第08讲 句子成分+基本句型+句子种类+长难句(课件)-2024年高考英语一轮复习讲练测(新教材新高考)
展开掌握八大句子成分掌握五大基本句型掌握句子结构掌握长难句解题要领
主要句子成分:主语(subject)---s; 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分:宾语(bject)---; 定语(attribute)---attr; 状语(adverbial)---adv; 补语(cmplement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p; 同位语(Appsitive)等。
概念和位置:句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,通常位于句首。充当:通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。语序:正常:主语+谓语; 全部倒装:谓语+主语; 部分倒装:情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词
1.One-third f the students in this class are girls.(数词)2.T swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)3.The rich shuld help the pr.(名词化的形容词)4.What benefits mst t their study is reading English bks. (主语从句)(2022 全国乙卷满分作文 )
N. 1 主语
5.The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. (名词)(2022年新高考I卷阅读) is nthing t d with thers’ thughts.(代词+倒装)(2022年新高考I卷读后续写)
7.Writing an essay is a difficult prcess fr mst peple. (动名词短语)(2022新课标全国II卷七选五)8. It’s urgent fr students themselves t imprve their self-discipline.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(2022年乙卷书面表达)
概念和位置: 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当,由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。一般位于主语之后。充当:一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构 等充当,谓语有时态与语态的变化,同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约,如果主语是单数形式,谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
N. 2 谓语
简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:This exhibitin f sme sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and wrk f Sctland's best lved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, cmes t Lndn. (实义动词)(2022 全国甲卷 )
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems.(情态动词+实义动词)(2022 全国乙卷 )(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Fd became easier t chew at this pint. (系动词)(2022年新高考I卷)
概念:表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词短语;有的动词后可以跟两个宾语,其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语,把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。充当:通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
1.Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasns t ...”(名词)(2022年新高考I卷)2.I’d appreciate it if yu take my invitatin int cnsideratin. (代词it作形式宾语,if引导真正的宾语从句)(2022年新高考I卷),drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. (动名词短语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
N. 3 宾语
4.The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. (宾语从句)(2022年新高考I卷)5.Hw many dictinaries d yu have? I have five.(数词)6.They helped the ld with their husewrk yesterday.(名词化形容词)7.He pretended nt t see me.(不定式短语)
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份,与系动词一起构成复合谓语。位置:位于系动词之后。充当:通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
1.Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance. (介词短语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
2.Fd became easier t chew at this pint. (形容词)(2022年新高考I卷)3.I am dwn there in my wheelchair (方位副词)(2022年新高考I卷)4.Needless t say, they were deeply mved.(分词)(2020年新课标I)5.The machine is ut f rder.(介词短语)6.His hbby(爱好)is playing ftball.(动名词)7.The truth is that he has never been abrad.(表语从句)
概念:修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语;位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前,但是在修饰any-,sme-,n, every-等构成的单词,如smething 等时,应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。充当:定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
1. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax.(名词,非谓语, 形容词)(2022 全国乙卷 )2.Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.(定语从句)(2022 新高考全国卷II )3.Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK.(介词短语作后置定语)(2020全国甲卷 )
4.T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn't need t be flying verhead. (代词,介词)(2022 全国乙卷 )5.With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.(非谓语,代词,非谓语分词作定语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
概念:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后,若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almst、ften 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后,放于实义动词之前。充当:通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1.Additinally frm time t time I will assign grup wrk t be cmpleted ..(副词)(2022年新高考I卷)Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful.(从句)(2021年新高考I卷)
概念和位置:有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明,补语有两种,分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语,用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。充当:常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语的语法。
1.Ca believes this will make the hiking trip even mre meaningful.(形容词做宾补)(2022 高考全国甲卷)2. We sincerely wish yu a quick recvery and an early return t China.(名词短语作宾补)(2020浙江卷 )3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better knwn t British students. (过去分词短语作宾补)(2019江苏卷 )
概念和位置:对句子中某一名词(词组)做进一步解释、说明,与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。充当:同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. humans are.(2021 年新高考全国I 卷)2. This exhibitin f sme sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and wrk f Sctland's best lved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, cmes t Lndn. (名词)(2022 年高考全国乙卷)
My friend, Mary, bught a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
N. 1 主+谓:S+V
谓语动词为不及物动词。
1. The sun rises. (rise-rse-risen 是vi,不能带O.)2. The man died peacefully.3. The first impressin cunts/matters. 4. Class activities will vary frm day t day.(2022年新高考I卷)5. Great changes have taken place in my hmetwn in the past ten years.
N. 2 主语+谓语+宾语(S.+V. + O. )
谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组;宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。
She brke the vase. I like swimming.I want t buy a huse.They have carried ut the plan successfully.
易混点 1 :只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有:
suggest, advise, stp, resist, enjy, imagine,finish, admit, excuse, delay, practise, cnsider, keep, mind, understand, avid, miss, risk ,succeed in, be busy,be wrth, be used t, give up, lk frward t
易混点 2 :带 t d 做宾语的动词有:
ffer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, prmise, help,prepare,decide, determine,refuse, dare,manage,wish, hpe, want, expect, fail,pretend,chse, seem,agree, etc.
N. 3 主语+谓语+双宾(S. + V. + O.+O. )
此句型中常见的谓语动词:give buy bring tell send leave pass write take shw get teach pay hand 等。
可借助t的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, prmise, return, send, shw, teach, tell, write, ask等;可借助fr的:buy, call, ck, chse, draw, find, get, make, rder, sing, save等。
1.He brings me ckies every day.2. Mr Jhnsn taught us German last year. 3. Grandma tld us an interesting stry last night. 4. Pass me the bk,please 5. He shwed the ticket t the cnductr.
N. 4 :主+系+表
N. 4 :主+系+表
1.The car is in gd cnditin2.He lked ftball match is wrk is teaching questin is wh can really repair the flwer smells pleasant.7.A pair f sunglasses prves useful.
N. 5 主谓宾宾补: S+Vt.+O+O.C
The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.Yu must get yur hair cut. They made Tm mnitr.
注意:用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如:find/think/cnsider it +宾补+t d..
I fund it very pleasant t be with yur family.Bth sides cnsider it desirable t further the understanding between the tw peples.
知识点 3 句子种类
按用途: 陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句按结构:简单句,并列句,复合句
N. 1 简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
He ften reads English in the mrning. Tm and Mike are American bys.
She likes drawing and ften draws pictures fr the wall newspapers.
注意:句子只有一个主谓结构,但是为了使句子更加丰富,动词可以加上副词修饰,给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰,给句子加上状语进行修饰等。
He wrked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语,修饰动词wrked)He is a schl student in N. 1 Middle Schl. (划线部分在句中作定语,修饰名词student)
并列句是用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。
句型:简单句+并列连词+简单句用分号:We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.用并列连词(如and、but、s、yet等并列连词)She likes bread and milk, but she desn't like eggs at all.
1.Nt nly is he ur teacher, but als he is ur friend. 2.The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is up, r yu’ll miss the is the time f the year fr rive harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until was tired, s he went t bed.
6.He made a prmise, but He didn’t keep activities will vary frm day t day, but students must be ready t cmplete shrt in-class writings r tests drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes frm the previus class, lecture/discussin, s it is imprtant t take careful ntes during class. ( 2022 新课标全国I卷 )
N. 3 复合句
复合句:由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用,不能独立存在。复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句;从属连词+从句+主句
复合句主要包含以下类型从句:
1. 名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
Whether she will cme r nt is still a questin. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。(whether引导的主语从句)The chief editr decides which will be the mst imprtant stry n the frnt page. (which引导的宾语从句)
That is where he was brn. 这就是他出生的地方。(where引导的表语从句)We heard the news that ur team had wn. 我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。(that引导的同位语从句)
The dam, which is the biggest in the wrld , is 3,830 metres lng.这座水坝是世界上最大的一座,长3830米。(which引导的定语从句)
3. 状语从句:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句
Over 500 peple were wrking in the building when the fire brke ut n the 11th flr.当11层楼起火的时候,大楼内有500人在工作。(when引导的时间状语从句)
诀窍:找谓语,定主语,定主干,去枝叶;找连词,定逻辑。
依托前面所讲的句子成分和句子种类,按照上述方法,即可抽丝剥茧,简化复杂的句式为简单句,然后依据词义和词性进行理解即可。
1.( 2022 新课标全国I卷 ) Class activities will vary frm day t day, but students must be ready t cmplete shrt in-class writings r tests drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes frm the previus class, lecture/discussin, s it is imprtant t take careful ntes during class.
【分析】 主句是由but连接的两个并列句Class activities will vary frm day t day, but students must be ready t cmplete shrt in-class writings r tests drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes frm the previus class/lecture/discussin,but后的并列句中包含drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes过去分词短语作后置定语修饰shrt in-class writings r tests,s引导结果状语从句。
【句意】 课堂活动每天都会有所不同,但学生必须准备好完成简短的课堂写作或测试,这些测试直接来自于指定的阅读材料或上节课/讨论的笔记,所以在课堂上认真做笔记是很重要的。
2.( 2022 新课标全国I卷 ) A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
【分析】 本句的主句为 A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that。第一个that引导宾语从句,宾语从句的谓语为led t,在宾语从句中有一个that引导的定语从句。修饰先行词speech sunds。
【句意】一项为期五年的突破性研究表明,由于饮食改变,人类咬合发生了变化,从而产生了一些新的语音。这些语音目前存在于世界上一半的语言中。
3.( 2022年新课标I卷 ) It was calculated that when its ppulatin reached its highest pint, there were mre than 3 billin passenger pigens –a number equal t 24 t 40 percent f the ttal bird ppulatin in the United States, making it perhaps the mst abundant birds in the wrld.
【分析】 本句在“It be+过去分词+that从句”结构; 从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句;3 billin passenger pigens和 a number equal…是同位关系。此外,还有一个现在分词短语“making…”作结果状语。
【句意】 据统计,当旅鸽数量达到最多时,曾超过了30亿只,这个数量相当于美国鸟类总数的24%-40%,使旅鸽成为世界上数量最为庞大的鸟类。
1.(湖南省湖南师范大学附属中学2023年试题 语法填空)When Lichun arrives, we surely knw it’s time t sw the seeds f crps ________ the seeds f hpe.
【答案】and【解析】考查连词。句意:当立春到来的时候,我们当然知道是时候播种庄稼的种子和希望的种子了。根据句意,“庄稼的种子”和“希望的种子”是并列关系,用并列连词and连接。故填and。
2.(2023年江苏省苏北四市联考试题 阅读理解) Hwever, research in the rapid-develped field f human-rbt interactin is shwing astnishing results n engagement with rbts that can imitate lifelike behaviur.
【句意】然而,在快速发展的人机互动领域的研究显示,与能够模仿逼真行为的机器人的接触有惊人的结果。【解析】本句是复合句。主语是名词research ,介词短语in the rapid-develped field f human-rbt interactin 作后置定语,关系代词that引导定语从句。句子主干部分research is shwing astnishing results。
2.(2023届河北省名校联考高三摸底阅读理解) While demnstrating best safety practices, campers are invlved in activities that aruse their interest in science alng with their sense f adventure.
【句意】在展示最佳安全实践的同时,露营者也参与了能够激发他们对科学的兴趣和冒险感的活动。【解析】连词while引导时间状语从句,表示“在的同时”。且从句中省略campers are,关系代词that引导定语从句,句子主干部分为campers are invlved in activities。
1.( 2022新课标全国I卷 ) It's jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away -frm“ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
【句意】虽能食用但因“长相难看”被杂货店主丢弃的蔬菜,大量未食用就被扔进餐厅垃圾桶的菜肴,这些非常不错的食物这样被扔掉,简直令人吃惊。
【解析】It是形式主语,真正的主语是hw引导的从句;破折号后的内容是对前面内容的补充说明;rejected by grcers及thrwn int restaurant garbage cans为后置定语,分别修饰vegetables和dishes。
2.(2021新课标全国I卷) Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful.
【句意】尽管关于情商的普遍观点远超出了研究能够支持的合理范围,但大众化的总体效果是利大于弊的。
【解析】本句是主从复合句。主句the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. Althugh是连词,引导让步状语从句,regarding emtinal intelligence run far...为介词短语充当后置定语,修饰名词beliefs。 What引导名词性从句,本句中充当介词f 的介词宾语,what 在从句中做supprt的宾语。
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