考点03 名词性从句（四大从句讲练）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版）

这是一份考点03 名词性从句（四大从句讲练）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版），共27页。
考点03 名词性从句
课前热身练
1．He must answer the question ________ he agrees with it or not. (用适当的词填空)
2．It is estimated ________ total investment in the country will continue to increase this year. （用适当的词填空）
3．It matters little _________does it so long as it is done. (用适当的词填空)
4．One idea is ______ sleep helps us strengthen new memories. (用适当的词填空)
5．They would talk about ________ life was like in their shoes. （用适当的词填空）
6．Researchers used three­dimensional (3D) imaging technology to find out ________ old the markings are. （用适当的词填空）
7．The best times were ________ they had sleepovers and could sit up late talking about anything and everything and everyone. （用适当的词填空）
8．The girls were surprised at the fact ________ ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.（用适当的词填空）
9．The question is ______ this is what the developing countries need the most.(用适当的词填空)
10．Another unique human characteristic is_______ we walk upright. (所给词的适当形式填空)
11．He always participated to the best of his ability in ________ they were doing. (用适当的词填空)
12．For much of Chinese history, ________ was considered as money were small coins with holes in the middle. （用适当的词填空）
13．Emotional memories recall ________ you felt about something and can be strong and powerful. （用适当的词填空）
14．High school is in fact ________ you make it. （用适当的词填空）
15．It is advised that one mustn’t go jogging very early in the morning; this is ________ the body temperature is lower and the bodily functions haven’t kicked in fully during this time. （用适当的词填空）
16．It is no wonder ________ some young people, under the growing pressures, would try to live in a simple way. （用适当的词填空）
17．When dining alone, we can consume whatever we would like, with the added bonus ________ we might be able to eat more healthily. （用适当的词填空）
18．________ does best will get the prize. （用适当的词填空）
19．It makes me feel good__________you care about me. (用适当的词填空)
20．_________ he wants to tell us is not clear.
1．whether
【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：他必须回答他是否同意这个问题。空格处引导的是同位语从句，说明question的具体内容，由or not可知，空格处用whether，whether...or not是固定搭配，意为“是否”，表示“他必须回答他是否同意这个问题”。故填whether。
2．that
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：据估计，今年该国的总投资将继续增加。分析句子结构和意思可知，it是形式主语， total investment in the country will continue to increase this year是真正的主语从句，从句基本成分完整，上下文意思连贯，应用只起连接作用、无实意的that引导。故填that。
3．who
【详解】考查连接词。句意：只要事情做了，谁做都行。分析句子可知，it在句中作形式主语，根据句意需使用空处可使用连接代词who（谁）在从句中作主语。so long as（只要）在句中引导条件状语从句。故填who。
4．that
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：有个想法是，睡觉能够帮助增强记忆力。分析句子结构可知，is为谓语动词，后文从句为表语从句；从句中不缺主、宾、表和定语，且句意完整，故需要填从属连词that起连接作用。故填that。
5．what
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：他们会讨论站在他们的立场上，生活是什么样的。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导宾语从句，且从句中介词like缺少宾语，表达“……样的”，故需要用连接代词what。故填what。
6．how
【详解】考查连词。句意：研究者使用3D影像技术来弄清楚这些标记有多少年了。分析句子结构可知，此处为find out后跟宾语从句，从句中不缺少主语和宾语，但句意不完整，结空后为形容词old，通常与how连用表示“一个人或事物的年龄”符合句意。故填how。
7．when
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：最好的时光是他们在别人家过夜的时候，可以坐到很晚，谈论任何事，所有人。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，根据句意可知，引导词表达“当……时候”之意，在从句中作时间状语，用when引导。故填when。
8．that
【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：女孩们对远洋轮船能驶上五大湖的事实感到惊讶。分析句子结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，解释说明名词the fact，从句不缺成分，且意义完整，需用连接词that。故填that。
9．whether/why
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：问题是这是否（为什么）是这些发展中国家最需要的。分析句子，该空需要连接词引导表语从句，从句不缺成分，结合句意，表示“是否这是这些发展中国家最需要的”，或者理解为：为什么这是这些发展中国家最需要的，应用连词whether或者why引导该表语从句。故填whether/why。
10．that
【详解】考查表语从句连接词。句意：人类的另一个独特特征是直立行走。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，且从句不缺成分，句意完整，应用无任何意义只起连接作用的that来引导，故填that。
11．whatever
【详解】考查宾语从句连接词。句意：无论他们在做什么，他总是尽自己最大的努力去参与。此处指“他们做的任何事”，设空处引导宾语从句作宾语。故填whatever。
12．what
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：在中国历史的大部分时间里，钱被认为是中间有洞的小硬币。设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，应用连接代词what引导。故填what。
13．how
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：情感记忆回忆起你对某件事的感受，它可以是强烈而有力的。how引导宾语从句，在从句中作方式状语。根据句意，故填how。
14．what
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：高中其实是你自己创造的。设空处引导表语从句，在从句中作宾补，指代“高中的生活”应用连接代词what，故填what。
15．because
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：建议不要在早晨很早去慢跑，这是因为在这段时间里，体温较低，身体机能没有完全发挥作用。分析句子结构，这是一个包含表语从句的复合句，空白处在表语从句中作状语表示原因，故填because。
16．that
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：难怪一些年轻人在日益增长的压力下，会尽量过简单的生活。It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句，从句结构、意义完整，应用that引导。故填that。
17．that
【详解】考查同位语从句的连接词。句意：当一个人吃饭时，我们可以吃任何我们喜欢的东西，还有一个额外的好处，我们可能会吃得更健康。此处引导同位语从句，解释bonus的具体内容，从句不缺少成分，句意完整，设空处应用that引导。故填that。
18．Whoever
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：做得最好的人将获得奖品。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，表示“无论谁”，需用连接代词whoever引导，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Whoever。
19．that
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：你关心我让我感觉很好。it是形式主语，that引导主语从句，在从句中只起连接作用。故填that。
20．What
【详解】考查主语从句连接词。句意：他想告诉我们什么还不清楚。该空引导主语从句，从句中缺乏宾语，意为“什么”，用连接代词what，首字母大写。故填What。

核心考点梳理
一、 主语从句
1．  定义：在复合句中作句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2．  连接词：
引导主语从句的连接词有三类：
连词that、whether;
疑问代词who, what, which，whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever;
疑问副词when, where, how, why，however, whenever, wherever等
⑴ 连词that（无词意）, whether(是否), 在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用; whether 能引导主语从句，而if不能。
That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.
That the wounded soldier is still alive is a wonder.
It is a wonder that the wounded soldier is still alive.
常见的句型有：
①It is/was +形容词+that 从句
It’s unlikely that… 不可能 It’s strange that…奇怪的是……
②It is/was +名词+that 从句
It’s a pity that… 遗憾的是…… It’s a fact that …事实是……
③It +不及物动词+that 从句
It seems that… 似乎…… It happened that…碰巧……
It appears that…看来…… It turns out that…结果……
④It is/was +过去分词+that 从句
It’s not known that… ……不得而知 It’s said that… 据说……
⑤其他
It doesn’t matter +that /wh-Clause… 是无关紧要的
It makes no difference +that /wh-Clause…毫无区别……
⑵ 疑问代词who, what, which, 在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well.
Whose dictionary has not been found is still unknown.
Whoever wants this book may take it.
⑶ 疑问副词when, where, how, why，whenever, however, wherever等在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语
如：When they will start hasn’t been decided yet.
Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story.

二、 表语从句
1．  定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2．  引导表语从句的连接词种类：
(1)   连词that，whether（无if）
that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。
The trouble is (that) she has lost his money. 麻烦的事是他丢了钱。
The question is whether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。
我们不能理解越来越少的学生对他的课不感兴趣。
(2) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why, wherever, whenever, however。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it.  问题是他是如何做此事的。
（3）由连词because，as if/as though等引导的表语从句。
It looked as if it was going to snow.看起来好像要下雪了。
That's because we never thought of it.这是因为我们从未想过此事。

三、 宾语从句
1．  定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2．  引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1)    从属连词that。如：
He told us that he felt ill.  他对我们说他感到不舒服。
Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)
I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.
对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)
We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a
probationary period.
鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。(主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)
(2) 从属连词if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed.  我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me.  我不知道你能否帮助我。
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不
与or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about.  我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
3． 宾语从句包括动词宾语从句，介词宾语从句及形容词宾语从句。
（1）介词宾语从句
如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
（2）动词宾语从句
注意：a. 在demand, order, desire, request, command insist, suggest, advise,等表愿望，命令等时，用虚拟语气。宾语从句常用“should+ 动词原形”。 如：
a) I insist that she (should) do her work alone.
b. 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。
动词如：advise, ask, inform, promise, question, remind, show, teach, tell, warn等，宾语从句前可以有一个间接宾语，这个宾语有时可以省略，有的不能省略。
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.他已经通知我们将什么时候讨论我的建议。(me不可省略)
（3）形容词或过去分词后接宾语从句
I am not certain whether I have met him before.我不能肯定从前是否见过他。
注意：that引导的从句在下列形容词后面作宾语，that可以省略。anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content, proud等。

四、 同位语从句
1． 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2． 用法：
① 同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
② 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。



当堂知识检测
1．He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, which was ______ his father had expected.
A．why B．how C．that D．what
2．The reason________he didn’t show up at the party is________he was ill.
A．why; that B．that; because C．why; because D．which; for
3．“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _____ my mother used to tell me.
A．what B．how
C．that D．whether
4．The reason for his not coming is ________his mother has been ill.
A．what B．where C．that D．who
5．________he said in the speech showed an interesting opinion.
A．What B．Whether C．If D．That
6．The sharing economy is expanding at such a rate ________ we can only imagine ________ it will comprise in the future.
A．as; that B．that; what C．as; which D．that , that
7．In our daily life, it is a piece of cake to find that the same boiling water softens the potato and hardens the egg. Hence, it’s about ________ you’re made of, not the circumstances.
A．that B．what C．how D．who
8．This devotion and hard work is ________ we see reflected within his photos.
A．that B．whether C．how D．what
9．In my opinion, ________ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
A．whether B．that C．which D．what
10．Your ability has never been in doubt — the question is ________ you are prepared to work hard.
A．that B．whether C．what D．if
11．Honestly speaking, this is ______ I disagreed ______ you.
A．what; on B．where; on C．what; with D．where; with
12．________ happened after she left the house is unknown.
A．How B．Where C．That D．What
13．The question came up at the meeting ______ we had enough money to conduct the research.
A．what B．which C．that D．whether
14．Intelligence, perseverance and confidence are ________ make a good scientist.
A．that B．what C．which D．where
15．The reason why she was fired was _________ the boss was not satisfied with her job.
A．that B．what C．which D．whether
16．It’s true ______ inner beauty is very important, but external beauty shouldn’t be completely overlooked.
A．how B．why C．that D．what
17．The science competition is a good opportunity to show students _____ creativity can add new value to their school life.
A．where B．whether C．how D．when
18．The problem was ________ they could find something in common between them.
A．whether B．if C．that D．what
19．The opinion learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by education experts throughout the years.
A．which B．that
C．what D．how
20．We should consider the students' request _____ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A．that B．when
C．which D．Where
21．Scientists have obtained more evidence ________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
A．what B．that C．which D．where
22．Completed in 1891, in ______ was known as the Gilded Age, the building is now owned by a famous writer.
A．which B．what C．as D．who
23．Country life gives me peace and quiet，which is_____I can’t enjoy while living in a big city.
A．what B．where C．why D．that
24．My neighbour Sana is always sheltering her child too much, and that’s ____we differ.
A．when B．what C．how D．where
25．The beauty of a tournament like the World Cup is ________ it can be wildly unpredictable.
A．whether B．how C．that D．why
26．My grandmother helped me believe that I could accomplish ____________ I put my mind to.
A．whenever B．whatever C．wherever D．whichever
27．The student completed this experiment to make come true ______ Professor Joseph had said.
A．that B．what C．when D．where
28．(2016·天津)The manager put forward a suggestion __________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A．whether B．that
C．which D．what
29．Respect is not one-way traffic but mutual, and that might be we fight back in the trade friction against the USA  .
A．where B．because C．why D．how
30．Evidence has been found through years of study________ children’s early sleeping problem likely to continue when they grow up.
A．why B．how C．whether D．that
31．To be honest, I am not the person deserving the honor; it should be given to _____ we think has made the greatest contribution.
A．who B．whom C．whoever D．whomever
32．His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out ________ it is he is trying to express.
A．that B．how C．who D．what
33．It seemed that I had become ________ my parents had wanted me to be.
A．when B．where C．what D．whether
34．The news came________the British Queen Mother celebrated her 101st birthday in good health,________isn't surprising, because she lives an easy life and gets the best medical care.
A．when; as B．which; which C．that; that     D．that; which
35．Team One has been allowed to accomplish in just three days ________ took Team Two more than a week to achieve.
A．as B．that C．when D．what
36．The door bell _________ but nobody answered the door. The thought came to him _________ Mary had probably fallen ill.
A．had been ringing; if B．kept ringing; that
C．had rung; why D．had been rung; 不填
37．My advice is _______ he _____ to go abroad for further education.
A．that, chooses B．that, chose C．that, choose D．what, should choose
38．--- I’m afraid I have to give it up.
--- Remember ______ sticks to his work will succeed one day.
A．no matter who B．whoever C．who D．anyone
39．________ matters most to Dorian Gray is ________ he is good looking.
A．Which; that B．What; that C．What; if D．That; whether
40．— Have you heard that Space X sent a Tesla car into space?
— Yes. __________ they have achieved is amazing.
A．Where B．What C．That D．How
41．You should follow the doctor's instruction to give up smoking or ________ he suggested will have little effect on your health.
A．when B．how C．why. D．what
42．I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow. That was _________ I began to learn about the Light-house Project.
A．what B．because C．which D．why
43．______ is a good meal and a good rest.
A．That you really need B．That you really need
C．What you really need D．What are you really needed
44．This is ________ the Shenzhou VIII Spaceship landed.
A．there B．in which C．the place that D．where
45．Man is always pursuing profit, sometimes _________ even unaware ________ he has done is harmful to the environment.
A．is … that B．/ … that C．is … what D．/ … what
46．My topic today is most scientists are researching.
A．that B．where C．when D．what
47．The shocking news made us realize ________ terrible problems we would face.
A．why B．how C．what D．that
48．It was at the very beginning ________ Mr. Smith made the decision ________ we should send a medical team there to help with the rescue.
A．when; which B．that; that C．where; what D．then; so
49．I’m wondering_________you want me to say for the sake of your innocence.
A．what is it that B．what is it C．what it is that D．it is what
50．The reason for her preference for city life is ______ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
A．why B．what C．whether D．that

参考答案：
1．D
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：他努力学习，后来成为一个著名的作家，这是他父亲所期望的。分析句子可知，was后接表语从句，从句中缺少宾语吗，所以由what来充当宾语。故选D项。
2．A
【详解】考查定语从句和名词性从句。句意：他没有出现在聚会上的原因是他病了。the reason why ...is/was that...……的原因是……。第一空为定语从句，句中先行词为reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，所以用关系副词why引导；第二空为表语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用连接代词that。故选A。
3．A
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：“每次你吃糖的时候，你要喝绿茶。”这是妈妈过去常常给我说的话。这里是what引导的表语从句，what在从句中作tell的宾语；表语从句里缺少的是宾语；that和whether在表语从句中不作成分，why在表语从句中不能作宾语。故选A。

4．C
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：他没有来的原因是他母亲病了。分析句子结构可知，本句为表语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用连接代词that引导。故选C。
5．A
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：他在演讲中所说的话展示了一个有趣的观点。分析句子结构可知，本句为主语从句，从句中缺少宾语，指物，所以用连接代词what引导。故选A。
6．B
【详解】考查状语从句和宾语从句。句意：共享经济的发展速度如此之快，以至于我们只能想象它在未来会是什么样子。分析句子可知，第一空处为such...that引导的结果状语从句，故填that；第二空处为宾语从句，且从句中缺少宾语，故填what，故选B。
【点睛】
7．B
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：在我们的日常生活中，很容易发现同样的开水能使土豆变软，使鸡蛋变硬。因此，重要的是你是什么样的人，而不是环境。about后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，连接词为what。故选B项。
8．D
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：我们在他的照片中看到了这种献身精神和努力工作。分析句子可知，本句是表语从句，句中we see是插入语，从句缺少主语，根据句意“照片中反映的事情”可知，此处填what，表示“……的”。故选D项。
9．D
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：在我看来，让这本书出色的地方是作者富有创造力的想象。is之前为主语从句，主语从句中缺主语，指的是事物，用what，故选D。
10．B
【详解】考查表语从句和从属连词。句意：你的能力从来没有被怀疑过，问题是你是否准备努力工作。分析句子可知，句子为表语从句，空格处单词引导从句，根据句意可知，问题是你“是否”准备努力工作，故排除“A”和“C”，“if”不能引导表语从句，故排除，故空格处应用“whether”，意为“是否”。故选B项。
11．D
【详解】考查表语从句和固定搭配。句意：老实说，这就是我不同意你的地方。第一空用做地点状语的where引导表语从句，disagree with sb. (与某人意见不同)。故选D项。
12．D
【详解】考查连接代词。句意：她离开房子后发生了什么事不得而知。根据句意分析句子可知，________ happened after she left the house是一个主语从句，该主语从句缺少主语，所以空格处应该填入一个连接代词引导主语从句，且意义为“……的事物”，所以应该用连词代词what。故选D项。
13．D
【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：是否我们有足够的的钱来实施这项研究，这个问题在会议上提了出来。空处引导同位语从句解释question。根据句意，对于“我们是否有足够的钱”表示不确定。whether为从句的引导词,意为“是否”，符合句意。故选D。
14．B
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：智慧、毅力和信心是造就一个好科学家的要素。分析句子可知，句子为表语从句，空格处单词引导从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，没有选择范围，故应用“what”引导从句。故选B项。
15．A
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：她被解雇的原因是老板对她的工作不满意。引导表语从句，从句中不缺少成分，句意完整，故用that。故选A。
16．C
【详解】考查固定句型和that引导的主语从句。句意：内在美确实很重要，但是外在美也不应该被完全忽视。A. how怎样；到何种地步；以任何方式；B. why为什么；C. that多么；如此…以至；用于某些动词、形容词和名词后，引出各种从句；D. what 什么。分析句子结构可知空处应填主语从句引导词，从句结构完整，结合句意应填that，It is true that...“……确实；诚然”，为固定句型，其中it为形式主语，that从句为真正的的主语。故选C项。。
17．C
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：这个科技竞赛是一个很好的可以向学生展示创新是怎样能给校园生活增加新价值的机会。A. where在……的地方；B. whether是否；C. how如何；D. when当……的时候。此处应使用how引导，表示方式。故选C。
18．A
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：问题是他们是否能找到他们之间的共同点。分析句子可知，设空处是表语从句的连接词，且缺句意“是否”，故用whether，if不引导表语从句。that连接句意完整的表语从句，what在表语从句中充当宾语，意为“什么”。故选A。
19．B
【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：教育专家多年来一直认为学习是一个终生的过程。分析句意及句子成分可知，此处为opinion的同位语从句，从句句子成分齐全、句意完整，应使用that，无词意、不做成分、仅起连接作用。故B选项正确。
【点睛】同位语从句与定语从句从形式上来看十分相似，大多都由that来引导，都跟在名词或代词之后，这也很容易导致同学们在理解或做题时出现错误，而这两者在实质上是截然不同的，句法功能都有所不同，具体有哪些不同呢？下面我们从以下四个方面来进行区别。只要大家能把以下几点记住，多从例句找不同，仔细分析一下句子的成分，很快就能做出正确的答案。
1、引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成份,而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等，如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（同位语从句，that在从句中不充当任何成份）
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（定语从句，that在从句中作gave的宾语）
2、引导词的不同：what, how, if, whatever等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。
3、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the math exam is true．我通过了数学考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容）
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息）
4、定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea， fact， hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question， belief，conclusion等少数名词。而且when，where，why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。I have no idea when they will come. 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)
20．A
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：我们应该考虑学生们的请求：学校应该提供更多的关于流行科学的书籍。_____ the school library provide more books on popular science是the students’ request的同位语从句。该从句意思结构完整，应该用that引导该从句。故A选项正确。
21．B
【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，塑料正在进入人们的体内。从句不缺句子成分，意思完整，且与evidence指代的是同一事件，用that引导同位语从句。故选B。
22．B
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：建成于1891年，那个被称作镀金时代的时期，这栋建筑现在属于一个著名的作家。A. which哪一；B. what什么/东西；C. as正如，当，因为；D. who谁。分析句子可知此处是宾语从句连接词，从句______ was known as the Gilded Age缺少主语，且指物，故用连接代词what，故选B项。
23．A
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：乡村生活给了我宁静与安宁，这是生活在大城市我无法享受到。分析句子结构可知系动词is后面含有表语从句，动词enjoy缺少宾语；where、why属于连接副词，不能做宾语；that在名词性从句中不充当句子成分，what属于连接代词，引导这个表语从句，并在句中做enjoy的宾语。故A项正确。
【点睛】本题考查what引导的名词性从句的用法，what属于连接代词，引导名词性从句并要在句中充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分。其具体用法如下：
1. 表示“……的东西或事情”：
They've done what they can to help her. 他们已经尽力帮助了她。
He saves what he earns. 他赚多少，积蓄多少。
What Mary is is the secretary. 玛丽的职务是秘书。
2. 表示“……的人或的样子”：
He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子。
He is what is generally called a traitor. 他就是人们通常所说的叛徒。
Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的？
3. 表示“……的数量或数目”：
Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。
The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。
4. 表示“……的时间”：
After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。
The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for what seemed like hours. 小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。
5. 表示“……的地方”：
This is what they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。
In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。
24．D
【详解】考查表语从句连接词。句意：我的邻居Sana总是庇护她的孩子太多，这是我们的不同之处。此处为表语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where。故选D。
【点睛】名词性从句关键在于三点：
一、找准从句在主句中充当的成分即分出是名词性从句的主语句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句；
二、连接词从句中充当的成分（主、宾、定或状语或不做任何成分）；
三、弄清楚每个连接词的意义。此外还要注意，近年来高考对于名词性从句的考查多从名词性从句的语序和连接词的用法区别上考查。
25．C
【详解】考查连接词。句意：像世界杯这样的赛事的美妙之处在于，它完全不可预测。此处为表语从句，从句中不缺少成分，故应用that引导。故选C。
26．B
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：我的祖母让我相信，我可以完成任何我专心去做的事情。A. whenever无论何时；B. whatever    无论什么，任何；C. wherever无论何地；D. whichever无论哪一个。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句连接词，从句缺少宾语，应用连接代词，再结合句意，此处用“任何”符合语境，故选B项。
27．B
【详解】

考查名词性从句。句意:为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实，这个学生完成了这个实验。_________ Professor Joseph had said作make的宾语从句，该从句中，空处在从句中作said的宾语，表示”……所说的话”，因此应用what引导该从句。故选B。
28．B
【详解】考查同位语从句：句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说明suggestion的内容，而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that不作成分，只是起着引导的作用。故选B。

29．C
【详解】考查名词性从句连接词。句意：尊重不是单向的，而是相互的，这可能就是我们要在贸易摩擦中反击美国的原因。本句为表语从句，从句中缺少原因状语，故用why引导。故选C。
【点睛】名词性从句关键在于三点：一、找准从句在主句中充当的成分即分清是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句。二、连接词在从句中充当的成分（主、宾、定或状语或不做任何成分）三、弄清楚每个连接词的意义。此外还要注意，近年来高考对于名词性从句的考查多从名词性从句的语序和连接词的用法区别上考查。
30．D
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：多年的研究发现，儿童早期睡眠问题可能会在他们长大后继续存在。分析可知，空处引导同位语从句，解释说明主语evidence，且引导词在同位语从句中不作任何成分，且没有实际意义，所以用that引导。故选D项。
31．C
【详解】考查宾语从句连接词。句意：老实说，我不是一个应该得到这个荣誉的人，应该把它送给我们认为作出最大贡献的人。介词to后接宾语从句，而宾语从句 we think has made the greatest contribution其中we think是插入语，可知从句不完整，缺主语成分，意为“无论谁、不管什么人”，用引导词whoever。故选C项。
32．D
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：他的文章令人费解，很难理解他到底想表达什么。空格处引导一个宾语从句，在从句中作he is trying to express的宾语，表示“什么”。that引导宾语从句，无词义，不作成分，仅起引导作用；how引导宾语从句，作状语，表示“如何”；who引导宾语从句，作主语，宾语，表示“谁”；what引导宾语从句，作主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么；……的（东西等）”，根据句意，故填what， 故选D。
33．C
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：似乎我已经成为了我父母希望我成为的人。动词become后面是宾语从句，从句缺少引导词，且从句中的be缺少表语，所填词应该起双重作用。故选C。
34．D
【详解】考查同位语从句和非限制性定语从句。句意：消息传来，英国女王健康地庆祝了她的101岁生日，这并不奇怪，因为她过着轻松的生活，得到最好的医疗照顾。分析句子结构，________the British Queen Mother celebrated her 101st birthday in good health是一个同位语从句，解释说明The news，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，也没有实际意义，用that引导该从句；________isn't surprising是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句内容，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导该从句，故选D。
35．D
【详解】考查连接代词。句意：团队一只用了三天就完成了团队二花了一个多星期才完成的任务。分析可知，此处引导宾语从句作accomplish的宾语，连接代词what引导从句，在从句中作主语，意为“……的事”。故选D项。
36．B
【详解】考查动词时态语态和名词性从句。句意：门铃一直响，但没人开门。他突然想到玛丽可能病了。根据句意，空1可以使用had been ringing（过去完成进行时）或kept ringing（一般过去时）表示“（在过去某一时间段）门铃一直在响”，排除CD两项；分析可知，空2处引导同位语从句作名词thought的同位语，从句意义完整，根据句意，应用没有实际意义的连接代词that 引导从句，that 不能省略。故选B项。
37．C
【详解】考查表语从句和虚拟语气。句意：我的建议是他应该选择出国深造。chooses选择；第一个设空处引导表语从句，从句不缺成份，应用只起连接作用的that；在advice后的表语从句应用虚拟语气，谓语构成是“should+动词原形”should可省略，故第二个设空处应为(should) choose。故选C。
38．B
【详解】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：——恐怕我不得不放弃了。——记住，谁坚持工作，谁就有一天会成功。分析句子成分和句子结构可知，remember是一个祈使句，设空后含有谓语动词sticks，可推断设空处引导的是一个宾语从句，充当remember的宾语；分析宾语从句句子成分可知，从句缺少主语；根据句意可知，设空处意为“无论谁”，所以要填whoever。故选B项。
【点睛】本题容易误选A项，要注意no matter who只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。
39．B
【详解】考查主语从句和表语从句。句意：对多里安·格雷来说，最重要的是他长得好看。第一空引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，指事情，用what引导；第二空，引导表语从句，从句成分完整，用that仅起连接作用，不作成分，故选B。
40．B
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：——你听说Space X公司把一辆特斯拉汽车送上太空了吗？——是的。他们所取得的成就是惊人的。此处引导主语从句，且在句中作宾语，应用what，指代“他们所取得的成就”。故选B。
41．D
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：你应该按照医生的建议戒烟，否则他建议的对你的健康几乎没有影响。分析句子可知，or为并列连词，其前后为并列句；________ he suggested 为第二个并列句的主语部分，空白处同时做动词suggest的宾语，表示“建议的内容”，所以此处要用连接代词what来引导。故选D。
42．D
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：我想以某种方式改变世界。这就是我开始了解灯塔计划的原因。A. what什么；B. because因为；C. which哪一个；D. why为什么。分析句型可知，空格处的单词位于was之后引导一个表语从句，由于从句中缺少状语，只能选择because或者why。但是that is because+原因，而that is why+结果，根据句意，“I began to learn about the Light-house Project”表示结果，why符合题意。故选D项。
43．C
【详解】考查主语从句。句意：你真正需要的是好好吃一顿，好好休息。分析句子可知，空格处是主语从句，what在从句中作宾语，故排除A、B。主语从句中的主语you 和谓语动词need是主动关系，故不用被动语态。故选C。
44．D
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：这就是神舟八号宇宙飞船着陆的地方。分析句子可知，此处应用连接副词where引导表语从句，where在从句中作地点状语。B项 in which是定语从句，但是本句没有先行词，不能用定语从句；C 项the place that补充了先行词，但是应该用关系副词引导定语从句而不是关系代词that。故选D。
45．D
【详解】考查形容词作状语和名词性从句。句意：人类总是追求利润，有时甚至没有意识到他所做的是有害的环境。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，所以第一空形容词unaware 在句中作状语。第二空为宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，且指物，所以用连接代词what引导。故选D。
46．D
【详解】考查表语从句。句意：我今天的主题是大多数科学家正在研究的。A. that引导表语从句时不作成分，起连接作用；B. where哪里；C. when何时；D. what什么，所……的。分析句子可知，空处引导表语从句，引导词在从句中作researching的宾语，表示“大多数科学家正在研究的事情”，应用what引导。故选D项。
47．C
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：这个令人震惊的消息使我们意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。分析句子可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且是感叹句，空后“terrible problems”是名词短语，应用what修饰，how修饰形容词或副词。故选C项。
48．B
【详解】考查强调句型和同位语从句。句意：史密斯先生是在一开始就决定我们应该派一支医疗队去那里帮助救援。分析句子可知，第一空和句首的“It was”构成强调句型，被强调部分是时间状语at the very beginning，故第一空用that；第二空引导同位语从句，解释说明名词decision的内容，从句结构、意义完整，应用that引导。故选B项。
49．C
【详解】考查宾语从句和强调句。句意：我在想为了你的清白你想让我说什么。wondering后接一个宾语从句，分析句子结合句意可知，此处应用关系代词what引导从句，宾语从句需要采用陈述语序，A，B两项为倒装句，应排除，D项缺少宾语从句引导词，应排除。此处宾语从句由关系代词what引导，从句部分采用了“it is…that+强调部分”的强调句式，还原为：it is what that you want me to say.(你想让我说的是什么？)。故选C。
50．D
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：她喜欢城市生活的原因是她可以很容易地到达商店和餐馆等地方。根据句子结构可知，设空处引导的从句为表语从句，且从句不缺成分，句意完整，应用无任何意义只起连接作用的that来引导。故选D。

课后巩固提高

二、阅读理解
The most important determining factor of success or failure—at work and in life—is self-awareness, the ability to understand who we are, how others see us, and how we fit into the world.
For millions of years, the ancestors of humans evolved painfully slowly. However, about 150,000 years ago there was an explosive development in the human brain where, among other things, we gained the ability to examine our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors, as well as to see things from another’s point of view. Not only did this transformation create the foundation for art, spiritual practices and language, but it came with a survival advantage for our ancestors, who had to work together in order to survive.
Though we may not face the same day-to-day threats to our existence, self-awareness is no less critical. There is strong scientific evidence that people who know themselves and how others see them are happier. They are smarter, superior students. They raise more mature children. They also tend to be more creative, confident and less aggressive.
But for most people it is easier to choose self-delusion (自我欺骗) rather than the cold hard truth. Our increasingly “me” focused society makes it easier to fall into this trap. Recent generations have grown up in a World obsessed with self-esteem (自负), constantly being reminded of their special qualities. Not only are our assessments often flawed (有缺陷), but we are usually terrible judges of our own performance and abilities—from leadership skills to achievements at school and work. What’s scary is that the least competent people are usually the most confident in their abilities.
How can we avoid this fate? We must work on two specific types of insight. Internal self-awareness is an inward understanding of our passions and aspirations, strengths and weaknesses and so on. And external self-awareness, knowing how others see you, means understanding yourself from the outside in.
For those looking to gain true insight, remember that other people often see us more objectively than we see ourselves and that self-examination can have hidden trap that make insight actually impossible.
51．The first three paragraphs mainly talk about _______.
A．the significance of self-awareness in human survival and advancement
B．the sharp contrast between self-awareness of today and the past
C．the necessity of a shift in self-awareness to satisfy the needs today
D．the intelligence gap between modern men and their ancestors
52．What’s the problem with “me” focused society nowadays?
A．People’s performance and abilities are overlooked.
B．Competent people tend to be unconfident of their leadership skills.
C．It’s difficult to obtain an objective assessment of ourselves.
D．Modern people fail to bring their special qualities into full play.
53．Which of the following is an example of external self-awareness?
A．You listen to the comments about you from others.
B．You are fully aware of your strengths and weaknesses.
C．You reflect your behaviors thoroughly every day.
D．You carefully compare your behavior with that of others.
54．In the last paragraph, the author suggests that we should _______.
A．develop true insight to judge people more objectively B．try to avoid the trap set by others
C．gain more insight by means of self-examination D．pay more attention to external self-awareness

Cathy and Wayne N. who have been married five years are in their late 20’s and childless. The last time a member of Cathy’s family asked, “When are you going to start a family?” Her answer was “We are a family!”
Cathy and Wayne belong to a growing number of young married couples who are deciding not to have children. A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled. What lies behind this decision which seems to fly in the face of biology and society?
Perhaps the most public outspoken childless couple are Ellen Peck, author of The Baby Trap, and her husband, William, an advertising executive who is president of the National Organization for Non-parents. The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.
“It’s a life-style choice,” Ellen says. “We chose freedom and spontaneity (自发性), privacy and leisure. It’s also a question of where you want to give your efforts — within your own family or in the larger community. This generation faces serious questions about the continuity of life and as well as its quality. Our grandchildren may have to buy tickets to see the last redwoods or line up to get their oxygen ration. There are men who complain about being caught in a traffic jam for hours on their home to their five kids but can’t make the association between the children and the traffic jam. In a world seriously threatened by the consequences of overpopulation we’re concerned with making life without children acceptable and respectable. Too many children are born as a result of cultural pressure. And the results show up in the statistics on divorce and child-abuse.”
Her husband adds, “Every friend, relative and business associate is pressuring you to have kids ‘and find what you’re missing.’ Too many people discover too late that what they were missing was something they were totally unsuited for.”
And Ellen again, “From the first doll to soap operas to cocktail parties, the pressure is always there to be parents. But let’s take a 1ook at the rate of parental failure. Perhaps parenthood should be regarded as a specialized occupation like being a doctor. Some people are good at it and they should have children; others aren’t, and they should feel they have other alternatives.”
55．By asking “When are you going to start a family”, the member of Cathy’s family meant “_______”.
A．when are you going to move into a new house
B．when are you going to buy a house
C．when are you going to get married
D．when are you going to have a child
56．In the second paragraph, the phrase “to fly in the face of” most probably means _______.
A．to popularize
B．to follow
C．to go against
D．to strengthen
57．According to the third paragraph, the Pecks hold that _______.
A．all young couples should not give in before the social pressures
B．no pressure should be imposed on couples about parenthood
C．strong measures should be taken to help childless couples
D．childless couples face no problems of divorce or child-abuse
58．According to Ellen,what has caused many of the problems we face today?
A．Overpopulation.
B．Environmental pollution.
C．Cultural progress.
D．Life-style choice.

Why isn’t science better? Look at career incentives.
There are often substantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.
All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not to replicate (复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them — but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.
But there are also ways in which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.
It’s not like we don’t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears. Why? Why aren’t scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.
In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.
We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure (终身教授) grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?
An oft-used metric (标准，度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.
If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system (钻空子). And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud (欺诈). If malicious (恶意的) fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.
However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.
59．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Scientists are expected to persistently devoted to exploration of reality.
B．The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.
C．Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments’ results.
D．The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.
60．What does deaf ears in the fourth paragraph probably refer to?
A．The public. B．The incentive initiators.
C．The peer researchers. D．The high-impact journal editors.
61．Which of the following does the author probably agree with?
A．Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.
B．Competition for resources pushes researchers to publish in a more productive way.
C．All the credentialed scholars and researchers will take up university professorships.
D．The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.
62．According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?
A．High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.
B．The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.
C．Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.
D．Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.

参考答案：

51．A 52．C 53．A 54．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了自我意识在人类生存和进步中的重要性，以及如今社会以“我”为中心存在的问题。
51．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The most important determining factor of success or failure—at work and in life—is self-awareness, the ability to understand who we are, how others see us, and how we fit into the world.(在工作和生活中，决定成功或失败的最重要因素是自我意识，了解自己是谁、别人如何看待我们以及我们如何融入这个世界的能力)”；第二段中“However, about 150,000 years ago there was an explosive development in the human brain where, among other things, we gained the ability to examine our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors, as well as to see things from another’s point of view. Not only did this transformation create the foundation for art, spiritual practices and language, but it came with a survival advantage for our ancestors, who had to work together in order to survive.(然而，大约在15万年前，人类的大脑发生了一次爆炸性的发展，其中，我们获得了审视自己的思想、感觉和行为的能力，以及从他人的角度看问题的能力。这种转变不仅为艺术、精神实践和语言创造了基础，而且为我们的祖先带来了生存优势，他们必须共同努力才能生存)”以及第三段中“Though we may not face the same day-to-day threats to our existence, self-awareness is no less critical.(虽然我们可能不会每天面对同样的威胁，但自我意识同样重要)”可知，前三段主要讨论了自我意识在人类生存和进步中的重要性。故选A。
52．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“But for most people it is easier to choose self-delusion (自我欺骗) rather than the cold hard truth. Our increasingly “me” focused society makes it easier to fall into this trap. Recent generations have grown up in a World obsessed with self-esteem (自负), constantly being reminded of their special qualities. Not only are our assessments often flawed (有缺陷), but we are usually terrible judges of our own performance and abilities—from leadership skills to achievements at school and work. What’s scary is that the least competent people are usually the most confident in their abilities.(但对大多数人来说，选择自欺欺人比选择冷酷无情的事实更容易。我们这个越来越以“我”为中心的社会更容易陷入这个陷阱。最近几代人成长在一个迷恋自尊的世界里，不断地被提醒自己的特殊品质。不仅我们的评估常常有缺陷，而且我们通常对自己的表现和能力——从领导技能到学校和工作中的成就——的判断也很糟糕。可怕的是，能力最差的人通常对自己的能力最自信)”可知，当今以“我”为中心的社会存在的问题是很难对自己做出客观的评价。故选C。
53．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“And external self-awareness, knowing how others see you, means understanding yourself from the outside in.(外部自我意识，知道别人怎么看你，意味着从外到内了解你自己)”可知，A选项“你听别人对你的评价”是外部自我意识的例子。故选A。
54．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For those looking to gain true insight, remember that other people often see us more objectively than we see ourselves and that self-examination can have hidden trap that make insight actually impossible.(对于那些想要获得真知灼见的人，请记住，别人对我们的看法往往比我们对自己的看法更客观，而自我反省可能隐藏着陷阱，使真知灼见实际上不可能实现)”可知，在最后一段，作者建议我们应该更加注意外在的自我意识。故选D。
55．D 56．C 57．B 58．A

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了越来越多的年轻夫妇不愿意要孩子的原因。
55．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Cathy and Wayne N. who have been married five years are in their late 20’s and childless. The last time a member of Cathy’s family asked, “When are you going to start a family?” Her answer was “We are a family!”(凯西和韦恩已经结婚5年了，他们都快30岁了，没有孩子。凯茜的家人最后一次问:“你什么时候成立一个家庭？”她的回答是:“我们是一家人！”)”可知，当问“你打算什么时候成立一个家庭”时，凯西的家人的意思是“你打算什么时候生孩子”。故选D。
56．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled.(最近的一项调查显示，在过去五年中，25至29岁的妻子不想要孩子的比例几乎翻了一番，而在18至24岁的妻子中，这一比例几乎增加了两倍。)”和第三段“The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.(佩克斯夫妇坚称，他们和该组织都不反对为人父母，只是反对迫使人们为人父母的社会压力，不管他们是否真的想要和需要。)”可知，划线词所在的句子意思是：这个看似与生物学和社会背道而驰的决定背后隐藏着什么？由此可知，to fly in the face of意为“公然反对”。故选C。
57．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.(佩克斯夫妇坚称，他们和该组织都不反对为人父母，只是反对迫使人们为人父母的社会压力，不管他们是否真的想要和需要。)”可知，佩克斯夫妇认为不应该在为人父母的问题上给夫妻施加压力。故选B。
58．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In a world seriously threatened by the consequences of overpopulation we’re concerned with making life without children acceptable and respectable.(在一个受到人口过剩后果严重威胁的世界里，我们关心的是如何让没有孩子的生活变得可以接受和受人尊敬。)”可知，根据艾伦的说法，人口过剩导致了我们今天面临的许多问题。故选A。
59．A 60．A 61．B 62．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构。作者认为但是科学未能发展的更好的原因在于激励。大多数科学家对了解世界真的很感兴趣，而且是诚实的。激励的问题在于，它们可以在个人没有任何意图的情况下塑造文化规范。
59．细节理解他。根据第二段的“And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.(科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构)”以及最后一段的“However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest.(然而，我相信大多数科学家对了解世界是真正感兴趣的，也是诚实的)”可知，总体上来说，科学家们一直致力于对现实的探索。故选A。
60．词句猜测题。根据第五段“It’s not like we don’t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears.(并不是说我们不知道如何做得更好。研究科学方法的科学家已经知道可行的补救方法几十年了。不幸的是，他们的建议经常被置若罔闻)”可推知，deaf ears指的是大众，即大众经常对科学家的建议置若罔闻。故选A。
61．推理判断题。根据第七段的“Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. (由于对资源的这种竞争，必须对科学家进行评估和比较)”和第八段的“An oft-used metric (标准，度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different.(一个常用的指标是一个人在同行评议期刊上发表的文章数量，以及这些期刊的地位。像这样的指标可以直接比较研究人员，否则他们的工作可能会有很大的不同)”推知，作者认为资源竞争促使研究人员以更有成效的方式发表文章。故选B。
62．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.(激励的问题在于，它们可以在个人没有任何意图的情况下形成文化规范)”可知，作者认为科学家的职业激励应该考虑他们的个人意愿。故选D。