专题21 上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛（原题版）-【高频考点解密】2023年高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练（上海专用）

►专题21 上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛

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【考情链接】

上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。文章题材广泛，体裁多样，包括记叙文、新闻报道、应用文、说明文、议论文等。以下梳理议论文体裁主要阅读技巧。

【要点梳理】

        [方法1]　把握文章的论点、论据和论证。

议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。

【典例】（2023闵行区一模）

Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use. Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes. Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long run, by taking steps that make driving more pleasant, economical, and productive.

……

One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.

The author wrote this massage mainly to ______.

A. support the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic.

B. oppose the belief that improving mass transportation systems is good for the environment.

C. provide a balance between suburban expansion and traffic congestion.

D. indicate that making driving less agreeable is a way to reduce negative effects of traffic.

        [方法2]　互推法

在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。

【典例】

It’s true that quite a few most respected scientific authorities have confirmed that the world is becoming hotter and hotter. There’s also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming. Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a 2010 summary about the climate science by the Royal Society noted that: The global warming over the last half - century has been caused mainly by human activity.

……

Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. According to the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build - up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - not the warming we would expect from other possible causes.

 Which of the following is not the cause of climate change?

A. volcanic eruption

B. floods arid droughts

C. changes in solar

D. cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun

        [方法3]　深推法

推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。

【典例】

Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet.To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward.It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone.We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life－changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with.What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by e­mail.

Some people are less willing to deal with humans because ________.

A．they are becoming less patient

B．they are growing too independent

C．they have to handle many important messages

D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward

                                                                         _____

2016年上海秋季高考英语真题

Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.

   The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.

   “The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.

   It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.

   Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.

  Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.

Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.

   The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.

73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?

A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.

B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.

C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.

D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.

74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.

A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme

B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think

C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale

D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models

75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.

A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old

B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand

C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future

D. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of

76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.

A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websites

B. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark

C. take no further action if they can find a kitemark

D. avoid providing too much personal information

77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. Say no to social media?

B. New security rules in operation?

C. Accept without reading?

D. Administration matters!

2015年上海秋季高考英语真题

One of the executives gathered at the Aspen Institute for a day-long leadership workshop using the works of Shakespeare was discussing the role of Brutus in the death of Julius Caesar. “Brutus was not an honorable man,” he said. “He was a traitor（叛徒）. And he murdered someone in cold blood.” The agreement was that Brutus had acted with cruelty when other options were available to him. He made a bad decision, they said—at least as it was presented by Shakespeare—to take the lead in murdering Julius Caesar. And though one of the executives acknowledged that Brutus had the good of the republic in mind, Caesar was nevertheless his superior. “You have to understand,” the executives said, “our policy is to obey the chain of command.”

 During the last few years, business executives and book writers looking for a new way to advise corporate America have been exploiting Shakespeare’s wisdom for profitable ends. None more so than husband and wife team Kenneth and Carol Adelman, well-known advisers to the White House, who started up a training company called “Movers and Shakespeares”. They are amateur Shakespeare scholars and Shakespeare lovers, and they have combined their passion and their high level contacts into a management training business. They conduct between 30 and 40 workshops annually, focusing on half a dozen different plays, mostly for corporations, but also for government agencies.

 The workshops all take the same form, focusing on a single play as a kind of case study, and using individual scenes as specific lessons. In Julius Caesar, for example, Cassius’s sly provocation（狡诈的挑唆） of Brutus to take up arms against Caesar was a basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organising.

 Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henry’s winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases (偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelmans had little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn’t make his mind up about things.

 Many of the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt to be related. Caesar’s pride, which led to his murder, and Brutus’s mistakes in leading the traitors after the murder, they said, raise vital questions for anyone serving in a business: when and how do you resist the boss?

73. According to paragraph 1, what did all the executives think of Brutus?

 A. Cruel.                    B. Superior.               C. Honorable.            D. Rude

74. According to the passage, the Adelmans set up “Movers and Shakespeares” to ________.

 A. help executives to understand Shakespeare’s plays better

 B. give advice on leadership by analyzing Shakespeare’s plays

 C. provide case studies of Shakespeare’s plays in literature workshops   

 D. guide government agencies to follow the characters in Shakespeare’s plays.

75. Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V?

 A. To highlight the importance of catching opportunities.

 B. To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win.

 C. To illustrate the harm of prejudices in management.   

 D. To warn executives against power misuse.

76. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.

 A. the Adelmans’ programme proves biased as the roles of characters are maximized.

 B. executives feel bored with too many specific elements of Shakespeare’s plays.

 C. the Adelmans will make more profits if they are professional scholars.

 D. Shakespeare has played an important role in the management field.

77. The best title for the passage is _____.

 A. Shakespeare’s plays: Executives reconsider corporate culture

 B. Shakespeare’s plays: An essential key to business success

 C. Shakespeare’s plays: a lesson for business motivation

 D. Shakespeare’s plays: Dramatic training brings dramatic results

                                                                          ____

【上海市复兴高级中学2022-2023学年高三上学期期中英语试卷】

We are encountering real-world examples of how AI can harm human relations. As digital assistants such as Alexa or Siri become popular, we are becoming accustomed to talking to them as though they were alive; writing in these pages last year, Judith Shulevitz described how some of us are starting to treat them as friends and therapists. Shulevitz herself says she confesses things to Google Assistant that she wouldn’t tell her husband. If we grow more comfortable talking to our devices about our secrets, what happens to our human marriages and friendships? Designers and programmers typically create devices whose responses make us feel better—but may not help us be self-reflective or think over painful truths. As AI goes deeper into our lives, we must face the possibility that it will prevent our emotions and deep human connects.

Besides, we will fight with some other challenges. The age of driverless cars, after all, is upon us. These vehicles promise to substantially reduce the exhaustion and distraction that put human drivers in danger, thus preventing accidents. But what other effects might they have on people? Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation. I worry that driverless cars, by taking away from us an occasion to exercise this ability, could contribute to its decline.

Not only will these vehicles be programmed to take over driving duties and hence to remove from humans the power to make moral judgments (for example, about which pedestrian to hit when a crash is inevitable), they will also affect humans with whom they’ve had no direct contact. For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, invariant speed might drive less attentively, thus increasing their likelihood of accidents once they’ve moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles travelling in perfect accordance with traffic laws actually improves human performance.

Either way, we should be careful to launch new forms of AI without first taking such social spillovers—or externalities, as they’re often called—into account. We must apply the same effort that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI’s potential effects on those outside the car. After all, we install brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.

43. What can be inferred about human relationships from the first paragraph?

A. We will feel comfortable speaking to others online.

B. AI will lead to shallow inter-personal relationships.

C. AI will enable people to communicate more with others.

D. We will be more self-reflective in interaction thanks to AI.

44. In paragraph 2, the phrase “its decline” refers to the decline in ________.

A. drivers’ interaction with the cars

B. drivers’ exhaustion and distraction

C. our ability to cooperate with others while driving

D. our ability to deal with emergencies while driving

45. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of driverless cars?

A. They may be better at making more judgments than human drivers.

B. They need to vary their speed to make contact with human drivers.

C. They may make human drivers in other cars drive more safely.

D. They need to force human drivers to concentrate in the car.

46. Which of the following is the writer most likely to agree with?

A. Brake lights on the back of our car are installed mainly to warn us of danger.

B. We should figure out how new technology affects people before developing it.

C. It is hard to say why social spillovers will work in terms of self-driving cars.

D. More effort should be made to advance the hardware and software of driverless cars.

上海市第三女子中学2021学年第二学期高三年级英语学科线上教学评估

The tendency to look for some outside group to blame for our misfortunes is certainly common and it is often strengthened by social prejudice. There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear — in particular the fear that the interests of our own group are going to be endangered by the actions of another. This is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other and know what to expect for themselves. In times of rapid racial and economic change, however, new occupations and new social roles appear, and people start looking jealously at each other to see whether their own group is being left behind.

When a community begins to feel unsure of its future, it becomes especially likely to turn in upon itself, to imagine that surrounding groups are threatening and unfriendly. At a time like this, distorted (扭曲的) ideas about the other community are readily believed and are passed on as statements of fact. One of the tragic things about intercommunal (社区间的) conflict is that both parties quickly find themselves “moral rationalization (合理化解释).” Each side insists and believes that its own actions are inspired by noble ideals, even when they are really acting out of pure self-interest. To a third party, neutral to the conflict, it may seem obvious that both are behaving unreasonably; but when one’s emotions are involved, and especially the emotion of fear, it is extremely difficult to remain sensible.

Once prejudice develops, it is hard to stop, because there are often social forces at work which actively encourage unfounded attitudes of unfriendliness and fear towards other groups. One such force is education: We all know that children can be taught history in such a way as to keep alive old hatred and old prejudices between racial and political groups. Another social influence that has to be taken seriously is the pressure of public opinion. People often think and act differently in groups from the way they would do as individuals. It takes a considerable effort of will, and often calls for great courage, to stand out against one’s fellows and insist that they are wrong.

Why is it that we hear so much more about the failures of relationships between communities than we do about the successes? I am afraid it is partly due to the increase in communication which radio, television and the popular press have brought about. In those countries where the media of mass communication are commercial enterprises, they tend to measure success by the size of their audience; and people are more likely to buy a newspaper, for instance, if their attention is caught by something dramatic, or something that can arouse their anxiety or interest as much as failures of intercommunal relationships do. And popular public speakers, especially if they are politicians addressing a relatively innocent audience, know that the best way to arouse such an audience is to frighten them.

Where there is a real or imaginary threat to economic security, this is especially likely to arouse group prejudice. It is important to remember economic factors if we wish to lessen prejudice between groups, because unless they are dealt with directly, it will be little use simply advising people not to be prejudiced against other groups whom they see as their competitors, if not their enemies.

43. People in a society of rapid racial and economic change ______.

A. blame others for their recent misfortunes

B. fear the loss of interests endangered by prejudice

C. are at a loss as to what to expect of others and themselves

D. are jealous of the new occupations and social roles

44. Which of the following statements is NOT true about a community feeling unsure of its future?

A. Distorted ideas about the other community are considered as facts.

B. It’s extremely difficult for a third party to remain sensible and fearless.

C. Old hatred and prejudices are passed on through history education.

D. The pressure of public opinion makes people think and act in groups.

45. The failures of relationships between communities are ______.

A. commercial products of the media of mass communication

B. considered dramatic and arousing

C. lessened due to real or imaginary threat to economic security

D. dealt with directly by advising people not to be prejudiced

46. The passage is mainly about ______.

A. how to eliminate social prejudice B. what a sensible society is like

C. what causes social prejudice D. how to build a sensible society

上海市格致中学高三年级2022年 4 月英语阶段测试

In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities to find solutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to feed the world’s rapidly increasing population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impacts on the universities’ efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and interpretation of knowledge—the imparting (传授) of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward.

With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally acknowledged task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious bind generally. On the one hand, there is the American commitment, entered into especially since World War II, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical (激进的) shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on the resources available for higher education.

While higher education has become a great “growth industry”, it is also simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of nation. With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorities away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capita (人均) outlay for their students. One crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has led, in turn, to a declining standard of competence in instruction.

Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions’ organization and functioning to fulfill the demands of research rather than those of teaching.

30. According to the passage, ________ should be the most important function of institutions of higher education.

A. creating new knowledge

B. providing solutions to social problems

C. making experts on sophisticated industries out of their students

D. preparing their students to transmit inherited knowledge

31. In American universities, there is a contradiction (矛盾) between ________.

A. more students and less investment B. education quality and economic profit

C. low enrollment rate and high dropout rate D. private ownership and American commitment

32. Which is True about American universities?

A. Most teachers are devoted to improving their competence in instruction.

B. Research occupies more resources and teachers’ attention than teaching.

C. The institutions’ organization tends to meet the demands of teaching.

D. The lack of trained faculty leads to the decline in the quality of researches.

33. We can infer from the passage that________.

A. high quality attracts students to stay in public universities

B. the American commitment is to blame for all the difficulties

C. higher education used to have a priority in government budgets

D. the increasing expenses for each student drain the national resources