考点04 状语从句（九类状从精讲）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版）

这是一份考点04 状语从句（九类状从精讲）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版），共32页。
考点04 状语从句
课前热身练
用单词的适当形式完成句子
1．________ I returned, my mother was waiting for me, smiling broadly. （用适当的词填空）
2．________ you want to keep people in your life, you have to tell them and be ready to put in the effort.（用适当的词填空）
3．I didn’t see Peter enroute (在途中) but reunited back ________ we started, both of us sheepish but pleased. （用适当的词填空）
4．No matter ________ hard it was snowing, the little sisters managed to round the sheep up and drive them back home safely. （用适当的词填空）
5．No matter ________ happens, don’t be discouraged. （用适当的词填空）
6．The little boy wouldn’t leave the shop ______ he bought what he wanted. (用适当的词填空)
7．As a matter of fact, I began playing football ________ I was only eight years old, and I have been good at it. (用适当的词填空)
8．Strasser said Lowell got in through the back door, which he kept open at night so that Bonnie  _____ get into the backyard. (用适当的词填空)
9．_________ reasons may be behind it, people’s attitudes toward left-handedness have changed a lot over the years. (用适当的词填空)
10．Dale Carnegie rose from the unknown of a Missouri farm to international fame ________ he found a way to satisfy a universal human need. （用适当的词填空）
11．Ariana was leaving the dorm ________ she realized she forgot something important. （用适当的词填空）
12．By starting, you get the juices flowing, allowing you to get more done ________ you anticipated. （用适当的词填空）
13．__________it is a blind person seeking guidance or an elderly person seeking support, the rail is there for walking. (用适当的词填空)
14．__________ my siblings and I were growing up, I always sensed something was missing in my life, something fundamental to my very identity, to who I was and where I came from. (用适当的词填空)
15．Involving the kids in planning the vacation makes sure that they have a great vacation too. I prefer to visit historical sites and museums while they love to fish and swim. So I build in some relaxation time for us all __________ the vacation can work for everyone. (用适当的词填空)
1．When
【详解】考查状语从句连接词。句意：当我回来的时候，母亲正满面笑容地等着我。分析句子结构可知，空处引导状语从句，根据句意可知，此处表达“当……时候”之意，应该用when引导时间状语从句，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填When。
2．If
【详解】考查状语从句连接词。句意：如果你想让别人留在你的生活中，你必须告诉他们，并准备好付出努力。分析句子结构可知，空处引导状语从句，根据句意表达“如果...”之意，应该用if引导条件状语从句，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填If。
3．where
【详解】句意：我没有在途中看到彼得，但又在起点重聚，我们都很害羞，但很高兴。 此处应用where引导地点状语从句。故填where。
4．how
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：不管雪下得多大，小姐妹们都设法把羊群围起来，把它们安全赶回了家。引导让步状语从句，修饰副词hard，表示“无论多么”应用no matter how。故填how。
5．what
【详解】考查连接代词。句意：无论发生什么，不要灰心。“no matter +疑问词”引导让步状语从句，空格处充当从句的主语，意为“一切、任何”，应用what。故填what。
6．until
【详解】考查连词。句意：这个小男孩直到买了他想要的东西才离开商店。not…until…“直到……才……”是固定句型，符合句意，故用until引导时间状语从句。故填until。
7．when
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：事实上，我八岁的时候就开始踢足球了，而且一直踢得很好。由句意可知空处应填引导词when，引导时间状语从句。故填when。
8．could
【详解】考查情态动词和目的状语从句。句意：Strasser说Lowell是从后门进来的，他晚上一直开着后门，这样邦妮就能进入后院。结合句意空处应填情态动词could，so that引导目的状语从句时经常与情态动词can/could/be able to连用。故填could。
9．No matter what/Whatever
【详解】考查连词。句意：不管背后的原因是什么，多年来人们对左撇子的态度发生了很大变化。根据句意可知，本句让步状语从句，修饰名词reasons，应用no matter what/whatever。故填No matter what/Whatever。
10．for/because
【详解】考查状语从句的连词、并列连词。句意：戴尔·卡耐基从密苏里州一个农场的无名小卒成长为国际名人，因为他找到了一种满足人类普遍需求的方法。根据句意，设空处应用并列连词for表示推断的原因，或对前一分句补充说明理由；设空处也可以用从属连词because，引导原因状语从句。故填for/because。
11．when
【详解】考查状语从句和固定句型。句意：阿利安娜正要离开宿舍，突然意识到她忘了一件重要的东西。此处考查句型“be doing...when...”，意为“正在做……这时突然……”。when引导时间状语从句。故填when。
12．than
【详解】考查连词。句意：一开始，你就有了动力，让你做得比预期的更多。根据句意可知，此处应用than引导比较状语从句。故填than。
13．Whether
【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：无论是寻求指导的盲人还是寻求支持的老年人，扶手都是用来步行的。分析可知，本句是让步状语从句，用whether...or...引导，符合句意和语境要求，句首单词首字母大写，故填Whether。
14．While/When/As
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：在我的兄弟姐妹和我在成长的过程中，我总是感觉到我的生活中缺少了一些东西，一些关于我身份的基本东西，我是谁，我来自哪里。分析可知，设空处引导的时间状语从句，可以用While/When/As连接，故填While/When/As。
15．so that
【详解】考查连词。句意：让孩子们参与计划假期可以确保他们也有一个很棒的假期。我喜欢参观历史古迹和博物馆，而他们喜欢钓鱼和游泳。所以我为大家安排了一些放松时间，这样每个人都能享受假期。so that以便，引导目的状语从句。根据句意，故填so that。

核心考点梳理
（一）定义
在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词的从句叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和原因状语从句等。状语从句如果放在主句前通常用逗号分开，放在主句之后一般不用逗号。

（二）九类状语从句
一）时间状语从句
1、从属连词分类
1）基本类 包括when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, once (一旦), as soon as 等。
Did anyone call when I was out?
We have known each other since we were children.
You’ll feel better after you take the pills.
Make sure that all the lights are off before you go to bed.
2）名词类 包括the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, every time, each time, (the) next time, the last time, any time, the first time 等。
Tell me the moment (that) you get the results.
Next time you come in, please close the door.
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him.
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.
3）副词类 如immediately, directly, instantly, presently等。如：
I came immediately you called.
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke.
4）句型类 包括no sooner…than, hardly/ scarcely…when 等。如：
I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked.
Hardly had he told me the truth when he began to regret it.
5）介词短语类 主要有by the time。
By the time he got to class, the teacher had already started teaching.

2、易混淆时间从属连词辨析
1) when在...的时候, while在...期间, as正当...的时候
when：与when连用的动词可以是表时段的持续性动词，也可以是表时间点的瞬间动词，强调特定时间。
when的用法
例句
①主句和从句同时用现在或过去时：表示在特定时间里两个动作同时发生或相继发生。
She blushes when you praise her.
When the light went out, I lit some candles.
②主句用将来时态，从句用一般现在时表将来。
When he comes again, I’ll show him the photo.
③主句用将来时，从句用现在完成时：强调从句的动作先于主句发生。
When I have finished, I will tell you.
When I have found out the secret in the magic, there won’t be any more excitement.
④主句用一般过去时，从句用过去进行时，表示从句动作进行过程中主句动作发生了，这时常可跟while/just as替换。
When I was getting off the car, it started to rain.
When/While/Just as I was having dinner at a restaurant, I saw Tony coming in.
⑤主句用进行时置于句首，从句一般式，强调从句动作的突然性，意为“忽然”。
He was just running downstairs when he saw me.
⑥主句用过去完成时置于句首，从句用一般过去时：主句用否定意为“还没...就”；主句用肯定意为“刚...就”
I hadn’t been reading for half an hour when I heard steps outside.
I had been there little more than a week when I set to work in earnest.
⑦when含义为“在...的情况下”。在句子中有时可翻译为“although”(a)，“since”(b)或“if”(c)。
a) She refuses help when she has many friends.
b) Why do you walk when you have a car?
c) How can I help him to understand when he won’t listen to me.
⑧when后接情态动词的完成式（虚拟结构），含义为“本可以，本应该...”。
He stopped trying when he might have succeeded.
She was playing in the yard when she should have been working.

while: 与while连用的只能是延续性动词，表示与主句行为的同时性，强调动作过程。
while的用法
例句
①表示现在情况，从句常用一般现在时或现在进行时。
We must strike while the iron is hot.
You must be very careful while you are driving.
②主句和从句都用过去时或过去进行时，强调两个动作同时发生。
I went shopping while Linda cleaned the house.
While she was cooking, he was digging in the yard.
③有对比的含义，意为“然而，但是”。表示对照，说明前后两种情况完全相反。
Tom is outgoing while Jane is shy and quiet.
Some waste food while others haven’t enough.
说明：while还可以引导让步状语从句。（参考后文）

as: 用于强调同一时间里两件事情先后发生或产生变化，意为“正当”，有时有“随着...”的含义。
as的用法
例句
①表示从句动作一发生，主句动作接着发生。
As I got closer, I found the cage was a trap.
As the sun rose, the fog disappeared.
②表示从句与主句的两个动作同时发生。
He trembled as he spoke.
As he sang, the tears rang down her cheeks.
③as从句用进行时态常与just连用。
Just as he was speaking, a policeman showed up.

【练习】
1. One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away _______my daughter heard cries for help.    
A. after  B. while  C. since  D. when  
2. _________all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post.
A. Since  B. While  C. If  D. As 
3. Tom was about to close the windows _____his attention was caught by a bird.
A. when  B. if  C. and  D. till 
4. He smiled politely ______ Mary apologized for her drunken friends.
A. as B. if C. unless D. though
5. Because of the heavy traffic, it was already time for lunch break ______she got to her office.
A. since  B. that  C. when  D. until 
6. Mary made coffee _________ her guests were finishing their meal. 
A. so that  B. although  C. while  D. as if 
7.–I wonder how much you charge for your services. –The first two are free ____ the third costs $30. 
A. while  B. until  C. when  D. before 
【Keys】DBAACCA

2) before 和after表示“在…之前(或之后)”
before: 表示两件事的先后关系。由于 before含义为“在做某事之前(指此事尚未做)”，本身有否定含义，因此，before后永远不能出现no，not，never，hardly，little等否定或半否定词。
before的用法
例句
①表示主句动作发生在before引导的从句动作前(无论现在过去或将来)，意为“在…之前”。
All things are difficult before they are easy.
Before I leave, I must phone my parents.
②若从句为过去时，主句可用 过去完成或一般过去时。有时可以在before前加表时间的词语，意为“在(多久)之前”。
I had waited an hour before he showed up.
He had finished his homework before you came.
They reached the station twenty minutes before the train finally arrived.
③有时，before导的从句用过去完成时仍表示主句动作先发生，含义为“不等…就”。
He arrived before I had finished my lunch.
I left university before I’d taken the final exams.
④由 before构成的句型1：
“sb+过去完成否定式+时间词语+ before”，意为“刚…没多久就…”。
before/when通用
I hadn’t waited long before he came.我刚等不久他就来了。
They hadn’t been married a month before they quarrelled.


⑤由 before构成的句型2：
“It+ be not long before”，意为“(不久)…就”，强调时间短。
It wasn’t long before he told me everything about it.
It won’t be long before he comes.

⑥由 before构成的句型3:
“It+be+表时间的词语+before”意为“…(之后)才”，强调某事要多久以后才会发生。
It will be ten years before we meet again.
It was evening before we reached that little town.傍晚时分我们才到达那个小镇。

after：指一件事情发生后另一件事情接着发生，表示主句和从句两个动作的先后关系。
after的用法
例句
①指某事发生后另一事接着发生，主句和从句可以都用过去式强调动作联系紧密。(ab)
从句用过去完成时，强调事件发生的因果关系。(cd)
a) After she finished her work, she hurried to the nursery to pick up her child.
b) What happened after he got married.
c) I found your coat after you had left the house.
d) He felt better after he had taken the medicine.
② after之前常可以加上表示时间长度的词语，说明两件事情相隔有多久。
I found the letter long after he had gone away.
I visited her shortly after she returned home.
Three days after he was released from hospital he went to work.

3) since
①若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go，come，leave，start，begin等)的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。
It is /has been+ 时间段+ since sb. did sth.
It is three years since he began to smoke.

②It is + 时间段+ since 结构中，since从句用持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时，意为“自从since表述的状态目前不存在以来，至今已有多长时间了”。
It is ten years since we lived here.我们不住在这儿已经有10年了。

【练习】
1. --Why didn't you tell him about the meeting?
--He rushed out of the room____I could say a word.
A.before B.until C.when D.after
2. It is almost five years____we saw each other last time.
A.before B.since C.after D.when
3. It _____ long before we ____ the result of the experiment.
A. will not be; will know    B. is; will know    C. will not be ; know  D. is; know
【Keys】ABC

4) till，until和not…until
1）肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。
正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
2）否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
3）区别：until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。

【练习】
1. It was quiet ________ those big trucks started coming through the town.
A. before B. after C. until D. unless 
2. We were told that we should follow the main road _____ we reached the central railway station.
A. whenever    B. until   C. while    D. wherever
3. I didn't recognize you ________you waved to me.
A. once B. till C. after D. until
【Keys】CBD

5) 表示"一…就…"的结构
① as soon as, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, once, immediately, directly, instantly, presently等（从句中用一般时态代替将来时态）
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
Tell him the news as soon as you see him.
The moment I heard the voice, I knew my father is coming.
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.
② hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than（hardly/scarcely与no sooner引导的句子的谓语动词用过去完成时，而when与then引导的句子的谓语动词用一般过去时）如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
I had hardly closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．
＝Hardly had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。
 
【练习】
1. _____ got into the room _____ the telephone rang.
A. He hardly had; then   B. Hardly had he; when   C. He had not; then   D. Not had he; when
2. I recognized you ________ I saw you at the airport.
A. the moment B. while C. after D. once 
3. No sooner had he reached the school gate ________ the bell rang.
A. than B. then C. as D. when 
【Keys】BAA

6) by the time
意为“到……时”，后接的句子用现在时，主句通常用将来完成时；后接的句子用一般过去时，主句通常用过去完成时。
By the time he arrives, we will already have left California.
By the time he arrived, we had already left California.

【练习】
1. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year.
A. will graduate  B. will have graduated  C. graduates  D. is to graduate
2. By the time he finished, he___________a lot.
A. achieved B. had achieved C. achieves D. was achieving
【Keys】CB

7) 名词词组every time, each time, any time, (the) next time, the last time, the first time, the morning, the day, the year等
Every time I went to his house, he was out.
I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.
The morning he reached home, his grandfather died.

二）地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示地点、方位， 这类从句通常由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere引导。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
They will go where they are happy.
We must camp where we can get water.
地点状语从句与定语从句的区别:
在于分句在句中作什么成分。作状语，则是状语从句；作定语修饰名词，则是定语从句。where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。如：
Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句）
Go back to the village where you came from.(where引导定语从句)
We went to a fancy restaurant, where we had dinner. (where引导定语从句)
【练习】
1. We must camp_________we can get water.
2. _________they went, the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed.
【Keys】where；Wherever

三）原因状语从句
1、原因状语从句一般由because(因为)，since(既然)，now that(既然，因为)，as(由于)等连词引导。
（1）because
表示直接的原因，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因果关系。回答why引起的特殊疑问句，只能用because。
Jane wore a raincoat because it was raining.
He is absent today because he is ill.
（2）since
表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。
I'll do it for you since you are busy.
Since you have seen both fighters, who do you think will win?
（3）now that
意为“既然”，与since同义，但更突出事实本身。
Now that you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
Now that everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.
（4）as
表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来，语气较弱，只附带说明，比较口语化。
As you object, I'll change the plan.
As it is raining, I'll not go out.
（5）for
for是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。有时为了强调主句的推断或对主句进行解释。
I didn’t go to see him, for a heavy snow was falling.
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.

2、seeing (that) “鉴于，既然”, considering (that) “考虑到”, in that“因为”, not...because “不是因为”, not that...but that “不是因为...而是因为”引导原因状语从句
Considering that he's only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.
Seeing that he was ill, they sent for the doctor.
In that she is ill, she feels unable to do it.
She didn’t marry you because you had money.她不是因为你有钱才嫁给你。
【练习】
1. He is absent today _________ he is ill.
2. I'll do it for you_________you are busy.
3. _________ _________ everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.
4. We had better hurry _________ it's getting dark.
5. It must have rained last night,_________ the ground is wet this morning.
【Keys】because, since, Now that, as, for

四）目的状语从句
1、that，so that，in order that引导目的状语从句
目的状语从句由that，so that，in order that等引导。从句中的谓语动词前常有情态动词may、might、can、could、will, would等。
John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.
Drive carefully (so) that everyone can enjoy a long life.
辨析：in order that引导的状语从句可以放在句首、与句尾，而so that 引导的只能放在句尾；如果从句主语与主句主语一致都可转换成不定式。
She went downtown so that/in order that she would buy some clothes.= She went downtown so as to /in order to buy some clothes.
In order that he could make himself understood, he explained it again.= In order to make himself understood, he explained it again.

2、lest, for fear that和in case引导目的状语从句
这三个连词词组的意思是“以防，以免”。lest的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动词原形”或省掉should。for fear that从句一般用虚拟语气，若表示可能实现的事，可不用虚拟。in case多用陈述语气。
I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得顺着她，免得她生气。
Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上。
【练习】
1. Drive carefully_________ _________ everyone can enjoy a long life.
2. These men risk their lives _________ _________ _________ we may live more safely.
3. I'll make some sandwiches you feel hungry on the journey．
【Keys】so that, in order that, in case

五）结果状语从句
1、so that，so…that, such…that引导结果状语从句
So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.
He worked hard so that he passed the exam.
The film was so wonderful that we wanted to see it again.
He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.

2、so…that与such…that的区别
这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词，后接形容词或副词；such是形容词，后接名词。
（1）单数名词
在so...that与such...that中间出现的是单数名词，且该名词前有形容词修饰时，这两种结构可互换，但要注意它们的词序不同:such+ a/an+形容词十名词=so+形容词+a/an+名词。
She is such a good teacher that all of us love her.= She is so good a teacher that all of us love her.
（2）不可数名词或复数可数名词
如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，一般须用such...that。
He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.
They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.
（3）名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时
如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时，则用so…that。
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.我摔了好多次跤，周身青一块紫一块的。
George had so little money that he had to get a job.
They are such little children that they can't do anything.
巧记so和such引导结果状语从句
名前such，形、副so，多多少少也用so。little属特殊，“小”用such，“少”用so。
【练习】
1. She is_________a good teacher that all of us love her.
2. She is_________good a teacher that all of us love her.
3. They are_________interesting books that we all want to read them.
4. George had_________little money that he had to get a job.
【Keys】such, so, such, so

六）方式状语从句
1、as 和just as引导方式状语从句
这两个连词的意思是“就像，正如…”（in the same manner that）。just as 比as的强调性更强。
He watched her as a cat watches a rat.
Most plants need air just as they need water.
as引导的从句主语较长或带有较长的修饰语而谓语又很短时，可用倒装结构。
She is unusually tall, as are both her parents.

2、as if 和as though引导方式状语从句
as if 和as though意为“好像、仿佛”可以用虚拟语气表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况；也可以用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况。
He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg. 他走得很慢，好像腿受了伤。
He spoke as if he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。
注意：
在It looks as if...,It seems as if...句型中常用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.

3、(in) the way (that)引导方式状语从句
非正式英语中，常用the way替代as。
She’s doing her work the way I like it done.

【练习】
1. You must do everything__________ I do.
2. He burst into laughter, he'd said something funny.
【Keys】as, as if

七）比较状语从句
1、常用连词：as…as, not as/so…as, than
I can't run as/so fast as he can. 我不能跑得他那样快。
The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick.导师给我的提议比给狄克的好。
He has got no less presents than I did last time. 他收到的礼品不亚于我上次收到的。
2、特殊连词：the more……the more……, A is to B what/as C is to D “A之于B就像C之于D”.
The more we can do for you, the happier we will be. 为你们做得越多我们就越感到高兴。
What food is to the body, a book is to the mind.书籍对于心灵犹如食物对于身体。
3、（just）as+句子，so+句子。“正如...一样，...也一样”
Just as some people are born artists, so some are born sportsman.

【练习】
1. He woke up as suddenly_________ he had fallen asleep.
2. Nothing is _____________ (unpleasant) than finding insects in your bath.
【Keys】as, more unpleasant

八）条件状语从句
1、 1、由if，unless, as/so long as，引导
if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”（if not）
You will be late unless you leave immediately.
The WTO can not live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.
You'll do all right, as long as you follow his advice.

2、由suppose(that), supposing(that), assuming (that), providing (that), provided (that), on condition that和in case等引导
这类连词（词组）意思相近，有：“如果、假设、即使、在……条件下”等意义。
Suppose (Supposing) he is ill, what shall we do?
In case John comes, please tell him to wait.假如约翰来了，请让他稍候。
You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it.

3、given that+句子/given+短语，“假定，倘若，考虑到”
Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
【练习】
1. He can not live up to his reputation___________ he doesn’t help you.
2. You will be late ___________you leave immediately.
3. We can get there on time _____ _____ _____the car doesn’t break down.
【Keys】if, unless, as long as/on condition that

九）让步状语从句
让步状语从句由though，although，as，even if (though)，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh词，等引导。
1、even if, even though, although, though, while引导的让步状语从句
都有“虽然、即使、尽管”的意思，都不能和but连用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless连用。though可表示“然而，不过”，且置于句末，并用逗号隔开。while从句和主句多为同一个人或物，一般放句首。
even if “即使”把引出的从句当成假设，even though把引出的从句当成既成事实。
Although/Though journalism seems like a good profession, I would prefer to be a teacher.
I do have a problem, though.
While I know he is not perfect, I do like him.
We won't give up even if we should fail ten times.
He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.

2、as或though引导让步状语从句
形容词/名词/分词/副词/动词+ as/though+ 主语+谓语
(1)名词、形容词，分词提前，如果表语为单数可数名词，这个名词不带冠词
Proud as/though these nobles are, they are afraid to see me.
12-year-old girl as she is, she has had a good command of English.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
(2)副词提前
Again and again as he failed, he didn't lose heart.。
Much as I admire his courage, I don't think he acted wisely.
(3)动词提前(有情态动词或时态为一般现在时或一般过去时)
Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone.我使多大劲儿也搬不动这块石头。
Fail as he did, he would never give up.
Detest him as we may, we must admire what he has accomplished.

3、由no matter+ wh词和由疑问词＋ever引导让步状语从句
由no matter引导，表示“不管；无论”；由疑问词＋ever引导，表示“不管，不论”。这类词有：whatever，whichever，whoever，however，whenever，wherever等，他们相当于no matter+ what（which，who，how，when，where），都不能与but，so，and等并列连词同时使用。
We'll have to finish the job, however (no matter how) long it takes.
No matter what (Whatever) you do, don't tell him that I told you this.
No matter where (Wherever) you go, I would keep you company.

注意：no matter 可以和whether连用。
No matter whether it snows or not, I shall start on the journey.不论下雪与否，我都将出发去旅行。

“no matter ＋疑问词”和“疑问词＋ ever ”区别：
Whoever comes to the party will receive a gift.（主语从句）
比较： Whoever comes to the party, he will receive a gift. （让步状语从句）
＝ No matter who comes to the party, he will receive a gift.

4、由whether．．．or引导让步状语从句
由whether．．．or引导让步状语从句表示“不论……还是”，提供两种对比的情况。
I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home.
Whether we like a particular piece of news or not, all we have to do is sit in front of the tube and “let it happen”.
【练习】
1. __________ he is considered a great writer，his works are not widely read.
2. Much_______ I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.
3. We'll have to finish the job, ______________ long it takes.
【Keys】Although/Though/While, as/though, however/no matter how

（三）总结状语从句连词
状语从句
连词
时间
when, whenever, while, as, after, every(each) time, the day, as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, immediately, no sooner … than, hardly(scarcely)… when, since, before, till, until, once
地点
where, wherever, everywhere
条件
if, unless, as(so) long as, suppose(that), supposing(that), assuming (that), providing (that), provided (that), on condition that, in case, given that
原因
because, since, as, now that, seeing (that), considering (that), in that, not...because, not that...but that
让步
though, although, even if(though), while, as, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh词, whether … or,
比较
as…as, not so…as, than, the more…the more, A is to B what/as C is to D,（just）as+句子，so+句子
方式
as, as if/though, the way
目的
that, so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest
结果
so that, so… that, such … that
当堂知识检测
1．The elderly patients still prefer the traditional way, ________ online booking system is supposed to be convenient and fast.
A．when B．although C．because D．unless
2． you have finished your work, you can give yourself more time to watch Netflix or have a special dessert. You’ve earned it!
A．Before B．Once C．Although D．Until
3．The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem_____it’s really an engineering one.
A．though B．until C．because D．where
4．After experiments on COVID-19, medical experts conclude that the infected person still has the possibility of survival, ________he or she tests positive twice.
A．as though B．even if C．in case D．so that
5．Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend ________they get sweet enough to be eaten.
A．ever since B．as if
C．even though D．so that
6．______ you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier.
A．Unless B．Until C．Before D．Once
7．You see the lightning _____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A．the instant B．for an instant C．on the instant D．in an instant
8．Tom has a large family to support. He is always________.
A．as busily as a bee B．so busily as a bee
C．as busy as a bee D．so busy as a bee
9．_____this is only a small town，it’s crowded with tourists who come here all year round.
A．Since B．Unless C．Once D．Although
10．Come and see me whenever ________.
A．you are convenient B．you will be convenient
C．it is convenient D．it will be convenient to you
11．He has _____ energy that he can do the work of three ordinary men.
A．such much B．so much C．many more D．more much
12．________ he has any objections, we will carry out the plan.
A．If B．Unless C．Until D．That
13．_____ wrong he is, his wife will always support him.
A．However B．Whenever
C．Whatever D．Whichever
14． you prefer, I’ll give it to you, but we haven’t any other models for you to choose from.
A．Whatever B．Whenever
C．However D．Whichever
15．______ he is a boy difficult to get on with sometimes, I quite like him.
A．Since B．While C．Until D．When
16．No matter _____, the work of Beethoven are still popular with people all over the world.
A．what frequently performed B．how performed frequently
C．what performing frequently D．how frequently performed
17．________ twists and turns you might encounter, take a leaf out of the books of these two authors and be prepared for the unexpected.
A．However B．No matter C．Whatever D．Whether
18．—Bill, will you leave for China right now?
—No. It will be a month________ I leave here.
A．while B．before C．since D．when
19．If you miss this chance, it may be years ________ you get another one.
A．while B．before C．after D．since
20．My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ________ he’s in his nineties.
A．as long as B．even if C．as if D．in case
21．Why do so many students stick to private  tutoring, ________ they could easily master such knowledge at school?
A．unless B．before C．when D．until
22．Most probably it will be another 7 hours _____ you can have next meal, so you must have your stomach full.
A．since B．when C．after D．before
23．I was looking at the photos on the noticeboard________ I heard a voice behind me.
A．while B．as C．when D．before
24．________ChatGPT, an advanced AI chatbot, can interact in a conversational way, it still struggles to be completely accurate with its responses.
A．Since B．Unless C．Once D．Although
25．We will do everything we can to help anybody, his background is, to go as far as his talents will take him.
A．wherever B．however C．whichever D．whatever
26．You can often impress your boss by dressing in a businesslike way ________ others dress casually.
A．as long as B．even if C．before D．since
27．The manager promised to deal with the complaint ________ he reached the office.
A．at the time B．every time C．the moment D．at the moment
28．If the bottle of gas ________ fire, the whole building may ________.
A．will catch; be burnt off B．catches; be burnt to the ground
C．is on; burn down D．will be on; be burned to the ground
29．_________they can’t wipe away the strain of the past, they can certainly move forward.
A．After B．If C．Where D．While
30．It’s worth noticing that________the media promotes, teenagers always follow it.
A．whatever B．whichever C．however D．whenever
31．Now, the competition is too fierce in every field, and Mary never takes her daughter’s studies ______ granted _________she should lag behind others.
A．as; even though B．for; as though C．for; in case D．as; for fear that
32．Please remind me of the meeting again tomorrow ________ I forget.
A．though B．so that C．in case D．until
33．Attention please，everyone!Please be sure to keep still I take a photo of you.
A．for the moment B．the moment
C．at the moment D．in a moment
34．She returned ______ she heard the good news.
A．at B．on C．immediate D．immediately
35．He was ________ selfless man that everybody ________ him.
A．so a; respectable B．a such; respect C．such a; respects D．such a; respected
36．I shall stay in the hotel all day there is news of the missing child.
A．in case B．no matter
C．in any case D．in case of
37． you have finished your homework can you go out to play.
A．Only if B．Providing that
C．On condition that D．As long as
38．You can fly to Japan this morning ______ you don’t mind changing planes in Hong Kong.
A．provided B．because C．unless D．so far as
39．You see the lightning ________ it happens, and then you hear the thunder later.
A．the instant B．for an instant C．on the instant D．in an instant
40．—Could you tell me when he comes back?
—Sure. I’ll let you know about it he returns.
A．for the moment B．at the instant
C．the moment D．immediate
41．______ online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
A．After B．If C．While D．Unless
42．________ the economy enters a “new normal” and growth slows, China’s economy will rely more on creativity to drive its growth.
A．Although B．As C．Before D．Until
43．The procedure appealed to the staff a lot________it was introduced to them in January.
A．since B．until C．when D．though
44．There is a rule in the library that one is required to put the book ______ it is after finishing reading it.
A．what B．how C．where D．when
45．—Do you know a new shopping mall opened in our town yesterday?
—Yes. Why don’t we pay a visit ______ we have time?
A．since B．though C．until D．unless
46．If you are travelling ________ the customs are totally different from your own, you may feel a cultural shock.
A．which B．in which C．where D．in the place
47．_____ this is only a small village, it’s crowded with tourists who come here all year round.
A．Since B．Unless C．Once D．Although
48．Don’t hesitate to ask for help ________ it is needed.
A．unless B．since C．although D．when
49．You can learn enough first aid knowledge in a few minutes—________ it’s from reading a book, attending a course or watching videos online.
A．when B．as C．whether D．once
50．If you are facing a difficult task, try breaking it into small steps________you can finish it more easily.
A．in case B．so that C．even if D．now that

参考答案：
1．B
【详解】考查从属连词。句意：尽管网上预约系统被认为方便快捷，但老年患者仍然更喜欢传统的方式。A. when当……时；B. although尽管，虽然；C. because因为；D. unless除非。结合句意可知，此处表示让步转折关系，用although引导让步状语从句。故选B。
2．B
【详解】考查从属连词。句意：一旦你完成了你的工作，你可以给自己更多的时间看网飞或吃一个特别的甜点。你应得的！A. Before在……之前；B. Once一旦；C. Although虽然；D. Until直到。由“you have finished your work, you can give yourself more time to watch Netflix or have a special dessert”可知，句子表示“一旦你完成了你的工作，你可以给自己更多的时间看网飞或吃一个特别的甜点”，空格处意为“一旦”，引导条件状语从句，故选B。
3．A
【详解】考查连接词词义辨析。句意：全球变暖争论的问题在于，尽管它实际上是一个工程问题，但它已经成为一个道德问题。A. though尽管；B. until直到；C. because因为；D. where哪里。根据语境可知，前后句意存在让步关系，应用though引导让步状语从句。故选A。
4．B
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：在对COVID-19进行实验后，医学专家得出结论，受感染者仍然有生存的可能性，即使他或她的检测结果两次呈阳性。A. as though好像；B. even if即使；C. in case以防，万一；D. so that以便于。由“still has the possibility of survival”和“he or she tests positive twice”可知，句子表示“受感染者仍然有生存的可能性，即使他或她的检测结果两次呈阳性”，空格处意为“即使”，用even if引导让步状语从句，故选B。
5．D
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：让我们这个周末再摘这些桃子以便它们吃起来变得足够的甜。A. ever since自那时起；B. as if好像；C. even though尽管；D. so that以便。分析句子结构可知，此处应该选择连词引导状语从句，结合句意可知，从句为目的状语从句，所以用so that引导。故选D项。
6．D
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：一旦你开始以更健康的方式进食，体重控制就会变得容易得多。A. Unless除非；B. Until直到；C. Before在……之前；D. Once一旦。结合句意可知，once引导时间状语从句。故选D项。
7．A
【详解】考查instant相关短语辨析。句意：闪电一发生你就看见闪光，但过一会儿才听到雷声。A.the instant一……就……；B.for an instant一瞬间；C.on the instant立即；D. in an instant很快，马上。由句意知闪电一发生就会看到光，A项the instant充当连词引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as，符合句意。故选A项。
8．C
【详解】考查习语和同级比较。句意：汤姆有一大家子人需要养活。他总是想一只勤劳的蜜蜂。分析句意可知，此处使用了固定习语as busy as a bee表示“忙得不可开交，忙得团团转”，其中使用了as...as...同级比较句型。故选C项。
9．D
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：虽然这只是一个小镇，但这里一年四季都挤满了游客。A. Since既然；B. Unless除非；C. Once一旦；D. Although虽然。由主句可知，此处应表示转折，意为：虽然这只是一个小城。故选D项。
10．C
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：请任何方便的时候来看我。根据句子结构可知，whenever后面接句子，这个部分是状语部分，主句部分是Come and see me，这是祈使句。而在从句中convenient作表语时，主语不能是人，可用it is convenient for / to sb.结构。本句使用“主祈从现”的结构。故选C项。
11．B
【详解】考查形容词、副词用法辨析。句意：他精力如此充沛，能做三个普通人的工作。energy“能量；精力”是不可数名词，不能用many修饰；此句为so … that…句型；修饰many和much应用so，而不能用such。故选B项。
12．B
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：除非他反对，否则我们将执行这一计划。A. If如果；B. Unless除非；C. Until直到；D. That那个。引导条件状语从句，意为“除非，如果不”应用unless。故选B。
13．A
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：无论他多错，他妻子总是支持他。A. However无论如何；B. Whenever无论何时；C. Whatever无论什么；D. Whichever无论哪个。根据空后有形容词wrong可知，此处为“however+形容词+主谓”结构。故选A项。
14．D
【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：无论你要哪一个，我都给你，但我们没有任何别的型号供你从中挑选了。根据句子分析可知，whichever此处用作prefer的宾语，引导让步状语从句，意为“无论哪一个”，由于有一定的范围，故选D。
15．B
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：尽管有时他是一个很那相处的人，但我十分喜欢他。A. Since因为，当......时候；B. While虽然；C. Until直到；D. When当......时候。根据句子分析可知，此处前后为转折关系，故应用while“尽管”引导。故选B。
16．D
【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：不管贝多芬的作品被演奏得多么频繁，他的作品仍然受到全世界人民的欢迎。分析句子，句中no matter引导的是让步状语从句，修饰副词frequently，表示“多么”用how；表示“表演”用perform，句子表述过去事实，故使用一般过去时。故选D。
17．C
【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：无论你可能遇到什么曲折，从这两位作者的书中学习，为意外做好准备。分析可知，设空处引导让步状语从句，根据句意可知是“无论什么”，故选C。
18．B
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：——比尔，你现在就去中国好吗？——没有。我还需要一个月才能离开这里。根据句意，“在我离开这里之前还需要一个月”，“在……之前”是before。故选B项。
19．B
【详解】考查时间状语从句连词。句意：如果你错过了这个机会，你可能需要几年的时间才能得到另一个机会。A. while当；B. before在……之前；C. after在……之后；D. since自从。此处为固定句型：it be+一段时间+before...“要过……才……”，before引导时间状语从句。故选B。
20．B
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：我祖父仍然时不时打网球，尽管他已经九十多岁了。A. as long as只要；B. even if尽管，即使；C. as if似乎，好像；D. in case以防，万一。根据句意可知，尽管祖父九十多岁了，还时不时打网球，even if引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管” 符合句意。故选B项。
21．C
【详解】考查连接词词义辨析。句意：既然在学校就能轻松掌握这些知识，为什么还有那么多学生坚持请家教呢？A. unless除非；B. before在……之前；C. when既然；D. until直到 。根据句意及所给句子可知，前后句意存在转折关系，应用when引导让步状语从句。故选C。
22．D
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：很可能还需要 7 个小时才能吃下一顿饭，所以你必须吃饱肚子。A. since自从；B. when当……时候；C. after在……之后；D. before在……之前。分析句子结构和选项可知，此处应为从属连词引导的时间状语从句，根据“it will be +时间段+before+从句”表示“一段时间之后才……”可知，此处应使用连词before符合句意。故选D项。
23．C
【详解】考查固定句型。句意：我正在看布告板上的照片，突然听到身后有声音。分析句子结构可知，本题考查固定句型“was/were doing when...”，表示某人正在做某事时，发生了另外一件事。故选C。
24．D
【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：尽管先进的人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT可以以对话的方式进行互动，但它的回答仍然很难完全准确。A. Since 既然；B. Unless除非；C.  Once一旦；D. Although尽管。该句是复合句，设空处应该填一个“尽管，虽然”含义的词，是让步状语从句。故选D。
25．D
【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：我们将尽我们所能来帮助任何人，无论他的背景是什么，他的才能都将带他走的很远。A.wherever无论在哪里；B.however无论如何；C.whichever无论哪个；D.whatever无论什么。根据句意可知，此处表示“无论什么”，在从句中作表语，应用whatever引导。故选D。
26．B
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：即使别人穿得很随意，你也可以通过穿得有条不紊来给老板留下深刻印象。A. as long as只要； B. even if 即使；C. before在……之前； D. since自从。分析句子可知，空处及之后的内容在句中为让步状语从句，意义上为“尽管，纵然”，故选B。
27．C
【详解】考查时间状语从句的连词。句意：经理答应，他一到办公室就处理这个投诉。A. at the time 在那时，在那段时间；B. every time 每次；C. the moment 一……就；D. at the moment 此刻，目前，眼下。分析句子结构和意思可知，空格前后是两个小分句，所以需要连词连接，表达“一……就……”的意思。故选C。
28．B
【详解】考查条件状语从句和被动语态。句意：如果这瓶煤气着火了，整栋楼都可能被烧成灰烬。分析句子可知，此处为连词if引导的条件状语从句，遵循主情从现原则，在if从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时，故A、D两项错误；在主句中burn和the whole building之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。故选B项。
29．D
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然他们无法抹去过去的焦虑，但他们肯定可以向前迈进。根据句意可知，此处前后文为转折关系，故应用连词“while”引导让步状语从句。A. After在……之后；B. If如果；C. Where哪里；D. While尽管。故选D。
30．A
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：值得注意的是，无论媒体宣传什么，青少年总是跟随它。A. whatever无论什么；B. whichever无论哪一个；C. however无论多么；D. whenever无论何时。引导让步状语从句，表示“无论什么”应用whatever，作宾语。故选A。
31．C
【详解】考查介词和连词词义辨析。句意：现在每个领域的竞争都很激烈。Mary从来不将她女儿的成绩当作是理所当然的，以防她会落后于其他人。根据句意可知，空1意为“认为……是理所当然的”，表达为take...for granted，故应填介词for。空2意为“以防……”，故应用连词in case引导目的状语从句。A. even though即使；B. as though好像；C. in case以防；D. for fear that唯恐。故选C。
32．C
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：请明天再次提醒我关于开会的事，以防我忘了。A. though尽管；B. so that为了，以至于；C. in case以免；D. until直到。根据句意可知，此处表示“以防万一”，应用in case引导状语从句。故选C项。
33．B
【详解】考查连词。句意：请大家注意！在我给你们拍照的时候一定不要动。A.for the moment 暂时，目前；B.the moment 一…就；C.at the moment 此刻，目前，眼下；D.in a moment 一会儿，立刻，马上。根据句子分析可知，此处应用连词the moment“一……就……”引导时间状语从句，故选B。
34．D
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：她一听到这个好消息就回来了。A. at在；B. on在上面； C. immediate立刻的； D. immediately一……就。immediately是从属连词，引导时间状语从句。故选D。
35．D
【详解】考查结果状语从句的中间结构。句意：他是一个无私的人，大家都很尊敬他。so为副词，修饰形容词，常用结构为so+形容词+不定冠词a/an+单数名词；such为形容词，修饰名词或名词短语，常用结构为such+不定冠词a/an+形容词+单数名词。故such a selfless man = so selfless a man；第二空在句中作谓语，应用动词，结合前面的was可知，此处应用过去时，故填respected。故选D项。
36．A
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：我应该整天待在旅馆，以防有那个失踪孩子的消息。A. in case以防；B. no matter无论，不管；C. in any case不管怎样；D. in case of如果发生……。分析句子可知，句子为目的状语从句，根据句意可知，应用“in case”引导从句，意为“以防”，注意不能用“in case of”，“in case of”不能引导从句。故选A项。
37．A
【详解】考查连词。句意：除非你完成了作业才能出去玩。A. Only if除非；B. Providing that假如；C. On condition that若是；D. As long as只要。分析句子结构，由情态动词can提前可知，本句为倒装句，only if在引导条件状语从句时，主句需要部分倒装。故选A项。
38．A
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：假如你不介意在香港换机的话，你可以坐飞机去日本。A. provided假如；B. because因为；C. unless除非；D. so far as就……而言。结合句意，provided引导条件状语从句，表示假设关系，符合前后句的句间关系。故选A项。
39．A
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：闪电一发生，你就能看到它，然后你会听到雷声。A. the instant一……就……；B. for an instant片刻；瞬间；C. on the instant立即，马上；D. in an instant立即，马上。结合语意以及常识，闪电一发生，你就可以看到它，空处应用the instant，引导时间状语从句。故选A项。
40．C
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：——你能告诉我他什么时候回来吗？——当然。他一回来我就告诉你。分析句子可知，句子为时间状语从句，空格处单词引导从句，根据句意可知，应用“the moment”引导从句，意为“一……就……”，“for the moment”意为“暂时”，不能引导从句，“immediate”意为“立即的”，形容词词性，不能引导从句，“at the instant”不能引导从句，可用“the instant”，意为“一……就……”。故选C项。
41．C
【详解】考查从属连词。句意：虽然网上购物改变了我们的生活，但并非所有的影响都是积极的。A. after在……之后（引导时间状语从句）；B. If如果（引导条件状语从句）；C. While尽管，虽然（引导让步状语从句）；D. Unless除非，如果不（引导条件状语从句，相当于if…not）。根据句意，前后句之间为逻辑上的让步关系，应用从属连词while。故选C项。
42．B
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：随着经济进入“新常态”和增长放缓，中国经济将更多地依靠创造力来推动增长。A. Although虽然；B. As随着；C. Before在……之前；D. Until直到。引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”应用as。故选B。
43．C
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：这一程序在今年1月推出时，员工们非常感兴趣。A. since自从，因为；B. until直到；C. when当；D. though尽管。分析句子可知，空处引导状语从句，结合句意表示“当……的时候”用when引导该从句。故选C项。
44．C
【详解】考查地点状语从句。句意：图书馆里有一条规定，那就是读者读完后必须把书放回原位。分析句子可知，此处为连词where“在……地方”引导的地点状语从句，表示动作发生的地点，满足句意要求。故选C项。
45．A
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：——你知道昨天我们镇上新开了一家购物中心吗？——是的。既然我们有时间，为什么不去逛逛呢？A. since因为，既然；B. though虽然；C. until直到……为止；D. unless除非。根据上下文可知，前文存在因果关系，此处应用since引导原因状语从句。故选A项。
46．C
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：如果你去一个风俗习惯和自己国家完全不同的地方，你会感受到很大的文化冲击。此处引导地点状语从句，表示“……的地方”应用where。故选C。
47．D
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然这只是一个小村子，但这里一年四季都挤满了游客。A. Since既然；B. Unless除非；C. Once一旦；D. Although虽然。根据“only a small village”和“crowded with tourists”可知，前后两部分的语义有转折，应用Although引导让步状语从句。故选D项。
48．D
【详解】考查时间状语从句。句意：在需要帮助的时候，尽管来寻求帮助。分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个状语从句。A. unless除非，引导条件状语从句；B. since自从，因为，引导时间和原因状语从句；C. although尽管，引导让步状语从句；D. when当……时，引导时间状语从句。根据空前的“Don’t hesitate to ask for help”和空后的“it is needed”可知，这里表示当需要帮助的时候，应用when引导时间状语从句。故选D。
49．C
【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：你可以在几分钟内学到足够的急救知识——无论是通过读书、参加课程还是在线观看视频。固定结构：whether...or...“不管……还是……”。引导让步状语从句。结合句意及选项可知，选项C符合题意，故选C。
50．B
【详解】考查目的状语从句。句意：如果你正面临一项困难的任务，试着把它分成小步骤，这样你就能更容易地完成它。A. in case以防万一；B. so that为了、目的是；C. even if即使；D. now that既然。根据句意可知，将任务分成小步骤是“为了”更容易完成，为直接目的，应用so that引导，此处是一个目的状语从句。故选B项。

课后巩固提高
二、六选四
The China Banking Association together with the National Internet Finance Association of China issued a notice on Tuesday forbidding financial companies and payment-service providers from running virtual currency-related businesses. 51 .
A virtual currency has many advantages including decentralization and distributed accounting. However, some venture capitalists have hyped up its value to make profits.
A virtual currency is not a legal negotiable instrument, that is, a real currency, even if huge amounts of funds are invested in it. It has no real value support, and should venture capitalists hype up its price and exit, other investors, especially the small ones, will be badly hit. It is necessary to strictly regulate virtual currencies to prevent them from being used as a tool for capital speculation.
Market regulators, too, should guard against virtual currencies. 52 . Each country has its own rules, which leaves loopholes (漏洞) for venture capitalists to exploit and hype up prices.
53 . Way back in December 2013, the People’s Bank of China, the country’s central bank, initiated measures to minimize the risks posed by bitcoin, by barring ministries and payment-service providers from pricing products and services in bitcoins, buying bitcoins, or using bitcoins for paying insurance claims.
Unregulated growth of a virtual currency will deal a huge blow to traditional global currency systems and create systemic risks for the global financial and capital markets. So appropriate measures should be taken to minimize the risks posed by virtual currencies.
54 . Therefore, sovereign states around the world should come together to prevent virtual currencies from subverting the existing monetary system.
A．If not regulated, virtual currencies can undermine the traditional monetary system.
B．As much as 76% of all transactions are carried out in virtual currencies, amounting to more than a half of the total value of all payments,
C．Among the world’s major economies, China has relatively strict regulations.
D．The notice said virtual currencies have no real value support and their prices can be easily manipulated, creating bubbles and false assets leading to business failures.
E．Stored and transacted through designated software, mobile, or computer applications, a virtual currency is a digital representation of value only available in electronic form.
F．Yet a global consensus (共识) on how to regulate them is still lacking.

Why Do Cats Love Boxes So Much?
There is an object that’s pretty much guaranteed to arouse your cat’s interest. That object, as the Internet has so thoroughly documented, is a box. Any box, really. Like many other really strange things cats do, science hasn’t fully cracked this particular feline (猫科的) mystery.
55 In fact, when you look at all the evidence together, it could be that your cat may not just like boxes, he may need them.
The box-and-whisker plot
Understanding the feline mind is extremely difficult. Still, there’s a sizable amount of behavioral research on cats who are, well, used for other kinds of research. These studies have been taking place for more than 50 years and they make one thing quite clear: 56
This is likely true for a number of reasons, but for cats in stressful situations, a box or some other type of separate enclosure can have a strong impact on both their behavior and physiology.
Ethologist Claudia Vinke of Utrecht University in the Netherlands is one of the latest researchers to study stress levels in shelter cats. Working with domestic cats in a Dutch animal shelter, Vinke provided hiding boxes for a group of newly arrived cats while keeping another group from them entirely. 57 In effect, the cats with boxes got used to their new surroundings faster, were far less stressed early on, and were more interested in interacting with humans.
The ‘If it fits, I sits’ principle
Some feline observers will note that in addition to boxes, many cats seem to pick other odd places to relax. Some curl up in a bathroom sink. 58 This brings us to the other reason why your cat may like particularly small boxes: It’s really cold out.
So there you have it: Boxes are insulating, stress-relieving, comfort zones—places where cats can hide, relax, sleep, and occasionally launch a surprise attack against the huge, unpredictable apes they live with.
A．Your furry companion obtains comfort and security from enclosed spaces.
B．Others prefer shoes, bowls, shopping bags, coffee mugs, empty egg cartons, and other small, enclosed spaces.
C．She found a significant difference in stress levels between cats that had the boxes and those that didn’t.
D．A box, in this sense, can often represent a safe zone, a place where sources of anxiety, hostility (恶意), and unwanted attention simply disappear.
E．So rather than work things out, cats tend to simply run away from their problems or avoid them altogether.
F．Thankfully, behavioral biologists and veterinarians have come up with a few interesting explanations.

Lessons from Commencement Speeches
As a business owner, you probably don’t look to college commencement speeches as a source of inspiration when you’re feeling frustrated or defeated — but you should. Here are three university commencement speeches delivered by successful individuals from a variety of fields. 59
.1. Get comfortable with change / Jimmy Iovine, USC, 2014
Music mogul (大亨) Jimmy Iovine’s main advice is to get comfortable with change and the fear that comes with it. In his speech, Iovine explains that he learned his greatest life lesson when he realized the successful record company, he built couldn’t compete with the new industry model of downloading free music. He had a choice: get on board or get left behind. 60
.2. Build businesses that do good / Bill Gates, Harvard University, 2007
Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, uses this speech to pose a question he asks himself: How can you do the most good for the greatest amount of people with the resources you have?
For years, Gates was unaware of the millions of people around the world living in poverty and battling diseases. Once he realized he could help, he changed his approach to business. Pursuing innovation and advancement is important. 61 Gates tells Harvard, “Humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries—but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.”
.3. Spend less time dreaming and more time doing / Shonda Rhimes, Dartmouth, 2014
If you feel beaten by the dreams you have for your business, this speech will set you straight.
Author and TV show producer Shonda Rhimes tells the Dartmouth graduates, “While some are busy dreaming, the really happy people, the really successful people, the really interesting, engaged, powerful people, are busy doing.” 62 You don’t even need to know exactly what you want to do. Rhimes says the most important thing is to stay open to possibilities and just start somewhere.
A．Dreaming is only effective if you follow it up with action, whether you’re brainstorming a new business model or imagining how to grow your company.
B．Failure can be a driving force: one that frees you from fear and encourages you to pursue what you want most.
C．In today’s fast-moving world, one with great technological advancements and cultural shifts still needs to be prepared to learn, adapt, and start over if necessary.
D．It’s more important to develop creative business models that turn profits and solve problems.
E．The only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work.
F．Their words are guaranteed to motivate you to think critically about your business.

参考答案：
51．D 52．F 53．C 54．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了虚拟货币的相关知识，并呼吁世界各国的主权国家应该团结起来，防止虚拟货币颠覆现有的货币体系。
51．根据空前“The China Banking Association together with the National Internet Finance Association of China issued a notice on Tuesday forbidding financial companies and payment-service providers from running virtual currency-related businesses.(中国银行业协会和中国互联网金融协会周二发布通知，禁止金融公司和支付服务提供商经营与虚拟货币相关的业务。)”可知，中国银行业协会和互联网金融协会发布通知禁止金融公司和支付服务提供商经营与虚拟货币相关的业务。选项D“The notice said virtual currencies have no real value support and their prices can be easily manipulated, creating bubbles and false assets leading to business failures.(该通知称，虚拟货币没有真正的价值支撑，其价格很容易被操纵，产生泡沫和虚假资产，导致商业失败。)”是上文内容的延续，解释了该通知发布的原因，是防止产生泡沫和虚假资产。故选D。
52．根据空前“Market regulators, too, should guard against virtual currencies.(市场监管机构也应该防范虚拟货币。)”可知，作者认为市场监管机构也应该防范虚拟货币。而空后“Each country has its own rules, which leaves loopholes (漏洞) for venture capitalists to exploit and hype up prices.(每个国家都有自己的规定，这就给风险资本家留下了漏洞，可以利用这些漏洞来抬高价格。)”则讲述了市场监管机构存在漏洞。选项F“Yet a global consensus (共识) on how to regulate them is still lacking.(然而，对于如何监管它们，全球仍缺乏共识。)”承上启下，引出下文各国监管存在一定漏洞。故选F。
53．空处为段首句，为本段主要内容。根据下文内容“Way back in December 2013, the People’s Bank of China, the country’s central bank, initiated measures to minimize the risks posed by bitcoin, by barring ministries and payment-service providers from pricing products and services in bitcoins, buying bitcoins, or using bitcoins for paying insurance claims.(早在2013年12月，中国央行中国人民银行就开始采取措施，将比特币带来的风险降至最低，禁止各部委和支付服务提供商用比特币为产品和服务定价、购买比特币或使用比特币支付保险理赔。)”可知，本段主要讲述了中国政府的监管工作。选项C“Among the world’s major economies, China has relatively strict regulations.(在世界主要经济体中，中国的监管相对严格。)”符合下文内容，指的是中国的监管相对严格。故选C。
54．空后内容“Therefore, sovereign states around the world should come together to prevent virtual currencies from subverting the existing monetary system.(因此，世界各国的主权国家应该团结起来，防止虚拟货币颠覆现有的货币体系。)”指的是世界各国的主权国家应该团结起来，防止虚拟货币颠覆现有的货币体系。选项A“If not regulated, virtual currencies can undermine the traditional monetary system.(如果不加以监管，虚拟货币可能会破坏传统的货币体系。)”与下文内容一致，指出了虚拟货币如果得不到监管，会破坏传统的货币体系。也就是指出了虚拟货币得不到监管后果很严重，因此下文内容。故选A。
55．F 56．A 57．C 58．B

【导语】本是一篇说明文。主要介绍了猫喜欢盒子的原因。
55．上文“Like many other really strange things cats do, science hasn’t fully cracked this particular feline (猫科的) mystery. (就像猫做的许多其他非常奇怪的事情一样，科学还没有完全破解这种特殊的神秘的猫科动物)”说明猫科动物很神秘，与空格处是转折关系，因此F项“值得庆幸的是，行为生物学家和兽医提出了一些有趣的解释”符合语境，故选F。
56．下文“This is likely true for a number of reasons, but for cats in stressful situations, a box or some other type of separate enclosure can have a strong impact on both their behavior and physiology.(这可能有很多原因，但对于处于压力环境中的猫来说，一个盒子或其他类型的单独围栏会对它们的行为和生理产生强烈影响。)”说明猫处于压力环境中需要有缓解压力的空间，因此A项“你的毛茸茸的同伴从封闭的空间中获得舒适和安全”符合语境，故选A。
57．上文“Working with domestic cats in a Dutch animal shelter, Vinke provided hiding boxes for a group of newly arrived cats while keeping another group from them entirely. (Vinke在荷兰的一家动物收容所与家猫合作，为一群新来的猫提供了隐藏箱，同时让另一群猫完全远离它们)”说明的是Vinke做的实验，空格处是实验得出的结果，因此C项“她发现有盒子的猫和没有盒子的猫在压力水平上有显著差异”符合语境，故选C。
58．上文“Some feline observers will note that in addition to boxes, many cats seem to pick other odd places to relax. (一些猫科动物观察者会注意到，除了盒子，许多猫似乎还会选择其他奇怪的地方放松。)”说明猫科动物喜欢的狭小的奇奇怪怪的空间，空格处是具体的奇怪的地方，因此B项“其他猫更喜欢鞋子、碗、购物袋、咖啡杯、空鸡蛋盒和其他小的封闭空间”符合语境，故选B。
59．F 60．C 61．D 62．A

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章是来自不同领域的成功人士发表的三篇大学毕业典礼演讲。
59．空前说“Here are three university commencement speeches delivered by successful individuals from a variety of fields.(以下是来自不同领域的成功人士发表的三篇大学毕业典礼演讲)”，空格处应该说明看这些演讲的好处，F选项“Their words are guaranteed to motivate you to think critically about your business.(他们的话一定会激励你批判性地思考你的业务)”是对演讲里的话的好处的评价，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选F。
60．空前说“Music mogul (大亨) Jimmy Iovine’s main advice is to get comfortable with change and the fear that comes with it. In his speech, Iovine explains that he learned his greatest life lesson when he realized the successful record company, he built couldn’t compete with the new industry model of downloading free music. He had a choice: get on board or get left behind.(音乐大亨Jimmy Iovine的主要建议是适应变化和随之而来的恐惧。在他的演讲中，Iovine解释说，当他意识到他建立的成功的唱片公司无法与免费下载音乐的新行业模式竞争时，他学到了人生中最重要的一课。他有一个选择:要么加入，要么被抛在后面)”说明Iovine认为要适应变化，学习新的东西，C选项“In today’s fast-moving world, one with great technological advancements and cultural shifts still needs to be prepared to learn, adapt, and start over if necessary.(在当今快速发展的世界中，一个拥有巨大技术进步和文化转变的人仍然需要准备好学习、适应，并在必要时重新开始)”强调了要学习，适应变化，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选C。
61．空前说“Once he realized he could help, he changed his approach to business. Pursuing innovation and advancement is important.(当他意识到自己可以提供帮助时，他改变了自己的经营方式。创新进取是重要的)”，空格处承接上文，应该对他的改变和创新进行进一步的描述，D选项“It’s more important to develop creative business models that turn profits and solve problems.(更重要的是开发出能够带来利润和解决问题的创造性商业模式)”强调了开发和创造，且其中的“It’s more important”和前面的important构成递进，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选D。
62．空前说“While some are busy dreaming, the really happy people, the really successful people, the really interesting, engaged, powerful people, are busy doing.(当有些人忙于做梦时，真正快乐的人，真正成功的人，真正有趣的人，真正投入的人，真正强大的人，都在忙着做事情)”，说明不能光做梦，要行动，A选项“Dreaming is only effective if you follow it up with action, whether you’re brainstorming a new business model or imagining how to grow your company.(无论你是在头脑风暴一个新的商业模式，还是在设想如何发展你的公司，做梦只有在你采取行动的时候才会有效)”说明了不能光做梦，得行动，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选A。