years, there have been five times when life n Earth has almst ended. These include the third mass extinctin, knwn as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% t 96% f all species 【1】. And the fifth event, which ccurred 66 millin years ag, caused the death f the dinsaurs. The reasns fr extinctins are varied③. Accrding t scientists, they include vlcanic eruptins④， asterids⑤ hitting the Earth frm space, changes in sea levels, the decrease⑥ f the xygen cntent f the sea and glbal warming.
Many scientists say we are nw entering the Earth's sixth mass extinctin. This time, human activity will be t blame⑦.【1】画线部分中“knwn as the ‘Great Dying’”为过去分词短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰the third mass extinctin。Althugh it is nt unusual fr species t die ut naturally, the rate⑧ at which this is nw happening 【2】 is cause fr cncern⑨. A 2015 study by scientists wh were based⑩ at Brwn University and Duke University in the US, lked at⑪ hw quickly species die ut due t natural causes, that is, the “backgrund extinctin rate”. They fund that human activity is causing species t die ut 1,000 times faster than nrmal.There is a lng list f reasns why s many species are dying ut 【3】： air and water pllutin, frests being destryed, factry farming⑫ and verfishing⑬.
It is clear that human activity has negatively affected⑭ all ther species n Earth, including animals and plants.【2】画线部分为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰the rate。介词at的选用是考虑到与rate搭配。【3】画线部分为why引导的定语从句，修饰reasns, why在从句中作状语。If a sixth mass extinctin ccurs, scientists wh have studied the issue believe that up t three quarters f all species n Earth culd die ut 【4】. Of curse, as we humans depend n s many species fr ur survival，⑮ we wuld als be at risk⑯ f dying ut. Our wrld and ur lives depend n the balance in nature between animals and plants.
Withut frests, we wuld have n air t breathe, and withut clean water we wuld be unable t survive 【5】．【4】本句的结构分析如下：If_a_sixth_mass_extinctin_ccurs，If 引导的条件状语从句主句【5】该句为含蓄条件句。介词短语Withut frests和withut clean water相当于条件，“we wuld have n air t breathe”和“we wuld be unable t survive”表示与现在事实相反的假设。
Can a sixth extinctin be avided⑰？ Experts say that it is nt yet t late, if we take actin⑱ nw. This wuld mean we have t significantly change the way we live. Fr example, we need t take steps t save endangered⑲ species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be prtected. We need t change hw we wrk and travel by using cleaner, mre natural surces f energy, such as wind and slar⑳ energy. We als need t imprve ur farming methds t reduce water, air and land pllutin. In shrt ， if we want t survive, we need t stp destrying the planet that we live n and start t prtect it.
Case StudyThe Black RbinBlack rbins are the birds that humans saved frm extinctin. In 1980, there were nly five black rbins left in the wrld. They all lived n a small island ff the cast f New Zealand. Only ne f thse birds, a female called Old Blue, was able t lay eggs .Wildlife wrkers began a prgramme fr raising black rbin chicks. They prtected Old Blue's eggs, helped them t hatch ， and tk care f the chicks. Thanks t their effrts, there are nw mre than 250 black rbins, and the ppulatin is spreading. T help them survive, peple are restring their habitats and remving small animals that hunt them, such as mice and cats frm the islands where they live.
物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6 600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因各不相同。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这次，人类活动是肇因。虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。2015年美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种因自然原因灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次大灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也会有灭绝的危险。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变生活方式。例如，我们要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行方式，例如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简言之，我们如果想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的地球并开始保护它。
案例研究黑知更鸟黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们都栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上，其中只有一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护“老蓝”的蛋，帮助孵化，并照顾幼鸟。多亏他们的努力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复黑知更鸟的栖息地并迁移捕杀它们的小动物，例如岛上的老鼠和猫。
Ⅰ.单词拼写1．Held inside fr t lng, regret can a________ the immune system.2．A special team was sent there t lk int the cause f the train accident, and the investigatin suggested that high speed was t b________.3．In mst cases, a healthy diet can help yu d________ the risk f getting sme diseases like diabetes.4．Overfishing has resulted in many large sea creatures like whales and sharks becming __________ (濒危的) species.5．Nwadays, ________ (大批的) unemplyment seems t be a fact f life in this cuntry.
6．These speakers impressed us deeply with their ________(不平常的)cnfidence and perfrmance.7．This prfessr discvered sme rare ________ (物种)f plants deep in this frest last summer.8．Rfs and windws f buildings aren't the nly surfaces that can be used t prduce ________ (太阳能的)pwer.9．Theries abut why Stnehenge was put there are ________ (各种各样的). It may be a place fr bserving the stars and planets.10．The lcal rganisatin has spent millins f dllars in an attempt t ________ (使恢复) the habitat f native plants.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．Over the past several years, the Suth African penguins have been ________ the decrease in numbers.2．In fact, when yu blame smene ________ what yu're ging thrugh, yu refuse respnsibility.3．It's said that such animals like dinsaurs died ________ because they culdn't adapt t the sudden change in climate.4．The perfrmance was s gd that the applause didn't die ________ until there was an encre (返场加演节目)．5．In mst cases, gd cmmunicatin can help wipe ________ misunderstanding and build a gd relatinship.6．As the chart shws, the sales this year decreased ________ 30%.
7．Peple wh sit fr a lng time were ________ great risk f diseases when cmpared with thse wh sit less.8．We depend n wildlife and n the planet's rich bidiversity fr ur ________ (survive) and well-being.9．As we all knw, with the develpment f science and technlgy, the earth's resurces are running ut ________ an alarming rate, s we shuld make gd use f them.10．Great quantities f sand ________ (be) washed dwn the hillside by the rain last night.11．Withut yur help, I wuld nt ________ (win) the first prize in the cntest last term.
12．The reasn ________ he resigned his pst was ________ there was a mre attractive and challenging jb fr him.13．Bilgists warned that changes caused by a warming planet were behind the bears' ________ (usual) behavir and culd affect the entire ecsystem.14．My brther lent me the mney, therwise I culdn't ___________ (affrd) the trip.15．But fr the sldiers wh set up defence against the flds in time, the cities n the lwer part wuld _________ (fall) int a bigger mess.
have affrded
have fallen
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空(有两项为多余选项)at the rish f　at risk　wipe ut　die frm　be t blame　take steps　die ut1．The patient was still _______ because after the peratin, his bdy rejected the new heart.2．In fact, wmen are less likely t have high bld pressure r _________ heart attacks.3．There are still many peple suffering a lt, and we are t d smething t ________ pverty.4．It is yu as well as yur wife that ___________ fr yur sn's bad perfrmance at schl.5．We shuld __________ t keep all these rare animals and plants under gd prtectin.
are t blame
Ⅳ.课文语法填空In the last 500 millin years, there have been five times when life n Earth has almst ended. The reasns fr extinctins are 1.________ (vary). Accrding t scientists, they include vlcanic 2.________ (erupt), asterids hitting the Earth frm space, changes in sea levels, the decrease f the xygen cntent f the sea and glbal warming. Many scientists say we are nw 3.________ (enter) the Earth's sixth mass extinctin. This time, human activity will be 4.________ (blame) .