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2024届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第四册Unit1ScienceFiction教师用书
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UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTION
一、阅读词汇——在词块中明义
1．science fiction 科幻小说
2．annual bonus 年终红利
3．a ridiculous rumour 荒谬的谣言
4．a man of integrity 一个诚实正直的人
5．with grace and dignity 文雅而庄重
6．an absurd idea 一个荒唐的想法
7．bus fares 公交车车费
8．excuse for inaction 不采取措施的理由
9．alien forces in the region 该地区的外国军队
10．grip the rope 抓紧绳子
11．be filled with hazy frost 弥漫着朦胧的雾霭
12．the maximum height 最高高度
13．pay a huge salary 付一大笔薪水
14．fall backwards 仰面摔倒
15．fetch some books 拿来一些书
二、表达词汇——在语境中活用
(一)在括号内写出蓝体词汇在语境中的汉语意思
1．Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.(conj.然而)
2．We go and do the weekly shopping every Thursday.(adj.每周的)
3．The company wants to keep down labour costs.(n.劳动)
4．Many people were not satisfied with the pace of change.(n.速度)
(二)写出蓝体词汇的语境之义及拓展形式
1．She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor.(n.预约)
拓展：appoint v．任命；委任；安排→appointed adj.指定的；约定的
2．His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.(adj.内疚的)
拓展：guilt n．内疚；悔恨；犯罪
3．The population explodes to 40,000 during the tourist season.(vi.激增)
拓展：explosion n．爆炸；爆发；激增
4．I dismissed the problem from my mind.(vt.消除)
拓展：dismissal n．解雇；免职
5．He declared he would not run for a second term as president.(vt.宣称)
拓展：declaration n．申报(单)；宣布；公告
6．From this you can calculate the total mass in the Galaxy.(vt.计算)
拓展：calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器
7．We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends.(adj.更好的)
拓展：superiority n．优越感；优势；优越(性)
8．I taught my daughter how to do division at the age of six.(n.除法)
拓展：divide v．(使)分开
9．They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme.(vt.力劝)
拓展：urgency n．紧迫；急事→urgent adj.紧急的；迫切的→urgently adv.迫切地；紧急地
10．The survey used a random sample of two thousand people across the Midwest.(adj.随机的)
拓展：randomly adv.随机；随意；未加计划地
三、词块短语——在语境中辨义活用
写出或选出加蓝部分在语境中的汉语意思
1．The new product had been tested out before it was put on the market.检验
2．The organization encourages members to meet on a regular basis as well as provides them with financial support.定期
3．Although she is my teacher, Ms Wang and I are more like friends. 更像是
4．Do you know what this product is? Or rather，what it does？更确切地说
5．After his defeat, many of his supporters fell away.消失
6．Their opinion on the accident conflicted with ours.与……冲突或抵触
7．This model of 5G mobile phone is far superior to any others.比……更好
8．We have an urge to give advice immediately to make the person feel better and try to fix the problem.有强烈的欲望
9．Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will take over the class.A
A．接手 B．吸收 C．呈现 D．占据
10．You can't expect everything to turn out as you wish.D
A．关掉 B．熄灭 C．在场 D．结果是
四、经典句式——在佳句背诵中品悟规则用法
1.
教材原句
As a favour, Tony promised to help Claire make herself more beautiful and her home more elegant.(“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
作为一项恩惠，托尼答应帮助克莱尔把她变得更漂亮些，也把她的家变得更雅致些。
写作亮句
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting.
我们都很尊敬她，因为她总是尝试新的方法使她的课生动有趣。
文化典句
(2022·浙江1月高考写作) I felt he treated me as though I would hold him back and probably make him fail to get an A in the course.
我觉得他对待我好像我会阻止他，可能会让他在课程中得不到A。
2.
教材原句
He suggested that she invite Gladys and her friends to the house the night before he was to leave and Larry was to return.[suggest that ...(should) do sth.]
托尼还建议在他离开，也就是拉里回家的前一天晚上，克莱尔邀请格拉迪丝和她的朋友们到家里来。
写作亮句
I suggest you (should) go to the office to consult your teacher about the methods of learning English.
我建议你应该去办公室向你的老师咨询学习英语的方法。
文化典句
It is suggested that we (should) limit the amount of cars to improve our environment.
人们建议我们应该限制汽车的数量来改善我们的环境。
3.
教材原句
It would not be surprising if we found it difficult to distinguish between reality and science fiction in the future.(find＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式 )
如果我们发现将来很难区分现实和科幻小说，那也就不足为奇了。
写作亮句
(2021·全国乙卷书面表达)I find it exciting to stand here and address my speech titled “Be smart online learners”．
站在这里发表题为“成为聪明的在线学习者”的演讲，我感到非常激动。
4.
教材原句
Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day.(as if引导方式状语从句)
夜幕降临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转眼间，白昼就来临了。
写作亮句
I felt lost and anxious, as if I had missed something of value.
我感到茫然、焦虑，仿佛我错过了宝贵的东西。
五、名著精美语段选摘——在背诵中品悟如何写靓写美
An Excerpt from Oliver Twist
And so Oliver was left with only the drunken nurse.Without clothes, under his first blanket, he could have been the child of a king or a beggar.But when the woman dressed him later in rough cotton clothes, yellow with age, he looked exactly what he was — an orphan in a workhouse, ready for a life of misery, hunger, and neglect.Oliver cried loudly.If he could have known that he was a workhouse orphan, perhaps he would have cried even more loudly.
奥利弗就这样被留下了，由那位醉醺醺的看护一个人看着。他光着身子，裹在毕生第一块毯子里，既可以是国王的儿子，也可以是乞丐的儿子。可后来老妇人给他穿上了由于年头太久而发了黄的粗棉布衣服，这时，他看上去和他的身份完全一致了—— 一个济贫院的孤儿，准备好了去过一种充满苦难、饥饿和不被关注的生活。奥利弗大声哭着。他要是知道他是济贫院的孤儿的话，或许他会哭得更起劲些。
[点评] 本段话中运用虚拟句式“Without clothes ...could have been ...”，“If he could have known ...would have cried even more loudly.”和渲染情感的词汇“drunken, rough cotton clothes, yellow with age, misery, hunger, neglect”告诉读者Oliver 的出身也许高贵，但生来命运就主宰在别人手里，注定要经历坎坷与磨难。
1．superior adj.更好的；占优势的；(在级别或重要性上)更高的n.上级；上司
[题点全练](完成句子)
①It cannot be questioned that the new method is_superior_to the old one.
新方法比旧方法更好，这是不容置疑的。
②Mr Liu is_three_years_junior_to me, but he is_senior_to_me in our company.
刘先生比我小三岁，但是他在公司里的职位比我高。
③I consider this one to be_inferior_to that one.
我认为这个比那个要差。
[系统归纳]
(1)be superior to ... 比……优越(更好、强)；优于……
be inferior to ... 低于；不如……；在……之下
be senior to 比……年长/资历深/职位高
be junior to 比……年轻/资历浅/职位低
(2)上述短语中的to不能换成than，因为to 前面的形容词本身含有比较意义。
2．on a ...basis根据；以……的方式(基准)
[题点全练](完成句子)
①On_the_basis_of our sales forecasts, we may begin to make a profit next year.
根据我们的销售预测，我们明年可能开始盈利。
②As we all know, most of the ratings are_based_on others' judgment on the product or service concerned.
正如我们所知，大多数消费排名是基于他人对相关产品或服务的评价。
[系统归纳]
(1)on the basis of 根据；在……的基础上；基于
(2)base ...on/upon 把……建立在……的基础之上
be based on/upon 以……为基础/根据
3．turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是；原来是；参加；(天气)变得
[题点全练]
写出下列各句中turn out的含义
①It's not certain how things will turn out.结果是
②It's turned out nice again.(天气)变得
③He turned out to be a spy.原来是
④You should turn the light out when leaving the room.关掉
⑤Thousands of people turned out for the funeral.参加
[系统归纳]
turn的相关短语：
turn away 转过脸去；拒绝(某人)进入
turn against (使)反对；背叛
turn down 调小(音量等)；拒绝
turn to 向……求助；转向；翻到；查阅；开始从事
turn over (使)翻转；反复考虑；移交
1．declare vt.表明；宣称；公布
[题点全练](单句语法填空/句型转换)
①He declared against the plan because it wasn't practical.
②In the declaration (declare), they declared for the government's decision to strengthen traditional Chinese festivals.
③Our school declared that the girl was head of our department.
→Our school declared_the_girl_to_be head of our department.
[进阶学习]
系统归纳
(1)declare sb./sth.to be 宣布某人或某事是……
declare for/against 表示赞成/反对……
declare war (on/against)(向……)宣战
declare that ... 宣布……
(2)declaration n. 宣布；公告
辨析比较
(1)declare表示“宣称；宣布”，其后的宾语可以是名词、代词，也可以是that从句，但习惯上不用不定式。
(2)announce“公布；告知”，它所涉及的是一件对方原来不知道的事，用法较为普遍。declare含有庄严宣告或交代清楚的意思，它所涉及的事不一定是对方所不知道的，常用于正式场合。
[练重难点](选词填空：declare/announce)
④The President is preparing to announce his new plan on Tuesday.
⑤The country had no other choice but to declare war on their enemy.
2．calculate vt.计算；核算；预测
[题点全练](单句语法填空/完成句子)
①We've been calculating upon/on his coming in time.
②This advertisement is calculated to_attract (attract) the attention of housewives.
③Laboratory work needs not only accurate measurements but also correct calculation (calculate)．
④Have_you_calculated_what a holiday in France would cost? 你计算过去法国度假的开销有多大吗？
⑤He has_calculated_that it would take him two years to save up enough for a car.
他计算出要花两年的时间才能攒够钱买一辆车。
[进阶学习]
系统归纳
(1)calculate that/wh-clause计算……；预测……
calculate on/upon依靠；期待；指望；计算
be calculated to do sth. 故意做/打算做/可能做某事
It is calculated that ... 据估算……
(2)calculation n. 计算
辨析比较
(1)calculate通常指要求细致、精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
(2)count指逐一计算而得出总数。
[练重难点](选词填空：count/calculate)
⑥It has been calculated that at least 50,000 jobs were lost last year.
⑦I counted the money.It was more than five hundred dollars.
3．urge n．强烈的欲望；冲动vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐
[题点全练]
单句语法填空
①He said that he had an urge to open a department store of his own.
②Parents should actively urge their children to_take (take)advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.
③They were interrupted by a sudden and urgent (urge) knock at the door.
④The people in the earthquake-stricken area are in urgent need of food, medicine and shelters.
一句多译
随着期末考试的临近，老师敦促我们努力学习。
⑤Our teacher urges_us_to_study_hard with the final exam drawing near.(urge sb.to do sth.)
⑥Our teacher urges_us_into_studying_hard with the final exam drawing near.(urge sb.into doing sth.)
⑦Our teacher urges_that_we_(should)_study_hard with the final exam drawing near.(urge that ...)
[进阶学习]
系统归纳
(1)urge sb.to do/into doing sth.强烈要求某人做某事
urge sth.on/upon sb. 大力推荐；竭力主张
urge that sb.(should) do sth.极力主张某人做某事
It is urged that ...(should) do sth. 坚决要求……
(2)have an urge to do sth.有做某事的强烈欲望/冲动
(3)urgent adj. 紧急的
in urgent need of 急需
难点解释
(1)urge后跟that从句或在句型It is urged that ...中时， that从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”， should可以省略。
(2)“劝”说某人做某事的表达还有：
persuade sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事
advise sb.to do sth. 建议某人做某事
encourage sb.to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
[练重难点]
句型转换
⑧They urged that the library (should) be kept open during the vacation.
→It_is_urged_that_the_library_(should)_be_kept open during the vacation.
选词填空(persuade/advise/encourage)
⑨Nothing on earth would persuade me to go with him.
⑩The minister advised him to leave as soon as possible.
⑪They encourage boys to be sensitive and artistic.
find＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式
[用法规则]
(1)“find＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.”结构中，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语，形容词作宾语补足语。
(2)it 作形式宾语，用于“动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋真正的宾语”结构时，注意事项可按“6123”来记：
①“6”指常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel
②“1”指形式宾语：it
③“2”指宾语补足语的两种形式：形容词和名词
④“3”指真正的宾语的三种形式：不定式、动名词和宾语从句
[应用体验](单句语法填空/完成句子)
①The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.
②I consider it no use to quarrel (quarrel) with him about it.
③I believe_it_necessary_that you should go over your homework before you hand it in.
我认为你有必要在交作业之前先检查一遍。
④Now we will find_it_more_and_more_difficult_to_keep_up_with the demand for change.
现在，我们将会发现赶上变化的需求越来越难了。
信息安全包括的范围很广，其中包括防范青少年浏览不良信息、防范个人信息的泄露等。随着信息技术越来越广泛地应用于社会各个领域，社会发展对信息安全保障的要求不断增强，日益突出的信息安全问题也带来了新的挑战。以此主题来命题可以引导学生提高信息安全意识，特别是网络安全意识。如2020年北京高考书面表达记述居家学习期间，全班通过线上讨论以“自律”为主题的调研活动。
The Internet Harms Friendships
(节选自北师大版教材必修第二册UNIT 4)
While the Internet can bring people closer together, it can also harm friendships.(开门见山，提出论点)
Firstly, talking online is no replacement for face-to-face contact — images really cannot replace a real-life smile or hug.❶According to a parenting expert, Denise Daniels, communicating through a screen makes it more difficult for children to concentrate or show kindness to others.As we know, important social skills are developed through direct contact with other people.❷It is these skills that enable us to develop lifelong friendships.(分论点一：网上聊天不能代替面对面的交流。引用专家的说法，增强了说服力)
Secondly, the Internet can make people self-centred — not thinking of anyone or anything but themselves.For example, instead of having proper conversations with their friends, some people are only concerned with their online popularity — How many “likes” did I get? How many followers do I have？(两个设问，反映了人们的普遍做法) — though we know that the number of “likes” or followers cannot compare to having long-term and rewarding friendships.In addition, a lot of the content posted on social media is shallow or trivial.Posts about funny cat images do not necessarily help form meaningful relationships.(分论点二：互联网使人们以自我为中心。例证法，有力支撑了文章的观点)
Thirdly, online relationships may not be what they appear to be.❸Friendships are built on the basis of trust, and with online communication you can never be 100 percent sure that the people you are chatting to are being honest about who they are.Because of this, going online can be particularly dangerous for people who are easily influenced or too trusting.(分论点三：网络关系可能并不是它们看起来的样子。讲道理，劝解警告)
In my opinion, friends should focus more on face-to-face communication, and less on online communication.This is the best way to maintain healthy relationships.(做出结论：朋友应该多关注面对面的交流，少进行线上交流)
由教材学写法
1．学亮点词汇
第一段中的 harm一词直截了当地指出了互联网对友谊有害。第二段第一句中同时运用了replacement 与其动词replace，既有力表达了面对面交流的不可替代，又体现了语言的韵律美。第三段中的shallow和 trivial准确描述了社交媒体上发布的内容的特点，且与本段中的rewarding，meaningful等描述友谊的词形成对比。
2．学高级句式
句❶是一个简单句，句中运用了动名词短语作主语和“make＋ it＋adj.＋for sb.＋to do ...”结构。句子结构紧凑，表意丰富。
句❷运用了强调句型，强调了正是这些技能(通过直接与他人接触培养的社交技能)使我们建立了终生的友谊。
句❸是一个多重复合句，句中and连接并列句。第二分句中，that引导名词性从句作形容词sure的宾语，省略了关系代词的定语从句 you are chatting to修饰先行词people，who引导名词性从句作介词about的宾语。各种不同的从句交替运用，层层展开，表达了丰富的句意。
3．学行文逻辑
本文写作结构为“总—分—总”。文章在开头部分提出中心论点：互联网对友谊有害。在本论部分将中心论点分成几个横向展开的分论点，然后一一进行论证，最后在结论部分加以归纳、总结。整篇文章结构严谨，层次分明，有力地传达了作者的观点。
Ⅰ.多积词块——丰富表达方式
1．be addicted to 沉迷于……
2．distract one's attention 分散某人的注意力
3．be used for 被用来……
4．by this means 以这种方式
5．make a breakthrough 取得突破
6．virtual net 虚拟网
7．search engine 搜索引擎
8．contribute to 有助于，促成
9．make full use of 充分利用
10．on the Internet 在互联网上
11．have an impact on 对……有影响
12．make wonders 创造奇迹
Ⅱ.多积佳句——彰显表达功底
1．Internet voting is quite popular nowadays.Many people are somewhat puzzled at the negative side of the voting, while some are quite happy with it, and active in doing it.
网络投票如今非常流行。很多人对投票的负面影响有些疑惑，然而一些人对它相当满意，并积极参与。
2．People spend so much time surfing the Internet at the cost of their health.
人们以健康为代价，花大量的时间上网。
3．With the rapid development of science and technology, a variety of high-tech products have spilled over into each field in living.
随着科学技术的迅速发展，各种各样的高科技产品渗透到生活中的各个领域。
4．When a new product comes into being, it must be tested out before it is put into use.当有新产品问世时，在投入使用之前，一定要进行检验。
5．This makes it easy to make full use of the application.
这使得充分使用这款应用程序变得简单。
一、作文提升练习
下面是一篇学生习作，介绍了一个讨论网络优缺点的辩论会。请根据上面所学，对习作进行润色、升级。
Dear Peter，
Today I go to a conference.In the conference, two students have a debate about the strengths and weaknesses of the Internet.❶They make different points about the Internet and it deeply impresses me.
❷One thinks if we spend too much time on the Internet, it will be difficult to communicate with others.He is quite clear about how much more time Internet users spend with their e-pals than with their true friends.
The other addresses the good points of the Internet.❸The Internet makes it particularly easy to access information in time. People can keep their friendship through chatting online despite living in distant places.
My view is that the Internet is beneficial.________， I would be unable to write this email to you!
Yours，
Li Hua
(一)将文中加蓝词汇升级
1．true→real-life
2．keep→maintain
(二)根据提示将文中句子升级
1．用非限制性定语从句升级句❶
_They_make_different_points_about_the_Internet,_which_deeply_impresses_me.
2．用动名词作主语和“make＋it＋adj.＋to do ...”结构升级句❷
One_thinks_spending_too_much_time_on_the_Internet_makes_it_difficult_to_communicate_with_others.
3．用强调句型改写句❸
It_is_the_Internet_that_makes_it_particularly_easy_to_access_information_in_time.
(三)在文中设空处加上衔接词
Otherwise
二、续写语段思维活
结合“互联网对友谊的影响”这一主题，根据下面给出的开头语和情节脉络续写一个80词左右的片段。
情节脉络：失去了一只手的John问妈妈为什么别的孩子都有两只手，而他只有一只，他的妈妈Judy不知道该如何回答→独臂少年Trashaun是一个积极乐观的人，他把自己灌篮的录像发到网上→同样身有残疾的John看到视频后深受鼓舞，John的妈妈设法安排了两个孩子在现实中见面→Trashaun鼓励John不要让任何人动摇他的信心……
After the meeting, John learned to accept his disability.
参考范文：
After the meeting, John learned to accept his disability.He began to understand that there are many people like him.He came to adapt himself to his disability.He recently started practising shooting basketball every day and he really loves it.John often chats with Trashaun on the Internet about basketball skills as well as some school issues.He is really motivated by this role model and has positive attitude to his future life.As for Trashaun, he never dreamed that his videos would have such an impact.His relationship with John made him look forward to helping more kids.
课时作业(一) 语篇阅读训练——保准度
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Catching nearly 4,000 wild butterflies with handheld nets and taking the temperature of each tiny insect must rank among the harder of scientific efforts.
However, researchers have discovered significant differences in the ability of British butterflies to maintain a suitable temperature, raising fears that global heating will threaten the populations of some species.
Butterflies are ectothermsunable to generate their own body heat and require warm temperatures to fly.However, extreme temperatures can pose problems, particularly for those butterflies that must find shady habitats to regulate(调节) their body temperature.
The study shows that larger, paler butterflies are best able to protect themselves from extreme temperatures, changing the angles of their reflective wings in relation to the sun to direct heat away from or on to their bodies.The surrounding temperature of the butterfly's perch (栖息处), or air temperature, was also taken, which indicated the degree to which butterflies were seeking specific locations to regulate their body temperature.Darker, large species have greater difficulty controlling their body temperature, but even they are better than “thermal specialists”， which rely on finding a spot at a specific temperature in a landscape—a “microclimate”—to control their body temperature.
“After being caught in butterfly nets on British nature reserves, the 29 different species of butterflies' temperatures were taken with a fine probe.As we plan conservation measures to address the effects of climate change, it will be important to understand not only the habitat requirements of different butterfly species, but also their temperature requirements，” said Dr Ed Turner, of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, who led the work.“With this new understanding of butterflies, we should be able to better manage habitats and landscapes to protect them, and in doing so we're probably also protecting other insects too.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家在测量蝴蝶体温时发现它们调节体温的能力差异很大，由此担心全球变暖会影响蝴蝶某些物种的数量。这些科学家还深入研究了蝴蝶调节体温的方法，以便保护蝴蝶和其他昆虫。
1．Why did scientists take the temperatures of butterflies?
A．To seek solutions to global heating.
B．To uncover climate threats to them.
C．To classify them into different species.
D．To stress the toughness of scientific research.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“然而，研究人员发现，英国蝴蝶在维持合适温度的能力上存在显著差异，这引发了人们对全球变暖将威胁某些物种数量的担忧”可知，这项实验揭露了气候变化对蝴蝶的威胁。
2．How do larger, paler butterflies regulate their temperature?
A．By angling their wings.
B．By generating the body heat.
C．By choosing a microclimate.
D．By making use of their colour.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，体型更大、颜色更浅的蝴蝶是通过改变翅膀的角度来调节体温的。
3．On what basis do butterflies seek specific locations?
A．Finding a nature reserve.
B．Attracting other butterflies.
C．Adapting to climate change.
D．Perceiving the surroundings.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第二句可知，科学家对蝴蝶栖息地周围环境的温度进行测量，得到了蝴蝶寻找特定位置来调节体温的程度的结论，从侧面表明蝴蝶寻找栖息地的时候对环境是有要求的。
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．Understanding of/about butterflies should be strengthened.
B．Better management of butterfly habitats is popular.
C．Protecting butterflies can lead to additional benefits.
D．Goals of protecting butterflies have been achieved.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，保护蝴蝶的同时还可以保护其他昆虫，即保护蝴蝶还有额外的好处。
B
The lander carrying China's first Mars rover successfully touched down on the red planet early Saturday morning Beijing Time.It is the first time that China has landed a probe on a planet other than Earth.
Tianwen1, consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, was launched from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on the coast of southern China's island province of Hainan on July 23, 2020.This is the first step in China's planetary exploration of the solar system, with the purpose of completing orbiting, landing and roving on the red planet in one mission.
The name Tianwen, meaning “questions to Heaven”， comes from a poem written by the ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan (about 340278 BC)．China's first Mars rover is named Zhurong after the god of fire in ancient Chinese mythology, which echoes with the Chinese name of the red planet: Huoxing (the planet of fire)．
Tianwen1 was launched via a Long March5 rocket, China's largest launch vehicle.Tianwen1 has been travelling in space for nearly 10 months.It has carried out four orbital corrections and a deepspace maneuver.It had flown 475 million km and was 192 million km from Earth when it reached Mars orbit.
The craft's plummet through the Martian atmosphere, lasting about nine minutes, was extremely complicated with no ground control, and had to be performed by the spacecraft autonomously.
“Such a challenging attempt is characterized by a succession of complex activities that must be conducted completely by the spacecraft within a very short period of time，” said Geng Yan, an official with the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center of the CNSA.“What added to the difficulties was that we don't know much about the Martian atmosphere, which brought a lot of uncertainties to the mission.Each step had only one chance, and the actions were closely linked.If there had been any flaw, the landing would have failed.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了搭载中国首个火星探测器的着陆器“天问一号”成功着陆在红色星球上，这是中国第一次在地球以外的行星上着陆探测器。文章介绍了“天问一号”的任务、名字由来以及任务的艰巨性。
5．What is the mission of Tianwen1?
A．To record the wind speed on Mars.
B．To explore the atmosphere of Mars.
C．To search for aliens in the solar system.
D．To accomplish three major tasks on Mars.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，“天问一号”的任务是在火星上完成三项主要任务。
6．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The introduction of the poet Qu Yuan.
B．The reasons for the craft landing on Mars.
C．The origin of two names Tianwen and Zhurong.
D．The importance of ancient Chinese mythology.
解析：选C 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，第三段主要讲了天问、祝融两个名字的由来。
7．What do the numbers in Paragraph 4 mainly indicate?
A．The huge task of Tianwen1.
B．The surroundings of the Mars orbit.
C．The expense of travelling in space.
D．The size of the Long March5 rocket.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可推知，第四段的数字主要为了表明“天问一号”的艰巨任务。
8．What can we know from Geng Yan's words?
A．China's attempt to explore Mars is successful.
B．Landing on Mars is a very challenging move.
C．People are enthusiastic about exploring the universe.
D．Tianwen1 is essential to China's space station program.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据最后一段首句和尾句可推知，耿岩的话表明登陆火星是一个非常具有挑战性的举动。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Writing a great science fiction novel is a long, hard process.As with any novel, you'll want to construct a satisfying plot, develop interesting characters, and write polished, vivid prose.__9__
Remember that science fiction is about ideas.Different from other genres (类型), a good science fiction story depends on a great imagination.__10__ In scifi, those questions can be implicit or explicit.For example, many early works of scifi make their question obvious.In War of the Worlds, the question is: What would happen to human society if it were invaded by technologically advanced aliens?
__11__ It's one thing to have a great idea or situation, but that doesn't mean you have a story.While science fiction novels are often thought experiments, they also can't just be thought experiments.That means you're going to have to come up with an appealing story that brings these questions to life.Ask yourself: What is the change that will occur over the course of your story, either in the world or in the life of the main character?
Create an interesting world.__12__The intricately (错综复杂地) imagined details that make up your world should flow in some way from the idea at the heart of your story.In that way, the world you create in your scifi novel also reveals something about your point of view on the real world.Even the most fantastically imagined story is still a reflection of realworld questions and problems.
Make sure the rules of your world are consistent.One of the qualities that set scifi novels apart from fantasy and surrealism (超现实主义) is that no matter how strange or fantastic the world is, it still obeys an internally consistent logic.__13__But it must be understandable and in order for it to feel believable to the reader.
A．Focus on character development.
B．Make sure you're telling a good story.
C．That said, writing science fiction requires many unique considerations.
D．That logic will necessarily be different from the logic that governs reality.
E．Before you start writing, have some sense of the question your novel is asking.
F．A scifi novel set in a technologically backward world would violate the rules of the reality.
G．World building is one of the most important parts of creating a compelling scifi story.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了在科幻小说的创作中需要考虑的几个独特的因素。
9．选C 上文“construct a satisfying plot, develop interesting characters, and write polished, vivid prose”说明写科幻小说和其他任何小说一样，你都想要构建一个令人满意的情节、展开有趣的人物、写出优美、生动的散文。C项中“That said”表示进一步解释，“requires many unique considerations(需要很多独特的考虑因素)”是对上一句的补充说明。
10．选E 下文“In scifi, those questions can be implicit or explicit.”说明在科幻小说中，这些问题可以是含蓄的，也可以是明确的。其中“those questions”与E项中“have some sense of the question”相呼应；下文举例说明写科幻小说中所提出的问题。
11．选B 该空位于段首，应该是该段的主题句。下文“It's one thing to have a great idea or situation, but that doesn't mean you have a story.”说明有了好的想法和设定并不意味着有好的故事；B项中“telling a good story”与下一句“have a story”语义相符；下文的“come up with an appealing story”也与B项中的“good story”相呼应。该段说明科幻小说要有吸引人的故事情节。
12．选G G项中“World building”与该段首句语义相符；下文“the world you create ...on the real world”说明科幻小说中创造出来的世界反映了现实世界的问题。G项与之相对应。
13．选D 上文中的“no matter how strange or fantastic the world is, it still obeys an internally consistent logic”说明无论这个世界多么奇怪或荒诞，它仍然遵循内在一致的逻辑；D项中“That logic”承接上文中的“an internally consistent logic”。
Ⅲ.完形填空
One of the most remarkable things about the human mind is our ability to imagine the future.In our __14__ we can see what has not yet happened.For example, while we are looking forward to __15__ a new place or country, we __16__ what it will be like.We predict the way people will eat, dress and act.Of course, we do not always predict things __17__.Things are often very different from the way we __18__ them to be.
One of the __19__ dreams in history is the dream of the German scientist, Kekule, who had been __20__ to work out a very difficult problem in physics.He had __21__ and analyzed the problem from every angle for days, but there seemed to be no way of __22__ out the answer.Then one night he went to bed and dreamed.When he __23__ up, he realized that he knew the answer.He had solved the problem in his __24__.
It is said that in order to figure out the process, the hypnotist (催眠师) sat in the chair opposite him and spoke __25__：“I want you to concentrate on my voice.And as you pay attention to my voice, your __26__ will get heavier.Soon you'll be asleep.You will hear my voice and __27__ my words, but your body will be asleep, and when you wake up you will remember nothing.Now I am going to __28__ slowly from one to five.One, two, three, four, five ...”
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过德国科学家 Kekule 做梦解题的故事，说明了人类思维的神奇能力。
14．A.brains B．senses
C．minds D．sights
解析：选C 根据空前一句可知，人类思维最显著的特点之一就是有想象未来的能力；据此可知，空处指“思维”，故C项正确。
15．A.visiting B．seeking
C．reaching D．discovering
解析：选A 根据该句中的“a new place or country”可推知，当我们期望去参观(visiting)某个新地方或新国家时，我们总是想象(imagine)那里会是什么样子。
16．A.imagine B．know
C．feel D．guess
解析：选A 参见上题解析。
17．A.quickly B．simply
C．correctly D．neatly
解析：选C 根据空后一句可知，事情总是不同于我们预料(expected)的那样；据此可以判断，我们不是总能正确地(correctly)预测事情。
18．A.required B．wished
C．left D．expected
解析：选D 参见上题解析。expect “预料，预期”。
19．A.funny B．dull
C．famous D．silly
解析：选C 该处陈述的是历史上著名的德国科学家 Kekule 的梦。故C项符合语境。
20．A.managing B．trying
C．thinking D．hoping
解析：选B 根据该句语境可知，Kekule 一直在努力解一道物理难题；try to do sth.意为“努力做某事”，符合语境，故B项正确。
21．A.studied B．learned
C．discussed D．searched
解析：选A 根据该句语境可知，他从多个角度研究(studied)和分析了这个难题。
22．A.bringing B．finding
C．turning D．letting
解析：选B 此处指似乎没有办法弄清答案。
23．A.gave B．sat
C．woke D．got
解析：选C 根据空前一句“Then one night he went to bed and dreamed”可知，空处所在句表示他醒来时意识到自己知道了答案。wake up为固定短语，意为“醒来”，故C项正确。
24．A.dream B．lesson
C．research D．exercise
解析：选A 根据上文中的“he went to bed and dreamed ...he knew the answer”可知，他在梦(dream)中解决了这个难题。
25．A.softly B．loudly
C．slowly D．firmly
解析：选A 根据语境并结合常识可知，此处是对Kekule进行催眠，故催眠师应是柔和地(softly)说着话。
26．A.eyes B．feet
C．head D．body
解析：选A 根据常识可知，被催眠师催眠时，眼皮会变得沉重。故选A项。
27．A.believe B．repeat
C．take D．understand
解析：选D 此处指听到声音并理解听到的话。understand“理解，明白”符合语境。
28．A.count B．say C．add D．speak
解析：选A 此处表示数数；A项意为“(按顺序)数数”，符合语境。
Ⅳ.语法填空
The question of __1__ invented the computer cannot be answered with a single name.Throughout history, many different people have helped in the development of this __2__(value) machine.And many date the first important __3__(invent) to the fourth century BC when the abacus was developed.
It could be said that the first computer __4__ could store programs was the 1949 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.It __5__(create) by Maurice Wilkes.From this point forward, many developers helped to make various types of computer.
In the early 1970s, many skilled inventors __6__(include) Bill Gates, Steve Jobs，and Steve Wozniak did much to develop personal computers in the form of PCs and Apples.By the 1990s, ownership of PCs became common as production grew __7__(expensive) than before.Also, with the development of technology, the size of these machines became smaller so that they could __8__(easy) be used in homes.
There is no doubt __9__ there are so many thinkers and inventors who helped to develop the computer.There are even legal battles over who should be considered as the primary inventors.As __10__ matter of fact，it is their joint efforts that led to the development of this most useful machine.
1．who 考查宾语从句。分析可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，又由句意“谁发明了计算机”可知，用who来引导。
2．valuable 考查形容词。分析可知，空处作定语，修饰名词machine，故用形容词valuable。
3．invention 考查名词。分析可知，空处作宾语且前面有“the first important”修饰，所以要用名词。
4．that 考查定语从句。分析可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词computer，且computer被序数词first修饰，同时设空处在从句中作主语，所以用that引导。
5．was created 考查动词的时态和语态。It(指代Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)与create之间是被动关系，且create表示的动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
6．including 考查介词。分析可知，Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Steve Wozniak与inventors之间是所属关系，所以用介词including(包括……在内)。
7．less expensive 考查形容词的比较级。由后面的than可知，空处应用比较级，且由句意“随着生产费用降低，拥有计算机也变得普遍了”可知，在此要用降级比较。
8．easily 考查副词。修饰动词used应用副词。
9．that 考查固定句型。There is no doubt that ...为固定句型，意为“毫无疑问……”。
10．a 考查固定搭配。as a matter of fact为固定搭配，意为“事实上”。
Ⅴ.应用文写作
科技的发展让人们对未来的生活充满期待。请你以“Life in the Future”为主题写一篇演讲稿，从环境、交通、人的寿命等方面想象一下未来的生活。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考范文：
Dear friends，
As science and technology develop, I think life in the future will be greatly different from what it is today.
First of all, our environment will be more pleasant, because electricity will be produced from clean energy instead of coal.Secondly, our cars, which may run not only on the road but also in the water, will be controlled by robots.In this way, traffic accidents will be greatly avoided.Additionally, some new medicine will be developed so that people can live longer.As a result, living to be 120 may be very common.
In conclusion, I think life in the future will be much better than it is now.
一、阅读词汇——在词块中明义
1．science fiction 科幻小说
2．annual bonus 年终红利
3．a ridiculous rumour 荒谬的谣言
4．a man of integrity 一个诚实正直的人
5．with grace and dignity 文雅而庄重
6．an absurd idea 一个荒唐的想法
7．bus fares 公交车车费
8．excuse for inaction 不采取措施的理由
9．alien forces in the region 该地区的外国军队
10．grip the rope 抓紧绳子
11．be filled with hazy frost 弥漫着朦胧的雾霭
12．the maximum height 最高高度
13．pay a huge salary 付一大笔薪水
14．fall backwards 仰面摔倒
15．fetch some books 拿来一些书
二、表达词汇——在语境中活用
(一)在括号内写出蓝体词汇在语境中的汉语意思
1．Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.(conj.然而)
2．We go and do the weekly shopping every Thursday.(adj.每周的)
3．The company wants to keep down labour costs.(n.劳动)
4．Many people were not satisfied with the pace of change.(n.速度)
(二)写出蓝体词汇的语境之义及拓展形式
1．She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor.(n.预约)
拓展：appoint v．任命；委任；安排→appointed adj.指定的；约定的
2．His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.(adj.内疚的)
拓展：guilt n．内疚；悔恨；犯罪
3．The population explodes to 40,000 during the tourist season.(vi.激增)
拓展：explosion n．爆炸；爆发；激增
4．I dismissed the problem from my mind.(vt.消除)
拓展：dismissal n．解雇；免职
5．He declared he would not run for a second term as president.(vt.宣称)
拓展：declaration n．申报(单)；宣布；公告
6．From this you can calculate the total mass in the Galaxy.(vt.计算)
拓展：calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器
7．We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends.(adj.更好的)
拓展：superiority n．优越感；优势；优越(性)
8．I taught my daughter how to do division at the age of six.(n.除法)
拓展：divide v．(使)分开
9．They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme.(vt.力劝)
拓展：urgency n．紧迫；急事→urgent adj.紧急的；迫切的→urgently adv.迫切地；紧急地
10．The survey used a random sample of two thousand people across the Midwest.(adj.随机的)
拓展：randomly adv.随机；随意；未加计划地
三、词块短语——在语境中辨义活用
写出或选出加蓝部分在语境中的汉语意思
1．The new product had been tested out before it was put on the market.检验
2．The organization encourages members to meet on a regular basis as well as provides them with financial support.定期
3．Although she is my teacher, Ms Wang and I are more like friends. 更像是
4．Do you know what this product is? Or rather，what it does？更确切地说
5．After his defeat, many of his supporters fell away.消失
6．Their opinion on the accident conflicted with ours.与……冲突或抵触
7．This model of 5G mobile phone is far superior to any others.比……更好
8．We have an urge to give advice immediately to make the person feel better and try to fix the problem.有强烈的欲望
9．Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will take over the class.A
A．接手 B．吸收 C．呈现 D．占据
10．You can't expect everything to turn out as you wish.D
A．关掉 B．熄灭 C．在场 D．结果是
四、经典句式——在佳句背诵中品悟规则用法
1.
教材原句
As a favour, Tony promised to help Claire make herself more beautiful and her home more elegant.(“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
作为一项恩惠，托尼答应帮助克莱尔把她变得更漂亮些，也把她的家变得更雅致些。
写作亮句
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting.
我们都很尊敬她，因为她总是尝试新的方法使她的课生动有趣。
文化典句
(2022·浙江1月高考写作) I felt he treated me as though I would hold him back and probably make him fail to get an A in the course.
我觉得他对待我好像我会阻止他，可能会让他在课程中得不到A。
2.
教材原句
He suggested that she invite Gladys and her friends to the house the night before he was to leave and Larry was to return.[suggest that ...(should) do sth.]
托尼还建议在他离开，也就是拉里回家的前一天晚上，克莱尔邀请格拉迪丝和她的朋友们到家里来。
写作亮句
I suggest you (should) go to the office to consult your teacher about the methods of learning English.
我建议你应该去办公室向你的老师咨询学习英语的方法。
文化典句
It is suggested that we (should) limit the amount of cars to improve our environment.
人们建议我们应该限制汽车的数量来改善我们的环境。
3.
教材原句
It would not be surprising if we found it difficult to distinguish between reality and science fiction in the future.(find＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式 )
如果我们发现将来很难区分现实和科幻小说，那也就不足为奇了。
写作亮句
(2021·全国乙卷书面表达)I find it exciting to stand here and address my speech titled “Be smart online learners”．
站在这里发表题为“成为聪明的在线学习者”的演讲，我感到非常激动。
4.
教材原句
Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day.(as if引导方式状语从句)
夜幕降临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转眼间，白昼就来临了。
写作亮句
I felt lost and anxious, as if I had missed something of value.
我感到茫然、焦虑，仿佛我错过了宝贵的东西。
五、名著精美语段选摘——在背诵中品悟如何写靓写美
An Excerpt from Oliver Twist
And so Oliver was left with only the drunken nurse.Without clothes, under his first blanket, he could have been the child of a king or a beggar.But when the woman dressed him later in rough cotton clothes, yellow with age, he looked exactly what he was — an orphan in a workhouse, ready for a life of misery, hunger, and neglect.Oliver cried loudly.If he could have known that he was a workhouse orphan, perhaps he would have cried even more loudly.
奥利弗就这样被留下了，由那位醉醺醺的看护一个人看着。他光着身子，裹在毕生第一块毯子里，既可以是国王的儿子，也可以是乞丐的儿子。可后来老妇人给他穿上了由于年头太久而发了黄的粗棉布衣服，这时，他看上去和他的身份完全一致了—— 一个济贫院的孤儿，准备好了去过一种充满苦难、饥饿和不被关注的生活。奥利弗大声哭着。他要是知道他是济贫院的孤儿的话，或许他会哭得更起劲些。
[点评] 本段话中运用虚拟句式“Without clothes ...could have been ...”，“If he could have known ...would have cried even more loudly.”和渲染情感的词汇“drunken, rough cotton clothes, yellow with age, misery, hunger, neglect”告诉读者Oliver 的出身也许高贵，但生来命运就主宰在别人手里，注定要经历坎坷与磨难。
1．superior adj.更好的；占优势的；(在级别或重要性上)更高的n.上级；上司
[题点全练](完成句子)
①It cannot be questioned that the new method is_superior_to the old one.
新方法比旧方法更好，这是不容置疑的。
②Mr Liu is_three_years_junior_to me, but he is_senior_to_me in our company.
刘先生比我小三岁，但是他在公司里的职位比我高。
③I consider this one to be_inferior_to that one.
我认为这个比那个要差。
[系统归纳]
(1)be superior to ... 比……优越(更好、强)；优于……
be inferior to ... 低于；不如……；在……之下
be senior to 比……年长/资历深/职位高
be junior to 比……年轻/资历浅/职位低
(2)上述短语中的to不能换成than，因为to 前面的形容词本身含有比较意义。
2．on a ...basis根据；以……的方式(基准)
[题点全练](完成句子)
①On_the_basis_of our sales forecasts, we may begin to make a profit next year.
根据我们的销售预测，我们明年可能开始盈利。
②As we all know, most of the ratings are_based_on others' judgment on the product or service concerned.
正如我们所知，大多数消费排名是基于他人对相关产品或服务的评价。
[系统归纳]
(1)on the basis of 根据；在……的基础上；基于
(2)base ...on/upon 把……建立在……的基础之上
be based on/upon 以……为基础/根据
3．turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是；原来是；参加；(天气)变得
[题点全练]
写出下列各句中turn out的含义
①It's not certain how things will turn out.结果是
②It's turned out nice again.(天气)变得
③He turned out to be a spy.原来是
④You should turn the light out when leaving the room.关掉
⑤Thousands of people turned out for the funeral.参加
[系统归纳]
turn的相关短语：
turn away 转过脸去；拒绝(某人)进入
turn against (使)反对；背叛
turn down 调小(音量等)；拒绝
turn to 向……求助；转向；翻到；查阅；开始从事
turn over (使)翻转；反复考虑；移交
1．declare vt.表明；宣称；公布
[题点全练](单句语法填空/句型转换)
①He declared against the plan because it wasn't practical.
②In the declaration (declare), they declared for the government's decision to strengthen traditional Chinese festivals.
③Our school declared that the girl was head of our department.
→Our school declared_the_girl_to_be head of our department.
[进阶学习]
系统归纳
(1)declare sb./sth.to be 宣布某人或某事是……
declare for/against 表示赞成/反对……
declare war (on/against)(向……)宣战
declare that ... 宣布……
(2)declaration n. 宣布；公告
辨析比较
(1)declare表示“宣称；宣布”，其后的宾语可以是名词、代词，也可以是that从句，但习惯上不用不定式。
(2)announce“公布；告知”，它所涉及的是一件对方原来不知道的事，用法较为普遍。declare含有庄严宣告或交代清楚的意思，它所涉及的事不一定是对方所不知道的，常用于正式场合。
[练重难点](选词填空：declare/announce)
④The President is preparing to announce his new plan on Tuesday.
⑤The country had no other choice but to declare war on their enemy.
2．calculate vt.计算；核算；预测
[题点全练](单句语法填空/完成句子)
①We've been calculating upon/on his coming in time.
②This advertisement is calculated to_attract (attract) the attention of housewives.
③Laboratory work needs not only accurate measurements but also correct calculation (calculate)．
④Have_you_calculated_what a holiday in France would cost? 你计算过去法国度假的开销有多大吗？
⑤He has_calculated_that it would take him two years to save up enough for a car.
他计算出要花两年的时间才能攒够钱买一辆车。
[进阶学习]
系统归纳
(1)calculate that/wh-clause计算……；预测……
calculate on/upon依靠；期待；指望；计算
be calculated to do sth. 故意做/打算做/可能做某事
It is calculated that ... 据估算……
(2)calculation n. 计算
辨析比较
(1)calculate通常指要求细致、精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
(2)count指逐一计算而得出总数。
[练重难点](选词填空：count/calculate)
⑥It has been calculated that at least 50,000 jobs were lost last year.
⑦I counted the money.It was more than five hundred dollars.
3．urge n．强烈的欲望；冲动vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐
[题点全练]
单句语法填空
①He said that he had an urge to open a department store of his own.
②Parents should actively urge their children to_take (take)advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.
③They were interrupted by a sudden and urgent (urge) knock at the door.
④The people in the earthquake-stricken area are in urgent need of food, medicine and shelters.
一句多译
随着期末考试的临近，老师敦促我们努力学习。
⑤Our teacher urges_us_to_study_hard with the final exam drawing near.(urge sb.to do sth.)
⑥Our teacher urges_us_into_studying_hard with the final exam drawing near.(urge sb.into doing sth.)
⑦Our teacher urges_that_we_(should)_study_hard with the final exam drawing near.(urge that ...)
[进阶学习]
系统归纳
(1)urge sb.to do/into doing sth.强烈要求某人做某事
urge sth.on/upon sb. 大力推荐；竭力主张
urge that sb.(should) do sth.极力主张某人做某事
It is urged that ...(should) do sth. 坚决要求……
(2)have an urge to do sth.有做某事的强烈欲望/冲动
(3)urgent adj. 紧急的
in urgent need of 急需
难点解释
(1)urge后跟that从句或在句型It is urged that ...中时， that从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”， should可以省略。
(2)“劝”说某人做某事的表达还有：
persuade sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事
advise sb.to do sth. 建议某人做某事
encourage sb.to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
[练重难点]
句型转换
⑧They urged that the library (should) be kept open during the vacation.
→It_is_urged_that_the_library_(should)_be_kept open during the vacation.
选词填空(persuade/advise/encourage)
⑨Nothing on earth would persuade me to go with him.
⑩The minister advised him to leave as soon as possible.
⑪They encourage boys to be sensitive and artistic.
find＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式
[用法规则]
(1)“find＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.”结构中，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语，形容词作宾语补足语。
(2)it 作形式宾语，用于“动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋真正的宾语”结构时，注意事项可按“6123”来记：
①“6”指常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel
②“1”指形式宾语：it
③“2”指宾语补足语的两种形式：形容词和名词
④“3”指真正的宾语的三种形式：不定式、动名词和宾语从句
[应用体验](单句语法填空/完成句子)
①The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.
②I consider it no use to quarrel (quarrel) with him about it.
③I believe_it_necessary_that you should go over your homework before you hand it in.
我认为你有必要在交作业之前先检查一遍。
④Now we will find_it_more_and_more_difficult_to_keep_up_with the demand for change.
现在，我们将会发现赶上变化的需求越来越难了。
信息安全包括的范围很广，其中包括防范青少年浏览不良信息、防范个人信息的泄露等。随着信息技术越来越广泛地应用于社会各个领域，社会发展对信息安全保障的要求不断增强，日益突出的信息安全问题也带来了新的挑战。以此主题来命题可以引导学生提高信息安全意识，特别是网络安全意识。如2020年北京高考书面表达记述居家学习期间，全班通过线上讨论以“自律”为主题的调研活动。
The Internet Harms Friendships
(节选自北师大版教材必修第二册UNIT 4)
While the Internet can bring people closer together, it can also harm friendships.(开门见山，提出论点)
Firstly, talking online is no replacement for face-to-face contact — images really cannot replace a real-life smile or hug.❶According to a parenting expert, Denise Daniels, communicating through a screen makes it more difficult for children to concentrate or show kindness to others.As we know, important social skills are developed through direct contact with other people.❷It is these skills that enable us to develop lifelong friendships.(分论点一：网上聊天不能代替面对面的交流。引用专家的说法，增强了说服力)
Secondly, the Internet can make people self-centred — not thinking of anyone or anything but themselves.For example, instead of having proper conversations with their friends, some people are only concerned with their online popularity — How many “likes” did I get? How many followers do I have？(两个设问，反映了人们的普遍做法) — though we know that the number of “likes” or followers cannot compare to having long-term and rewarding friendships.In addition, a lot of the content posted on social media is shallow or trivial.Posts about funny cat images do not necessarily help form meaningful relationships.(分论点二：互联网使人们以自我为中心。例证法，有力支撑了文章的观点)
Thirdly, online relationships may not be what they appear to be.❸Friendships are built on the basis of trust, and with online communication you can never be 100 percent sure that the people you are chatting to are being honest about who they are.Because of this, going online can be particularly dangerous for people who are easily influenced or too trusting.(分论点三：网络关系可能并不是它们看起来的样子。讲道理，劝解警告)
In my opinion, friends should focus more on face-to-face communication, and less on online communication.This is the best way to maintain healthy relationships.(做出结论：朋友应该多关注面对面的交流，少进行线上交流)
由教材学写法
1．学亮点词汇
第一段中的 harm一词直截了当地指出了互联网对友谊有害。第二段第一句中同时运用了replacement 与其动词replace，既有力表达了面对面交流的不可替代，又体现了语言的韵律美。第三段中的shallow和 trivial准确描述了社交媒体上发布的内容的特点，且与本段中的rewarding，meaningful等描述友谊的词形成对比。
2．学高级句式
句❶是一个简单句，句中运用了动名词短语作主语和“make＋ it＋adj.＋for sb.＋to do ...”结构。句子结构紧凑，表意丰富。
句❷运用了强调句型，强调了正是这些技能(通过直接与他人接触培养的社交技能)使我们建立了终生的友谊。
句❸是一个多重复合句，句中and连接并列句。第二分句中，that引导名词性从句作形容词sure的宾语，省略了关系代词的定语从句 you are chatting to修饰先行词people，who引导名词性从句作介词about的宾语。各种不同的从句交替运用，层层展开，表达了丰富的句意。
3．学行文逻辑
本文写作结构为“总—分—总”。文章在开头部分提出中心论点：互联网对友谊有害。在本论部分将中心论点分成几个横向展开的分论点，然后一一进行论证，最后在结论部分加以归纳、总结。整篇文章结构严谨，层次分明，有力地传达了作者的观点。
Ⅰ.多积词块——丰富表达方式
1．be addicted to 沉迷于……
2．distract one's attention 分散某人的注意力
3．be used for 被用来……
4．by this means 以这种方式
5．make a breakthrough 取得突破
6．virtual net 虚拟网
7．search engine 搜索引擎
8．contribute to 有助于，促成
9．make full use of 充分利用
10．on the Internet 在互联网上
11．have an impact on 对……有影响
12．make wonders 创造奇迹
Ⅱ.多积佳句——彰显表达功底
1．Internet voting is quite popular nowadays.Many people are somewhat puzzled at the negative side of the voting, while some are quite happy with it, and active in doing it.
网络投票如今非常流行。很多人对投票的负面影响有些疑惑，然而一些人对它相当满意，并积极参与。
2．People spend so much time surfing the Internet at the cost of their health.
人们以健康为代价，花大量的时间上网。
3．With the rapid development of science and technology, a variety of high-tech products have spilled over into each field in living.
随着科学技术的迅速发展，各种各样的高科技产品渗透到生活中的各个领域。
4．When a new product comes into being, it must be tested out before it is put into use.当有新产品问世时，在投入使用之前，一定要进行检验。
5．This makes it easy to make full use of the application.
这使得充分使用这款应用程序变得简单。
一、作文提升练习
下面是一篇学生习作，介绍了一个讨论网络优缺点的辩论会。请根据上面所学，对习作进行润色、升级。
Dear Peter，
Today I go to a conference.In the conference, two students have a debate about the strengths and weaknesses of the Internet.❶They make different points about the Internet and it deeply impresses me.
❷One thinks if we spend too much time on the Internet, it will be difficult to communicate with others.He is quite clear about how much more time Internet users spend with their e-pals than with their true friends.
The other addresses the good points of the Internet.❸The Internet makes it particularly easy to access information in time. People can keep their friendship through chatting online despite living in distant places.
My view is that the Internet is beneficial.________， I would be unable to write this email to you!
Yours，
Li Hua
(一)将文中加蓝词汇升级
1．true→real-life
2．keep→maintain
(二)根据提示将文中句子升级
1．用非限制性定语从句升级句❶
_They_make_different_points_about_the_Internet,_which_deeply_impresses_me.
2．用动名词作主语和“make＋it＋adj.＋to do ...”结构升级句❷
One_thinks_spending_too_much_time_on_the_Internet_makes_it_difficult_to_communicate_with_others.
3．用强调句型改写句❸
It_is_the_Internet_that_makes_it_particularly_easy_to_access_information_in_time.
(三)在文中设空处加上衔接词
Otherwise
二、续写语段思维活
结合“互联网对友谊的影响”这一主题，根据下面给出的开头语和情节脉络续写一个80词左右的片段。
情节脉络：失去了一只手的John问妈妈为什么别的孩子都有两只手，而他只有一只，他的妈妈Judy不知道该如何回答→独臂少年Trashaun是一个积极乐观的人，他把自己灌篮的录像发到网上→同样身有残疾的John看到视频后深受鼓舞，John的妈妈设法安排了两个孩子在现实中见面→Trashaun鼓励John不要让任何人动摇他的信心……
After the meeting, John learned to accept his disability.
参考范文：
After the meeting, John learned to accept his disability.He began to understand that there are many people like him.He came to adapt himself to his disability.He recently started practising shooting basketball every day and he really loves it.John often chats with Trashaun on the Internet about basketball skills as well as some school issues.He is really motivated by this role model and has positive attitude to his future life.As for Trashaun, he never dreamed that his videos would have such an impact.His relationship with John made him look forward to helping more kids.
课时作业(一) 语篇阅读训练——保准度
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Catching nearly 4,000 wild butterflies with handheld nets and taking the temperature of each tiny insect must rank among the harder of scientific efforts.
However, researchers have discovered significant differences in the ability of British butterflies to maintain a suitable temperature, raising fears that global heating will threaten the populations of some species.
Butterflies are ectothermsunable to generate their own body heat and require warm temperatures to fly.However, extreme temperatures can pose problems, particularly for those butterflies that must find shady habitats to regulate(调节) their body temperature.
The study shows that larger, paler butterflies are best able to protect themselves from extreme temperatures, changing the angles of their reflective wings in relation to the sun to direct heat away from or on to their bodies.The surrounding temperature of the butterfly's perch (栖息处), or air temperature, was also taken, which indicated the degree to which butterflies were seeking specific locations to regulate their body temperature.Darker, large species have greater difficulty controlling their body temperature, but even they are better than “thermal specialists”， which rely on finding a spot at a specific temperature in a landscape—a “microclimate”—to control their body temperature.
“After being caught in butterfly nets on British nature reserves, the 29 different species of butterflies' temperatures were taken with a fine probe.As we plan conservation measures to address the effects of climate change, it will be important to understand not only the habitat requirements of different butterfly species, but also their temperature requirements，” said Dr Ed Turner, of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, who led the work.“With this new understanding of butterflies, we should be able to better manage habitats and landscapes to protect them, and in doing so we're probably also protecting other insects too.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家在测量蝴蝶体温时发现它们调节体温的能力差异很大，由此担心全球变暖会影响蝴蝶某些物种的数量。这些科学家还深入研究了蝴蝶调节体温的方法，以便保护蝴蝶和其他昆虫。
1．Why did scientists take the temperatures of butterflies?
A．To seek solutions to global heating.
B．To uncover climate threats to them.
C．To classify them into different species.
D．To stress the toughness of scientific research.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“然而，研究人员发现，英国蝴蝶在维持合适温度的能力上存在显著差异，这引发了人们对全球变暖将威胁某些物种数量的担忧”可知，这项实验揭露了气候变化对蝴蝶的威胁。
2．How do larger, paler butterflies regulate their temperature?
A．By angling their wings.
B．By generating the body heat.
C．By choosing a microclimate.
D．By making use of their colour.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，体型更大、颜色更浅的蝴蝶是通过改变翅膀的角度来调节体温的。
3．On what basis do butterflies seek specific locations?
A．Finding a nature reserve.
B．Attracting other butterflies.
C．Adapting to climate change.
D．Perceiving the surroundings.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第二句可知，科学家对蝴蝶栖息地周围环境的温度进行测量，得到了蝴蝶寻找特定位置来调节体温的程度的结论，从侧面表明蝴蝶寻找栖息地的时候对环境是有要求的。
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．Understanding of/about butterflies should be strengthened.
B．Better management of butterfly habitats is popular.
C．Protecting butterflies can lead to additional benefits.
D．Goals of protecting butterflies have been achieved.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，保护蝴蝶的同时还可以保护其他昆虫，即保护蝴蝶还有额外的好处。
B
The lander carrying China's first Mars rover successfully touched down on the red planet early Saturday morning Beijing Time.It is the first time that China has landed a probe on a planet other than Earth.
Tianwen1, consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, was launched from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on the coast of southern China's island province of Hainan on July 23, 2020.This is the first step in China's planetary exploration of the solar system, with the purpose of completing orbiting, landing and roving on the red planet in one mission.
The name Tianwen, meaning “questions to Heaven”， comes from a poem written by the ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan (about 340278 BC)．China's first Mars rover is named Zhurong after the god of fire in ancient Chinese mythology, which echoes with the Chinese name of the red planet: Huoxing (the planet of fire)．
Tianwen1 was launched via a Long March5 rocket, China's largest launch vehicle.Tianwen1 has been travelling in space for nearly 10 months.It has carried out four orbital corrections and a deepspace maneuver.It had flown 475 million km and was 192 million km from Earth when it reached Mars orbit.
The craft's plummet through the Martian atmosphere, lasting about nine minutes, was extremely complicated with no ground control, and had to be performed by the spacecraft autonomously.
“Such a challenging attempt is characterized by a succession of complex activities that must be conducted completely by the spacecraft within a very short period of time，” said Geng Yan, an official with the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center of the CNSA.“What added to the difficulties was that we don't know much about the Martian atmosphere, which brought a lot of uncertainties to the mission.Each step had only one chance, and the actions were closely linked.If there had been any flaw, the landing would have failed.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了搭载中国首个火星探测器的着陆器“天问一号”成功着陆在红色星球上，这是中国第一次在地球以外的行星上着陆探测器。文章介绍了“天问一号”的任务、名字由来以及任务的艰巨性。
5．What is the mission of Tianwen1?
A．To record the wind speed on Mars.
B．To explore the atmosphere of Mars.
C．To search for aliens in the solar system.
D．To accomplish three major tasks on Mars.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，“天问一号”的任务是在火星上完成三项主要任务。
6．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The introduction of the poet Qu Yuan.
B．The reasons for the craft landing on Mars.
C．The origin of two names Tianwen and Zhurong.
D．The importance of ancient Chinese mythology.
解析：选C 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，第三段主要讲了天问、祝融两个名字的由来。
7．What do the numbers in Paragraph 4 mainly indicate?
A．The huge task of Tianwen1.
B．The surroundings of the Mars orbit.
C．The expense of travelling in space.
D．The size of the Long March5 rocket.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可推知，第四段的数字主要为了表明“天问一号”的艰巨任务。
8．What can we know from Geng Yan's words?
A．China's attempt to explore Mars is successful.
B．Landing on Mars is a very challenging move.
C．People are enthusiastic about exploring the universe.
D．Tianwen1 is essential to China's space station program.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据最后一段首句和尾句可推知，耿岩的话表明登陆火星是一个非常具有挑战性的举动。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Writing a great science fiction novel is a long, hard process.As with any novel, you'll want to construct a satisfying plot, develop interesting characters, and write polished, vivid prose.__9__
Remember that science fiction is about ideas.Different from other genres (类型), a good science fiction story depends on a great imagination.__10__ In scifi, those questions can be implicit or explicit.For example, many early works of scifi make their question obvious.In War of the Worlds, the question is: What would happen to human society if it were invaded by technologically advanced aliens?
__11__ It's one thing to have a great idea or situation, but that doesn't mean you have a story.While science fiction novels are often thought experiments, they also can't just be thought experiments.That means you're going to have to come up with an appealing story that brings these questions to life.Ask yourself: What is the change that will occur over the course of your story, either in the world or in the life of the main character?
Create an interesting world.__12__The intricately (错综复杂地) imagined details that make up your world should flow in some way from the idea at the heart of your story.In that way, the world you create in your scifi novel also reveals something about your point of view on the real world.Even the most fantastically imagined story is still a reflection of realworld questions and problems.
Make sure the rules of your world are consistent.One of the qualities that set scifi novels apart from fantasy and surrealism (超现实主义) is that no matter how strange or fantastic the world is, it still obeys an internally consistent logic.__13__But it must be understandable and in order for it to feel believable to the reader.
A．Focus on character development.
B．Make sure you're telling a good story.
C．That said, writing science fiction requires many unique considerations.
D．That logic will necessarily be different from the logic that governs reality.
E．Before you start writing, have some sense of the question your novel is asking.
F．A scifi novel set in a technologically backward world would violate the rules of the reality.
G．World building is one of the most important parts of creating a compelling scifi story.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了在科幻小说的创作中需要考虑的几个独特的因素。
9．选C 上文“construct a satisfying plot, develop interesting characters, and write polished, vivid prose”说明写科幻小说和其他任何小说一样，你都想要构建一个令人满意的情节、展开有趣的人物、写出优美、生动的散文。C项中“That said”表示进一步解释，“requires many unique considerations(需要很多独特的考虑因素)”是对上一句的补充说明。
10．选E 下文“In scifi, those questions can be implicit or explicit.”说明在科幻小说中，这些问题可以是含蓄的，也可以是明确的。其中“those questions”与E项中“have some sense of the question”相呼应；下文举例说明写科幻小说中所提出的问题。
11．选B 该空位于段首，应该是该段的主题句。下文“It's one thing to have a great idea or situation, but that doesn't mean you have a story.”说明有了好的想法和设定并不意味着有好的故事；B项中“telling a good story”与下一句“have a story”语义相符；下文的“come up with an appealing story”也与B项中的“good story”相呼应。该段说明科幻小说要有吸引人的故事情节。
12．选G G项中“World building”与该段首句语义相符；下文“the world you create ...on the real world”说明科幻小说中创造出来的世界反映了现实世界的问题。G项与之相对应。
13．选D 上文中的“no matter how strange or fantastic the world is, it still obeys an internally consistent logic”说明无论这个世界多么奇怪或荒诞，它仍然遵循内在一致的逻辑；D项中“That logic”承接上文中的“an internally consistent logic”。
Ⅲ.完形填空
One of the most remarkable things about the human mind is our ability to imagine the future.In our __14__ we can see what has not yet happened.For example, while we are looking forward to __15__ a new place or country, we __16__ what it will be like.We predict the way people will eat, dress and act.Of course, we do not always predict things __17__.Things are often very different from the way we __18__ them to be.
One of the __19__ dreams in history is the dream of the German scientist, Kekule, who had been __20__ to work out a very difficult problem in physics.He had __21__ and analyzed the problem from every angle for days, but there seemed to be no way of __22__ out the answer.Then one night he went to bed and dreamed.When he __23__ up, he realized that he knew the answer.He had solved the problem in his __24__.
It is said that in order to figure out the process, the hypnotist (催眠师) sat in the chair opposite him and spoke __25__：“I want you to concentrate on my voice.And as you pay attention to my voice, your __26__ will get heavier.Soon you'll be asleep.You will hear my voice and __27__ my words, but your body will be asleep, and when you wake up you will remember nothing.Now I am going to __28__ slowly from one to five.One, two, three, four, five ...”
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过德国科学家 Kekule 做梦解题的故事，说明了人类思维的神奇能力。
14．A.brains B．senses
C．minds D．sights
解析：选C 根据空前一句可知，人类思维最显著的特点之一就是有想象未来的能力；据此可知，空处指“思维”，故C项正确。
15．A.visiting B．seeking
C．reaching D．discovering
解析：选A 根据该句中的“a new place or country”可推知，当我们期望去参观(visiting)某个新地方或新国家时，我们总是想象(imagine)那里会是什么样子。
16．A.imagine B．know
C．feel D．guess
解析：选A 参见上题解析。
17．A.quickly B．simply
C．correctly D．neatly
解析：选C 根据空后一句可知，事情总是不同于我们预料(expected)的那样；据此可以判断，我们不是总能正确地(correctly)预测事情。
18．A.required B．wished
C．left D．expected
解析：选D 参见上题解析。expect “预料，预期”。
19．A.funny B．dull
C．famous D．silly
解析：选C 该处陈述的是历史上著名的德国科学家 Kekule 的梦。故C项符合语境。
20．A.managing B．trying
C．thinking D．hoping
解析：选B 根据该句语境可知，Kekule 一直在努力解一道物理难题；try to do sth.意为“努力做某事”，符合语境，故B项正确。
21．A.studied B．learned
C．discussed D．searched
解析：选A 根据该句语境可知，他从多个角度研究(studied)和分析了这个难题。
22．A.bringing B．finding
C．turning D．letting
解析：选B 此处指似乎没有办法弄清答案。
23．A.gave B．sat
C．woke D．got
解析：选C 根据空前一句“Then one night he went to bed and dreamed”可知，空处所在句表示他醒来时意识到自己知道了答案。wake up为固定短语，意为“醒来”，故C项正确。
24．A.dream B．lesson
C．research D．exercise
解析：选A 根据上文中的“he went to bed and dreamed ...he knew the answer”可知，他在梦(dream)中解决了这个难题。
25．A.softly B．loudly
C．slowly D．firmly
解析：选A 根据语境并结合常识可知，此处是对Kekule进行催眠，故催眠师应是柔和地(softly)说着话。
26．A.eyes B．feet
C．head D．body
解析：选A 根据常识可知，被催眠师催眠时，眼皮会变得沉重。故选A项。
27．A.believe B．repeat
C．take D．understand
解析：选D 此处指听到声音并理解听到的话。understand“理解，明白”符合语境。
28．A.count B．say C．add D．speak
解析：选A 此处表示数数；A项意为“(按顺序)数数”，符合语境。
Ⅳ.语法填空
The question of __1__ invented the computer cannot be answered with a single name.Throughout history, many different people have helped in the development of this __2__(value) machine.And many date the first important __3__(invent) to the fourth century BC when the abacus was developed.
It could be said that the first computer __4__ could store programs was the 1949 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.It __5__(create) by Maurice Wilkes.From this point forward, many developers helped to make various types of computer.
In the early 1970s, many skilled inventors __6__(include) Bill Gates, Steve Jobs，and Steve Wozniak did much to develop personal computers in the form of PCs and Apples.By the 1990s, ownership of PCs became common as production grew __7__(expensive) than before.Also, with the development of technology, the size of these machines became smaller so that they could __8__(easy) be used in homes.
There is no doubt __9__ there are so many thinkers and inventors who helped to develop the computer.There are even legal battles over who should be considered as the primary inventors.As __10__ matter of fact，it is their joint efforts that led to the development of this most useful machine.
1．who 考查宾语从句。分析可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，又由句意“谁发明了计算机”可知，用who来引导。
2．valuable 考查形容词。分析可知，空处作定语，修饰名词machine，故用形容词valuable。
3．invention 考查名词。分析可知，空处作宾语且前面有“the first important”修饰，所以要用名词。
4．that 考查定语从句。分析可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词computer，且computer被序数词first修饰，同时设空处在从句中作主语，所以用that引导。
5．was created 考查动词的时态和语态。It(指代Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)与create之间是被动关系，且create表示的动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
6．including 考查介词。分析可知，Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Steve Wozniak与inventors之间是所属关系，所以用介词including(包括……在内)。
7．less expensive 考查形容词的比较级。由后面的than可知，空处应用比较级，且由句意“随着生产费用降低，拥有计算机也变得普遍了”可知，在此要用降级比较。
8．easily 考查副词。修饰动词used应用副词。
9．that 考查固定句型。There is no doubt that ...为固定句型，意为“毫无疑问……”。
10．a 考查固定搭配。as a matter of fact为固定搭配，意为“事实上”。
Ⅴ.应用文写作
科技的发展让人们对未来的生活充满期待。请你以“Life in the Future”为主题写一篇演讲稿，从环境、交通、人的寿命等方面想象一下未来的生活。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考范文：
Dear friends，
As science and technology develop, I think life in the future will be greatly different from what it is today.
First of all, our environment will be more pleasant, because electricity will be produced from clean energy instead of coal.Secondly, our cars, which may run not only on the road but also in the water, will be controlled by robots.In this way, traffic accidents will be greatly avoided.Additionally, some new medicine will be developed so that people can live longer.As a result, living to be 120 may be very common.
In conclusion, I think life in the future will be much better than it is now.
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