初中英语2024届中考复习动词与动词短语知识讲解

中考英语动词与动词短语动词动词的概述：英语中用来表示动作或状态的词叫动词。动词的分类动词可分为实义动词（行为动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。一、实义动词实义动词（notional verb）：含有实际意义，可单独充当句子的谓语。表示主语的动作、状态和品质。实义动词分为及物动词（transitive verb）和不及物动词(intransitive verb)。实义动词的分类与用法1.及物动词及物动词及物动词本身意义不完整，后面必须接宾语，意思才完整。常见及物动词visit, ask, win, answer, beat, serve, marry, enter, discuss, attend(参加), reach, drop（落下，放弃）, kill, raise等等。注意当主语是物时，及物动词sell, feel, taste, wash, read, write 等常用作不及物动词，表示被动的意思，用来说明主语的特征。① The silk feels soft.这丝绸摸上去很柔软。  ②The pen writes well.这支笔很好用。  ③ This kind of shoes sells well.这种鞋很畅销。2.不及物动词不及物动词本身意义完整，后面不能接宾语，若要接宾语，要用介词作“桥梁”。常见不及物动词go(to),come(to),happen(to) swim,run,dance,talk (to),reply (to), return (to), point(to, at ) , knock (at, on ), wait (for ), listen ( to), look (at ), arrive (in , at ), get (to),fall (off ), die (of , from), rise (up ) 等。使用不及物动词时需注意①不及物动词没有被动形式。如：happen,occur,rise,lie,die, remain 等The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building______now.A.Remains  B.is remained   C.is remaining   D.has been remained答案：A②主动表示被动的不及物动词。动词+(well,poorly,easily,badly,smoothly),物作主语，表示主语本身的性质。如：sell, wash, burn, cook, cut, drive, dress,play, last, open, write, start, run, read,operate, break, measure, weigh等。如：(1) Dry wood burns easily.(2) The cloth washes well.(3) The door locks tightly.(4) The pen writes smoothly.3.兼任及物动词和不及物动词的动词有些动词既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，且有时词义相同，有时不同。4.延续性动词与终止性动词（瞬间动词）延续性动词表示行为或过程能持久地继续下去或产生持久的影响。如：eat, listen, read, run, walk, work,write等。终止性动词表示行为或过程是短暂的或瞬间完成结束。如：arrive; begin; break; bring; buy; catch;close; come; die; discover; fall; leave; open; put on; take off; sell; start; stop; return; go;jump等。如何判断句子中的动词该使用延续性动词还是终止性动词(1)延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“点时间”状语连用。但：come/begin/get+to+延续性动词可表示一瞬间的动作。(“点时间”指具体某一时间点；“段时间”指某一时间内.)如:①It rained at eight yesterday morning.(误）It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正）因为rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示“点时间”，前后矛盾。②---When did you get to know Jack? ----Two years ago.(get to know表示一瞬间的动作,与“点时间”two years ago连用)③---Then you've known each other for more than two years.----That's right.（know表示延续的动作,与“段时间”for two years连用)(2) 终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是“点时间”（从句谓语动词用终止性动词）,也可以是“段时间”（从句谓语动词用延续性动词）。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词一般只能用延续性动词。①When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock.(reach为终止性动词；when不可用while替换.)②Please look after my daughter while/when we are away.(be away为延续性动词短语）(3) 终止性动词的完成时态，表示动作的完成并产生了影响与结果。但一般不能与表示延续的时间段短语“for...”或“since…”以及“How long..."连用，终止性动词否定式除外。①He has joined the army.他已经参军了。②He has been a  member of the army for three years.他已经参军三年了。=He has been in the army for three years.③His dog died five days ago.=His dog has been dead for five days.=It is five days since his dog died.=Five days has passed since his dog died.④I bought the bike two months ago.=I have had the bike for two months.=It is two months since I bought the bike.=Two months has passed since I bought the bike.⑤I haven't left here for 3 years.(haven't left 是终止性动词否定式，可与“段时间”连用)⑥I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.(haven't heard是终止性动词否定式，可与“段时间”连用)现在完成时中，终止性动词可转换成延续性动词与“段时间”连用：
borrow→ke      buy→have                       become→beput on→ wear                  move to→live in              recognize→knowbegin/start→be on           die→ be dead                   finish→be overreturn→be back               come here→be here           go there→be therecome back→be back        fall asleep→be asleep       leave→be away fromget to/arrive/reach→be(in)     go(get)out→be out      fall ill→be illopen sth→keep sth open        get up→be up              catch a cold→have a cold      get to know→know             join→be in+组织机构/→be a member of+组织机构
如： I have bought this bike.﹙√﹚I have bought this bike for two years.﹙×﹚I have had this bike for two years.﹙√﹚= I bought this bike two years ago.（4）"not+终止性动词+until/till..."意为“直到……才……”。“延续性动词+until/till..."表示：“...一直延续到....”①I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。②I won't leave till my parents come back.（我将呆在家里直到我父母回来。言外之意是，我父母不回来，我就一直呆在家里，我父母回来后我就离开家。）③I didn't receive the notice until last evening.（直到昨天晚上我才收到通知。言外之意是，昨天晚上前我一直没有接到通知。）④We worked until 11:00 yesterday evening.（我们昨天晚上一直工作到11点。） 二、系动词(连)系动词（linking verb）本身有一定的意义，但是不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语，构成系表结构作谓语，说明主语的状态，性质，特征等情况。连系动词只有主动形式，没有被动语态。系动词的分类与用法1.状态系动词状态系动词：be（是），用来表示主语的性质与状态。①My father is a teacher.我爸爸是老师。② He is strict.他很严格。 2.表像系动词 表像系动词 ：seem（似乎，好象），look（看起来），appear（显得，似乎，看来）,表示“看起来像”这一概念。① She seems(to be ) happy.她似乎很幸福。② She appears to be very young.她显得很年轻。③He looks tired 他看起来很疲倦 3.持续系动词持续系动词：keep/stay(保持)，remian“保持、继续”，表示主语继续或保持一种状况或状态。①Please keep/stay quiet.请安静。②The weather remian quiet.天气依然很冷。4.终止系动词终止系动词：prove/turn out “证明、结果是”，用于表示主语已终止动作，表达“证实”“变成”等意思。①The handbook proved very useful.这本手册证明很有用。②She proved a very strict teacher.结果证明她是一位非常严格的老师。③It turns out to be true.事实证明是真的。④Everything will turn out well.一切都会好起来。5.表示感官的系动词表示感官的系动词：feel（摸起来）, taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来）, sound（听起来）。这些系动词后面接形容词作表语，表示主语的特征、性质或状态。①This kind of cloth feels soft.这种布料手感很柔软。②This songsounds good.这首歌好听。③The soup tastes delicious .汤尝起来很可口。④The flower smells sweet.这多花闻起来很香。6.变化系动词变化系动词：get（渐渐变得，强调过程，通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化）, turn（变成，强调颜色变化）, become（比较正式，“变成”，强调变化结果，常跟职业名词或形容词）, grow（强调发展或成长变化，指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长），go（变得，口语化，强调向令人不愉快的方面变化后接bad、blind、hungry、deaf等此类形容词）。表示主语变成什么样。①He is getting richer and richer.(他变得越来越富有了。)②My little brother grows much taller .(我的弟弟长得高多了。)③The sandwich goes bad.Don’t eat it.(那块三明治变质了。不要吃。)④Her face turned red after her mother criticized her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了。)⑤Several years later,he became a doctor.(几年以后，他成为一名医生。) 三、助动词助动词（auxiliary verb）本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语，帮助实义动词构成时态、语态、否定和疑问。如：①Tom is doing his homework .(帮助构成现在进行时).② Did you like English ?( 帮助构成疑问句)③I have finished my homework.(帮助构成现在完成时)④The watch is made in Shanghai.(帮助构成被动语态)⑤ He doesn’t like apples.( 帮助构成否定)助动词的分类与用法1.用于进行时和被动语态的be（is, am, are, was, were, will be…）如：①I am looking for my pen.我正在找我的笔。（现在进行时）②These cups are made in China.这些杯子是中国制造的。(被动语态）2.用于一般时的助动词do (does, did) ①He does not speak English.他不说英语。（一般现在时） ②When did he come back?他什么时候回来的？（一般过去时）3.用于完成时的have( has, had )：①They have known each other for twenty years.他们互相认识有二十年了。（现在完成时）②　He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。(过去完成时）4.用于将来时的will (would ), shall (should ), 等,它们后面都接动词原形：will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后；would是will的过去时，能用于过去将来时：①The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飞机十分中后将要到达。（一般将来时）②I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。（过去将来时）shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后；should是shall的过去时，只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后：②    We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我们明天将在校门口见。（一般将来时）②I told them that I should do the work alone.我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。（过去将来时） 四、情态动词情态动词（modal verb）本身有一定的意义，但是不能单独作谓语, 只能和实义动词一起构成谓语,表示说话人的态度和语气。情态动词必须和动词原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的变化，变为否定时，直接在情态动词后加not 。常用的情态动词有：can (could ), may(might ), must, will (would ), shall (should), need,dare(敢), ought to（应该）等。情态动词的分类与用法can (could)can (could)表示能力：“能够”can相当be able to，但can 只有两种时态 :一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 有各种时态:①She is able to sing .（一般现在时） ②She was able to sing when she was four .（一般过去时）③ She will be able to sing next year.（一般将来时）在一般现在时和一般过去时中，两者可以替换：①I can sing .= I am able to sing .②I could sing when I was four .=  I was able to sing when I was five .表示允许或请求许可：“可以”can(could 更加委婉)相当may①Can/ Could I borrow your bike ?   =May I borrow your bike ?②You can use this dictionary .may(might )may(might )表示允许或请求许可：“可以”may(might更加委婉) 可用can(could) 来代替  ①You may/can ride a bike now.  ②______ I know your name?A.May  B.Will  C.Shall  D.Must mustmust表示主观意愿，责任，义务，“必须”。①As a student, I must work hard.  ②We must go to school on time.否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止，不许”①You mustn’t smoke here.It’s dangerous. ②You mustn’t talk in class.、has/have/had to :has/have/had to :强调外界客观原因(如环境、急事等)引起“不得不”做某事，。①It’s very rainy, I have to stay at home .② It’s getting late, I have to go home.否定形式为 doesn’t have to / don’t have to / didn’t have to =needn’t 没有必要You don’t have to finish your homework today= You needn’t finish your homework today.needneed：可作情态动词和实义动词情态动词 ：常用于否定或疑问句，否定形式直接在need后加not.①Need you ride a bike to school? (疑问句)   ②You needn’t finish that work today.( 否定句)实义动词 ：用于各种句型，否定形式要借助don’t, doesn’t, didn’t否定，疑问句形式要借助do, does, did提问.need sth.需要某物                 肯定： I need some help .否定： I don’t need any help.一般疑问句 ： Do you need any help ?                        need to do sth.需要去做某事    She needs to buy a pen.need doing sth.= need to be done 需要被做某事  如：My bike needs repairing .=My bike needs to be repaired.(我的自行车需要修理。）shallshall 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见或指示：①Shall I open the door ?   ②Shall we go shopping?should表示义务或责任时意为“应该”：We should learn from each other.我们应该互相帮助. should 表示建议或劝告时意为“应该”： You should give up smoking.你应该戒烟。 will（would）用于疑问句，表示请求，邀请或建议（would的语气更加委婉）。① Will /Would you have another bottle of orange juice ?   ②--Would you like to go fishing with me ?—Thanks, I’d love to.（肯定回答） Yes, I’d like to.（肯定回答） I’d love to,but I have too much homework to do.（否定回答）Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t because I have too much homework to do.（否定回答）含有情态动词的一般疑问句的答语▲May I…?    Yes, you may /Yes, you can  / Yes, of course/ Yes, certainly / Sure.（肯定回答） No, you mustn’t./ No, you can’t ./ No, you’d better not.（否定回答）▲Must I…? Yes, you must. （肯定回答）No, you needn’t./ You don’t have to .（否定回答）▲Need you…?Yes, I must. （肯定回答）No, I needn’t. /No, I don’t have to .（否定回答）▲Can/ Could I … ? Yes, you can ./ Of course you can./ Sure./ Certainly .（肯定回答）No, you can’t ./ Sorry, you can’t ./ I’m afraid you can’t.（否定回答）▲Do I have to …? Yes, you do .（肯定回答）No，you don’t .（否定回答） 五、动词短语动词短语动词之后加介词或副词等构成的短语，表达一种特定的含义，称为动词短语。动词短语的分类1.动词+副词：在这种结构中，当宾语的是名词时，可以放在动词和副词之间，也可放在副词之后。He took off his coat.= He took his coat off.当宾语是代词时，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：He took it off .(√)     He took off it .(×)
put on 穿上;        turn down调小；   set up 建立;             give up放弃;         take out取出 ；put off推迟 ;       turn up 调 大；       pick up捡起 ;          send up 发射;       work out 算出 ;put up挂起，举起 ; turn off关掉;   fix up修理;             think up想出;        hand out =give out分发   put down放下 ;  turn on打开;           look up 查阅         cheer up使振奋 ;     put out扑灭；熄灭put away 收好;    slow down 放慢;    call / ring up打电话  wake up叫醒；   keep out 挡住get back 取回     shut down 关上       eat up 吃光;            clean up打扫干净;   try out实验；get over 克服     cut down 砍倒；    hand in上交;         pick up 捡起              set out动身，着手     take off 脱掉/起飞；give away捐赠;    try on 试穿   look over仔细检查    think over仔细考虑          set off 出发                   
2.动词+介词 / 动词+副词+介词：在这种结构中，无论作宾语的是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词之后。（因为词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面，即使宾语是代词）I have to look after my brother.(√)   I have to look after her.(√)  I have to look her after (×);这种结构的短语有：
think of想起 ;           look for寻找;      look through浏览    hear of 听说;     pay for付款 ;      think about 考虑;      look after照顾;   get on 上车;             laugh at 嘲笑;     point to指向;     run out of 用完        look at看;           agree with同意;       wait for 等候;    arrive at到达;     fall off从……掉下;   begin with以……开始;             come up with想出；   take after长得像; get to到达;             knock at敲门;         come from来自;
3.动词+名词+介词/动词+形容词+介词 本结构中，无论作宾语的是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词之后。
have a look at 看一看;    make friends with与……交朋友 ;      pay attention to注意;take care of照顾;            look forward to期待;                          be angry with生气;be busy with忙于;          be good/ bad for对……有益/害;        be different from与……不同;be late for 迟到;              be interested in对……感兴趣;          be famous for因……而著名;be good at擅长于;         be mad at生气;                                     be annoyed with生气;look out of 向外看        be full of 充满……                               be fond of喜欢……be surprised at 对…感到吃惊    be  amazed at 对…感到吃惊